Lifespan, longevity, and ageing
provided by AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 17.1 years (captivity)
Observations: In the wild, these animals have been estimated to live up to 12 years (Bernhard Grzimek 1990). One captive specimen lived 17.1 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
- license
- cc-by-3.0
- copyright
- Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
- editor
- de Magalhaes, J. P.
Benefits
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets occasionally cause damage to agricultural fields.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Associations
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets stand low to the ground, have a reddish-brown fur color to camouflage with the tropical vegetation in the background, and are well adapted for moving through thick vegetative matter. Anti-predatory adaptations behaviors employed by red brockets include freezing, swimming, and camouflage. If a predator decides to chase a red brocket, it will alternate between leaping and freezing behaviors in order to confuse the predator. If red brockets are near a river, they will use their exceptional swimming skills to escape. Known predators of red brockets are pumas, jaguars, and humans. Pumas and jaguars are stealthy hunters that often wait from a distance for the most opportunistic time pounce. Humans have hunted red brockets for meat and trade.
Known Predators:
- pumas (Puma concolor)
- jaguars (Panthera onca)
- humans (Homo sapiens)
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Morphology
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets are the largest members of the genus of brocket deer. The head and neck exhibit a light grayish-brown color. The inner thighs, throat, tail, and inner part of the ears are white. The rest of their bodies are reddish brown to chestnut red in color and young brockets are born with white spots. Males tend to be larger and have spikes to protect against predators. Their shoulder height measures 65 to 80 cm, tail length measures 8 to 15 cm, and the head to body length measures 103 to 146 cm.
Range mass: 20 to 55 kg.
Range length: 103 to 146 cm.
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Life Expectancy
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets live between 7 and 12 years of age, but due to the elusiveness of this species, it is difficult to obtain sufficient data.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 12 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 16 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 7 to 12 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 13.8 years.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Habitat
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets live in dense tropical forests with closed canopies and prefer either moist or really dry climates. They tend to stay near marshes, swamps, and streams along thick vegetative cover. Their small body size helps them to move easily through water and dense vegetation and remain unnoticed by predators. When night falls, red brockets forage on forest edges, in agricultural fields, and in gardens.
Range elevation: 0 to 5000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams
Wetlands: marsh ; swamp
Other Habitat Features: agricultural
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Distribution
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets are native to the neotropical region ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina and from sea level up to 5000 m in elevation.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Trophic Strategy
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brocket diets consist mainly of fruit and some leaves and fibrous material. During the wet season when food availability is low, ttheir diet may consist mainly of fungi. In extreme cases where fruit and fungi become scarce, it may eat stems, bark, petioles, leaves, and animal matter instead.
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers
Other Foods: fungus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore , Granivore , Lignivore)
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Associations
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets play an essential role within the Amazonian ecosystem. They alter plant communities and the overall structure of the forest by grazing and dispersing seeds. Without red brockets, certain plant seeds would not be dispersed and might become endangered or face extinction. Red brockets are also the main source of food for jaguars and pumas.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; creates habitat
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Benefits
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Red brockets provide valuable meat and a means of trade for humans.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; research and education
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Conservation Status
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Little is known of the conservation status of red brocket deer.
US Federal List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: data deficient
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Behavior
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Little information is known about the communication and perception of red brockets.
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Reproduction
provided by Animal Diversity Web
Little information is known about the matings systems of red brockets.
In the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, red brocket deer conceive during all months of the year except from September and October. In Surinam, they reproduce from September to April. Depending on where the red brocket deer are located, they may have peaks in conception during the dry seasons. Females between the ages of 0 and 4 years are more capable of birthing two offspring, whereas females between the ages of 4 and 6 years usually only produce one. Females reach sexual maturity around 11 months of age and males reach maturity around 12 months of age.
Breeding interval: There is little information regarding the frequency of red brocket breeding.
Breeding season: Red brockets breed throughout the year depending on rainfall.
Average number of offspring: 1.2.
Range gestation period: 222 to 228 days.
Average weaning age: 6 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 11 to 13 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 12 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual
Average birth mass: 538.5 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.3.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 365 days.
Little information is known about the parental investment of red brockets.
- license
- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
- copyright
- The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
- bibliographic citation
- Kossel, K. 2013. "Mazama americana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mazama_americana.html
- author
- Kyle Kossel, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Alecia Stewart-Malone, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
- editor
- Laura Podzikowski, Special Projects
Biology
provided by Arkive
This shy, seldom seen deer is generally solitary or occasionally seen in pairs (6) (7). It feeds predominantly on fruit when available, but will turn to a diet of leaves during periods when fruit is scarce (2) (6). Fungi may also constitute an important part of its diet during the wet season (2). When they sense danger, red brockets have a habit of freezing (7), but they can also run with a leaping gait and, being capable swimmers, will readily take to the water to escape a predator (2) (3). Their dagger-like antlers also makes them capable of damaging combat (3).
Calving may take place year round (3) (7), although in some areas there is a peak, such as in Surinam where it mainly takes place from September to April (6). The gestation period is long, lasting from 218 to 228 days (3), and a single young is produced (2). The young deer, which lose their spots after two or three months, mature rapidly and may breed by the age of just 11 months (3). In captivity, an individual lived for over 16 years (7).
Conservation
provided by Arkive
The red brocket occurs in numerous protected areas throughout its range (6). The IUCN has been unable to determine the conservation status of this species due to a lack of data, and have therefore classified it as Data Deficient (1). Therefore, research is clearly needed to determine the status of each subspecies, and surveys, ecological studies and investigations into the human use of red brocket have all been suggested (6).
Description
provided by Arkive
The red brocket is the largest of all brocket deer, and also has the greatest range (3). Named for its foxy red coat, this stout-bodied deer with slender limbs has white fur on the inside of the legs, throat, lips, inner part of the ear and the lower part of the tail (3). Young red brockets have whitish spots on their coat (2). Like the majority of deer species (5), male red brockets have antlers, but they are generally only short, dagger-like spikes. These antlers can be shed at any time of the year, and may be kept for over one year (3). Fourteen subspecies of the red brocket are currently recognised (3).
Habitat
provided by Arkive
Brocket deer usually inhabit forests and woodlands from sea level up to 5,000 metres (7). The red brocket appears to prefer fairly dry or moist habitats and generally avoids very wet, flooded areas (6).
Range
provided by Arkive
Occurs in Central and South America, from eastern Mexico and Trinidad south to northern Argentina (6) (7).
Status
provided by Arkive
Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). Subspecies Mazama americana cerasina is listed on Appendix III of CITES in Guatemala (4).
Threats
provided by Arkive
Although the status of most red brocket subspecies is unknown (6), it is clear that in some areas this species faces threats. The red brocket is hunted for meat throughout much of its range, both for subsistence and for sale, with its meat being found extensively in markets of the larger cities of the Amazon Basin (6). Brocket deer are also hunted by people because of the damage they can do to bean and corn crops (7). In certain areas, such as the densely populated areas of the Amazonian region of Peru, the red brocket deer has been reportedly overhunted, while in others, such as Costa Rica, Paraguay and Venezuela, habitat destruction also threatens this species (6). A combination of hunting and habitat destruction may have caused the red brocket to disappear from El Salvador altogether (7).
Red brocket
provided by wikipedia EN
The red brocket (Mazama americana) is a species of brocket deer from forests in South America, ranging from northern Argentina to Colombia and the Guianas.[1][2] It also occurs on the Caribbean island of Trinidad (it also occurred on the island of Tobago until very recent historical times, but has been extirpated there).
Taxonomy
It formerly included the Central American red brocket (M. temama) and sometimes the Yucatan brown brocket (M. pandora) as subspecies.[3] Considerable taxonomic confusion still exists for the populations remaining in the red brocket. Pending a solution to this, it has been evaluated as data deficient by the IUCN,[1] though as presently defined, it is the most widespread species of brocket. It is sympatric with the smaller Amazonian brown brocket over much of its range (the latter tends to have significantly lower population densities). The karyotype of the red brocket was initially described as having 2n = 68, FN = 74, and more recently as having 2n varying from 48 to 54 and FN varying from 54 to 56.[1] This variability may indicate the presence of unrecognized species in the population.[1]
Description
Its body is reddish-brown in color, with a lighter grayish-brown head and neck, and partially blackish legs.[4] The inner thighs and the underside of the tail are white. Fawns are spotted white and lack blackish to the legs.[4] Only the adult male has antlers, and these are small and spike-like. This species is the largest of the brockets. The shoulder height is 67–80 cm (26–31 in) and the head and body length 105–144 cm (41–57 in).[4] These deer typically weigh 24–48 kg (53–106 lb),[4] but exceptional males may get as large as 65 kg (143 lb).[5]
Diet and behaviour
The red brocket browses on vegetation (mainly grasses and tender green roots),[6] preferring fruit and seeds when it is available. They are also known to feed on fungi.[6] In extreme cases where fruit and fungi become scarce, it may eat stems, bark, petioles, leaves, and animal matter instead.[7] It is generally solitary and stays in dense jungles. When alarmed, the animal snorts or stomps its hooves.
Gallery
Red brocket heart, specimen clarified for visualization of anatomical structures
References
-
^ a b c d e Duarte, J.M.B.; Vogliotti, A. (2016). "Mazama americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T29619A22154827. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T29619A22154827.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
-
^ Medellín, Rodrigo A.; Alfred L. Gardner; J. Marcelo Aranda (April 1998). "The taxonomic status of the Yucatán brown brocket, Mazama pandora (Mammalia: Cervidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 111 (1): 1–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
-
^ a b c d Trolle, M., and L. H. Emmons (2004). A record of a dwarf brocket from lowland Madre de Dios, Peru. Deer Specialist Group Newsletter 19: 2–5
-
^ Nowak, R. M. (eds) (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press.
-
^ a b "Mazama americana (Red Brocket Deer)" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
-
^ "Mazama americana (Red brocket)".
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors
Red brocket: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The red brocket (Mazama americana) is a species of brocket deer from forests in South America, ranging from northern Argentina to Colombia and the Guianas. It also occurs on the Caribbean island of Trinidad (it also occurred on the island of Tobago until very recent historical times, but has been extirpated there).
- license
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- copyright
- Wikipedia authors and editors