Mutterkornpilze (Claviceps) sind eine Pilzgattung aus der Familie der Clavicipitaceae.
Mutterkornpilze sind Parasiten des Fruchtknotens der Süßgrasartigen.
Die meisten Mutterkornpilze parasitieren nur eine Gattung. Viele Mutterkornpilze leben in tropischem Klima und haben als Wirt eine Panicoideae (eine Unterfamilie der Süßgräser). Claviceps purpurea ist eine Ausnahme, er benötigt eine kalte Umgebung und hat viele Wirte, meist Pooideae (eine andere Unterfamilie der Süßgräser).
Der Pilz produziert in der Natur in den Sklerotien Alkaloide (Mutterkornalkaloide). Im Fermenter werden Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps fusiformis oder Claviceps paspali verwendet, um Mutterkornalkaloide herzustellen.
Vergiftungen mit Mutterkornalkaloiden werden oft als Ergotismus bezeichnet.
Der Pilz nimmt nacheinanderfolgend die Formen Claviceps, Sphacelia und Sclerotium an. Sklerotium ist die Resistenzform zwischen zwei Wirten.
Aus einem Sklerotium wachsen gestielte Stromata hervor. In den Stromata findet die sexuelle Reproduktion statt. Perithecien werden gebildet. Die Ascosporen sind fadenförmig. Sie werden mit dem Wind verbreitet. Auf den Narben unbefruchteter Blüten dringen die Keimhyphen in die Fruchtknoten ein (Primärinfektion).
Das sich entwickelnde Myzel löst das Gewebe auf (verhindert so die Samenentwicklung im Ährchen), und bildet zuerst Konidien aus (Sphacelia-Form), wobei ein zuckerhaltiger Saft ausgeschieden wird: „Honigtau“ (Nebenfruchtform); oft erscheinen auch sekundär Konidien (z. B. bei C. africana, C. fusiformis, C. cynodontis). Konidien werden vom Wind, von Regen und Insekten verbreitet und befallen andere, offen blühende Ähren.
Innerhalb der Gattung Claviceps kann zwischen ungefähr 40 Arten unterschieden werden.[1]
Mutterkornpilze (Claviceps) sind eine Pilzgattung aus der Familie der Clavicipitaceae.
எா்காட் (Ergot) என்பது தானியப்பயிரில் வளரக்கூடிய ஒரு ஒட்டுண்ணியாகும். இது சோளம், கம்பு, பாா்லி, ரை போன்ற தானியக் கதிர்களின்ன் நடுவே சில சமயங்களில் ஒட்டுண்ணியாக இருக்கும். இந்த ஒட்டுண்ணி கலந்த ரை மாவு ரொட்டியை உண்டு பலா் இறந்து விடுகின்றனா். ஆகவே ரை தானியத்தைக் கதிாிலிருந்து பிாித்தெடுக்கும்போது எட்காட் இருக்கிறதா என்று கவனித்து அதை நீக்க வேண்டும்.
1.எா்காட்டிலிருந்து எடுக்கப்படும் எா்கோமெட்ரின் மருத்துவத்தில் பயன்படுகிறது. 2.கருப்பையிலுள்ள இரத்தத் குழாய்களைச் சுருக்கி,பிரசவத்துக்குப் பின் அதிக இரத்தப்போக்கு ஏற்படுவதை அது தடுக்கிறது.
சங்கரராமன்.எஸ்.அதிசயத்தாவரங்கள்,1984,பக்-71,பூங்கொடி பதிப்பகம். சென்னை-04.
ಎರ್ಗಟ್: ಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ರೈ, ಬಾರ್ಲಿ, ಓಟ್ಸ್, ಗೋದಿ ಮುಂತಾದ ಧಾನ್ಯದ ಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತಲೆದೋರಿ ಅವುಗಳ ಕಾಳುಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಆಕ್ರಮಿಸುವ ಒಂದು ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ. ಈ ಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ರೋಗ ಒಮ್ಮೊಮ್ಮೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಂಥ ಗಿಡಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಧಾನ್ಯದ ಕಾಳುಗಳು ಕಪ್ಪು ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 2.5-4ಸೆಂಮೀ. ಉದ್ದವುಳ್ಳ ಬಿರುಸಾದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಾಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಟು ಹೊಂದುವುವು. ಇವನ್ನೇ ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ರೋಗಕ್ಕೂ ಅದೇ ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ರೋಗ ಕ್ಲಾವಿಸೆಪ್ಸ್ ಪರ್ಪುರಿಯ ಎಂಬ ಬೂಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರದಿಂದ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ಈ ರೋಗದ ಕೆಲವು ಅನಿಷ್ಟ ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳು ಎರ್ಗಟುಗಳು ಕೂಡಿದ ಹಿಟ್ಟಿನಿಂದ ತಯಾರಿಸಿದ ರೊಟ್ಟಿಯನ್ನು ಸೇವಿಸಿದ ಮನುಷ್ಯರಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಎರ್ಗಟುಗಳು ಕೂಡಿದ ದಂಟು ಮತ್ತು ತೆನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇವಿಸಿದ ದನಕರು ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಕಂಡುಬರುವುವು. ಕ್ಲಾವಿಸೆಪ್ಸ್ ಪರ್ಪುರಿಯ ಎಂಬ ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 10-12 ಬಗೆಯ ಪ್ರಭೇದಗಳಿವೆ. ಅವೆಲ್ಲವೂ ಗೋದಿ, ಜೋ಼ಳ, ರೈ, ಬಾರ್ಲಿ, ಓಟ್ಸ್ ಮುಂತಾದ ಧಾನ್ಯಬೆಳೆಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಪರತಂತ್ರ ಜೀವಿಗಳಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಯುವುದುಂಟು. ಮುಖ್ಯವಾಗಿ ಈ ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ ಧಾನ್ಯದ ಹೂಗಳ ಅಂಡಾಶಯಕ್ಕೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಗಂಟುಬೀಳುವುದು. ಮುಂದೆ ಆ ಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ಎಂಬ ರೋಗ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ ಧಾನ್ಯಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರೋಗ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡಿ ಬೆಳೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಳುಮಾಡುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ, ಅವು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವ ಒಂದು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಕಡ್ಡಿಯಂಥ ಸ್ಕ್ಲೀರೋಷಿಯಂ ಅಥವಾ ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ಎಂಬ ರೂಪಾಂತರ ಹೊಂದಿದ ಧಾನ್ಯಫಲದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ವಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಸಸ್ಯಕ್ಷಾರ (ಆಲ್ಕಲಾಯಿಡ್) ವಸ್ತುವಿಗೇ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಮಹತ್ತ್ವವಿದೆ.
ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ರೋಗದಿಂದ ಮನುಷ್ಯರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗುವ ಅನಿಷ್ಟ ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳು ಹಲವಾರು. ತಲೆಗೂದಲು ಅಕಾಲಿಕವಾಗಿ ಉದುರಿಹೋಗುವುದು; ಹಲ್ಲು ಬೀಳುವುದು; ಉಗುರು ಕಳಚಿ ಬೀಳುವುದು; ತೀವ್ರ ಪ್ರಸಂಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲುಬು ಕೊಳೆಯುವುದು; ಅಂಗಕ್ಷಯ, ಪಾರ್ಶ್ವವಾಯು, ನರಗಳ ದೌರ್ಬಲ್ಯ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ ವಿಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಕಾಣಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುವು. ಇಂಥ ರೋಗಗಳಿಗೆಲ್ಲ, ಎರ್ಗಟಿಸಂ ಎನ್ನುವುದುಂಟು.
ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೂಡ ಹಲವು ಗಂಡಾಂತರಕಾರಿ ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳು ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಗೊರಸುಗಳು ಹುಣ್ಣಾಗಿ ಉದುರಿ ಬೀಳುವುದು; ಬಾಲ, ಕಿವಿ, ಕೊಂಬು ಮುಂತಾದುವು ಕಳಚಿ ಬೀಳುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಗರ್ಭಪಾತವಾಗಿ ಹುಟ್ಟುವ ಕರುಗಳ ಸಾವು ಮುಂತಾದುವು. ರೋಗಗ್ರಸ್ತ ಭಾಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ತನಾಳಗಳು ಆಕುಂಚನಗೊಂಡು ಕೋಶಭಿತ್ತಿಗಳು ಬಿರುಸಾಗುವುದರಿಂದ ರಕ್ತಪುರೈಕೆ ನಿಂತಾಗ ಅನಿಷ್ಟ ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳು ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.
ಕೆಲವು ಗಂಡಾಂತರಕಾರಿ ಪರಿಣಾಮಗಳು ಕಂಡುಬಂದರೂ ಈ ಸ್ಕ್ಲೀರೋಷಿಯಂ ಅಥವಾ ಎರ್ಗಟ್ಸ್ ಎಂಬುವುಗಳಿಂದ ಮಾನವನಿಗೆ ವೈದ್ಯಕೀಯ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಿಂದ ಅನೇಕ ರೀತಿಯ ಪ್ರಯೋಜನಗಳೂ ಆಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ಬಗೆಯ ಸಸ್ಯಕ್ಷಾರದಂಥ ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಇದ್ದು ಅವು ಸ್ನಾಯುಗಳ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳನ್ನು ನಿಯಂತ್ರಿಸಬಲ್ಲವು. ರಕ್ತಸ್ರಾವ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರಸವಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಗರ್ಭಕೋಶ ಆಕುಂಚನಗೊಂಡು ಜನನಕ್ರಿಯೆ ಸರಾಗವಾಗಿ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳ್ಳುವುದಕ್ಕೆ ಪೋಷಕವಾಗುವಂತೆ ಔಷಧಗಳ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಸುವುದುಂಟು. ಸಸ್ಯಕ್ಷಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಟ್ಟು ಏಳು ಬಗೆ. ಅವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎರ್ಗಟೊಮಿನ್ ಮತ್ತು ಎರ್ಗಟಾಕ್ಸಿನ್ ಎಂಬುವು ಪ್ರಭಾವಿಯಾದುವು. ಇವೆರಡರ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಎರ್ಗಟಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅಸಿಟೈಲ್ ಕೋಲಿನ್ ಎಂಬ ವಸ್ತುವೊಂದು ಇದ್ದು ಅದೇ ಸ್ನಾಯುಗಳ ಆಕುಂಚನಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರಣವೆನ್ನಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
ಇಟಲಿ, ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೇಲಿಯ ಮುಂತಾದ ಕೆಲವು ದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಈ ಕ್ಲಾವಿಸೆಪ್ಸ್ ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರವನ್ನು ಪ್ರಾಯೋಗಿಕವಾಗಿ ಬೆಳೆಸಿ ಅದರಿಂದ ಎರ್ಗಟನ್ನು ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳು ಸಾಗಿವೆ. ಹೀಗೆ ರೈ, ಬಾರ್ಲಿ, ಓಟ್ಸ್ ಮುಂತಾದ ಬೆಳೆಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೆಲವು ಬೀಜಾಣುಗಳಿಂದ ಕೃತಕವಾಗಿಯೂ ಉದ್ದೇಶಪುರ್ವಕವಾಗಿಯೂ ರೋಗಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳನ್ನು ಉಂಟುಮಾಡಿ ಆ ಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕ್ರಮೇಣ ಹೆಚ್ಚೆಚ್ಚು ಸ್ಕ್ಲೀರೋಷಿಯಂ ಅಥವಾ ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ಉತ್ಪತ್ತಿಯಾಗುವಂತೆ ಯೋಜಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದರಿಂದ ಒಂದು ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎರ್ಗಟಿನ ವ್ಯವಸಾಯವೇ ಒಂದು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಸುಬಿನಂತೆ ಆರಂಭವಾಗಿ ಎರ್ಗಟಿನ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಮುಂದೆ ಅವನ್ನು ಔಷಧ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಶಾಲೆಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿ ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಅವುಗಳಿಂದ ಔಷಧ ರೂಪದ ವಿಷವಸ್ತುಗಳನ್ನು (ಎರ್ಗಟೊಮಿನ್, ಎರ್ಗಟಾಕ್ಸಿನ್ ಇತ್ಯಾದಿ) ಹೊರತೆಗೆದು ಮಾರಾಟಕ್ಕೆ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಎರ್ಗಟನ್ನು ಧಾನ್ಯಗಳಿಂದ ಬೇರ್ಪಡಿಸಲು ದೊಡ್ಡ ತಟ್ಟೆ ಅಥವಾ ಕಡಾಯಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಶೇ. 20 ಉಪ್ಪುನೀರು ಹಾಕಿ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಧಾನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸುರಿಯುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಕಾಳುಗಳು ನೀರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಳುಗಿ ತಳಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಗೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ. ಆದರೆ ಎರ್ಗಟುಗಳು ನೀರಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ತೇಲುವುದರಿಂದ ಅವನ್ನು ಜಾಲರಿ, ಸೌಟುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊರತೆಗೆದು, ಬಿಸಿಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಒಣಗಿಸಿ ಅನಂತರ ಸಣ್ಣ ಚೀಲ ಅಥವಾ ಪ್ಯಾಕೆಟುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತುಂಬಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಮುಂದೆ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಶಾಲೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಅವುಗಳಿಂದ ಸಸ್ಯಕ್ಷಾರಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊರತೆಗೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ.
ಎರ್ಗಟ್: ಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ಜಾತಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿದ ರೈ, ಬಾರ್ಲಿ, ಓಟ್ಸ್, ಗೋದಿ ಮುಂತಾದ ಧಾನ್ಯದ ಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತಲೆದೋರಿ ಅವುಗಳ ಕಾಳುಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾನಗಳನ್ನು ಆಕ್ರಮಿಸುವ ಒಂದು ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ. ಈ ಬೆಳೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದು ವಿಚಿತ್ರ ರೋಗ ಒಮ್ಮೊಮ್ಮೆ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. ಅಂಥ ಗಿಡಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಧಾನ್ಯದ ಕಾಳುಗಳು ಕಪ್ಪು ಮಿಶ್ರಿತ ಹಸಿರು ಬಣ್ಣದ 2.5-4ಸೆಂಮೀ. ಉದ್ದವುಳ್ಳ ಬಿರುಸಾದ ವಸ್ತುಗಳಾಗಿ ಮಾರ್ಪಾಟು ಹೊಂದುವುವು. ಇವನ್ನೇ ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ಎಂದು ಕರೆಯಲಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಈ ರೋಗಕ್ಕೂ ಅದೇ ಹೆಸರಿದೆ. ಎರ್ಗಟ್ ರೋಗ ಕ್ಲಾವಿಸೆಪ್ಸ್ ಪರ್ಪುರಿಯ ಎಂಬ ಬೂಸಲು ಅಥವಾ ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರದಿಂದ ಉಂಟಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.
Ergot (/ˈɜːrɡət/ UR-gət) or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.[1]
The most prominent member of this group is Claviceps purpurea ("rye ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on rye and related plants, and produces alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure (called ergot sclerotium).[2][3]
Claviceps includes about 50 known species, mostly in the tropical regions. Economically significant species include C. purpurea (parasitic on grasses and cereals), C. fusiformis (on pearl millet, buffel grass), C. paspali (on dallis grass), C. africana[4] (on sorghum), and C. lutea (on paspalum).[5] C. purpurea most commonly affects outcrossing species such as rye (its most common host), as well as triticale, wheat, and barley. It affects oats only rarely.
C. purpurea has at least three races or varieties, which differ in their host specificity:[6]
An ergot kernel, called a sclerotium, develops when a spore of fungal species of the genus Claviceps infects a floret of flowering grass or cereal. The infection process mimics a pollen grain growing into an ovary during fertilization. Infection requires that the fungal spore have access to the stigma; consequently, plants infected by Claviceps are mainly outcrossing species with open flowers, such as rye (Secale cereale) and ryegrasses (genus Lolium). The proliferating fungal mycelium then destroys the plant ovary and connects with the vascular bundle originally intended for seed nutrition. The first stage of ergot infection manifests itself as a white soft tissue (known as sphacelia) producing sugary honeydew, which often drops out of the infected grass florets. This honeydew contains millions of asexual spores (conidia), which insects disperse to other florets. Later, the sphacelia convert into a hard dry sclerotium inside the husk of the floret. At this stage, alkaloids and lipids accumulate in the sclerotium.
Claviceps species from tropic and subtropic regions produce macro- and microconidia in their honeydew. Macroconidia differ in shape and size between the species, whereas microconidia are rather uniform, oval to globose (5×3 μm). Macroconidia are able to produce secondary conidia. A germ tube emerges from a macroconidium through the surface of a honeydew drop and a secondary conidium of an oval to pearlike shape is formed, to which the contents of the original macroconidium migrates. Secondary conidia form a white, frost-like surface on honeydew drops and spread via the wind. No such process occurs in Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps grohii, Claviceps nigricans, and Claviceps zizaniae, all from northern temperate regions.
When a mature sclerotium drops to the ground, the fungus remains dormant until proper conditions (such as the onset of spring or a rain period) trigger its fruiting phase. It germinates, forming one or several fruiting bodies with heads and stipes, variously coloured (resembling a tiny mushroom). In the head, threadlike sexual spores form, which are ejected simultaneously when suitable grass hosts are flowering.
Ergot infection causes a reduction in the yield and quality of grain and hay, and if livestock eat infected grain or hay it may cause a disease called ergotism. Black and protruding sclerotia of C. purpurea are well known. However, many tropical ergots have brown or greyish sclerotia, mimicking the shape of the host seed. For this reason, the infection is often overlooked.
Insects, including flies and moths, carry conidia of Claviceps species, but it is unknown whether insects play a role in spreading the fungus from infected to healthy plants.[7]
The evolution of plant parasitism in the Clavicipitaceae dates back at least 100 million years, to the early-mid Cretaceous. An amber fossil discovered in 2014 preserves a grass spikelet and an ergot-like parasitic fungus. The fossil shows that the original hosts of the Clavicipitaceae could have been grasses. The discovery also establishes a minimum time for the conceivable presence of psychotropic compounds in fungi.[8][9] Several evolutionary processes have acted to diversify the array of ergot alkaloids produced by fungi; these differences in enzyme activities are evident at the levels of substrate specificity (LpsA), product specification (EasA, CloA) or both (EasG and possibly CloA).[10] The "old yellow enzyme", EasA, presents an outstanding example. This enzyme catalyzes reduction of the C8=C9 double-bond in chanoclavine I, but EasA isoforms differ in whether they subsequently catalyze reoxidation of C8–C9 after rotation.[10] This difference distinguishes most Clavicipitaceae from Trichocomaceae, but in Clavicipitaceae it is also the key difference dividing the branch of classical ergot alkaloids from dihydroergot alkaloids, the latter often being preferred for pharmaceuticals due to their relatively few side effects.[10]
The ergot sclerotium contains high concentrations (up to 2% of dry mass) of the alkaloid ergotamine, a complex molecule consisting of a tripeptide-derived cyclol-lactam ring connected via amide linkage to a lysergic acid (ergoline) moiety, and other alkaloids of the ergoline group that are biosynthesized by the fungus.[11] Ergot alkaloids have a wide range of biological activities including effects on circulation and neurotransmission.[12]
Ergot alkaloids are classified as:
Ergotism is the name for sometimes severe pathological syndromes affecting humans or other animals that have ingested plant material containing ergot alkaloid, such as ergot-contaminated grains. The Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony, an order of monks established in 1095, specialized in treating ergotism victims[14] with balms containing tranquilizing and circulation-stimulating plant extracts. The common name for ergotism is "St. Anthony's fire",[14] in reference to this order of monks and the severe burning sensations in the limbs which was one of the symptoms.[15] There are two types of ergotism. The first is characterized by muscle spasms, fever and hallucinations and the victims may appear dazed, be unable to speak, become manic, or have other forms of paralysis or tremors, and suffer from hallucinations and other distorted perceptions.[16] This is caused by serotonergic stimulation of the central nervous system by some of the alkaloids.[16] The second type of ergotism is marked by violent burning, absent peripheral pulses and shooting pain of the poorly vascularized distal organs, such as the fingers and toes,[16] and are caused by effects of ergot alkaloids on the vascular system due to vasoconstriction, sometimes leading to gangrene and loss of limbs due to severely restricted blood circulation.
The neurotropic activities of the ergot alkaloids may also cause hallucinations and attendant irrational behaviour, convulsions, and even death.[11][12] Other symptoms include strong uterine contractions, nausea, seizures, high fever, vomiting, loss of muscle strength and unconsciousness. Since the Middle Ages, controlled doses of ergot were used to induce abortions and to stop maternal bleeding after childbirth.[17] Klotz offers a detailed overview of the toxicities in mammalian livestock, stating that the activities are attributable to antagonism or agonism of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. He also states that the adrenergic blockage by ergopeptines (e.g., ergovaline or ergotamine) leads to potent and long-term vasoconstriction, and can result in reduced blood flow resulting in intense burning pain (St. Anthony's fire), edema, cyanosis, dry gangrene and even loss of hooves in cattle or limbs in humans. Reduced prolactin due to ergot alkaloid activity on dopamine receptors in the pituitary is also common in livestock. Reduced serum prolactin is associated with various reproductive problems in cattle, and especially in horses, including agalactia and poor conception, and late-term losses of foals and sometimes mares due to dystocia and thickened placentas.[10] Although both gangrenous and convulsive symptoms are seen in naturally occurring ergotism resulting from the ingestion of fungus infected rye, only gangrenous ergotism has been reported following the excessive ingestion of ergotamine tartrate.[18] Ergot extract has been used in pharmaceutical preparations, including ergot alkaloids in products such as Cafergot (containing caffeine and ergotamine[17] or ergoline) to treat migraine headaches, and ergometrine, used to induce uterine contractions and to control bleeding after childbirth.[19] Clinical ergotism as seen today results almost exclusively from the excessive intake of ergotamine tartrate in the treatment of migraine headache.[18]
In addition to ergot alkaloids, Claviceps paspali also produces tremorgens (paspalitrem) causing "paspalum staggers" in cattle.[20] The fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus also produce ergot alkaloids, notably some isolates of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus,[21] and have been isolated from plants in the family Convolvulaceae, of which morning glory is best known. The causative agents of most ergot poisonings are the ergot alkaloid class of fungal metabolites, though some ergot fungi produce distantly related indole-diterpene alkaloids that are tremorgenic.[10]
Ergot does not contain lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) but instead contains lysergic acid as well as its precursor,[22] ergotamine. Lysergic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of LSD. Their realized and hypothesized medicinal uses have encouraged intensive research since the 1950s culminating on the one hand in development of drugs both legal (e.g., bromocriptine) and illegal (e.g., LSD), and on the other hand in extensive knowledge of the enzymes, genetics, and diversity of ergot alkaloid biosynthetic pathways.[10]
The January 4, 2007 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine includes a paper that documents a British study of more than 11,000 Parkinson's disease patients. The study found that two ergot-derived drugs, pergolide and cabergoline, commonly used to treat Parkinson's Disease may increase the risk of leaky heart valves by up to 700%.[23]
Ergotism is the earliest recorded example of mycotoxicosis, or poisoning caused by toxic molds.[24] Early references to ergotism date back as far as 600 BC, an Assyrian tablet referred to it as a 'noxious pustule in the ear of grain'.[25] In 350 BC, the Parsees described "noxious grasses that cause pregnant women to drop the womb and die in childbed."[25] In ancient Syria, ergot was called "Daughter of Blood."[26] Radulf Glaber described an ailment he called "hidden fire," or ignus ocultus, in which a burning of the limb is followed by its separation from the body, often consuming the victim in one night.[26] In 1588, Johannes Thallius wrote that it is called "Mother of Rye," or rockenmutter, and is used to halt bleeding.[26]
Human poisoning due to the consumption of rye bread made from ergot-infected grain was common in Europe in the Middle Ages. The first mention of a plague of gangrenous ergotism in Europe comes from Germany in 857; following this, France and Scandinavia experienced similar outbreaks;[27] England is noticeably absent from the historical regions affected by ergotism as its main source of food was wheat, which is resistant to ergot fungi.[26] In 944, a massive outbreak of ergotism caused 40,000 deaths in the regions of Aquitaine, Limousin, Périgord, and Angoumois in France.[24] In Hesse, in 1596, Wendelin Thelius was one of the first to attribute ergotism poisoning to grain.[27] In 1778, S. Tessier, observing a huge epidemic in Sologne, France, in which more than 8,000 people died, recommended drainage of fields, compulsory cleaning of grain, and the substitution of potatoes for affected grain.[27]
In 1722, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great was thwarted in his campaign against the Ottoman Empire as his army, traveling down the Terek steppe, was struck by ergotism and was forced to retreat in order to find edible grains. A diary entry from the time notes that as soon as people ate the poisoned bread, they became dizzy, with such strong nerve contractions that those who did not die on the first day found their hands and feet falling off, akin to frostbite.[24] The epidemic was known as Saint Anthony's fire,[14] or ignis sacer, and some historical events, such as the Great Fear in France during the French Revolution, have been linked to ergot poisoning.[28] Saint Anthony was a 3rd Century Egyptian ascetic who lived by the Red Sea and was known for long fasting in which he confronted terrible visions and temptations sent from the Devil.[27] He was credited by two noblemen for assisting them in recovery from the disease; they subsequently founded the Order of St. Anthony in honor of him.[26] Anthony was a popular subject for art in the Middle Ages, and his symbol is a large blue "T" sewn onto the shoulder of the order's monks, symbolizing the crutch used by the ill and injured.[29]
The Order of St. Anthony, whose members were known as Antonites, grew quickly, and hospitals spread through France, Germany, and Scandinavia and gained wealth and power as grateful patrons bestowed money and charitable goods on the hospitals.[26] By the end of the Middle Ages, there were 396 settlements and 372 hospitals owned by the order,[29] and pilgrimages to such hospitals became popular, as well as the donation of limbs lost to ergotism, which were displayed near shrines to the saint.[26] These hagiotherapeutic centers were the first specialized European medical welfare systems, and the friars of the order were knowledgeable about treatment of ergotism and the horrifying effects of the poison.[29] The sufferers would receive ergot-free meals, wines containing vasodilating and analgesic herbs, and applications of Antonites-balsalm, which was the first transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) in medical history.[25] These medical recipes have been lost to time, though some recorded treatments still remain.[29] After 1130, the monks were no longer permitted to perform operations, and so barber surgeons were employed to remove gangrenous limbs and treat open sores.[29] Three barbers founded a hospital in Memmingen in 1214 and accepted those who were afflicted with the gangrenous form of ergotism. Patients were fed and housed, with the more able-bodied individuals acting as orderlies and assistants. Patients with the convulsive form of ergotism, or ergotismus convulsivus, were welcomed for only nine days before they were asked to leave, as convulsive ergotism was seen as less detrimental. Though the sufferers often experienced irreversible effects, they most often returned to their families and resumed their livelihoods.[29]
An important aspect to the Order of St. Anthony's treatment practices was the exclusion of rye bread and other ergot-containing edibles, which halted the progression of ergotism.[26] There was no known cure for ergotism itself; however, there was treatment of the symptoms, which often included blood constriction, nervous disorders, and/or hallucinations; if the sufferer survived the initial poisoning, his limbs would often fall off, and he or she would continue to improve in health if he or she halted consumption of ergot.[27] The trunk of the body remained relatively untouched by the disease until its final stages, and the victims, not understanding the cause of their ailment, would continue to imbibe ergot-laden food for weeks until the condition reached their digestive system.[29] It is believed that the peasantry and children were most susceptible to ergotism, though the wealthy were afflicted as well, as, at times, entire villages relied on tainted crops for sustenance, and during times of famine, ergotism reached into every house.[25] Ergot fungus is impervious to heat and water, and thus it was most often baked into bread through rye flour; though other grasses can be infected, it was uncommon in Medieval Europe to consume grasses other than rye.[26] The physiological effects of ergot depended on the concentration and combinations of the ingested ergot metabolites, as well as the age and nutritional status of the afflicted individual.[24] The Antonites began to decline after physicians discovered the genesis of ergotism and recommended methods for removing the sclerotium from the rye crops. In 1776, the cloisters of the Antonites were incorporated into the Maltese Knights Hospitaller, losing much of their medical histories in the process and losing the ergotism cures and recipes due to lack of use and lack of preservation.[29]
Midwives and very few doctors in Europe have used extracts from ergot for centuries:
To prove that ergot is a harmless sort of grain, in 1774 the French pharmacist Antoine-Augustin Parmentier edited a letter he had received from Madame Dupile, a midwife of Chaumont-en-Vexin. She had told him that if uterine contractions were too weak in the expulsion stage of childbirth, she and her mother gave peeled ergot in an amount of the filling of a thimble dispersed in water, wine or broth. The administration of ergot was followed by a mild childbirth within 15 minutes.[33] The French physician Jean-Baptiste Desgranges (1751–1831) published in 1818, that in 1777 he had met midwives in Lyon, who successfully treated feeble uterine contractions by administering the powder of ergot. Desgranges added this remedy to his therapeutic arsenal. From 1777 to 1804 he was successful in alleviating childbirth for more than twenty women by the administration of the powder of ergot. He never saw any side-effect of this treatment.[34]
In the United States, in 1807 Dr. John Stearns of Saratoga County, New York wrote to a friend, that he had used over several years a pulvis parturiens with complete success in patients with "lingering parturitation". This pulvis parturiens consisted of ergot, that he called a "spurious groth of rye". He boiled "half a drachm" (ca. 2g) of that powder in half a pint of water and gave one third every twenty minutes, till the pains commenced.[35] In 1813 Dr. Oliver Prescott (1762–1827) of Newburyport, Massachusetts published a dissertation "on the natural history and medical effects of the secale cornutum", in which he described and analysed the experience he had gathered over five years while using ergot in cases of poor uterine action in the second stage of labour in childbirth.[36]
The 1836 Dispensatory of the United States recommended "to a woman in labour fifteen or twenty grains [ca. 1 to 1,3g] of ergot in powder to be repeated every twenty minutes, till its peculiar effects are experienced, or till the amount of a drachm [ca. 3,9g] has been taken".[37]
In 1837 the French Codex Pharmacopee Francaise required ergot to be kept in all pharmacies.[38]
Low to very low evidence from clinical trials suggests that prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids, administered by intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) in the third stage of labor, may reduce blood loss and may reduce the risk of moderate to severe hemorrhage following delivery, however this medication may also be associated with higher blood pressure and higher pain.[39] It is not clear of oral ergo alkaloids are beneficial or harmful as they have not been well studied.[39] A 2018 Cochrane Systematic Review concluded that other medications such as oxytocin, syntometrine and prostaglandins, may be preferred over ergot alkaloids.[39]
Though ergot was known to cause abortions in cattle and humans, it was not a recognized use for it as abortion was illegal in most countries, thus evidence for its use in abortion is unknown.[24] Most often, ergot was used to speed the process of parturition or delivery, and was not used for the purpose of halting postpartum bleeding, which is a concern of childbirth.[27] However, until anesthesia became available, there was no antidote or way of controlling the effects of ergot. So if the fetus did not move as expected, the drug could cause the uterus to mold itself around the child, rupturing the uterus and killing the child. David Hosack, an American physician, noted the large number of stillbirths resulting from ergot use and stated that rather than pulvis ad partum, it should be called pulvis ad mortem.[27] He began advocating for its use to halt postpartum bleeding. Eventually, doctors determined that the use of ergot in childbirth without an antidote was too dangerous. They ultimately restricted its use to expelling the placenta or stopping hemorrhage. Not only did it constrict the uterus, ergot had the ability to increase or decrease blood pressure, induce hypothermia and emesis, and influence pituitary hormone secretions.[24] In 1926, Swiss psychiatrist Hans Maier suggested to use ergotamine for the treatment of vascular headaches of the migraine type.[16]
In the 1930s, abortifacient drugs were marketed to women by various companies under various names such as Molex pills and Cote pills. Since birth control devices and abortifacients were illegal to market and sell at the time, they were offered to women who were "delayed". The recommended dosage was seven grains of ergotin a day. According to the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC)[40] these pills contained ergotin, aloes, Black Hellebore, and other substances. The efficacy and safety of these pills are unknown. The FTC deemed them unsafe and ineffective and demanded that they cease and desist selling the product. Currently, over a thousand compounds have been derived from ergot ingredients.[16]
It has been posited that Kykeon, the beverage consumed by participants in the ancient Greek Eleusinian Mysteries cult, might have been based on hallucinogens from ergotamine, a precursor to the potent hallucinogen LSD, and ergonovine.[41][16][42]
An article appearing in the July 23, 1881 edition of Scientific American entitled "A New Exhilarating Substance" denotes cases of euphoria upon consuming tincture of ergot of rye, particularly when mixed with phosphate of soda and sweetened water. In rainy years, it was thought rye bread exceeded 5% ergot.[43]
British author John Grigsby contends that the presence of ergot in the stomachs of some of the so-called 'bog-bodies' (Iron Age human remains from peat bogs Northeast Europe, such as the Tollund Man) is indicative of use of Claviceps purpurea in ritual drinks in a prehistoric fertility cult akin to the Greek Eleusinian Mysteries. In his 2005 book Beowulf and Grendel, he argues that the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is based on a memory of the quelling of this fertility cult by followers of Odin. He writes that Beowulf, which he translates as barley-wolf, suggests a connection to ergot which in German was known as the 'tooth of the wolf'.[44]
Linnda R. Caporael posited in 1976 that the hysterical symptoms of young women that had spurred the Salem witch trials had been the result of consuming ergot-tainted rye.[45] However, Nicholas P. Spanos and Jack Gottlieb, after a review of the historical and medical evidence, later disputed her conclusions.[46] Other authors have likewise cast doubt on ergotism as the cause of the Salem witch trials.[47]
Mankind has known about Claviceps purpurea for a long time, and its appearance has been linked to extremely cold winters that were followed by rainy summers.
The sclerotial stage of C. purpurea conspicuous on the heads of ryes and other such grains is known as ergot. Favorable temperatures for growth are in the range of 18–30 °C. Temperatures above 37 °C cause rapid germination of conidia. Sunlight has a chromogenic effect on the mycelium, with intense coloration. Cereal mashes and sprouted rye are suitable substrates for growth of the fungus in the laboratory.
Claviceps africana infects sorghum. In sorghum and pearl millet, ergot became a problem when growers adopted hybrid technology, which increased host susceptibility.[16] It only infects unfertilized ovaries, so self-pollination and fertilization can decrease the presence of the disease, but male-sterile lines are extremely vulnerable to infection. Symptoms of infection by C. africana include the secretion of honeydew (a fluid with high concentrates of sugar and conidia), which attracts insects like flies, beetles, and wasps that feed on it. This helps spread the fungus to uninfected plants.
In Sorghum this honeydew can be spotted coming out of head flowers. A whitish sticky substance can also be observed on leaves and on the ground. [48]
C. africana caused ergot disease that caused a famine in 1903-1906 in Northern Cameroon, West Africa, and also occurs in eastern and southern Africa, especially Zimbabwe and South Africa. Male sterile sorghums (also referred to as A-lines) are especially susceptible to infection, as first recognized in the 1960s, and massive losses in seed yield have been noted. Infection is associated with cold night temperatures that are below 12 °C occurring two to three weeks before flowering.
Sorghum ergot caused by Claviceps africana Frederickson, Mantle and De Milliano is widespread in all sorghum growing areas, whereas the species was formerly restricted to Africa and Asia where it was first recorded more than 90 years ago, it has been spreading rapidly and by the mid-1990s it reached Brazil, South Africa, and Australia. By 1997, the disease had spread to most South American countries and the Caribbean including Mexico, and by 1997 had reached Texas in the United States.[16]
Partners of the CABI-led programme, Plantwise including the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in Zambia have several recommendations for managing the spread of ergot, these include; planting tolerant varieties, disk fields after harvest to prevent sorghum ratoon and volunteer plants from developing, remove any infected plants, and carrying out 3 year crop rotations with legumes.[48]
Claviceps paspali infects wild grasses and could be found on the common grass Paspalum. Like the C. africana, C. paspali also secretes honeydew which is consumed by bees. The bees then create a honey called fic'e (Paraguayan Makai Indian language), which is infused with secretions from the plants and has a pungent aroma. If consumed in high amounts, the honey can cause drunkenness, dizziness and even death.[49]
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA (license statement/permission). Text taken from PMDG: Ergot sugary disease in sorghum, Chanda Bwalya, CABI.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Ergot (/ˈɜːrɡət/ UR-gət) or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.
The most prominent member of this group is Claviceps purpurea ("rye ergot fungus"). This fungus grows on rye and related plants, and produces alkaloids that can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals who consume grains contaminated with its fruiting structure (called ergot sclerotium).
Claviceps includes about 50 known species, mostly in the tropical regions. Economically significant species include C. purpurea (parasitic on grasses and cereals), C. fusiformis (on pearl millet, buffel grass), C. paspali (on dallis grass), C. africana (on sorghum), and C. lutea (on paspalum). C. purpurea most commonly affects outcrossing species such as rye (its most common host), as well as triticale, wheat, and barley. It affects oats only rarely.
C. purpurea has at least three races or varieties, which differ in their host specificity:
G1 — land grasses of open meadows and fields; G2 — grasses from moist, forest, and mountain habitats; G3 (C. purpurea var. spartinae) — salt marsh grasses (Spartina, Distichlis)....
Claviceps[1] estas genro de fungoj de la familio Clavicipitaceae. Ili estas parazitoj de floroj de Poaceae, Juncaceae aŭ Cyperaceae.
Peritecioj estas en densa sfera stromo sur la ekstremo de tigo kiu naskiĝas de ampleksa skleroto. La ok askosporoj estas fadenoformaj. Askoj estas cilindroformaj maldikaj en giaj ekstremoj.
Anamorfaj sproroj estas fialosporoj[2] Flanke de makrokonidoj estas ankaŭ ofte mikrokonidioj (ne ĝermantaj). Kaj due holoblastosporoj povas aperi kiuj ĝermas sur la makrokonidioj.
Claviceps sorghi (en Sorghum), Claviceps sorghicola (en Sorghum), Claviceps africana (en Sorghum), Claviceps fusiformis (en Pennisetum kaj Cenchrus), Claviceps paspali (en Paspalum), Claviceps grohii (en Cyperaceae de Nordameriko), Claviceps nigricans (en Juncaeae kaj Cyperaceae de Nordameriko, Eŭropo aŭ Japanio), Claviceps cynodontis (en Cynodon dactylon), Claviceps zizaniae (en Ehrhartoideae), Claviceps gigantea (en Zea mays), Claviceps viridis (en Oplismenus), Claviceps purpurea ...
Klado 4 (purpurea, citrina, paspali, zizaniae, nigrigans, grohii)
Klado 3 (lovelessii, fusiformis, Sphacelia texensis, hirtella, Sphacelia eriochloae)
Klado 2 (sorghicola, sorghi, africana, gigantea)
Klado 1 (pusilla, sulcata, setaricola, setariphila)
Panicoideae, Chloridoideae, Centothecoideae, Bambusoideae, Ehrhartoideae, Pooideae, Arundinoideae kaj Cyperaceae.
Claviceps estas genro de fungoj de la familio Clavicipitaceae. Ili estas parazitoj de floroj de Poaceae, Juncaceae aŭ Cyperaceae.
Claviceps o ergot es un género de hongos ascomicetos de la familia Clavicipitaceae. Los hongos del género parasitan especies botánicas produciendo alcaloides indólicos que pueden resultar tóxicos para el ser humano y otros animales.[1]
Claviceps fue descrito por el micólogo francés Louis René Tulasne y publicado en Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 20: 43 en 1853.
Catalogue of Life (versión 2020-04-16 Beta) lista a las siguientes 62 especies como válidas dentro del género:[2]
Claviceps o ergot es un género de hongos ascomicetos de la familia Clavicipitaceae. Los hongos del género parasitan especies botánicas produciendo alcaloides indólicos que pueden resultar tóxicos para el ser humano y otros animales.
Tungaltera (Claviceps) on seente perekond, mis kuulub sugukonda tungalteralised (Clavicipitaceae).
Tungaltera perekonnas on ligikaudu 50 liiki, enamik neist kasvab troopilistel aladel.
Tuntumaks liigiks on teraviljadel elav harilik tungaltera (Claviceps purpurea).
Aino (Claviceps) onddo askomizetoen genero baten izen arrunta da.[1]
Gehienetan eremu tropikaletan bizi diren 50 espezie inguru ditu barnean, ezagunena zekale-ainoa (Claviceps purpurea) delarik. Espezie honen alkaloideak ergotismo izeneko gaixotasunaren sortzaileak dira.[2][3]
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Aino (Claviceps) onddo askomizetoen genero baten izen arrunta da.
Gehienetan eremu tropikaletan bizi diren 50 espezie inguru ditu barnean, ezagunena zekale-ainoa (Claviceps purpurea) delarik. Espezie honen alkaloideak ergotismo izeneko gaixotasunaren sortzaileak dira.
Torajyvä, arkikielessä myös häränjyvä sekä härkäjyvä on kotelosienitauti, jonka aiheuttaa torajyväsieni (Claviceps purpurea). Torajyvää tavataan rukiilla, hybridirukiilla, ruisvehnässä, vehnässä sekä ohrassa. Torajyvä on myrkyllinen ja se aiheuttaa suurina määrinä hallusinaatioita.
Torajyväepidemioita on esiintynyt usein historiassa. Varma torajyvän aikaansaama epidemia havaittiin Ranskassa vuonna 591.[2] Ranskalainen Gaston Guérin perusti vuonna 1089 St. Didier de la Mothe'ssa järjestön, Antoniitat, torajyvien aiheuttaman taudin parantamiseksi. Kuuluisissa 1600-luvulla Yhdysvaltojen Massachusettsissa tapahtuneissa Salemin noitaoikeudenkäynneissä ”noidutuksi tulleet” olivat erään teorian mukaan syöneet ruokaviljaan levinnyttä torajyvää. Vastaavia tapahtumia – tahallisia ja tahattomia – epäillään historiassa olleen enemmänkin. Epäillään myös että torajyvä auttoi ruton leviämisessä heikentämällä vastustuskykyä. Tätä tukee taudin tehostunut leviäminen alueilla, joissa pääasiallinen ruokavilja oli ruis. Ruotsissa torajyvä aiheutti ongelmia 1740-luvulta ja Suomessa 1840-luvulta lähtien. Pahimmat torajyväepidemiat Suomessa olivat vuodet 1840–1842 sekä 1862–1864. Tällöin kuolinluvut vuosittain olivat noin tuhat ihmistä.
Suomen ensimmäisen lääkeainetehtaan Leiraksen lääkeainetehtaan tuotantoon kuului myös torajyväalkaloidien eristäminen sopimusviljelyksillä tuotetuista torajyvistä.
Kun torajyvä on saavuttanut pölyttävän kukinnon, se lisää kasvin mesikasteen eritystä. Mesikaste puolestaan houkuttaa hyönteisiä ja tehostaa torajyvän leviämistä. Myöhemmässä vaiheessa sienirihma kehittyy jyvän paikalle mustaksi pahkaksi, joka on olennaisesti viljan muita siemeniä pidempi. Tätä pahkaa kutsutaan torajyväksi, ja se on kyseisen sienen tapa talvehtia.
Torajyvä leviää joko kylvösiemenen mukana, tai rihmastopahkojen tuottamat itiöt leviävät hyönteisten ja tuulen mukana pölyttäviin kukintoihin. Sienipahkat voivat säilyä maassa jopa viisi vuotta.
Torajyvä sisältää ergotamiinia, ergotoksiinia sekä ergonoviinia, jotka supistavat verisuonia. Tämän vuoksi sitä on käytetty hoitona päänsärkyyn. Samalla seuraa pahoinvointia sekä palelemista. Pistely ja suonenvedot, sekä mielenhäiriöt ja tajuttomuus ovat myös mahdollisia. Ergotamiinista voidaan valmistaa LSD:tä.
Liika-annoksena torajyvistä seuraa myrkytystila. Lievemmissä tapauksissa yliannostuksesta seuraa kouristuksia, pakkoliikkeitä, hallusinaatioita ja tuskia. Vakavammassa myrkytyksessä torajyvä voi aiheuttaa kuoliota, jolloin yliannoksen uhri saattaa menettää ruumiin ääriosia kuten varpaita tai korvanlehtiä tai pahimmillaan jäseniä; jollei kuoleentuneita osia poisteta, myrkytys saattaa levitä. Vakavan myrkytystilan taudista käytettiin ennen nimeä Pyhän Antoniuksen tuli.
Pidempiaikainen lievempi altistus aikaansai lapsilla henkistä jälkeenjääneisyyttä, ja kaikilla heikentynyttä vastustuskykyä. Tätä tautia kutsuttiin ergotismiksi.
Torajyvää vastaan ei ole kemiallista torjuntakeinoa. Paras tapa ehkäistä torajyvää on kasvinvuorotus ja puhtaan kylvösiemenen käyttö. Pellon pientareen niitto vähentää tautiriskiä. Sertifioidussa siemenessä torajyvän palasia on maksimissaan kuusi kappaletta kilossa. Rehukäytössä vaatimukset ovat tiukemmat, siinä sallitaan maksimissaan 3 torajyvän kappaletta kilossa.
Torajyvä, arkikielessä myös häränjyvä sekä härkäjyvä on kotelosienitauti, jonka aiheuttaa torajyväsieni (Claviceps purpurea). Torajyvää tavataan rukiilla, hybridirukiilla, ruisvehnässä, vehnässä sekä ohrassa. Torajyvä on myrkyllinen ja se aiheuttaa suurina määrinä hallusinaatioita.
Claviceps[1] est un genre de champignons de la famille des Clavicipitacées. Il parasite les ovaires de graminées, de cypéracées ou de juncacées.
Les périthèces sont formés au sein de stromas globuleux denses, portés à l'extrémité de longs pédicelles qui germent sur des sclérotes. Les ascospores sont filiformes. Les conidies sont soit des phyalospores primaires ovales ou arrondies, soit des holoblastospores secondaires de plus grande taille, ovales ou pyriformes. Le mycélium remplace l'ovaire, se branche sur le système vasculaire de la plante au niveau du rachillet mais il n'envahit aucun autre tissu. Les espèces du genre Claviceps peuvent être regroupées selon la nature de leurs oligosaccharides. Le groupe où prédominent le glucose et le fructose dans l'exsudat avec C. purpurea, C. grohii, C. fusiformis et C. nigricans, etc. et le groupe où prédominent l'arabinitol et le mannitol avec C. gigantea, C. africana, etc. Un groupe intermédiaire contient les deux sortes de sucres avec C.paspali, C. zizaniae, etc.
Le sclérote est la structure formée de mycélium compact qui permet au champignon de survivre entre deux phases de parasitisme. Il renferme des substances de réserve, il est en particulier riche en acide ricinoléique.
Selon Catalogue of Life (23 octobre 2014)[2] :
Seuls Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps fusiformis et Claviceps paspali sont véritablement considérés comme toxiques.
Selon Index Fungorum (23 octobre 2014)[3] :
Plus de 600 espèces des familles des Poaceae (Panicoideae, Chloridoideae, Centothecoideae, Bambusoideae, Pooideae, Arundinoideae), des Juncaceae ou des Cyperaceae sont parasitées. La plupart des espèces du genre Claviceps n'attaquent qu'une seule espèce ou un seul genre de plantes, à l'exception notable de Claviceps purpurea qui est polyphage.
Claviceps est un genre de champignons de la famille des Clavicipitacées. Il parasite les ovaires de graminées, de cypéracées ou de juncacées.
Galar fungasach féar a chruthaíonn coirp thorthaithe chrua dhubha i mbláthchinn na bhféar ionfhabhtaithe, ina measc na gránbharra, seagal go háirithe. Cuimsíonn na coirp thorthaithe seo ceimiceáin alcalóideacha is féidir a bheith an-nimhiúil má ionghabhtar iad.
Ražena glavica (ražena gljivica; Claviceps Purpurea) je vrsta gljiva iz porodice glavica (Clavicipitaceae), iz reda kvrgavica (Hypocreales), odjeljka askomiceta.
Spolni stadij sastoji se od većega broja sitnih kruškolikih plodišta utisnutih u glavičasti nosač – stromu, koji se nalazi na vrhu valjkasta drška. Strome se razvijaju u proljeće iz crnoljubičastih tvrdih izduljenih sklerocija (u farmaciji poznatih pod imenom Secale curnutum).
Plodišta sazrijevaju tijekom ljeta te izbacuju nitaste askospore koje, raznošene vjetrom, zaraze ženske cvjetove raži. Na zaraženim cvjetovima razvija se nespolni stadij koji proizvodi konidije (nespolne spore) i sladak sok koji zajedno s konidijama prenose kukci na nove biljke raži.
Na zaraženim se cvatovima poslije razvijaju sklerociji koji prezimljuju. Sklerociji sadrže otrovne alkaloide, zbog čega su nekad bila česta masovna trovanja zaraženim žitom. Danas su sklerociji te vrste dio farmakopeje jer njihovi alkaloidi imaju važnu primjenu u porodništvu.[1]
Molimo pročitajte kojih se temeljnih pravila kod branja i pripravljanja gljiva treba pridržavati i upozorenje o korištenju Wikipedije na vlastitu odgovornost.Ražena glavica (ražena gljivica; Claviceps Purpurea) je vrsta gljiva iz porodice glavica (Clavicipitaceae), iz reda kvrgavica (Hypocreales), odjeljka askomiceta.
Jamur Api (Lat.: Claviceps) adalah jenis jamur yang terutama hidup sebagai parasit pada bulir padi-padian atau tebu dan tumbuh seperti rumput.[1] Miselium terutama bercabang dalam bakal buah; disitu terjadi spora yang disiarkan angin atau serangga yang datang pada bakal buah; dengan jalan demikian banyak menghinggapi tumbuhan-tumbuhan.[1] Kalau bulir tadi masak, benang miselium berlekatan dan merupakan benda hitam serta beracun di antara butir-butir lain dalam bulir atau malai.[1] Jamur api juga nama umum parasit anggota Ustilaginales yang menyebabkan bagian inang yang diserangnya menjadi hangus seperti terbakar.[2] Jamur api penyebab penyakit ergot pada tanaman gandum.[3] Jika gandum yang berpenyakit ini dimakan oleh hewan atau manusia dapat menimbulkan penyakit ergotisma.[3] Gejalanya adalah kejang otot dan kelumpuhan.[3]
Jamur Api (Lat.: Claviceps) adalah jenis jamur yang terutama hidup sebagai parasit pada bulir padi-padian atau tebu dan tumbuh seperti rumput. Miselium terutama bercabang dalam bakal buah; disitu terjadi spora yang disiarkan angin atau serangga yang datang pada bakal buah; dengan jalan demikian banyak menghinggapi tumbuhan-tumbuhan. Kalau bulir tadi masak, benang miselium berlekatan dan merupakan benda hitam serta beracun di antara butir-butir lain dalam bulir atau malai. Jamur api juga nama umum parasit anggota Ustilaginales yang menyebabkan bagian inang yang diserangnya menjadi hangus seperti terbakar. Jamur api penyebab penyakit ergot pada tanaman gandum. Jika gandum yang berpenyakit ini dimakan oleh hewan atau manusia dapat menimbulkan penyakit ergotisma. Gejalanya adalah kejang otot dan kelumpuhan.
Ergot merujuk kepada suatu kumpulan kulat dalam genus Claviceps.[1]
Spesies yang paling menonjol ahli kumpulan ini adalah Claviceps purpurea - ia tumbuh pada rai dan bijirin yang berkaitan, di mana struktur berbuah (sclerotium) ia menghasilkan alkaloid yang boleh menyebabkan kondisi ergotisme pada manusia atau mamalia lain yang memakan biji-bijian yang dicemari percambahannya.[2][3]
Genus Claviceps merangkumi kira-kira 50 spesies yang diketahui, kebanyakannya bertaburan di kawasan tropika. Antara spesies utama termasuklah C. purpurea (parasit rumput dan bijirin), C. fusiformis (pada sekoi mutiara, rumput buffel), C. paspali (pada dallis rumput), C. africana (pada betari),[4] dan C. lutea (pada paspalum). C. purpurea ialah spesies yang menjejaskan banyak bijiran seperti rai (perumah paling biasa) serta triticale, gandum dan barli. Ia kurang memberi kesan kepada bijirin oat.
Suatu jasad sclerotium terbentuk apabila spora spesies kulat genus Claviceps menjangkiti floret berbunga rumput atau bijirin. Proses jangkitan ini menyerupai kemasukan debunga ke dalam ovarium bunga sewaktu penyuburan. Penjangkitan ini memerlukan kulat spora memasuki kepada stigma; oleh itu, tumbuh-tumbuhan yang membiak secara luar dengan bunga terbuka lebih cenderung dijangkiti oleh kulat, misalnya rai (Secale cereale) dan rumput Lolium.
Apabila sclerotium matang kulat ini berada dalam tanah, ia kekal tidak aktif sehingga keadaan yang betul (seperti bermulanya musim bunga atau hujan) merangsang ia berbuah. Ia bercambah membentuk satu atau beberapa jasad berbuah dengan kepala dan "stipes" berbagai berwarna (menyerupai cendawan atau jamur kecil). Spora seksual pada kepala kulat ini akan terbentuk, di mana ia dikeluarkan serentak ketika tumbuhan perumah ia mula berbunga. Jangkitan daripada penyebaran spora ini akan menyebabkan pengurangan hasil dan kualiti gandum dan jerami, dan pengonsumsian sumber makanan yang terjejas ini boleh menyebabkan suatu penyakit yang dipanggil ergotisme.
Ergot merujuk kepada suatu kumpulan kulat dalam genus Claviceps.
Spesies yang paling menonjol ahli kumpulan ini adalah Claviceps purpurea - ia tumbuh pada rai dan bijirin yang berkaitan, di mana struktur berbuah (sclerotium) ia menghasilkan alkaloid yang boleh menyebabkan kondisi ergotisme pada manusia atau mamalia lain yang memakan biji-bijian yang dicemari percambahannya.
Genus Claviceps merangkumi kira-kira 50 spesies yang diketahui, kebanyakannya bertaburan di kawasan tropika. Antara spesies utama termasuklah C. purpurea (parasit rumput dan bijirin), C. fusiformis (pada sekoi mutiara, rumput buffel), C. paspali (pada dallis rumput), C. africana (pada betari), dan C. lutea (pada paspalum). C. purpurea ialah spesies yang menjejaskan banyak bijiran seperti rai (perumah paling biasa) serta triticale, gandum dan barli. Ia kurang memberi kesan kepada bijirin oat.
Claviceps is een geslacht van plantenparasitaire schimmels die tot de familie Clavicipitaceae behoren. Ze tasten de graanvruchten van grassen aan. Er zijn ongeveer 36 soorten schimmels, die tot dit geslacht behoren.[1]
De meeste soorten parasiteren maar één plantengeslacht. Vele soorten komen voor in tropische gebieden op plantensoorten, die tot de onderfamilie Panicoideae behoren. Moederkoorn (Claviceps purpurea) is hierop een uitzondering, omdat deze voorkomt in koudere gebieden en veel verschillende waardplanten, meest uit de onderfamilie Pooideae, heeft.
Deze schimmelsoorten produceren in de sclerotiën ergotalkaloïden. In fermenteerders worden de soorten Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps fusiformis of Claviceps paspali gebruikt voor de productie van het alkaloïde.
Enkele soorten zijn:
Als voorbeeld is moederkoorn genomen.
De schimmel vormt in de bloeiwijze een sclerotium, het donker gekleurde moederkoorn, dat aan het eind van het groeiseizoen op de grond valt, waar het in winterrust gaat. In de periode mei tot en met juli kunnen op het sclerotium meerdere, bolvormige ascokarpen (kleine paddenstoelen) met peritheciën ontstaan. De paddenstoel heeft een 1,5–3 mm grote hoed met een oker- tot oranjegele kleur en donkere stippen van de peritheciënmondjes. De roodachtig bruine steel van de paddenstoel is 5–15 mm lang en 1-1,5 mm dik. In het perithecium ontstaan talrijke asci met de geslachtelijk gevormde ascosporen. (zie seksuele sporenvorming). Tijdens de bloei van de grassen en granen worden de 50-70 µm lange en 0,6-1 µm dikke ascosporen uitgestoten en door de wind verspreid. Via de stempels van de onbevruchte bloempjes dringen de kiemhyfen van de schimmel het vruchtbeginsel binnen (de primaire infectie). Het mycelium breekt het weefsel van het vruchtbeginsel af en verhindert zo de vorming van een graankorrel. Vervolgens worden conidiën gevormd, waarbij een suikerhoudend sap (lijkend op honingdauw) met daarin de conidiën wordt uitgescheiden. Later wordt dan weer een nieuw sclerotium gevormd.
De ongeslachtelijk gevormde conidiën worden door de wind en insecten verspreid en zorgen voor de secundaire infectie van openbloeiende aartjes, dus vooral bij kruisbevruchtende granen, zoals rogge. Insecten spelen een belangrijke rol bij deze secundaire infectie.[2][3]
Claviceps is een geslacht van plantenparasitaire schimmels die tot de familie Clavicipitaceae behoren. Ze tasten de graanvruchten van grassen aan. Er zijn ongeveer 36 soorten schimmels, die tot dit geslacht behoren.
De meeste soorten parasiteren maar één plantengeslacht. Vele soorten komen voor in tropische gebieden op plantensoorten, die tot de onderfamilie Panicoideae behoren. Moederkoorn (Claviceps purpurea) is hierop een uitzondering, omdat deze voorkomt in koudere gebieden en veel verschillende waardplanten, meest uit de onderfamilie Pooideae, heeft.
Deze schimmelsoorten produceren in de sclerotiën ergotalkaloïden. In fermenteerders worden de soorten Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps fusiformis of Claviceps paspali gebruikt voor de productie van het alkaloïde.
Sporysz – przetrwalnik pasożytniczego grzyba buławinki czerwonej (Claviceps purpurea) z rodziny Clavicipitaceae. Grzyb ten atakuje około 400 gatunków roślin z rodziny wiechlinowatych (Poaceae) wywołując chorobę zwaną sporyszem zbóż i traw[1].
Sporysz zawiera wiele alkaloidów – ergotaminę, ergotynę, ergobazynę, ergotoksynę, aminokwasy: tyrozynę, tryptofan, histydynę, leucynę, kwas asparaginowy, betainę i aminy biogeniczne: histaminę i tyraminę, i inne.
Dawniej domieszka sklerot (przetrwalników) sporyszu w ziarnach zbóż i dalej w mące stosowanej do spożycia była przyczyną halucynacji, przykurczów mięśni, prowadzących z powodu niedokrwienia do martwicy tkanek (w szczególności kończyn). Zatrucie sporyszem, czyli ergotyzm, było dawniej określane jako „ogień świętego Antoniego” lub „święty ogień” i prowadziło wielokrotnie do masowych halucynacji i zgonów[2], np. w 994 r. w Akwitanii zmarło z tego powodu ok. 40 tys. ludzi[2][3][4][5], a w roku 1951 u wielu mieszkańców francuskiej wsi Pont-Saint-Esprit wystąpiły halucynacje, a śmierć poniosło 7 osób[3]. Był i jest również stosowany jako środek wczesnoporonny i przeciwmigrenowy. Obecnie sporysz prawie nie występuje w zbożach dzięki programom ochrony roślin i oczyszczeniu materiału siewnego.
Dziś wykorzystuje się go przy produkcji LSD, jako źródło ergotaminy.
Sporysz – przetrwalnik pasożytniczego grzyba buławinki czerwonej (Claviceps purpurea) z rodziny Clavicipitaceae. Grzyb ten atakuje około 400 gatunków roślin z rodziny wiechlinowatych (Poaceae) wywołując chorobę zwaną sporyszem zbóż i traw.
Sporysz zawiera wiele alkaloidów – ergotaminę, ergotynę, ergobazynę, ergotoksynę, aminokwasy: tyrozynę, tryptofan, histydynę, leucynę, kwas asparaginowy, betainę i aminy biogeniczne: histaminę i tyraminę, i inne.
Dawniej domieszka sklerot (przetrwalników) sporyszu w ziarnach zbóż i dalej w mące stosowanej do spożycia była przyczyną halucynacji, przykurczów mięśni, prowadzących z powodu niedokrwienia do martwicy tkanek (w szczególności kończyn). Zatrucie sporyszem, czyli ergotyzm, było dawniej określane jako „ogień świętego Antoniego” lub „święty ogień” i prowadziło wielokrotnie do masowych halucynacji i zgonów, np. w 994 r. w Akwitanii zmarło z tego powodu ok. 40 tys. ludzi, a w roku 1951 u wielu mieszkańców francuskiej wsi Pont-Saint-Esprit wystąpiły halucynacje, a śmierć poniosło 7 osób. Był i jest również stosowany jako środek wczesnoporonny i przeciwmigrenowy. Obecnie sporysz prawie nie występuje w zbożach dzięki programom ochrony roślin i oczyszczeniu materiału siewnego.
Dziś wykorzystuje się go przy produkcji LSD, jako źródło ergotaminy.
Claviceps é um género de fungos, vulgarmente chamados cravagens, que inclui cerca de 50 espécies quase todas elas tropicais. O membro mais proeminente deste grupo é Claviceps purpurea. Este fungo infecta o centeio e outros cereais, produzindo alcaloides que causam o ergotismo em humanos e outros animais que consumam grãos contaminados com o corpo frutífero (esclerócio) do fungo.[1][2]
Espécies economicamente relevantes são C. purpurea (parasita de gramíneas e cereais), C. fusiformis ( mexoeira), C. paspali (Paspallum), e C. africana[3] (no sorgo). C. purpurea normalmente afeta espécies com polinização aberta como o centeio (o hospedeiro mais comum), bem como o triticale, trigo e cevada. Raramente afeta a aveia.
O esclerócio desenvolve-se quando um flósculo de uma erva ou cereal em flor é infectado por espécies de fungos do género Claviceps. O processo de infecção imita um grão de pólen crescendo no ovário durante a fertilização. Uma vez que a infecção requer o acesso do esporo do fungo ao estigma, as plantas infectadas por Claviceps são sobretudo espécies de polinização aberta com flores abertas, como o centeio (Secale cereale) e azevem (género Lolium). O micélio proliferante do fungo destrói então o ovário da planta e liga-se ao feixe vascular que originalmente alimentava as sementes. O primeiro estágio de infecção por cravagem manifesta-se na forma de um tecido mole e branco (conhecido como esfacélio) que produz uma melada açucarada, que muitas vezes se desprende dos flósculos infectados. Esta melada contém milhões de esporos assexuados (conídios) que são dispersados para outros flósculos por insetos. Posteriormente, os esfacélios convertem-se em esclerócios duros e secos no interior das glumas do flósculo. Neste ponto, acumulam-se no esclerócio alcaloides e lípidos.
As espécies de Claviceps das regiões tropicais e subtropicais produzem macro e microconídios na sua melada. Os macroconídios diferem entre as espécies quanto à forma e tamanho, enquanto os microconídios são bastante uniformes, ovais a globosos (5x3μm). Os macroconídios são capazes de produzir conídios secundários. Um tubo germinal emerge do macroconídio através da superfície de uma gota de melada e forma-se um conído secundário para o qual o macroconídio original migra. Os conídios secundários formam uma superfície esbranquiçada nas gotas de melada e são espalhados pelo vento. Este processo não existe em Claviceps purpurea, Claviceps grohii, Claviceps nigricans, e Claviceps zizaniae, todos oriundos de regiões temperadas do norte.
Quando um esclerócio cai no solo, o fungo permanece dormente até que as condições apropriadas desencadeiam a fase de frutificação (chegada da primavera, período chuvoso, etc.). O esclerócio germina, formando um ou vários corpos frutíferos com cabeça e estipe, de cor variável, semelhante a um cogumelo minúsculo. Na cabeça formam-se esporos sexuados filamentosos que são ejectados simultaneamente, quando plantas hospedeiras adequadas estão em floração.
A infecção pela cravagem causa uma redução do rendimento e da qualidade do grão e palha produzidos, e se grãos ou palha infectados são fornecidos para alimentação de gado, pode causar uma doença chamada ergotismo. Os esclerócios negros e protuberantes de C. purpurea são bem conhecidos. Porém, muitas cravagens tropicais têm esclerócios castanhos ou cinzas, imitando a forma da semente do hospedeiro. Por esta razão, a infecção é muitas vezes ignorada.
Alguns insetos, incluindo algumas moscas e traças, transportam conídios de espécies de Claviceps, mas não se sabe se os insetos têm algum papel na disseminação do fungo das plantas infectadas para plantas saudáveis.[4]
O esclerócio da cravagem contém altas concentrações (até 2% da massa seca) do alcaloide ergotamina, uma molécula complexa que consiste de um anel ciclol-lactâmico derivado de um tripéptido ligado a um grupo de um ácido lisérgico (ergolina) e outros alcaloides do grupo da ergolina que são biossintetizados pelo fungo.[5] Os alcaloides da cravagem possuem um grande leque de atividades biológicas incluindo efeitos sobre o sistema circulatório e neurotransmissão.[6]
Ergotismo é o nome coletivo dado a síndromes patológicas por vezes severas que afetam humanos e animais que ingeriram matéria vegetal contendo alcaloides da cravagem, como grãos contaminados pelo fungo. Os monges dos Irmãos Hospitaleiros de Santo António especializaram-se no tratamento de vítimas de ergotismo[7] com bálsamo contendo extratos de plantas tranquilizantes e estimuladores da circulação. Um nome comum do ergotismo é "Fogo de Santo António",[7] em referência aos monges que tratavam as vítimas e os sintomas, tais como fortes sensações de queimadura nos membros.[8] Estas são causadas pelos efeitos dos alcaloides da cravagem no sistema vascular devido à vasoconstrição dos vasos sanguíneos, que por vezes pode levar à gangrena e perda de membros devido à forte redução da circulaçao do sangue.
As atividades neurotrópicas dos alcaloides da cravagem também podem causar alucinações e comportamento irracional, convulsões e mesmo a morte.[5][6] Outros sintomas incluem fortes contrações uterinas, náusea, e perda de consciência. Já na Idade Média, doses controladas de cravagem eram usadas para induzir abortos e para parar a hemorragia pós-parto.[9] Extrato de cravagem tem sido usado em preparações farmacêuticas, incluindo alcaloides da cravagem em produtos como Cafergot, contendo cafeína e ergotamina.[9] ou ergolina) para tratar as dores da enxaqueca, e ergometrina, usada para induzir contrações uterinas econtrolar a hemorragia pós-parto.[10] Além dos alcaloides da cravagem, Claviceps paspali produz tremorgenos (paspalitrem). Os alcaloides da cravagem são também produzidos por fungos dos géneros Penicillium e Aspergillus, salientando-se alguns isolados do patógeno humano Aspergillus fumigatus,[11] e foram isolados em plantas da família Convolvulaceae.
A cravagem não contém dietilamida de ácido lisérgico (LSD) contendo antes ergotamina, usada na síntese do ácido lisérgico, um análogo de e precursor da síntese de LSD. Além disso, os esclerócios de cravagem contêm naturalmente alguma quantidade de ácido lisérgico.[12]
Na edição de 4 de Janeiro de 2007 do New England Journal of Medicine, foi publicado um artigo documentando um estudo britânico sobre 11 000 pacientes com doença de Parkinson. O estudo revelou que duas drogas derivadas da cravagem, pergolida e cabergolina, usadas no tratamento daquela doença, podem aumentar o risco de regurgitação nas válvulas cardíacas em 700%.[13]
Estes alcalóides são metabolizados pela isoforma CYP3A4 do citocromo P450, e por este motivo os seus efeitos toxicológicos / farmacológicas podem ser alterados quando se procede a uma administração simultânea com outros agentes terapêuticos que são também substratos de CYP3A4 (por exemplo, antifúngicos, antibacterianos macrolidos, tais como eritromicina e claritromicina, inibidores da protease do VIH, incluindo indinavir e ritonavir), ou quando à co-administração com inibidores desta isoforma. Como consequêcia haverá uma maior concentração do alcalóide podendo provocar efeitos tóxicos.[14]
No caso de uma intoxicação aguda, os métodos mais utilizados para efetuar a desintoxicação são: o uso de eméticos, carvão ativado, vasodilatadores, catárticos, nitroprussiato de sódio, benzodiazepinas ou lavagem gástrica. No caso de uma intoxicação crónica os métodos são os mesmos para a aguda exceto a lavagem gástrica, eméticos, catárticos e carvão ativado.[15]
O envenenamento humano devido ao consumo de pão de centeio feito a partir de grão infectado com cravagem era comum na Europa da Idade Média. A epidemia era conhecida como Fogo de Santo António,[7] ou ignis sacer, e alguns eventos históricos, como o Grande Medo na França durante a Revolução foram relacionados com o envenenamento com cravagem.[16] Linnda R. Caporael propôs em 1976 que os sintomas histéricos das jovens na origem dos julgamentos das Bruxas de Salém haviam sido o resultado do consumo de centeio contaminado com cravagem.[17] Porém, as suas conclusões foram mais tarde disputadas por Nicholas P. Spanos e Jack Gottlieb, após uma revisão das provas médicas e históricas,[18] bem como por outros autores.[19]
O autor britânico John Grigsby sustenta que a presença de cravagem nos estômagos de alguns dos chamados 'corpos das turfeiras' (restos humanos da Idade do Ferro encontrados em turfeiras do nordeste da Europa, como o Homem de Tollund) é indicadora do uso de cravagem em bebidas rituais num culto de fertilidade pré-histórico similar ao culto dos Mistérios de Elêusis da Grécia Antiga. No seu livro Beowulf and Grendel ele argumenta que o poema anglo-saxão Beowulf é baseado na memória da supressão deste culto de fertilidade pelos seguidores de Odin. Ele afirma que Beowulf, que se traduz como lobo da cevada (barley wolf), sugere uma ligação à cravagem que em alemão é conhecida como 'dente de lobo'.[20]
O ciceão, a bebida consumida pelos participantes no antigo culto grego dos Mistérios de Elêusis, poderia ter como base alucinógenos da cravagem,[21] e a dietilamida de ácido lisérgico (LSD) é um potente alucinógeno, sintetizado pela primeira vez em 1938 pelo químico suíço Albert Hofmann, a partir dos alcaloides da cravagem.
Claviceps é um género de fungos, vulgarmente chamados cravagens, que inclui cerca de 50 espécies quase todas elas tropicais. O membro mais proeminente deste grupo é Claviceps purpurea. Este fungo infecta o centeio e outros cereais, produzindo alcaloides que causam o ergotismo em humanos e outros animais que consumam grãos contaminados com o corpo frutífero (esclerócio) do fungo.
Claviceps este un gen de ciuperci parazite care aparțin familiei Clavicipitaceae. În acest gen au fost încadrate după Pažoutová (2004)[1] următoarele specii:
Claviceps este un gen de ciuperci parazite care aparțin familiei Clavicipitaceae. În acest gen au fost încadrate după Pažoutová (2004) următoarele specii:
Claviceps africana Claviceps citrina Claviceps cynodontis Claviceps fusiformis Claviceps gigantea Claviceps maximensis Claviceps paspali Claviceps purpurea Claviceps pusilla Claviceps sorghi Claviceps sulcata Claviceps omicopreoides Claviceps grohii Claviceps phalaridis (Cepsiclava phalaridis) Claviceps sorghicola Claviceps viridis Claviceps zizaniaeМаткові ріжки, спориння або просто ріжки — хвороба злаків, яку викликають ріжки (гриби роду Claviceps, зокрема Claviceps purpurea), що характеризується утворенням у колосках замість зернівок фіолетових ріжків (склероціїв), які є «відпочиваючою» стадією гриба. Хвороба поширена в районах помірного й вологого клімату, її збудник уражує більше 170 культурних і дикорослих злаків, але найчастіше ураженню піддається жито.
Розвиток хвороби має негативні економічні наслідки через зниження урожайності, необхідність очищення зерна від склероціїв, та неможливість вживання ураженого зерна людьми через токсичність. Збіжжя забруднене мікотоксинами ріжків викликає у людей ерготизм.
Заходи боротьби включають: механічне очищення зерна жита та інших злаків від ріжків; посів озимих і ярових хлібів у стислий термін з метою уникнення розвитку у різний час цвітіння й дозрівання рослин; апробація посівів з метою виділення здорових насінних ділянок; очищення стерні; глибока зяблева оранка; підбір сортів із коротким і дружним періодом цвітіння; використання сортів та гібридів, що мають відносно більшу стійкість до гриба збудника.
Терміном маткові ріжки називають, окрім хвороби, також гриб збудник і склероції гриба, що утворюються заміть зерна, і які є самим очевидним проявом хвороби.
Маткові ріжки, спориння або просто ріжки — хвороба злаків, яку викликають ріжки (гриби роду Claviceps, зокрема Claviceps purpurea), що характеризується утворенням у колосках замість зернівок фіолетових ріжків (склероціїв), які є «відпочиваючою» стадією гриба. Хвороба поширена в районах помірного й вологого клімату, її збудник уражує більше 170 культурних і дикорослих злаків, але найчастіше ураженню піддається жито.
Ergot (pron. /ˈɜrɡət/ UR-gət) hay nấm ergot là một nhóm nấm thuộc chi Claviceps.[1]
Thành viên nổi bật nhất của nhóm này là Claviceps purpurea ("nấm cựa gà"). Loại nấm này phát triển trên lúa mạch và các loại thực vật có liên quan, và tạo ra alkaloid có thể gây ra ergotism ở người và các động vật có vú khác tiêu thụ ngũ cốc bị nhiễm cấu trúc quả của nó (được gọi là ergot sclerotium).[2][3]
Claviceps bao gồm khoảng 50 loài được biết đến, chủ yếu ở các vùng nhiệt đới. Các loài có ý nghĩa kinh tế bao gồm C. purpurea (ký sinh trên các loài cỏ cỏ và ngũ cốc), C. fusiformis (trên kê trân châu, cỏ trâu), C. paspali (trên cỏ dallis), C. africana[4] (on sorghum), and C. lutea (on paspalum).[5] C. purpurea ảnh hưởng phổ biến nhất đến các loài lai xa như lúa mạch đen (vật chủ phổ biến nhất của nó), cũng như triticale, lúa mì và lúa mạch. Nó chỉ ảnh hưởng đến yến.
C. purpurea có ít nhất ba giống, khác nhau về tính đặc hiệu của vật chủ:[6]
Ergot (pron. /ˈɜrɡət/ UR-gət) hay nấm ergot là một nhóm nấm thuộc chi Claviceps.
Thành viên nổi bật nhất của nhóm này là Claviceps purpurea ("nấm cựa gà"). Loại nấm này phát triển trên lúa mạch và các loại thực vật có liên quan, và tạo ra alkaloid có thể gây ra ergotism ở người và các động vật có vú khác tiêu thụ ngũ cốc bị nhiễm cấu trúc quả của nó (được gọi là ergot sclerotium).
Claviceps bao gồm khoảng 50 loài được biết đến, chủ yếu ở các vùng nhiệt đới. Các loài có ý nghĩa kinh tế bao gồm C. purpurea (ký sinh trên các loài cỏ cỏ và ngũ cốc), C. fusiformis (trên kê trân châu, cỏ trâu), C. paspali (trên cỏ dallis), C. africana (on sorghum), and C. lutea (on paspalum). C. purpurea ảnh hưởng phổ biến nhất đến các loài lai xa như lúa mạch đen (vật chủ phổ biến nhất của nó), cũng như triticale, lúa mì và lúa mạch. Nó chỉ ảnh hưởng đến yến.
C. purpurea có ít nhất ba giống, khác nhau về tính đặc hiệu của vật chủ:
G1 — đất cỏ của đồng cỏ và cánh đồng mở; G2 — cỏ từ môi trường ẩm ướt, rừng và núi; G3 (C. purpurea var. spartinae) — cỏ đầm lầy muối (Spartina, Distichlis).Claviceps
ВидыОколо 50, в том числе:
Спорынья́, или ма́точные ро́жки (лат. Cláviceps) — род грибов семейства спорыньёвых (Clavicipitaceae), паразитирующий на некоторых злаках, в том числе, на ржи и пшенице.
Слово спорынья происходит от др.-рус. спорынꙗ — «изобилие, избыток» (от «спор» — избыток, прибыль, урожай[1], ср. слова спорый, спелый); такое парадоксальное изменение значения, по мнению О. Н. Трубачёва, носило эвфемистический характер[2].
Весной образуется красноватый мицелий в виде ножек с головками, на которых находятся бутылевидные перитеции (плодовые тела), в них происходит гаметангиогамия (половой процесс, представляющий собой слияние гаметангиев — органов полового размножения). Образовавшаяся зигота сразу же вступает в мейоз, происходящий внутри аска (сумки), которая образовалась из мицелия, в котором находилась зигота. Летом образуются нитевидные аскоспоры «+» и «−», переносящиеся ветром или насекомыми на пестик цветущего злака, где прорастают в полость с завязью, в результате чего вместо зерна развивается мицелий гриба, соответственно «+» или «−», на котором развиваются конидиеносцы, а в них — конидии (споры бесполого размножения), при этом грибком выделяется сладкий сок — медвяная роса, привлекающая насекомых, которые разносят конидии на другие цветки злаков, где из тех образуется новый мицелий. После того как завязь истощилась, на её месте возникает склероций — удлинённый рожок из плотно сросшихся гифов гриба (живые гифы находятся в сердцевине, окружённые толстостенными отмершими клетками), который при созревании злака попадает на почву, где и зимует, давая весной мицелий[3]. Весь жизненный цикл спорыньи, кроме зиготы, проходит в гаплоидной фазе.
Спорынья поражала рожь, преимущественно в сырые и холодные годы[4]. В Средние века в год, когда из-за погодных условий развитие спорыньи усиливалось, из-за употребления хлеба из зерна, поражённого спорыньёй, возникали эпидемии так называемого «Антониева огня» (эрготизма) — пищевого токсикоза алкалоидами спорыньи[4]. Около 1070 года был основан орден святого Антония. Это учреждение стало центром по лечению больных отравлением спорыньей. Отшельники Дофине заявили, что они получили из Константинополя мощи святого. В Дофине тогда свирепствовала «горячка» и возникло убеждение, что мощи св. Антония могут ее излечить, поэтому «священный огонь» был назван «антоновым». Аббатство, в котором хранились мощи, стало называться Сент-Антуан-ан-Вьеннуа. Французский медиевист Ле Гофф отмечал: « Примечательно, что фанатичными участниками Первого крестового похода 1096 года были бедные крестьяне из районов, наиболее сильно пострадавших в 1094 года от эпидемии „священного огня“ и других бедствий, — Германии, рейнских областей и восточной Франции». Склероций спорыньи содержит большое количество алкалоидов, наиболее ядовитый из которых — эрготинин, при употреблении в пищу вызывающий судороги и длительные спазмы гладкой мускулатуры; также при отравлении наблюдаются расстройства психики, нарушение глазодвигательной функции, а спустя несколько месяцев — осложнённая катаракта, большие дозы приводят человека к гибели.
Некоторые подсчеты свидетельствуют о том, что в период с 591 по 1789 годы в Европе произошло 132 эпидемии эрготизма. При этом во Франции, например, в 922 году эпидемия унесла жизни 40 000 человек, а в 1128 году в одном только Париже — 14 000 человек[5].
Эпидемиолог и историк из Мерилендского университета Мери Матасян, изучив и проанализировав архивные материалы, в своей книге «Яды прошлых лет. Грибки, эпидемии и история» установила прямую зависимость вспышек народного недовольства, бунтов, восстаний от распространения спорыньи, вызываемого климатическими условиями. Так, событиям 1789 года предшествовала необычайно суровая для Франции зима, которая ослабила сопротивляемость озимой ржи, а последовавшее затем влажное лето благоприятствовало размножению спорыньи. Сходным образом Матасян объясняет и вспышки «охоты на ведьм». Так, больше всего гонений на ведьм было в европейских странах с прохладным и влажным климатом, где основой сельского хозяйства была рожь, а отличительные признаки одержимости, по которым опознавали нечистую силу, поразительно напоминают симптомы поражения центральной нервной системы, вызываемые отравлением спорыньей[6]. Также она отмечает, что последующее широкое культивирование картофеля уменьшило долю ржи в рационе и тем самым весьма положительно отразилось на здоровье людей.
Последнее массовое отравление спорыньей произошло в 1951 году в Пон-Сент-Эспри (Франция), хотя существуют версии, что население отравилось ртутью или трихлоридом азота. В настоящее время методы агротехники позволили практически избавиться от спорыньи в сельскохозяйственных посевах.
В крайне малых дозах алкалоиды спорыньи могут быть использованы как лекарство для лечения пролактиномы, нервных расстройств, состояний возбуждения и страха, а также мигрени, остановки маточного кровотечения и побуждения матки к сокращению. В фармакологических целях культивируется Claviceps purpurea — вид спорыньи, произрастающий на ржи. С 1 га собирают 50—150 кг склероциев[7][неавторитетный источник?].
В 1938 году из содержащихся в спорынье производных лизергиновой кислоты Альбертом Хофманном химическим путём был получен препарат ЛСД, в 1943 году им же было открыто его галлюциногенное воздействие на человека.
Существует 3 расы (подвида) Claviceps purpurea, фенотипически достаточно различающиеся[8]:
Спорынья в Викисловаре 
Спорынья в Викитеке 
Спорынья на Викискладе Спорынья́, или ма́точные ро́жки (лат. Cláviceps) — род грибов семейства спорыньёвых (Clavicipitaceae), паразитирующий на некоторых злаках, в том числе, на ржи и пшенице.
約50種, 包括:
C. africana
C. fusiformis
雀稗麥角菌 C. paspali
C. purpurea
C. sorghi
C. zizaniae
麥角是穀類作物（如小麥）被真菌感染所形成的黑色子實體。它是由多种叫做麦角菌的真菌引起的。人或牲畜食用帶有麥角的穀物會造成幻覺、痙攣、精神错乱、四肢疼痛、如火焚身等症狀，中世紀曾在歐洲造成大規模不知名瘟疫，稱為「聖安東尼之火」（Saint Anthony’s fire）。1938年瑞士化學家艾伯特·霍夫曼由麥角酸中合成出麥角二乙胺（LSD），找出了麥角造成幻覺的原因。
雀麥上的麥角
麥穗上的麥角
混在穀物中的麥角
麥角中毒患者，《聖安東尼的誘惑》局部，格呂內瓦德繪，1515年
这是一篇與真菌類相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 麥角是穀類作物（如小麥）被真菌感染所形成的黑色子實體。它是由多种叫做麦角菌的真菌引起的。人或牲畜食用帶有麥角的穀物會造成幻覺、痙攣、精神错乱、四肢疼痛、如火焚身等症狀，中世紀曾在歐洲造成大規模不知名瘟疫，稱為「聖安東尼之火」（Saint Anthony’s fire）。1938年瑞士化學家艾伯特·霍夫曼由麥角酸中合成出麥角二乙胺（LSD），找出了麥角造成幻覺的原因。
雀麥上的麥角
麥穗上的麥角
混在穀物中的麥角
麥角中毒患者，《聖安東尼的誘惑》局部，格呂內瓦德繪，1515年
麦角菌（バッカクキン）とは、バッカクキン科バッカクキン属 (Claviceps) に属する子嚢菌の総称である。いくつかのイネ科植物（重要な穀物や牧草を含む）およびカヤツリグサ科植物の穂に寄生する。
特によく知られる種がC. purpureaで、ライ麦をはじめ小麦、大麦、エンバクなど多くの穀物に寄生する。本種が作る菌核は黒い角状（あるいは爪状で、悪魔の爪などとも形容される）なので、麦角（ばっかく）と呼ばれるようになった。
麦角の中に含まれる麦角アルカロイドと総称される物質は様々な毒性を示し、麦角中毒と呼ばれる食中毒症状をヨーロッパなどで歴史上しばしば引き起こしてきた。麦角菌には約50種が知られ、世界的に分布するが特に熱帯・亜熱帯に種類が多い。現在では技術の進歩により製粉段階で麦角菌の除去が行われている。
イネ科植物の花が麦角菌胞子に感染すると麦角ができる。菌は感染するとまず胚珠を破壊し、白色の柔組織を作る。これが出す蜜滴が第一の病徴となる。蜜滴には多量の分生子（無性胞子）が含まれ、虫や風によりほかの花へも蔓延する。その後柔組織は殻の内部で硬く乾燥して菌核に変化し、アルカロイドなどを蓄積する。
熱帯・亜熱帯産の麦角菌は2種類の分生子（大分生子と小分生子）を作る。大分生子は蜜滴内で管を伸ばし、蜜滴表面に白い霜状の二次分生子を作り、これが風で飛ぶ。C. purpureaなど北半球温帯産の麦角菌ではこのような過程はない。
成熟した菌核が地上に落ちると、菌は休眠する。気温・水分など条件が整うと発芽し、キノコ状の子実体になる。その頭の部分に糸状の有性胞子が形成され、宿主が開花するとともに放出される。
熱帯産の麦角は褐色・灰色などで種子に似た形のものが多く、発見が難しいこともある。
麦角はエルゴリン骨格を有する麦角アルカロイドを含み、これらは循環器系や神経系に対して様々な毒性を示す。神経系に対しては、手足が燃えるような感覚を与える。循環器系に対しては、血管収縮を引き起こし、手足の壊死に至ることもある[1]。脳の血流が不足して精神異常、けいれん、意識不明、さらに死に至ることもある。さらに子宮収縮による流産なども起こる。
また、微量の麦角は古くから堕胎や出産後の止血にも用いられたが、現在は麦角そのものは用いられず、麦角成分のエルゴタミンが偏頭痛の治療に用いられる。
幻覚剤のLSDはアルベルト・ホフマンによって、麦角成分の研究過程で発見された。ただしLSDは麦角に含まれるものではなく、麦角成分であるリゼルグ酸の誘導体として人工的に合成されたものである。
麦角菌の生活環は19世紀になって明らかにされたが、麦角と麦角中毒との関係はそれより数百年以前に知られていた。
中世ヨーロッパでは麦角菌汚染されたライ麦パンによる麦角中毒による騒ぎがしばしば起きている。聖アントニウス会の修道士が麦角中毒の治療術に優れるとされたことから、ヨーロッパでは麦角中毒は「聖アントニウスの火」 (St. Anthony's fire) とも呼ばれてきた。これは聖アントニウスに祈ると治癒できると信じられてきたからである。
古くは治療法として転地療養や旅が良いとされたのは、別の土地へ行くことで麦角菌に汚染された食物を口にせずに済むようになるからとされている。
また、ヨーロッパ・アメリカの歴史上の事件・出来事の中にも、後年の調査や推測の中で、原因や要因として麦角中毒との関係が唱えられているものがある。
また、現在でもライ麦が麦角菌に汚染される事故は発生している。
稲に寄生する麦角菌は知られておらず、日本では家畜を除き麦角中毒の記録はほとんどない。ただし1943年（昭和18年）の食糧難時に岩手県で笹の実を食べた妊婦が数多く流産するという事件があり、これは麦角中毒が原因であろうと考えられている。
麦角菌（バッカクキン）とは、バッカクキン科バッカクキン属 (Claviceps) に属する子嚢菌の総称である。いくつかのイネ科植物（重要な穀物や牧草を含む）およびカヤツリグサ科植物の穂に寄生する。
特によく知られる種がC. purpureaで、ライ麦をはじめ小麦、大麦、エンバクなど多くの穀物に寄生する。本種が作る菌核は黒い角状（あるいは爪状で、悪魔の爪などとも形容される）なので、麦角（ばっかく）と呼ばれるようになった。
麦角の中に含まれる麦角アルカロイドと総称される物質は様々な毒性を示し、麦角中毒と呼ばれる食中毒症状をヨーロッパなどで歴史上しばしば引き起こしてきた。麦角菌には約50種が知られ、世界的に分布するが特に熱帯・亜熱帯に種類が多い。現在では技術の進歩により製粉段階で麦角菌の除去が行われている。
