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Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Morphology ( англиски )

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Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

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Mystacinidae ( оскитански (по 1500 г.) )

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Aquesta familha compren pas qu'un sol genre :

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Mystacinidae ( англиски )

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Mystacinidae is a family of unusual bats, the New Zealand short-tailed bats. There is one living genus, Mystacina, with two species, one of which could have possibly become extinct in the 1960s. They are medium-sized bats, about 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in length, with grey, velvety fur.

Species and range

The origins of this family go back to the Late Oligocene of Australia, with the genus Icarops. Several fossil species are also known from the contemporary Saint Bathans Fauna in New Zealand. The oldest unambiguous fossils of the living genus date to the Miocene of New Zealand.[1] A second extinct genus, Vulcanops, lived sympatrically with Mystacina in New Zealand from the Miocene until its extinction during the Pleistocene. The study describing Vulcanops also renders Icarops paraphyletic in regards to the rest of the family.[2]

Mystacines appear to have been an old Gondwanan lineage; they diverged from other bat groups within Noctilionoidea (a primarily Gondwanan group otherwise including Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae and Mormoopidae) around 51-41 million years ago.[3]

Description

Mystacinids have some unusual characteristics compared to other bats. They spend much of the time on the ground, instead of flying, and are unique in having the ability to fold their wings into a leathery membrane when not in use. Another distinctive feature of the group is an additional projection on some of the claws, which may aid in digging or climbing. They are omnivorous, eating fruit and carrion in addition to ground-dwelling arthropods. They also eat pollen and nectar, which they are able to collect with their extensible tongues. They sometimes chew out burrows in rotting wood, but can also roost in rock crevices or the burrows of seabirds.[4]

Many old sources refer to the terrestriality of these bats as a trait acquired due to island endemism, assumed to have evolved due to the absence of terrestrial mammals in New Zealand. However, Icarops, a mainland Australian genus, shows adaptations to terrestriality, suggesting that it evolved prior to the colonisation of New Zealand, in an environment dominated by terrestrial mammals such as marsupials and monotremes.[5] Furthermore, the Saint Bathans fossil species co-existed with the Saint Bathans mammal, suggesting that New Zealand wasn't devoid of land mammals when these bats first arrived.

They give birth once each summer, to a single young. They are able to hibernate during the winter.[6]

In 2010 the Department of Conservation discovered a feral cat that was responsible for killing over 100 short-tailed bats over a seven-day period in a forested area on the southern slope of Mount Ruapehu.[7]

References

  1. ^ Hand, S.J. (2015). "Miocene Fossils Reveal Ancient Roots for New Zealand's Endemic Mystacina (Chiroptera) and Its Rainforest Habitat". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0128871. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1028871H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128871. PMC 4470663. PMID 26083758.
  2. ^ Hand, S. J.; Beck, R. M.; Archer, M.; Simmons, N. B.; Gunnell, G. F.; Scofield, R. P.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; De Pietri, V. L.; Salisbury, S. W.; Worthy, T. H. (2018). "A new, large-bodied omnivorous bat (Noctilionoidea: Mystacinidae) reveals lost morphological and ecological diversity since the Miocene in New Zealand". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 235. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18403-w.
  3. ^ [1]
  4. ^ Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 805. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  5. ^ Suzanne J Hand, Vera Weisbecker, Robin MD Beck, Michael Archer, Henk Godthelp, Alan JD Tennyson and Trevor H Worthy, Bats that walk: a new evolutionary hypothesis for the terrestrial behaviour of New Zealand's endemic mystacinids, BMC Evolutionary Biology20099:169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-169© Hand et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009 Received: 28 November 2008Accepted: 20 July 2009Published: 20 July 2009
  6. ^ Fenton, M. Brock (2001). Bats. New York: Checkmark Books. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0-8160-4358-2.
  7. ^ "Cat nabbed raiding the mothership". Department of Conservation. 22 April 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
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Mystacinidae: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Mystacinidae is a family of unusual bats, the New Zealand short-tailed bats. There is one living genus, Mystacina, with two species, one of which could have possibly become extinct in the 1960s. They are medium-sized bats, about 6 centimetres (2.4 in) in length, with grey, velvety fur.

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Mystacinidae ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Los mistacínidos (Mystacinidae) son una familia de murciélagos del suborden Microchiroptera que posee un solo género, Mystacina con dos especies, una de las cuales podría estar extinta. Se trata de animales de tamaño mediano (unos 6 cm) y un pelaje grisáceo que habitan Nueva Zelanda.

Se han encontrado fósiles del género Icarops en Australia que datan del Mioceno Inferior.[1]

Referencias

  1. Hand, S.J.; et al. (1998). «Mystacinid Bats (Microchiroptera) from the Australian Tertiary». Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 538-545. JSTOR 1306652.
  • Weinstein, B. and P. Myers. 2001. "Mystacinidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed May 27, 2005 at [1].
  • Daniel. M. 1985. New Zealand's Unique Burrowing Bats Are Endangered. [2].

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Mystacinidae: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Los mistacínidos (Mystacinidae) son una familia de murciélagos del suborden Microchiroptera que posee un solo género, Mystacina con dos especies, una de las cuales podría estar extinta. Se trata de animales de tamaño mediano (unos 6 cm) y un pelaje grisáceo que habitan Nueva Zelanda.

Se han encontrado fósiles del género Icarops en Australia que datan del Mioceno Inferior.​

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Mystacinidae ( француски )

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Les Mystacinidae (mystacinidés en français) forment une famille de chauve-souris généralement rattachées au sous-ordre des Microchiroptera[2].

Elles ont été surnommées « chauve-souris à courte queue de Nouvelle-Zélande » à partir des espèces actuelles vivantes endémiques à ce pays, ou « chauve-souris fouisseuses » pour indiquer leur faculté à se nourrir au sol en marchant à quatre pattes et en fouillant sous la litière forestière[2].

Les mystacinidés sont apparus et ont vécu en Australie de l'Oligocène supérieur au Miocène moyen entre 26 et 12 Ma (millions d'années), et sont présents en Nouvelle-Zélande au moins depuis le Miocène inférieur, il y a environ 20 Ma, jusqu'à nos jours[2].

Liste des genres et espèces

  • Vulcanops Hand et al., 2018, représenté par une seule espèce fossile :
    • Vulcanops jennyworthyae du Miocène inférieur de Nouvelle-Zélande[2],[7].

Description

Ce sont des chauve-souris singulières, car elles recherchent leur nourriture aussi bien en vol, qu'au sol, en marchant à quatre pattes où elles fouillent sous la litière forestière (d'où leur autre surnom de « chauve-souris fouisseuses »). Leur alimentation est ainsi très diversifiée : insectes, dont des weta, araignées, fruits, fleurs et nectar[7].

La denture de Vulcanops, très spécialisée, avec de grandes dents, semble indiquer un régime alimentaire différent, plus axé sur les végétaux et sur les petits vertébrés[2].

Références taxinomiques

Famille Mystacinidae

Notes et références

Références

  1. a et b (en) S.J. Hand et al., « Mystacinid Bats (Microchiroptera) from the Australian Tertiary », Journal of Paleontology, vol. 72, no 3,‎ 1998, p. 538–545 (JSTOR )
  2. a b c d e et f (en) Suzanne J. Hand et al. 2018. A new, large-bodied omnivorous bat (Noctilionoidea: Mystacinidae) reveals lost morphological and ecological diversity since the Miocene in New Zealand. Scientific Reports 8, article number: 235; doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18403-w, url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-18403-w
  3. (en) Carter, G.G. et Riskin, D.K., « Mystacina tuberculata », Mammalian Species,‎ 2006, Number 790: pp. 1–8 (DOI )
  4. (en) Blackburn, « Muttonbird islands diary », Notornis, vol. 12, no 4,‎ 1965, p. 191–207
  5. (en) IUCN, « Mystacina robusta: O'Donnell, C. », IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,‎ 2008 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  6. (en) Hand SJ, Lee DE, Worthy TH, Archer M, Worthy JP, Tennyson AJD, et al. (2015) Miocene Fossils Reveal Ancient Roots for New Zealand’s Endemic Mystacina (Chiroptera) and Its Rainforest Habitat. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128871. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128871, [1]
  7. a et b (en) « Fossils Reveal Giant New Species of Burrowing Bat: Vulcanops jennyworthyae », 2018 (consulté le 12 janvier 2018)

Voir aussi

Annexes

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Mystacinidae: Brief Summary ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Les Mystacinidae (mystacinidés en français) forment une famille de chauve-souris généralement rattachées au sous-ordre des Microchiroptera.

Elles ont été surnommées « chauve-souris à courte queue de Nouvelle-Zélande » à partir des espèces actuelles vivantes endémiques à ce pays, ou « chauve-souris fouisseuses » pour indiquer leur faculté à se nourrir au sol en marchant à quatre pattes et en fouillant sous la litière forestière.

Les mystacinidés sont apparus et ont vécu en Australie de l'Oligocène supérieur au Miocène moyen entre 26 et 12 Ma (millions d'années), et sont présents en Nouvelle-Zélande au moins depuis le Miocène inférieur, il y a environ 20 Ma, jusqu'à nos jours.

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Mystacinidae ( италијански )

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Mystacinidae, noti anche come pipistrelli dalla coda corta della Nuova Zelanda, sono un'inusuale famiglia di pipistrelli microchiropteri. Questa famiglia contiene tre generi: Mystacina, l'unico genere vivente, e i due generi fossili Icarops e Vulcanops. Il genere Mystacina contiene due specie, una delle quali si ritiene si sia estinta negli anni '60. Questi animali sono pipistrelli di medie dimensioni, lunghi circa 6 centimetri (2,4 pollici), dalla pelliccia grigia e vellutata.

Descrizione

I Mystacinidi sono una delle famiglie di pipistrelli più inusuali conosciute. Passano gran parte del loro tempo a terra, invece di volare, e sono unici nell'avere la possibilità di piegare le ali in una membrana coriacea quando non sono in volo. Un'altra caratteristica distintiva del gruppo è un'ulteriore proiezione su alcuni degli artigli, che li aiuta a scavare e/o arrampicarsi. Sono onnivori, mangiano frutta e carogne oltre ad artropodi terrestri. Si nutrono anche di polline e nettare, che sono in grado di raccogliere con le loro lingue estensibili. Di solito si scavano tane nel legno putrefatto, ma possono anche riposarsi in fessure delle rocce o nelle tane degli uccelli marini.[1]

Molte vecchie fonti si riferiscono alle abitudini terrestri di questi pipistrelli come un tratto acquisito a causa dell'endemismo insulare, che si presume si sia evoluto a causa dell'assenza di mammiferi terrestri in Nuova Zelanda. Tuttavia, Icarops, un genere dell'Australia continentale, mostra adattamenti alla vita terrestre, suggerendo che si sia evoluto prima della colonizzazione della Nuova Zelanda, in un ambiente dominato da mammiferi terrestri come i marsupiali e i monotremi.[2] Inoltre, le specie fossili di Saint Bathans coesistettero con altri mammiferi di Saint Bathans, suggerendo che la Nuova Zelanda non era priva di mammiferi terrestri quando questi pipistrelli arrivarono sulle isole per la prima volta.

Questi pipistrelli danno alla luce un singolo cucciolo ogni estate. Sono in grado di ibernarsi durante l'inverno.[3]

Nel 2010, il Dipartimento di Conservazione ha scoperto un gatto randagio responsabile di aver ucciso oltre 100 pipistrelli dalla coda corta in soli sette giorni in un'area boschiva sul versante meridionale del Monte Ruapehu.[4]

Specie

La famiglia Mystacinidae contiene anche il genere estinto Icarops noto da fossili risalenti all'Oligocene e Miocene ritrovati in Australia, così come diversi fossili della contemporanea Fauna di San Bathan in Nuova Zelanda. I fossili più antichi e non ambigui del genere vivente risalgono al tardo Pleistocene della Nuova Zelanda,[5] sebbene la suddetta specie di San Bathan possa appartenere al genere.[6] Un secondo genere estinto, Vulcanops, visse simpaticamente con Mystacina in Nuova Zelanda nel Miocene fino alla sua estinzione durante il Pleistocene. Lo studio che descrive Vulcanops rende anche Icarops parafiletico per quanto riguarda il resto della famiglia.[7]

Sembra che i Mystacini siano un vecchio lignaggio gondwanico; essi si diversificarono da altri gruppi di pipistrelli all'interno di Noctilionoidea (un gruppo principalmente Gondwanico che includeva altrimenti Noctilionidae, Phyllostomidae e Mormoopidae) circa 51-41 milioni di anni fa.[8]

Note

  1. ^ Macdonald, D. (a cura di), The Encyclopedia of Mammals, New York, Facts on File, 1984, p. 805, ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  2. ^ Suzanne J Hand, Vera Weisbecker, Robin MD Beck, Michael Archer, Henk Godthelp, Alan JD Tennyson and Trevor H Worthy, Bats that walk: a new evolutionary hypothesis for the terrestrial behaviour of New Zealand's endemic mystacinids, BMC Evolutionary Biology20099:169 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-169© Hand et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009 Received: 28 November 2008Accepted: 20 July 2009Published: 20 July 2009
  3. ^ M. Brock Fenton, Bats, New York, Checkmark Books, 2001, pp. 129–130, ISBN 0-8160-4358-2.
  4. ^ Cat nabbed raiding the mothership, su doc.govt.nz, Department of Conservation, 22 aprile 2010. URL consultato il 14 febbraio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 19 febbraio 2013).
  5. ^ Carter, G.G. e Riskin, D.K., Mystacina tuberculata, in Mammalian Species, 2006, pp. Number 790: pp. 1–8, DOI:10.1644/790.1.
  6. ^ Worthy, Trevor; Hand, SJ; Worthy, TH; Archer, M; Worthy, JP; Tennyson, AJD; Scofield, RP (2013). "Miocene mystacinids (Chiroptera, Noctilionoidea) indicate a long history for endemic bats in New Zealand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (6): 1442-1448.
  7. ^ Hand, S. J.; Beck, R. M.; Archer, M.; Simmons, N. B.; Gunnell, G. F.; Scofield, R. P.; Tennyson, A. J. D.; De Pietri, V. L.; Salisbury, S. W.; Worthy, T. H. (2018). "A new, large-bodied omnivorous bat (Noctilionoidea: Mystacinidae) reveals lost morphological and ecological diversity since the Miocene in New Zealand". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 235. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18403-w.
  8. ^ [1]

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Mystacinidae: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Mystacinidae, noti anche come pipistrelli dalla coda corta della Nuova Zelanda, sono un'inusuale famiglia di pipistrelli microchiropteri. Questa famiglia contiene tre generi: Mystacina, l'unico genere vivente, e i due generi fossili Icarops e Vulcanops. Il genere Mystacina contiene due specie, una delle quali si ritiene si sia estinta negli anni '60. Questi animali sono pipistrelli di medie dimensioni, lunghi circa 6 centimetri (2,4 pollici), dalla pelliccia grigia e vellutata.

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Mystacinidae ( португалски )

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Mystacinidae é uma família de morcegos que possui apenas um género, Mystacina, com duas espécies.

Os membros desta família são os que menos se assemelham a típicos morcegos. Passam grande parte do tempo no solo e têm a habilidade única de poderem enrolar as suas asas numa membrana, quando não as usam.

Espécies

Referências

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • Weinstein, B. and P. Myers. 2001. "Mystacinidae" (Online), Animal Diversity Web. Accesso em 27 Maio 2005 em [1].
  • Daniel. M. 1985. New Zealand's Unique Burrowing Bats Are Endangered. [2].

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Mystacinidae: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Mystacinidae é uma família de morcegos que possui apenas um género, Mystacina, com duas espécies.

Os membros desta família são os que menos se assemelham a típicos morcegos. Passam grande parte do tempo no solo e têm a habilidade única de poderem enrolar as suas asas numa membrana, quando não as usam.

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