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Previously also known as Citellus tridecemlineatus (Long 1994).

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Behavior ( англиски )

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Thirteen-lined ground squirrels have excellent senses of vision, touch, and smell. They use alarm calls and other sounds, as well as using special scented secretions, to communicate with other squirrels. They rub glands around their mouth on objects to leave scent marks. They also greet one another by touching noses and lips.

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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This animal has been expanding its range from the prairie states northward and eastward as land is cleared.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Benefits ( англиски )

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Consumes agricultural crops like corn, wheat, oats and sunflowers although the damage is limited to the harvest season, not during winter storage.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Associations ( англиски )

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Thirteen-lined ground squirrels impact plant communities by eating seeds and foliage. They act as important prey bases for small predators, such as weasels, raptors, and snakes, and help to recycle soil nutrients through their burrowing activities. They also play host to many ectoparasites including fleas, lice, mites, ticks and to endoparasites.

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus is omnivorous. Spermophilus means "seed lover," and this squirrel eats the seeds of weed plants as well as available crop species like corn and wheat. It will eat the leaves of grass and clover and hoardes plant material underground, transporting it in cheek pouches. Animal matter consumed includes insects, occasional small vertebrates, bird eggs and carrion. (Kurta 1995, Palmer 1995)

Animal Foods: eggs; carrion ; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus is found in central North America. Originally confined to the prairie, it has extended its range northward and eastward over the past two centuries as land has been cleared. Currently S. tridecemlineatus can be found as far east as Ohio and as far west as Montana and Arizona. It reaches its northern limit in central Alberta and Saskatchewan and is found as far south as the Texas coast.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Habitat ( англиски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus prefers open areas with short grass and well-drained sandy or loamy soils for burrows. It avoids wooded areas. Mowed lawns, golf courses, cemetaries, well-grazed pastures, parks and roadsides are common habitats for it now that it is no longer limited to prairie regions. (Jones 1988, Kurta 1995)

Habitat Regions: temperate

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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Up to 90% of newborns die from predation before hibernation begins. Once they have reached adulthood Thirteen-lined ground squirrels probably live for only a few years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
7.9 years.

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Petrella, S. 1999. "Spermophilus tridecemlineatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Spermophilus_tridecemlineatus.html
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Morphology ( англиски )

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total body length: 225 to 300 mm tail length: 75 to 109 mm

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus is a small slender ground squirrel with alternate longitudinal stripes of dark brown and tan, extending from the nape to the base of the tail. The dark brown stripes are broader than the tan lines and have tan rectangular spots along the midline. The "thirteen lines" consist of either (1) seven broad dark brown stripes alternating with six thin tan bands or (2) seven narrow yellow stripes alternating with six broader dark brown stripes. The ears are short, and the tail is thin and sparingly bushy. This squirrel often sits erect with head pointed up.

The skull of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus is sciurognathous and sciuromorphous, meaning that the lower jaw is v-shaped and that there is a large zygomatic plate anterior to the orbit where the lateral masseter arises. The infraorbital foramen is small and shifted forward. A postorbital process is present. The dental formula is 1/1, 0/0, 2/1, 3/3. Like all rodents, S. tridecemlineatus lacks canines, has evergrowing incisors with enamel only on the front and sides, and has a large diastema separating incisors and cheek teeth.

(Kurta 1995, Jones 1988, Palmer 1995, Lawlor 1979)

Range mass: 110.0 to 140.0 g.

Range length: 170.0 to 310.0 mm.

Average length: 250.0 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.983 W.

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Associations ( англиски )

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Thirteen-lined ground squirrels give alarm calls when they sense the presence of a predator, then all surrounding squirrels escape into their burrows. Main predators include snakes and hawks, such as red-tailed hawks and Cooper's hawks.

Known Predators:

  • birds of prey (Falconiformes)
  • snakes (Serpentes)
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Petrella, S. 1999. "Spermophilus tridecemlineatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Spermophilus_tridecemlineatus.html
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus is promiscuous. Females mate within five days of spring emergence from hibernation. Copulation stimulates ovulation within 1 to 2 days. Gestation lasts 28 days. Between 7 and 14 young are born, with an average of 8 to 9. They are blind, hairless and toothless and weigh 4 gm. The young gain 1.3 gm/day, open their eyes at day 13, leave the burrow for the first time at 28 to 35 days, and are full grown in 90 days. At six weeks, offspring dig their own burrow, usually within 100 m of where they were born. Females have one annual litter. Up to 90% of newborns die from predation before hibernation begins. (Kurta 1995, Jones 1988, Palmer 1995)

Breeding interval: Each year females only give birth to one litter.

Breeding season: Upon emergence from hibernation, April or early May

Range number of offspring: 6.0 to 13.0.

Average number of offspring: 8.5.

Average gestation period: 28.0 days.

Average weaning age: 6.0 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.0 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.0 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 3.24 g.

Average gestation period: 28 days.

Average number of offspring: 7.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
225 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
354 days.

The young are born blind, hairless, and toothless and weigh 4 g. They are nursed and cared for in the burrow by their mother. The young gain 1.3 g each day, open their eyes at day 13, leave the burrow for the first time at 28 to 35 days, and are full grown in 90 days. At six weeks old, members of the litter begin digging their own burrows, usually within 100 m of where they were born.

Parental Investment: altricial

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ( астурски )

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 src=
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, llamada comúnmente Esguil de tierra de trece franxes, esguil de tierra o tuza llistada, y spermofilo lleopardu na dómina de John James Audubon,[1] ye una especie del xéneru Spermophilus, que s'estrema por tener trece franxes marrón y blanques alternaes a lo llargo de la so zona dorsal y llateral, que pueden dixebrase en cadenes de puntos.[2]

Carauterístiques físiques

Tienen 13 franxes carauterístiques a lo llargo de la so zona dorsal y llateral, que pueden ser siete franxes marrón alternaes con seis cobrices, o siete franxes delgaes marielles alternaes con seis marrones más anches.[2]

Nun presenten dimorfismu sexual, y miden ente 170 y 310 mm de llargu, con promediu de 250, pesando ente 110 y 140 gramos.[3] La so cola mide unos 75 a 109 mm.[2]

Comportamientu

Son puramente diurnes, y especialmente actives mientres los díes calorosos. Mientres el branu aumenta considerablemente de pesu, y enllena la so lluriga con alimentos, preparar para'l so envernía, qu'empieza n'ochobre.[2] Mientres envierna baxa'l so metabolismu, variando'l so ritmu cardiacu de 200 llatíos per minutu a non más de cinco,[3] y el so ritmu respiratoriu de 100 a 200 respiraciones per minutu a una cada 5 minutos.[1] Nesti estáu la so temperatura corporal caltiense cercana a l'ambiental, ensin efeutos perxudiciales.[4] Los machos tienden a entrar y salir de la envernía primero que les femes.[4]

Les sos llurigues lleguen a los 6 m de llargor, con dellos pasaxes llaterales, cerca de mediu metro so la superficie. Namái la cámara d'envernía alcuéntrase más fonda. Tamién constrúin furacos más pequeños pal so defensa.[3][2] La entrada de la lluriga namái tien unos 5 cm de diámetru, y usualmente alcuéntrase camuflada cola vexetación, ensin formar un montículo que sollerte de la so presencia.[4]

Reproducción

El so periodu de cría ye d'abril a xunu. La xestación dura 28 díes, pariendo una única camada añal d'unes 8 críes de promediu,[5] compuesta de críes desnudes, ciegues y mellaes, que pesen de 3 a 4 gramos.[4] Les críes son daes de mamar por 26 díes, y remanecen de la lluriga a les 5 selmanes. Algamen el maduror sexual a los 8 ó 9 meses la primavera siguiente a la so nacencia,[5] empecipiando les actividaes de apareamiento unes dos selmanes dempués de remanecer depués de la so envernía, les que se caltienen por otres dos selmanes.[4]

Nun formen colonies, pero suelen concentrase n'árees con sustrato apropiáu pa les sos llurigues,[2] prefiriendo vivir cerca a los sos parientes inmediatos.[5]

Sábese que s'hibriden con Spermophilus mexicanus.[5]

Alimentación

Son una especie omnívora, con una dieta consistente de granes, camperes, inseutos, llegando a comer tamién pequeños vertebraos. Aliméntase de cultivos como trigu o maíz.[2]

En baxos númberos son beneficiosos pa los cultivos, pos s'alimenten d'especies consideraes dañibles (como inseutos) pero en grandes cantidaes son dañibles, pos escaven y arrinquen les granes y plantes recién plantaes, estropiando más de lo que peracaben. Por non ser una especie protexida, pueden ser controlaes con pesticidas, o otros métodos, como la captura. La esclusión de los campos (corralada) nun ye eficaz, pos la especie ye capaz d'engatar les bardes, o cavar so elles.[4]

Hábitat y caltenimientu

Vive puramente en terrenes secos y arenosos n'árees abiertes, como pacionales, campos cultivaos, enllanaes, veres de caminos, aeropuertos, etcétera, que-y dexen cavar les sos llurigues, onde fuelga, cria y envierna. El so territorios estienden una media d'hasta 6 hectárees, siendo de mayor tamañu'l de los machos.[5]

Orixinalmente taba confinada a les praderíes, pero estendió'l so territoriu nos últimos dos sieglos, llegando a Ohio pel este, Montana y Arizona pel oeste, Alberta pel norte y Texas pel sur.[2]

La especie nun se considera baxu peligru, anque cada añu muerre más del 90% de los individuos nuevos por cuenta de la depredación, variando la so densidá dende 24,5 individuos per hectárea hasta 2,5 xustu enantes de la so envernía.[5][2]

Subespecies

La especie presenta delles subespecies:[6]

  • S. t. alleni
  • S. t. arenicola
  • S. t. blanca
  • S. t. hollisteri
  • S. t. monticola
  • S. t. olivaceous
  • S. t. pallidus
  • S. t. parvus
  • S. t. texensis
  • S. t. tridecemlineatus

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. y-Nature.com, Consultáu'l 22 d'abril de 2009.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8 Petrella, S. 1999. "Spermophilus tridecemlineatus". Animal Diversity Web. Universidá de Michigan. Consultáu'l 22 d'abril de 2009.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, esguil de trece llinies. Mamíferos d'América del Norte. Smithsonian Institution. Consultáu'l 22 d'abril de 2009.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 Edward C. Cleary, Scott R. Craven. Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels and Their Control. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management (2005). Consultáu'l 22 d'abril de 2009.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Linzey, A. V. & Hammerson, G. (2008). Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. En: UICN 2008. Llista Roxa d'Especies Amenazaes UICN. Consultáu'l abril de 2009.
  6. Don Y. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds). Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3° ed).

Enllaces esternos

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus: Brief Summary ( астурски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus  src= Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, llamada comúnmente Esguil de tierra de trece franxes, esguil de tierra o tuza llistada, y spermofilo lleopardu na dómina de John James Audubon, ye una especie del xéneru Spermophilus, que s'estrema por tener trece franxes marrón y blanques alternaes a lo llargo de la so zona dorsal y llateral, que pueden dixebrase en cadenes de puntos.

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Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchen ( германски )

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Das Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchen (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Syn.: Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), auch Dreizehnstreifenziesel oder Dreizehnstreifen-Erdhörnchen genannt, ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Vertreter aus der früher zu den Zieseln gezählten Gattung Ictidomys.

Aussehen

 src=
Nahaufnahme Dreizehn-Streifenhörnchen

Das 11,5 bis 16,5 Zentimeter große und 140 bis 250 Gramm schwere Tier hat einen braunen Rücken mit vier länglichen weißen Linien und dazwischen fünf Streifen mit weißen Punkten, der Bauch ist hellbraun und ins Graue übergehend. Die Pfoten sind grau gefärbt. Der Schwanz ist zum Ende hin stark gefranst. Der Kopf ist kurz, rund und die kurze Schnauze ist spitz.

Vorkommen

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchens

Diese Art kommt in den trockenen Grasflächen der Prärie im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika vor.

Lebensweise

Im Sommer zählt das Sammeln und Einlagern von Pflanzensamen zu seiner Hauptbeschäftigung. Als weitere Vorsorge für den Winter frisst sich das Tier ein dickes Fettpolster an. Es hält bis zu sieben Monate lang Winterschlaf in seinem unterirdischen Bau, den es vorher mit Pflanzenfasern ausgepolstert hat. Die Lebenserwartung beträgt sieben bis zehn Jahre.

Fortpflanzung

Männchen und Weibchen kommen im zeitigen Frühjahr nur kurz zur Paarung zusammen. Das Weibchen übernimmt allein die Aufzucht der bei der Geburt noch nackten und blinden Jungen.

Systematische Einordnung

Das Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchen wurde unter den Zieseln (Gattung Spermophilus) in die Untergattung Ictidomys eingeordnet. Diese wurde 2009 als eigene Gattung eingestuft.[1] Neben dem Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchen wurden auch der Mexikanische Ziesel (Ictidomys mexicanus), im zentralen und nordöstlichen Mexiko und in Texas vorkommend, sowie der Rio-Grande-Ziesel (Ictidomys parvidens), ebenfalls aus Mexiko und Texas, in diese Gattung gestellt.

Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen

Da diese Art nicht bedroht ist und auch in Schutzgebieten vorkommt, stuft die IUCN sie als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) ein.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. Kristofer M. Helgen, F. Russell Cole, Lauren E. Helgen & Don E. Wilson: Generic revision in the Holarctic ground squirrel genus Spermophilus. Journal of Mammalogy, 90, Seiten 270–305, 2009

Literatur

  • Romana Anderová, Vladimír Zadražil: Das bunte Lexikon der Tiere. F. X. Schmid, Bernau 2013, ISBN 978-3-8380-2035-8, S. 74.

Weblinks

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Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchen: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Das Dreizehnstreifen-Hörnchen (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, Syn.: Spermophilus tridecemlineatus), auch Dreizehnstreifenziesel oder Dreizehnstreifen-Erdhörnchen genannt, ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Vertreter aus der früher zu den Zieseln gezählten Gattung Ictidomys.

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Thirteen-lined ground squirrel ( англиски )

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The thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), also known as the striped gopher, leopard ground squirrel, and squinney (formerly known as the leopard-spermophile in the age of Audubon), is a ground squirrel that is widely distributed over grasslands and prairies of North America.

Description

The animal is well camouflaged and frequently stands to keep watch.

It is brownish, with 13 alternating brown and whitish longitudinal lines (sometimes partially broken into spots) on its back and sides, creating rows of whitish spots within dark lines.[2]

Taxonomy

This species has usually been placed in the genus Spermophilus with about 40 other species. As this large genus is paraphyletic to prairie dogs, marmots, and antelope squirrels, Kristofer Helgen and colleagues have split it into eight genera, placing the thirteen-lined ground squirrel in Ictidomys with two other species.[3]

Behavior

The thirteen-lined ground squirrel is strictly diurnal and is especially active on warm days. A solitary or only somewhat colonial hibernator, it often occurs in aggregations in suitable habitats.

In late summer, it puts on a heavy layer of fat and stores some food in its burrow. It enters its nest in October (some adults retire much earlier), rolls into a stiff ball, and decreases its respiration from between 100 and 200 breaths per minute to one breath about every five minutes. It emerges in March or early April.

The burrow may be 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6.1 metres) long, with several side passages. Most of the burrow is within one to two feet (about half a meter) of the surface, with only the hibernation nest in a special deeper section. Shorter burrows are dug as hiding places. This ground squirrel's home range is two to three acres (0.8 to 1.2 ha).

Groundsquirrel4-300.jpg
Late in life, naturalist John James Audubon made a final expedition to the western plains in search of four-footed mammals. These striped ground squirrels would be tempting prey for many birds, especially hawks and owls. After the squirrels had left, burrowing owls might take over their underground dens.

Its primary diet includes grass and weed seeds, caterpillars, grasshoppers, and crickets, but it may also eat mice and shrews; it will viciously attack and consume cicadas if able to catch them. This squirrel sometimes damages gardens by digging burrows and eating vegetables, but also devours weed seeds and harmful insects.

It is well known for standing upright to survey its domain, diving down into its burrow when it senses danger, then sometimes poking out its nose and giving a bird-like trill. The "trill" is an alarm call that is most often used by females to warn nearby relatives.[4] It has a maximum running speed of 8 mph (13 km/h) and reverses direction if chased.

The thirteen-lined ground squirrels have solitary habits, shown by agonistic behaviors to squirrels invading their own areas, which they've evolved, requiring less energy and the risk of getting injuired. Tail-flicking is also evolved from their solitary habits, which allows them not to violate other squirrel individuals' space.[5]

Physiology

Thirteen-lined ground squirrels can survive in hibernation for over six months without food or water and special physiological adaptations allow them to do so.[6] During torpor, these squirrels maintain hydration by redistributing and storing osmolytes like sodium, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen in different body compartments (to be identified).[6] When they enter a transient active-like state, small periods of arousal where these squirrels return to an active-like state temporarily, osmolarity and antidiuretic hormone levels rise while thirst remains suppressed. [6] Thirteen-lined ground squirrels also suppress the cell cycle and control the expression of cell cycle regulators in the liver during hibernation to conserve energy.[7] Moreover, they are able to maintain their muscle contractile performance during hibernation. Although scientists determined that there is a reduction in the squirrels' muscle mass during torpor, this does not significantly change the muscles' contractile properties.[8] During hibernation, thirteen-lined ground squirrels prioritize skeletal muscle tissue for maintenance and potential regrowth.[8] They also increase their muscle antioxidant capacity during torpor to protect tissue from oxidative damage associated with the restoration of blood flow during the transition period from torpor to arousal.[9] During hibernation, they mobilize fatty acids for fuel instead of glycogen, which is kept constant during hibernation.[10] During their active-like state, they are able to resume their cell cycle.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Ictidomys tridecemlineatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42564A22263122. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42564A22263122.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel". www.museum.state.il.us. Retrieved 2023-04-09.
  3. ^ Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russel; Helgen, Lauren E. & Wilson, Don E (2009). "Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus". Journal of Mammalogy. 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1.
  4. ^ Schwagmeyer, P. L. (1980). "Alarm Calling Behavior of the Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 7 (3): 195–200. doi:10.1007/BF00299364. hdl:2027.42/46905. JSTOR 4599327. S2CID 23619096.
  5. ^ Wistrand, Harry (1974). "Individual, Social, and Seasonal Behavior of the Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus)". Journal of Mammalogy. 55 (2): 329–347. doi:10.2307/1379002. ISSN 0022-2372.
  6. ^ a b c Feng, Ni Y.; Junkins, Madeleine S.; Merriman, Dana K.; Bagriantsev, Sviatoslav N.; Gracheva, Elena O. (2019-09-23). "Osmolyte Depletion and Thirst Suppression Allow Hibernators to Survive for Months without Water". Current Biology. 29 (18): 3053–3058.e3. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.038. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 6759396. PMID 31495581.
  7. ^ a b Wu, Cheng-Wei; Storey, Kenneth B. (2012-05-01). "Pattern of cellular quiescence over the hibernation cycle in liver of thirteen-lined ground squirrels". Cell Cycle. 11 (9): 1714–1726. doi:10.4161/cc.19799. ISSN 1538-4101. PMID 22510572. S2CID 34661899.
  8. ^ a b Hindle AG, Otis JP, Epperson LE, Hornberger TA, Goodman CA, Carey HV, Martin SL. Prioritization of skeletal muscle growth for emergence from hibernation. J Exp Biol. 2015 Jan 15;218(Pt 2):276-84. doi: 10.1242/jeb.109512. Epub 2014 Dec 1. PMID: 25452506; PMCID: PMC4302166.
  9. ^ Page, M. M., Peters, C. W., Staples, J. F., & Stuart, J. A. (2009). Intracellular antioxidant enzymes are not globally upregulated during hibernation in the major oxidative tissues of the 13-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 152(1), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.09.032
  10. ^ Rob S. James, James F. Staples, Jason C. L. Brown, Shannon N. Tessier, Kenneth B. Storey; The effects of hibernation on the contractile and biochemical properties of skeletal muscles in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. J Exp Biol 15 July 2013; 216 (14): 2587–2594. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.080663

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Thirteen-lined ground squirrel: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), also known as the striped gopher, leopard ground squirrel, and squinney (formerly known as the leopard-spermophile in the age of Audubon), is a ground squirrel that is widely distributed over grasslands and prairies of North America.

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Ictidomys tridecemlineatus ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

La ardilla de tierra de trece franjas (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), llamada también ardilla de tierra o tuza listada, suslik de trece bandas, y espermofilo leopardo en la época de John James Audubon,[2]​ es una especie de roedores en la familia Sciuridae.[3]​ Se distingue por tener trece franjas marrón y blancas alternadas a lo largo de su zona dorsal y lateral, que pueden separarse en cadenas de puntos.[4]

Características físicas

Poseen 13 franjas características a lo largo de su zona dorsal y lateral, que pueden ser siete franjas marrón alternadas con seis cobrizas, o siete franjas delgadas amarillas alternadas con seis marrones más anchas.[4]

No presentan dimorfismo sexual, y miden entre 170 y 310 mm de largo, con promedio de 250, pesando entre 110 y 140 gramos.[5]​ Su cola mide unos 75 a 109 mm.[4]

comportamiento

Son estrictamente diurnas, y especialmente activas durante los días calurosos. Durante el verano aumenta considerablemente de peso, y llena su madriguera con alimentos, preparándose para su hibernación, que comienza en octubre.[4]​ Mientras hiberna baja su metabolismo, variando su ritmo cardíaco de 200 latidos por minuto a no más de cinco,[5]​ y su ritmo respiratorio de 100 a 200 respiraciones por minuto a una cada 5 minutos.[2]​ En este estado su temperatura corporal se mantiene cercana a la ambiental, sin efectos perjudiciales.[6]​ Los machos tienden a entrar y salir de la hibernación antes que las hembras.[6]

Sus madrigueras llegan a los 6 m de longitud, con varios pasajes laterales, cerca de medio metro bajo la superficie. Sólo la cámara de hibernación se encuentra más profunda. También construyen agujeros más pequeños para su defensa.[5][4]​ La entrada de la madriguera sólo tiene unos 5 cm de diámetro, y usualmente se encuentra camuflada con la vegetación, sin formar un montículo que alerte de su presencia.[6]

Reproducción

Su periodo de cría es de abril a julio. La gestación dura 28 días, pariendo una única camada anual de unas 8 crías de promedio,[1]​ compuesta de crías sin bellos corporales, ciegas y desdentadas, que pesan de 3 a 4 gramos.[6]​ Las crías son amamantadas por 27 días, y emergen de la madriguera a las 5 semanas. Alcanzan la madurez sexual a los 8 o 9 meses la primavera siguiente a su nacimiento,[1]​ iniciando las actividades de apareamiento unas dos semanas después de emerger luego de su hibernación, las que se mantienen por otras dos semanas.[6]

No forman colonias, pero suelen concentrarse en áreas con sustrato apropiado para sus madrigueras,[4]​ prefiriendo vivir cerca a sus parientes inmediatos.[1]

Se sabe que se hibridan con Spermophilus mexicanus.[1]

Alimentación

Son una especie omnívora, con una dieta consistente de semillas, pastos, insectos, llegando a comer también pequeños vertebrados. Se alimentan de cultivos como trigo o maíz.[4]

En bajos números son beneficiosos para los cultivos, pues se alimentan de especies consideradas dañinas (como insectos) pero en grandes cantidades son dañinos, pues excavan y arrancan las semillas y plantas recién plantadas, dañando más de lo que consumen. Por no ser una especie protegida, pueden ser controladas con pesticidas, u otros métodos, como la captura. La exclusión de los campos (cercado) no es eficaz, pues la especie es capaz de trepar las bardas, o cavar bajo ellas.[6]

Hábitat y conservación

Vive estrictamente en terrenos secos y arenosos en áreas abiertas, como pastizales, campos cultivados, llanuras, orillas de caminos, aeropuertos, etcétera, que le permitan cavar sus madrigueras, donde descansa, cría e hiberna. Sus territorios se extienden una media de hasta 6 hectáreas, siendo de mayor tamaño el de los machos.[1]

Originalmente estaba confinada a las praderas, pero ha extendido su territorio en los últimos dos siglos, llegando a Ohio por el este, Montana y Arizona por el oeste, Alberta por el norte y Texas por el sur.[4]

La especie no se considera bajo peligro, aunque cada año muere más del 90% de los individuos jóvenes debido a la depredación, variando su densidad desde 24,5 individuos por hectárea hasta 2,5 justo antes de su hibernación.[1][4]

Subespecies

La especie presenta varias subespecies:[7]

  • S. t. alleni
  • S. t. arenicola
  • S. t. blanca
  • S. t. hollisteri
  • S. t. monticola
  • S. t. olivaceous
  • S. t. pallidus
  • S. t. parvus
  • S. t. texensis
  • S. t. tridecemlineatus

Referencias

  1. a b c d e f g Cassola, F. (2016). «Ictidomys tridecemlineatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 25 de mayo de 2017.
  2. a b Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Archivado el 29 de septiembre de 2007 en Wayback Machine.. e-Nature.com, Consultado el 22 de abril de 2009.
  3. Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russel; Helgen, Lauren E.; y Wilson, Don E (2009). «Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus». Journal of Mammalogy 90 (2): 270-305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1.
  4. a b c d e f g h i Petrella, S. 1999. "Spermophilus tridecemlineatus". Animal Diversity Web. Universidad de Michigan. Consultado el 22 de abril de 2009.
  5. a b c Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, ardilla de trece líneas. Mamíferos de América del Norte. Smithsonian Institution. Consultado el 22 de abril de 2009.
  6. a b c d e f Edward C. Cleary, Scott R. Craven. Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels and Their Control Archivado el 12 de abril de 2009 en Wayback Machine.. Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management (2005). Consultado el 22 de abril de 2009.
  7. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds). Spermophilus tridecemlineatus. 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3° ed).

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Ictidomys tridecemlineatus: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES
 src= Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

La ardilla de tierra de trece franjas (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus), llamada también ardilla de tierra o tuza listada, suslik de trece bandas, y espermofilo leopardo en la época de John James Audubon,​ es una especie de roedores en la familia Sciuridae.​ Se distingue por tener trece franjas marrón y blancas alternadas a lo largo de su zona dorsal y lateral, que pueden separarse en cadenas de puntos.​

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ( баскиски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Spermophilus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Mitchill (1821) Sciuridae Med. Repos. (NY).

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Spermophilus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Xerinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Spermophile rayé ( француски )

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Ictidomys tridecemlineatus

Le Spermophile rayé[1] (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) est un rongeur terrestre de la famille de Sciuridés originaire du centre de l'Amérique du Nord. Il est également appelé spermophile à treize bandes[1] ou souslik à treize bandes[1].

Références

  1. a b et c (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0444518770), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé

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Spermophile rayé: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Ictidomys tridecemlineatus

Le Spermophile rayé (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) est un rongeur terrestre de la famille de Sciuridés originaire du centre de l'Amérique du Nord. Il est également appelé spermophile à treize bandes ou souslik à treize bandes.

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열세줄땅다람쥐 ( корејски )

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열세줄땅다람쥐 또는 표범땅다람쥐(Ictidomys tridecemlineatus)은 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 작은땅다람쥐속에 속하는 땅다람쥐의 일종이다. 북아메리카의 초원과 대초원에서 널리 분포한다.

특징

몸길이는 170~297mm이고, 꼬리 길이는 60~132mm이다. 머리 크기는 27~41mm, 몸무게는 110~270g이다. 갈색 몸에 등과 옆구리의 길이 방향으로 13줄의 갈색과 희끄무레한 줄무늬가 있고, 검은 줄무늬 안에 희끄무레한 반점이 나 있다.

계통 분류

다음은 2009년 헬겐(Helgen) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[3]

마멋족      

열대땅다람쥐속

   

영양다람쥐속

         

바위다람쥐속

   

황금망토땅다람쥐속

     

마멋속

         

땅다람쥐속

      작은땅다람쥐속

멕시코땅다람쥐

     

리오그란데땅다람쥐

   

열세줄땅다람쥐

         

프랭클린땅다람쥐속

     

프레리도그속

   

피그미땅다람쥐속

         

전북구땅다람쥐속

       

각주

  1. “Spermophilus tridecemlineatus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 8일에 확인함.
  2. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 754–818쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russell; Helgen, Lauren E.; Wilson, Don E. (April 2009). “Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus” (PDF). 《Journal of Mammalogy》 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1. 2011년 10월 22일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
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