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Spirochaetae ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Spirochaetae es un phylo de Negibacteria.

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Spirochaete ( Tagalog )

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Ang Spirochaete na maaari rin baybayin bilang spirochete nay isang uri ng phylum sa bakterya kahariang Protista. Ito ay bakteryang Gram-negative.


Biyolohiya Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Biyolohiya ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Spirochaetes ( Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) )

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Spirochaetes es un classe de Spirochaetae.

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स्पाइरोकीट ( Hindi )

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स्पाइरोकीट (spirochaete, spirochete) बैक्टीरिया का एक जीववैज्ञानिक वर्ग है जो स्पाइरोकीटीस (spirochaetes) संघ का सदस्य है।[1] यह दो झिल्लियों वाले ग्राम-ऋणात्मक बैक्टीरिया होते हैं, जिसकी अधिकांश जातियों की कोशिकाओं का आकार सर्पिल कुण्डल जैसा, 3 से 500 µm लम्बा और 0.09 से 3 µm के व्यास वाला होता है। स्पाइरोकीट रसायनाहारी होते हैं और अन्य बैक्टीरिया संघों से अपनी लम्बी और सर्पिल कशाभिकाओं से पहचाने जाते हैं।[2] यह कशाभिकाएँ मुड़-मुड़कर स्पाइरोकीट को गतिशील बनाती हैं। अधिकतर स्पाइरोकीट जातियाँ स्वतंत्र रूप से रहने वाली अवायुजीवी होती हैं लेकिन कुछ अन्य जीवों में रोगजनक होती हैं।[3][4]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

  1. Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier.
  2. Margulis, L.; Ashen, J. B.; Solé, M.; Guerrero, R. (1993-08-01). "Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochete structure review" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (अंग्रेज़ी में). 90 (15): 6966–6970. PMC 47056. PMID 8346204. आइ॰एस॰एस॰एन॰ 0027-8424. डीओआइ:10.1073/pnas.90.15.6966.
  3. Paster BJ (2011) Phylum XV. Sprochaetes Garrity and Holt. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, pp. 471. Eds D.J. Brenner, N.R.Krieg, G.M.Garrity, and J.T. Staley Springer-: New York.
  4. Paster BJ (2011) Family I. Sprochaetes Swellengrebel 1907, 581AL. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, pp. 473-531. Eds D.J. Brenner, N.R.Krieg, G.M.Garrity, and J.T. Staley Springer-: New York.
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स्पाइरोकीट: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

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स्पाइरोकीट (spirochaete, spirochete) बैक्टीरिया का एक जीववैज्ञानिक वर्ग है जो स्पाइरोकीटीस (spirochaetes) संघ का सदस्य है। यह दो झिल्लियों वाले ग्राम-ऋणात्मक बैक्टीरिया होते हैं, जिसकी अधिकांश जातियों की कोशिकाओं का आकार सर्पिल कुण्डल जैसा, 3 से 500 µm लम्बा और 0.09 से 3 µm के व्यास वाला होता है। स्पाइरोकीट रसायनाहारी होते हैं और अन्य बैक्टीरिया संघों से अपनी लम्बी और सर्पिल कशाभिकाओं से पहचाने जाते हैं। यह कशाभिकाएँ मुड़-मुड़कर स्पाइरोकीट को गतिशील बनाती हैं। अधिकतर स्पाइरोकीट जातियाँ स्वतंत्र रूप से रहने वाली अवायुजीवी होती हैं लेकिन कुछ अन्य जीवों में रोगजनक होती हैं।

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Spirochaete

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Cross section of a spirochaete cell
Endoflagella Components. Legend: Fig. 1 A cross-section of a typical spirochete cell showing endoflagella located in the periplasm between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. Periplasm, consisting of a gel-like matrix, provides a semi-stable medium to secure endoflagella during rotation. The axial filament, indicated in red, is composed of bundles of endoflagella. Fig. 2 A side-view of a spirochete cell which shows two axial filaments in opposing motion. One axial filament rotates in a clockwise orientation; an adjacent axial filament rotates in a counter-clockwise orientation. Rotation of the endoflagella creates torsion and drives the corkscrew rotation of the cell. Fig. 3 An expanded view of the cellular membranes that surround endoflagellum. Both the inner and outer membrane contain a phospholipid bi-layer, with non-polar fatty acid chains in-ward of polar phosphorus heads. Peptidoglycan, the cell wall, provides structure in bacterial microorganisms. Axial filaments are superior to the peptidoglycan.

A spirochaete (/ˈsprˌkt/)[4] or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (/-ˈktz/), (synonym Spirochaetes) [5] which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.[6] Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.[7]

Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called axial filaments.[8] Endoflagella are anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space (between the inner and outer membranes) where they project backwards to extend the length of the cell.[9] These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. Spirochaete bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity and the ecological niches that they inhabit, as well as molecular characteristics including guanine-cytosine content and genome size.[10][11]

Pathogenicity

Many organisms within the Spirochaetota phylum cause prevalent diseases. Pathogenic members of this phylum include the following:

Salvarsan, the first partially organic synthetic antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes and primarily used to cure syphilis. Additionally, oral spirochaetes are known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease.[16]

Taxonomy and molecular signatures

The class currently consists of 14 validly named genera across 4 orders and 5 families.[17][18][19] The orders Brachyspirales, Brevinematales and Leptospirales each contain a single family, Brachyspiraceae, Brevinemataceae and Leptospiraceae, respectively. The Spirochaetales order harbours two families, Spirochaetaceae and Borreliaceae. Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and CSPs have been found specific for each of the orders, with the exception of Brevinimetales, that provide a reliable means to demarcate these clades from one another within the diverse phylum.[18] Additional CSIs have been found exclusively shared by each family within the Spirochaetales. These molecular markers are in agreement with the observed phylogenetic tree branching of two monophyletic clades within the Spirochaetales order.[18] CSIs have also been found that further differentiate taxonomic groups within the Borreliaceae family that further delineate evolutionary relationships that are in accordance with physical characteristics such as pathogenicity (viz. Borrelia emend. Borreliella gen. nov.).[20] However, this study has been criticized, and other studies using different approaches do not support the proposed split.[21] The new naming system for the Lyme and relapsing fever Borrelia has not been adopted by the scientific literature.[21]

A CSI has also been found exclusively shared by all Spirochaetota species.[18] This CSI is a 3 amino acid insert in the flagellar basal body rod protein FlgC which is an important part of the unique endoflagellar structure shared by Spirochaetota species.[22] Given that the CSI is exclusively shared by members within this phylum, it has been postulated that it may be related to the characteristic flagellar properties observed among Spirochaetota species.[18][22]

Historically, all families belonging to the Spirochaetota phylum were assigned to a single order, the Spirochaetales.[10][11] However, the current taxonomic view is more connotative of accurate evolutionary relationships. The distribution of a CSI is indicative of shared ancestry within the clade for which it is specific. It thus functions as a synapomorphic characteristic, so that the distributions of different CSIs provide the means to identify different orders and families within the phylum and so justify the phylogenetic divisions.[18]

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[29] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ Paster BJ (2010). "Class I. Spirochaetia class. nov.". In Krieg NR, Staley JT, Brown DR, Hedlund BP, Paster BJ (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 4—The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-68572-4. ISBN 978-0-387-95042-6.
  2. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2020). "Validation list no. 195. List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 70 (9): 4844–4847. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004366. PMID 32993851. S2CID 222147003.
  3. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987. S2CID 239887308.
  4. ^ "SPIROCHAETE | Meaning & Definition for UK English | Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021.
  5. ^ Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Elsevier.
  6. ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  7. ^ Margulis L, Ashen JB, Solé M, Guerrero R (August 1993). "Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochete structure review". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (15): 6966–6970. Bibcode:1993PNAS...90.6966M. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.15.6966. PMC 47056. PMID 8346204.
  8. ^ Carroll KC, Hobden JA, Miller S (2019). "Spirochetes and Other Spiral Microorganisms". Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  9. ^ Madigan MT (2019). Brock biology of microorganisms (Fifteenth, Global ed.). NY, NY: Pearson. p. 519. ISBN 9781292235103.
  10. ^ a b Paster BJ (2011). "Phylum XV. Spirochaetes Garrity and Holt.". In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Garrity GM, Staley JT (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. New York: Springer. p. 471.
  11. ^ a b Paster BJ (2011). "Family I. Sprochaetes Swellengrebel 1907, 581AL.". In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Garrity GM, Staley JT (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. New York: Springer. pp. 473–531.
  12. ^ McBride A, Athanazio D, Reis M, Ko A (2005). "Leptospirosis". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 18 (5): 376–86. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c. PMID 16148523. S2CID 220576544.
  13. ^ Wolcott KA, Margos G, Fingerle V, Becker NS (September 2021). "Host association of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: A review". Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases. 12 (5): 101766. doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101766. PMID 34161868.
  14. ^ Schwan TG (June 1996). "Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions". Infectious Agents and Disease. 5 (3): 167–181. PMID 8805079.
  15. ^ Amat Villegas I, Borobio Aguilar E, Beloqui Perez R, de Llano Varela P, Oquiñena Legaz S, Martínez-Peñuela Virseda JM (January 2004). "[Colonic spirochetes: an infrequent cause of adult diarrhea]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish). 27 (1): 21–3. doi:10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70440-3. PMID 14718105.
  16. ^ Yousefi L, Leylabadlo HE, Pourlak T, Eslami H, Taghizadeh S, Ganbarov K, et al. (July 2020). "Oral spirochetes: Pathogenic mechanisms in periodontal disease". Microbial Pathogenesis. 144: 104193. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104193. PMID 32304795. S2CID 215818931.
  17. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. "TherSpirochaetia". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Gupta RS, Mahmood S, Adeolu M (2013). "A phylogenomic and molecular signature based approach for characterization of the phylum Spirochaetes and its major clades: proposal for a taxonomic revision of the phylum". Front Microbiol. 4 (217): 217. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00217. PMC 3726837. PMID 23908650.
  19. ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2014). "List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published" (PDF). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 64 (3): 693–696. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.062521-0.
  20. ^ Adeolu M, Gupta RS (2014). "A phylogenomic and molecular marker based proposal for the division of the genus Borrelia into two genera: the emended genus Borrelia containing only the members of the relapsing fever Borrelia, and the genus Borreliella gen. nov. containing the members of the Lyme disease Borrelia (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 105 (6): 1049–1072. doi:10.1007/s10482-014-0164-x. PMID 24744012.
  21. ^ a b Winslow C, Coburn J (2019). "Recent discoveries and advancements in research on the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi". F1000Research. 8: 763. doi:10.12688/f1000research.18379.1. PMC 6545822. PMID 31214329.
  22. ^ a b Macnab RM (2003). "How bacteria assemble flagella". Annu Rev Microbiol. 57: 77–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090832. PMID 12730325.
  23. ^ "The LTP". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  24. ^ "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  25. ^ "LTP_12_2021 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  26. ^ "GTDB release 07-RS207". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  27. ^ "ar53_r207.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  28. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  29. ^ Euzéby JP. "Spirochaetes". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 20 July 2018.
  30. ^ Schoch CL, Ciufo S, Domrachev M, Hotton CL, Kannan S, Khovanskaya R, et al. "Spirochaetes". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 20 July 2018.

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Spirochaete: Brief Summary

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Cross section of a spirochaete cell Endoflagella Components. Legend: Fig. 1 A cross-section of a typical spirochete cell showing endoflagella located in the periplasm between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. Periplasm, consisting of a gel-like matrix, provides a semi-stable medium to secure endoflagella during rotation. The axial filament, indicated in red, is composed of bundles of endoflagella. Fig. 2 A side-view of a spirochete cell which shows two axial filaments in opposing motion. One axial filament rotates in a clockwise orientation; an adjacent axial filament rotates in a counter-clockwise orientation. Rotation of the endoflagella creates torsion and drives the corkscrew rotation of the cell. Fig. 3 An expanded view of the cellular membranes that surround endoflagellum. Both the inner and outer membrane contain a phospholipid bi-layer, with non-polar fatty acid chains in-ward of polar phosphorus heads. Peptidoglycan, the cell wall, provides structure in bacterial microorganisms. Axial filaments are superior to the peptidoglycan.

A spirochaete (/ˈspaɪroʊˌkiːt/) or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (/-ˈkiːtiːz/), (synonym Spirochaetes) which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.

Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called axial filaments. Endoflagella are anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space (between the inner and outer membranes) where they project backwards to extend the length of the cell. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. Spirochaete bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity and the ecological niches that they inhabit, as well as molecular characteristics including guanine-cytosine content and genome size.

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Spirochaetes ( Basque )

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Spirochaetes bakterioen filuma da, espiroketa izeneko bakterio guztiak biltzen dituena.

Espiroketak bakterio Gram negatiboak dira. Beste bakterioen aldean itxura berezia dute: helikoidalak dira, kortxo-kentzeko itxurakoak, finak, luzeak eta diametro txikikoak (ikus irudia). Batzuek luzera handia dute (500 µm-etaraino iritsi daitezke), eta beren diametro txikiak ohiko bakteriar iragazkiak zeharkatzeko ahalmena ematen die.

Filum honetako bakterioen ezaugarririk berezkoena haien mugimendu berezian datza. Plano ezberdinetan garatzen den mugimendu helikoidal eta bihurrikatzailea dute, sugearen antzekoa, gainontzeko bakterioek ez dutena. Mugimendu horren atzean endoflagelo izeneko flagelo bereziak daude, bakterioaren kanpoaldean ez daudenak, zelula horma eta kanpo mintzaren artean baizik. Endoflagelo horiek ardatz-harizpi edo filamentu axial izeneko egitura batean txertatzen dira [1].

Endoflagelo horien kopurua aldakorra da oso (2-200 artean).

Batzuk ingurugiro urtarretan bizi dira, beste batzuek animalietan eta gizakian. Azken talde honetan daude gure organismoan bizi diren saprofito ez-kaltegarriak, eta baita patogeno arriskutsuak ere. Urtarretarren artean Spirochaeta eta Leptospira generoetako bakterioak daude. Gure gorputzeko saprofitoen artean ahoan dauden hainbat Treponema aipatu daitezke. Patogenoen artean, sifilia eragiten duena (Treponema pallidum), leptospirosiaren eragilea (Leptospira interrogans) eta Lyme gaitzarena (Borrelia burgdorferi) dira aipagarrienak.

Haien metabolismoari dagokionez aniztasun handia dago. Espiroketa gehienak anaerobioak (hertsiak ala fakultatiboak) eta kimiorganotrofoak dira. Batzuek janari eskakizun oso zorrotzak dituzte, eta ezin izan dira orain arte laborategian kultibatu.

Arestian egindako ikerketa batzuek Alzheimer gaitza eta hainbat erotasunen atzean espiroketen infekzioa egon daitekeela aditzera eman dute [2]

Erreferentziak

  1. Ingraham, J. eta Ingraham, C. Introducción a la Microbiología vol. 1, Ed. Reverté, 251-252 orr.
  2. Miklossy, Judith (2011-08-04) Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria Journal of Neuroinflammation 8: 90.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Spirochaetes: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Spirochaetes bakterioen filuma da, espiroketa izeneko bakterio guztiak biltzen dituena.

Espiroketak bakterio Gram negatiboak dira. Beste bakterioen aldean itxura berezia dute: helikoidalak dira, kortxo-kentzeko itxurakoak, finak, luzeak eta diametro txikikoak (ikus irudia). Batzuek luzera handia dute (500 µm-etaraino iritsi daitezke), eta beren diametro txikiak ohiko bakteriar iragazkiak zeharkatzeko ahalmena ematen die.

Filum honetako bakterioen ezaugarririk berezkoena haien mugimendu berezian datza. Plano ezberdinetan garatzen den mugimendu helikoidal eta bihurrikatzailea dute, sugearen antzekoa, gainontzeko bakterioek ez dutena. Mugimendu horren atzean endoflagelo izeneko flagelo bereziak daude, bakterioaren kanpoaldean ez daudenak, zelula horma eta kanpo mintzaren artean baizik. Endoflagelo horiek ardatz-harizpi edo filamentu axial izeneko egitura batean txertatzen dira .

Endoflagelo horien kopurua aldakorra da oso (2-200 artean).

Batzuk ingurugiro urtarretan bizi dira, beste batzuek animalietan eta gizakian. Azken talde honetan daude gure organismoan bizi diren saprofito ez-kaltegarriak, eta baita patogeno arriskutsuak ere. Urtarretarren artean Spirochaeta eta Leptospira generoetako bakterioak daude. Gure gorputzeko saprofitoen artean ahoan dauden hainbat Treponema aipatu daitezke. Patogenoen artean, sifilia eragiten duena (Treponema pallidum), leptospirosiaren eragilea (Leptospira interrogans) eta Lyme gaitzarena (Borrelia burgdorferi) dira aipagarrienak.

Haien metabolismoari dagokionez aniztasun handia dago. Espiroketa gehienak anaerobioak (hertsiak ala fakultatiboak) eta kimiorganotrofoak dira. Batzuek janari eskakizun oso zorrotzak dituzte, eta ezin izan dira orain arte laborategian kultibatu.

Arestian egindako ikerketa batzuek Alzheimer gaitza eta hainbat erotasunen atzean espiroketen infekzioa egon daitekeela aditzera eman dute

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Spirochaete ( Lithuanian )

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Klasės

Spirochaete arba spirochetosSpirochaetes tipo bakterijos,[1] turinčios dvigubą membraną ir ilgas, į spiralę susuktas ląsteles.[2] Spirochetos gamtoje yra chemoheterotrofai, jų ilgis būna nuo 3 iki 500 µm, o skersmuo - nuo 0,09 iki 3 µm.[3]

Spirochaetes tipo bakterijos nuo kitų tipų bakterijų yra atskiriamos žiuželio padėtimi, kuris eina išilgai tarp bakterijos vidinės ir išorinės membranos. Žiuželis sukelia sukimo judesį, kuris leidžia bakterijai judėti aplinkui.

Dauguma spirochetų yra laisvai gyvenančios ir anaerobinės, tačiau yra ir parazitinių rūšių.

Patogeniškumas

Daugelis Spirochaetes tipo bakterijų yra paplitusių ligų sukelėjos. Patogeninės tipo rūšys yra šios:

Spirochaetes taip pat gali sukelti silpnaprotystę ir gali dalyvauti Alzheimerio ligos patogenezėje.[7]

Klasifikacija

Šaltiniai

  1. Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier, <http://dorlands.com/>
  2. Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th, McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
  3. Margulis, L.. „Composite, large spirochetes from microbial mats: spirochete structure review“ (en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90 (15), 6966–6970 (1993-08-01). DOI:10.1073/pnas.90.15.6966. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 8346204.
  4. „Leptospirosis“. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 18 (5), 376–86 (2005). DOI:10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c. PMID 16148523.
  5. Schwan T. „Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigating pathogen-arthropod interactions“. Infect Agents Dis, 5 (3), 167–81 (1996). PMID 8805079.
  6. „[Colonic spirochetes: an infrequent cause of adult diarrhea]“ (Spanish). Gastroenterol Hepatol, 27 (1), 21–3 (January 2004). PMID 14718105.
  7. Miklossy, Judith. „Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria“. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 8, 90 (2011-08-04). DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-8-90. ISSN 1742-2094. PMID 21816039.
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Spirochaete: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Spirochaete arba spirochetos – Spirochaetes tipo bakterijos, turinčios dvigubą membraną ir ilgas, į spiralę susuktas ląsteles. Spirochetos gamtoje yra chemoheterotrofai, jų ilgis būna nuo 3 iki 500 µm, o skersmuo - nuo 0,09 iki 3 µm.

Spirochaetes tipo bakterijos nuo kitų tipų bakterijų yra atskiriamos žiuželio padėtimi, kuris eina išilgai tarp bakterijos vidinės ir išorinės membranos. Žiuželis sukelia sukimo judesį, kuris leidžia bakterijai judėti aplinkui.

Dauguma spirochetų yra laisvai gyvenančios ir anaerobinės, tačiau yra ir parazitinių rūšių.

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Spirochetes ( Lithuanian )

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Eilės

SpirochetesSpirochaete tipo bakterijų klasė.

Klasifikacija

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Spirochetes: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Spirochetes – Spirochaete tipo bakterijų klasė.

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Spirochaetae ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Treponema pallidum — возбудитель сифилиса

Спирохеты (лат. Spirochaetales) — порядок бактерий с длинными (3—500 мкм) и тонкими (0,1—1,5 мкм) спирально (греч. σπειρα «завиток») закрученными (один и более виток спирали) клетками.

Грамотрицательны, хемоорганогетеротрофы. Подвижны, размножаются поперечным делением. Эндоспор не образуют, но некоторые представители образуют цисты.

Встречаются как аэробные виды, так и анаэробные и факультативно-анаэробные. Спирохеты встречаются в почве, воде, других средах.[1]

Строение

Клетки состоят из протоплазматического цилиндра с одной или несколькими так называемыми осевыми фибриллами, отходящими от расположенных на концах клетки прикрепительных цилиндров. Протоплазматический цилиндр с осевыми фибриллами покрыт внешней оболочкой.

Виды

Некоторые Spirochaetes являются возбудителями болезней человека и животных. Это Leptospira, вызывающая лептоспироз, Treponema pallidum — возбудитель сифилиса, Borrelia recurrentis — возбудитель возвратного тифа, Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum, Borrelia burgdorferi — возбудитель боррелиоза в США, Borrelia afzelii и Borrelia garinii — возбудитель болезни Лайма в России и Европе и другие.

Многие являются сапрофитами: Spirochaeta plicatilis — водная бактерия, Treponema microdentinum — одна из бактерий ротовой полости человека.

Систематика Spirochaetales

См. также

Примечания

  1. Глава 5 (неопр.). evolution.powernet.ru. Проверено 5 ноября 2017.


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Spirochaetae: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Treponema pallidum — возбудитель сифилиса

Спирохеты (лат. Spirochaetales) — порядок бактерий с длинными (3—500 мкм) и тонкими (0,1—1,5 мкм) спирально (греч. σπειρα «завиток») закрученными (один и более виток спирали) клетками.

Грамотрицательны, хемоорганогетеротрофы. Подвижны, размножаются поперечным делением. Эндоспор не образуют, но некоторые представители образуют цисты.

Встречаются как аэробные виды, так и анаэробные и факультативно-анаэробные. Спирохеты встречаются в почве, воде, других средах.

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