Статии за Nepenthes - Енциклопедија на живиот свет

Nepenthes ( малајски )

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Nepenthes (/nᵻˈpɛnθiːz/), juga dikenali sebagai pohon periuk kera, ialah sebuah genus tumbuhan karnivor dalam famili monotip Nepenthaceae. Genus ini mempunyai lebih kurang 170 spesies,^[2] serta sebilangan alamiah dan hibrid tanaman.

Pohon-pohon ini kebanyakannya pohon liana kawasan tropika Dunia Lama, dari China Selatan, Indonesia, Malaysia dan Filipina; ke barat hingga Madagascar (dus spesies) dan Seychelles (satu); ke selatan hingga Australia (tiga) dan New Caledonia (satu); dan ke arah utara ke India (satu) dan Sri Lanka (satu). kepelbagaian terbesar didapati di Borneo, Sumatra, dan Filipina, yang memiliki banyak spesies endemik. Kebanyakannya adalah tumbuhan kawasan panas dan lembap, tetapi majoriti adalah tumbuhan gunung ("montane"), kawasan di mana terdapat siang hari yang hangat dan malam yang dingin sepanjang tahun. Sebilangan kecil dikira sebagai alpin tropika, dengan hari dingin dan malam hampir beku. Nama "periuk kera" diberi kerana kera pernah dilihat meminum air hujan dari pohon-pohon ini.

Etimologi

Nama genus Nepenthes pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1737 di dalam Hortus Cliffortianus karya Carl Linnaeus^[3] Ia merujuk kepada petikan daripada karya Odyssey Homer di mana posyen "Nepenthes pharmakon" diberi kepada Helen oleh seorang ratu Mesir.

Nepenthes daripada Species Plantarum Carolus Linnaeus, tahun 1753

Nama "periuk kera" dalam bahasa Inggeris (monkey cups) pernah dibincang di dalam majalah National Geographic terbitan tahun Mei 1964^[4].

Pohon-pohon ini juga dikenali sebagai kantong semar di Indonesia dan sako ni Hudas, (kantung duit Judas) di Filipina.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^ Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines". Phytotaxa. 151 (1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ Linnaeus, C. 1737. Nepenthes. Hortus Cliffortianus. Amsterdam.
^ Zahl, P.A. (1964). "Malaysia's Giant Flowers and Insect-trapping Plants". National Geographic. 125 (5): 680–701.

Danser's Monograph on Nepenthes (covers species from Malaysia, Indonesia and New Guinea, but not elsewhere)
Nepenthaceae in: Watson, L., and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The Families of Flowering Plants. Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, Information Retrieval.

Bacaan lanjut

Amagase, S.; Nakayama, S.; Tsugita, A. (1969). "Acid protease in Nepenthes. II. Study on the specificity of nepenthesin". The Journal of Biochemistry. 66 (4): 431–439. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a129166.
Athauda, S.B.P.; Matsumoto, K.; Rajapakshe, S.; Kuribayashi, M.; Kojima, M.; Kubomura-Yoshida, N.; Iwamatsu, A.; Shibata, C.; Inoue, H.; Takahashi, K. (2004). "Enzymatic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases" (PDF). Biochemical Journal. 381 (1): 295–306. doi:10.1042/BJ20031575. PMC 1133788 . PMID 15035659.
Bauer, U.; Bohn, H.F.; Federle, W. (2008). "Harmless nectar source or deadly trap: Nepenthes pitchers are activated by rain, condensation and nectar". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 275 (1632): 259–265. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1402. PMC 2593725 . PMID 18048280.
Beaver, R.A. (1979). "Biological studies of the fauna of pitcher plants Nepenthes in west Malaysia". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France. 15: 3–17.
Beaver, R.A. 1983. The communities living in Nepenthes pitcher plants: fauna and food webs. In: J.H. Frank & L.P. Lounibos (eds.) Phytotelmata: Plants as Hosts for Aquatic Insect Communities. Plexus Publishing, New Jersey. pp. 129–159.
Beaver, R.A. (1985). "Geographical variation in food web structure in Nepenthes pitcher plants". Ecological Entomology. 10 (3): 241–248. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1985.tb00720.x.
Beekman, E.M. (2004). "A Note on the Priority of Rumphius' Observation of Decapod Crustacea Living In Nepenthes". Crustaceana. 77 (8): 1019–1021. doi:10.1163/1568540042781748.
Bohn, H.F.; Federle, W. (2004). "Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (39): 14138–14143. doi:10.1073/pnas.0405885101. PMC 521129 . PMID 15383667.
(Perancis) Boulay, J. 1997. Les Nepenthes. Dionée 38.
Carlquist, S (1981). "Wood Anatomy of Nepenthaceae". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 108 (3): 324–330. doi:10.2307/2484711. JSTOR 2484711.
Chia, T.F.; Aung, H.H.; Osipov, A.N.; Goh, N.K.; Chia, L.S. (2004). "Carnivorous pitcher plant uses free radicals in the digestion of prey". Redox Report. 9 (5): 255–261. doi:10.1179/135100004225006029. PMID 15606978.
Edwards, P (2005). "Growing Nepenthes – Part 1" (PDF). Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 75: 6–8.
Frazier, C.K. (2000). "The Enduring Controversies Concerning the Process of Protein Digestion in Nepenthes". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 29 (2): 56–61.
Jenkin, A (2005). "Nepenthes pollination" (PDF). Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Inc. 75: 12–13. Diarkibkan daripada asal (PDF) pada 2011-07-07.
Jennings, D.E.; Rohr, JR. (2011). "A review of the conservation threats to carnivorous plants". Biological Conservation. 144 (5): 1356–1363. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.013.
Karagatzides, J.D.; Ellison, A.M. (2009). "Construction costs, payback times, and the leaf economics of carnivorous plants". American Journal of Botany. 96 (9): 1612–1619. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900054. PMID 21622347.
Meimberg, H.; Wistuba, A.; Dittrich, P.; Heubl, G. (2001). "Molecular Phylogeny of Nepenthaceae Based on Cladistic Analysis of Plastid trnK Intron Sequence Data". Plant Biology (Stuttgart). 3 (2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897.
Mithöfer, A (2011). "Carnivorous pitcher plants: insights in an old topic". Phytochemistry. 72 (13): 1678–1682. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.024. PMID 21185041.
Mokkamul, P.; Chaveerach, A.; Sudmoon, R.; Tanee, T. (2007). "Species Identification and Sex Determination of the Genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 10 (4): 561–567. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.561.567. PMID 19069535.
Moran, J.A.; Booth, W.E.; Charles, J.K. (1999). "Aspects of Pitcher Morphology and Spectral Characteristics of Six Bornean Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Species: Implications for Prey Capture" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 83 (5): 521–528. doi:10.1006/anbo.1999.0857.
Nosonovsky, M (2011). "Materials science: slippery when wetted". Nature. 477 (7365): 412–413. doi:10.1038/477412a. PMID 21938059.
Osunkoya, O.O.; Daud, S.D.; Di-Giusto, B.; Wimmer, F.L.; Holige, T.M. (2007). "Construction Costs and Physico-chemical Properties of the Assimilatory Organs of Nepenthes Species in Northern Borneo". Annals of Botany. 99 (5): 895–906. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm023. PMC 2802909 . PMID 17452380.
Pavlovič, A.; Masarovičová, E.; Hudák, J. (2007). "Carnivorous Syndrome in Asian Pitcher Plants of the Genus Nepenthes". Annals of Botany. 100 (3): 527–536. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm145. PMC 2533595 . PMID 17664255.
Poppinga, S.; Koch, K.; Bohn, H.F.; Barthlott, W. (2010). "Comparative and functional morphology of hierarchically structured anti-adhesive surfaces in carnivorous plants and kettle trap flowers". Functional Plant Biology. 37 (10): 952–961. doi:10.1071/FP10061.
Riedel, M.; Eichner, A.; Meimberg, H.; Jetter, R. (2007). "Chemical composition of epicuticular wax crystals on the slippery zone in pitchers of five Nepenthes species and hybrids". Planta. 225 (6): 1517–1534. doi:10.1007/s00425-006-0437-3. PMID 17109149.
Schulze, W.; Frommer, W.B.; Ward, J.M. (1999). "Transporters for ammonium, amino acids and peptides are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes". The Plant Journal. 17 (6): 637–646. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00414.x.
Vines, S.H. (1876). "On the Digestive Ferment of Nepenthes". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 11 (1): 124–127. PMC 1309768 . PMID 17231131.
Wong, T.-S.; Kang, S.H.; Tang, S.K.Y.; Smythe, E.J.; Hatton, B.D.; Grinthal, A.; Aizenberg, J. (2011). "Bioinspired self-repairing slippery surfaces with pressure-stable omniphobicity" (PDF). Nature. 477 (7365): 443–447. doi:10.1038/nature10447. PMID 21938066.

Pautan luar

Wikispesies mempunyai maklumat berkaitan dengan Nepenthes Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Nepenthes.

Nepenthes - the Monkey Cups from the Botanical Society of America
Nepenthes: The Interactive Guide at CarnivorousPlants.co.uk
Nepenthes photographs at the Carnivorous Plant Photo Finder
A video about Nepenthes rajah from The Private Life of Plants
The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Nepenthes by Barry Rice
Evolution -- Nepenthes Phylogeny from the International Carnivorous Plant Society
Inner World of Nepenthes from the John Innes Centre

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Nepenthes