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Morphology ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers range from tawny to pinkish red in color, and they can change coloration based on mood and behavior. They display five dark, unevenly spaced bars across their body, and a distinctive bar runs from the snout to the dorsal fin. Also characteristic of Nassau groupers is a large black spot at the base of the tail. In juveniles, the caudal fin is rounded, whereas adults display a truncated fin characteristic of groupers. Nassau groupers can grow up to 1.2 m in length, though more commonly they grow between 8 and 72 cm (average 32 cm). They weigh between 2 and 27 kg (average 12 kg).

Range mass: 2 to 27 kg.

Average mass: 12 kg.

Range length: 8 to 72 cm.

Average length: 32 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Kime, J. 2011. "Epinephelus striatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Epinephelus_striatus.html
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Associations ( англиски )

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Given its size and habitat, Nassau groupers have few known predators. Sharks may occasionally attack groups of spawning Nassau groupers, and yellowtail snappers eat their eggs. Other predators may include moray eels, which prey on small groupers, and hammerhead and sandbar sharks, which prey on larger groupers. Nassau groupers also practice cannibalism on occasion. Humans are the primary predator of Nassau groupers, having greatly reduced populations of this species through commercial fishing.

Known Predators:

  • humans Homo sapiens
  • yellowtail snappers Ocyurus chrysurus

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Behavior ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers primarily communicate by altering their skin colors and patterns, especially when ready to spawn. Their normal barred color pattern is typically seen, but can become lighter, darker, or change to a bicoloration with a dark top and white bottom. This coloration may signify aggression and reception to spawning.

Communication Channels: visual

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Due to overfishing, Nassau groupers are listed as endangered on the ICUN Red List and were therefore closed to harvest in 1992. Fishing regulations mandate fish must not be removed from the water, but rather the line must be cut. Even with these regulations in place, populations are still declining.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Life Cycle ( англиски )

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Once fertilization occurs, eggs of Nassau groupers hatch within 48 hours. The larval period lasts 35 to 40 days, during which they are not recognizable as groupers. Nassau groupers reach sexual maturity between 4 and 8 years of age.

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Benefits ( англиски )

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There are no known adverse effects of Nassau groupers on humans.

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Benefits ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers have been heavily fished and were once considered the most economically important fish of the Bahamas (1992). In addition to commercial fishing, this species also is a form of ecotourism. In 1999, Nassau groupers brought $18 million to Florida from tourism and sport fishing. Fishing, however, has been limited in recent years do to their endangered status. Nassau groupers are also good candidates for aquacultures, and spawning can be induced in this species using human chrionic gonadotropin (HCG).

Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism

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Kime, J. 2011. "Epinephelus striatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Epinephelus_striatus.html
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Associations ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers prey on a variety of marine invertebrates and fish. They compete with other groupers because of overlapping habitat and also likely compete with snappers, jacks, barracudas, and sharks. Nassau groupers also act as hosts to a number of parasites, including copepods, nematodes in the gonads, several trematodes (Lecithochirum parvum and Lecithochirum microstomum) in the gut, and larval tapeworms that infest the viscera. Nassau groupers also form a symbiotic relationship with some gobies and shrimp, which remove parasitic copepods from their bodies, fins, mouth, and gill chambers.

Mutualist Species:

  • goby Gobiidae
  • shrimp Caridea

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • tapeworms Anoplocephala perfoliata
  • Nematoda
  • trematode Lecithochirum parvum
  • trematode Lecithochirum microstomum
  • copepods Copepoda
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Kime, J. 2011. "Epinephelus striatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Epinephelus_striatus.html
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers are generalists which feed predominantly at down and dusk. This species has a unique method of engulfing its prey, quickly moving its gills to create suction, or negative pressure, that draws prey into its open mouth. As age and size increase, so do the preferred prey size. Juveniles and smaller young adults prey on crustaceans and bivalves, while older Nassau groupers mainly eat fish, lobsters, and gastropods.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers, Epinephelus striatus, can be found in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean as far north as the Carolinas of the United States down the Atlantic seaboard to southern Brazil. Their range stretches as far west as the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Nassau groupers are considered a migratory species in the Gulf of Mexico and are rarely seen there.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native )

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Habitat ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers are most commonly found in shallow water reefs, both natural and artificial. While they have been recorded at depths up to 100 m, they are more prolific in depths above 30 m. Nassau groupers can also be found in beds of sea grasses and prefer areas of high visibility. Late juveniles to young adults prefer corals with large macroalgal populations. This species is also euryhaline, meaning it can tolerate a wide range of salinities. During spawning, Nassau groupers can be found meters offshore, which has in part led to their exploitation and subsequent placement on the IUCN Red List.

Range depth: 1 to 100 m.

Average depth: 30 m.

Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal

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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers generally live 12 to 16 years in the wild, depending on environmental pressures. The oldest recorded Nassau grouper caught in the wild was 29 years of age.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
29 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
12 to 16 years.

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers aggregate to specific spawning sites on the full moon during December and January. This peculiar timing is of particular interest to scientists, who have suggested that, like other marine mammals, the gravitational pull of the moon at this specific time of year inspires migration to breeding grounds. Spawning aggregates can be as large as 100,000 individuals. Like other groupers, Nassau groupers are considered monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, meaning juveniles contain immature gonads for both genders and then directly mature as either male or female.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Nassau groupers congregate once a year at the edge of reef shelves in shallow water to spawn. They are strictly loyal to their spawning sites. This species changes its coloration when receptive to mating, usually becoming bicolor, darker, or incorporating a white belly. Dark coloration is though to be characteristic of males, while bicoloring and dark coloring typically correspond to submissive behaviors. Spawning peaks 3 to 5 days after the full moon, but can continue up to 8 days after. Eggs hatch 23 to 48 hours after fertilization and mature slowly, reaching reproductive maturity between 4 and 8 years of age (average 5 years of age). In captive populations, maturity occurs much sooner, which has been attributed to more abundant food sources and less environmental stress. In captivity, the average hatchling length of the notochord is 1.8 mm.

Breeding interval: Nassau groupers breed annually.

Breeding season: Spawning of Nassau groupers lasts 8 days and begins on the full moon of December or January.

Range gestation period: 23 to 48 hours.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 7 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 7 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; sequential hermaphrodite (Protogynous ); fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

Nassau groupers do not invest energy in their offspring post-fertilization.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement

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Biology ( англиски )

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Adults are generally solitary, with the exception of spawning events when hundreds to thousands of individuals were known to group together. In the southern extent of the grouper's range, these awesome aggregations occurred between December and February whilst those in northern waters fell between May and August (5). Historically, the same sites are used and the triggers that cause individuals to arrive appear to be related to the full moon and the temperature of the water (5). Complex courtship displays take place, culminating in the synchronised release of sperm and eggs at sunset; fertilisation thus occurs in the open water (4). Contrary to previous opinion, evidence now suggests that individual Nassau groupers occur as separate sexes and do not change from female to male, as many other groupers do (5). Juveniles usually settle in sea grass beds or clumps of coral (6) when they have reached roughly 32 millimetres in size; having previously spent around five weeks in the plankton as larvae (4). Groupers are usually found towards the bottom of the water column where they feed on a variety of prey, using their cryptic appearance to ambush fish such as parrotfish and wrasse (4). They are regular visitors to cleaning stations where small cleaning wrasse or shrimps will remove parasites from inside the grouper's mouth. Nassau groupers are long-lived, surviving for over 20 years in the wild (3).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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Following a massive lobbying effort by conservationists, the Nassau grouper has finally received some of the protection it requires if numbers are going to recover from past exploitation (3). Spawning sites are protected in the Cayman Islands and fishing is banned in Belize during the spawning season (1). Other countries in the area however, have been slow to introduce protection measures and extensive lobbying continues (1).
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Description ( англиски )

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The Nassau grouper is one of the larger reef fish and one that has suffered a dramatic decline during the 20th Century, primarily as a result of overfishing (3). These large groupers have a robust, oblong body; the background colour varies from light buff to pinkish red, depending on depth (4). There are five vertical brown bars, a brown saddle near the base of the tail and distinctive facial markings (5). Individuals are capable of altering their colour pattern to resemble that of the surrounding environment or as a means of communication (4).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Nassau groupers are found in shallow waters up to 90 metres deep, associated with reef or rocky substrate (4).
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Range ( англиски )

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Found in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea (4). Nassau groupers are known from Bermuda, the Bahamas and southern Florida coasts south to Central America and northern South America (6).
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Status ( англиски )

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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
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Threats ( англиски )

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The Nassau grouper was historically an important commercially harvested fish throughout the region; indeed, it is the most important finfish in the Bahamas (6). The behaviour of massing in predictably located spawning aggregations has meant that these fish are easy targets, caught by hook and line, traps and spearguns (6). In the 1990s however, fisheries documented a worrying decline in the size of catches, and aggregations are no longer observed in Puerto Rico, Bermuda or the United States Virgin Islands (3).
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Diagnostic Description ( англиски )

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Caudal fin rounded in juveniles. Dorsal fin notched between forward spines; 3rd or 4th spine the longest. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin; scales small and greatly overlapping. Ground color tawny in individuals in shallow water, shading to pinkish or red in those from deeper water, sometimes with an orange cast. Can change color pattern in a few minutes from almost white to uniformly dark brown depending on mood. Third and fourth vertical bars branch above lateral line forming a W-shaped mark. Several distinct black spots below and behind eye and a characteristic `tuning-fork shaped stripe on top of head, dividing just behind the orbits. (see also Refs. 5221, 5222, 5227 and 2458).
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Recorder
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Occurs from the shoreline to at least 90 m depth. Usually close to caves (Ref. 9710). The juveniles are common in seagrass beds, feeding mainly on crustaceans; adults common in shallow coral reefs (Ref. 5222). Observed hiding among the leaves of the turtle grass Thalassia testudinium, presumably in wait of prey; the coloration may serve primarily to conceal it from preys rather than from predators (Ref. 5230). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). Pelagic recruits feeding habits ranged from filter feeding to particulate feeding and piscivory (Ref. 59316). Their prey ranged from dinoflagellates to fish larvae, >0.9 cm SL (Ref. 59316).
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Dorsal spines (total): 11 - 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
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Migration ( англиски )

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Life Cycle ( англиски )

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Most males and females display a bicolored pattern during spawning. Courtship behavior involves vertical spiral movement, short vertical runs followed by rapid aggregation then rapid dispersal and horizontal runs near the bottom. Sex reversal reportedly between 30 and 80 cm SL. Some primary males found recently (Ref. 5222). Pelagic spawner (Ref. 31572).
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Biology ( англиски )

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Occurs from the shoreline to at least 90 m depth. Usually close to caves (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are common in seagrass beds. Diet comprises mainly of fishes (54%) and crabs (23%) and lesser amounts of other crustaceans and mollusks. It is solitary and mainly diurnal; but may sometimes form schools. Spawns near the new moon with up to 30,000 aggregating at certain spawning sites (Ref. 9710). The least wary and most friendly of all the groupers (Ref. 5226). Heavily fished and vulnerable to overfishing, particularly when migrating or aggregating to spawn (Ref. 9710). The most important commercial grouper in the West Indies. Marketed fresh, mostly between 2 to 10 kg (Ref. 3708).
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Importance ( англиски )

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fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums
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Mero de Nassau ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El mero de Nassau (Epinephelus striatus) és una espècie de peix de la família dels serrànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[4] present des de Bermuda, Florida, Bahames i la península de Yucatán fins al sud del Brasil, incloent-hi el Carib.[5] Els mascles poden assolir els 122 cm de longitud total.[5]

Referències

  1. Bloch M. E. 1793. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin. Naturg. Ausl. Fische v. 7. i-xiv + 1-144.
  2. BioLib
  3. Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  4. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  5. 5,0 5,1 FishBase (anglès)

Bibliografia

  • Aguilar-Perera A. i Aguilar-Davila W., 1996. A spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus (Pisces: Serranidae) in the Mexican Caribbean. Environmental Biology of Fishes 45: 351-361.
  • Baillie, J. i Groombridge, B., 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Suïssa.
  • Bannerot S.P., Fox W.W., Jr i Powers J.E., 1987. Reproductive strategies and the management of snappers and groupers in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. A: J.J. Polovina i S. Ralston (eds). Tropical snappers and groupers: biology and fisheries management. pp. 561-603. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.
  • Bloch, M. E. 1792. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin. Naturgeschichte der Ausländischen Fische. v. 6: i-xii + 1-126, Pls. 289-323.
  • Bryant, D., Burke, L., McManus, Dr. J.W. i Spalding, M., 1998. Reefs at Risk: a Map-based Indicator of Potential Threats to the World?s Coral Reefs. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. 56 pp.
  • Carleton Ray G., McCormick-Ray M.G., Layman C.A. i Silliman B.R., 2000. Investigations of Nassau grouper breeding aggregations at High Cay, Andros: implication for a conservation strategy. Final report. The Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Nassau, les Bahames.
  • Carter, J., 1988. Grouper mating ritual on a Caribbean reef. Underwater Naturalist 17: 8-11.
  • Claro, R. i Lindeman, K.C., 2003. Spawning aggregation sites of snapper and grouper species (Lutjanidae and Serranidae) on the insular shelf of Cuba. Gulf and Caribbean Research 14(2): 91-106.
  • Colin P.L., 1992. Reproduction of the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Pisces: Serranidae) and its relationship to environmental conditions. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 34:357-377
  • Dahlgren C.P., 1998. Population dynamics of early juvenile Nassau grouper: an integrated modelling and field study. Ph.D thesis. North Carolina State University.
  • Eggleston D.B., 1995. Recruitment in Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus: post-settlement abundance, microhabitat features and ontogenetic habitat shifts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 124:9-22.
  • Fine J.C., 1992. Greedy for Groupers. Wildlife Conservation. Maig/juny, 1992: 1-5.
  • Heemstra, P.C. i Randall, J.E., 1993, Groupers of the World (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 16., FAO Fish. Synop. Núm. 125, 125:I-viii, 1-382.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estats Units, 1997.
  • Lavett Smith, C., 1972. A spawning aggregation of Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Block). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 101: 225-261.
  • Moura, R.L., 2001. Serranidae. A: P.A. Buckup i N.A. Menezes (eds). Catálogo dos Peixes Marinhos e de Água Doce do Brasil.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall. Any 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
  • Paz, G. i Grimshaw, T., 2001. Status report on Nassau groupers for Belize, central America. Scientific report of the Green Reef Environmental Institute. San Pedro Town, Ambergris Caye, Belize.
  • Sadovy, Y., 1997. The case of the disappearing grouper: Epinephelus striatus, the Nassau grouper in the Caribbean and western Atlantic. Proceedings of the Gulf of Caribbean Fisheries Institute 45: 5-22.
  • Sadovy, Y. i Eklund, A.-M., 1999. Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792) and the Jewfish, Epinephelus itijara (Lichtenstein, 1822). U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Technical Report NMFS 146 i FAO Fisheries Synopsis 157.
  • Sala, E. i Ballesteros, E., 2000. Conservation status and dynamics of the Glover's Reef, Belize, spawning aggregation. December 1999 - January 2000. Scientific report to the Wildlife Conservation Society's Glover's Reef Marine Research Station, Belize.
  • Sala, E., Ballesteros, E. i Starr, R.M., 2001. Rapid decline of Nassau grouper spawning aggregations in Belize: fishery management and conservation needs. Fisheries, October 2001: 23-10.
  • Sedberry G.R., Stevenson D.E. i Chapman R.W., 1996. Stock identification in potentially threatened species of grouper (Teleostei: Serranidae: Epinephelinae) in Atlantic and Caribbean waters. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute.
  • Smith-Vaniz, W.F., Collette, B.B. i Luckhurst, B.E., 1999. Fishes of Bermuda: history, zoogeography, annotated checklist, and identification keys. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologist Special Publication No. 4. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

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Mero de Nassau: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El mero de Nassau (Epinephelus striatus) és una espècie de peix de la família dels serrànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes. present des de Bermuda, Florida, Bahames i la península de Yucatán fins al sud del Brasil, incloent-hi el Carib. Els mascles poden assolir els 122 cm de longitud total.

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Mero de Nassau amb un bus

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Nassau-Zackenbarsch ( германски )

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2017, cuba, jardines aggressor, los indios, nassau grouper maw (36883128693).jpg

Der Nassau-Zackenbarsch (Epinephelus striatus) ist bei Tauchern auch unter seinem englischen Namen Nassau Grouper bekannt.

Merkmale

Nassau-Zackenbarsche haben eine typische Barschgestalt mit einer vorderen, hartstrahligen und einer hinteren, weichstrahligen Rückenflosse. Der hartstrahlige Teil ist eingebuchtet, der dritte und der vierte Flossenstrahl sind am längsten. Die Basis des weichstrahligen Rückenflossenabschnitts und der Afterflosse sind mit kleinen, sich großflächig überlappenden Schuppen und mit dicker Haut bedeckt. Das große Maul gibt den Nassau-Zackenbarschen ein „grimmiges“ Aussehen. Sie zeigen für gewöhnlich, bei grauer oder brauner Grundfarbe, ein senkrechtes Muster heller und dunkler Streifen. Der dritte und vierte vertikale Streifen sind oberhalb der Seitenlinie geteilt und w-förmig. Die Streifen auf dem Kopf bilden eine Stimmgabelähnliche Form. Ein schwarzer Sattelfleck auf der Schwanzwurzel gilt als arttypisch. Exemplare aus tieferen Wasserregionen zeigen einen rötlichen Schimmer. Nassau-Zackenbarsche können ihre Farbe innerhalb weniger Minuten von weißlich zu dunkelbraun wechseln. Sie werden 80 Zentimeter lang. Jungfische besitzen eine abgerundete Schwanzflosse, bei ausgewachsenen Fischen endet sie gerade.

Verbreitung

Die Fische leben im tropischen Westatlantik, in der Karibik, im Golf von Mexiko, an der Küste Floridas, bei den Bahamas und Bermudas, südlich bis an die Küste Brasiliens an Fels- und Korallenriffen bis in eine Tiefe von 40 Meter. Durch die kommerzielle Fischerei und die Harpunenjagd sind sie in vielen Regionen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes selten geworden.

Fortpflanzung

Wie alle Zackenbarsche machen Nassau-Zackenbarsche im Laufe ihres Lebens eine Geschlechtsumwandlung durch. Sie sind zuerst Weibchen und wechseln im Alter von etwa fünf Jahren zum männlichen Geschlecht. Deshalb sind die Männchen stets größer. Die Fortpflanzungszeit wird vom Mond bestimmt. Neumondnächte sind bei den Bahamas der Auslöser, Vollmondnächte an der Küste Belizes und bei den Jungferninseln. Dann sammeln sich die Einzelgänger in riesigen Gruppen von 30.000 bis 100.000 Tieren und laichen gemeinsam ab. Die Eier haben einen Durchmesser von einem Millimeter. Schon nach einem Tag schlüpfen die Larven und leben 30 bis 40 Tage im Plankton, bis sie nach einer Metamorphose zum riffgebundenen Leben übergehen.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Nassau-Zackenbarsch: Brief Summary ( германски )

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2017, cuba, jardines aggressor, los indios, nassau grouper maw (36883128693).jpg

Der Nassau-Zackenbarsch (Epinephelus striatus) ist bei Tauchern auch unter seinem englischen Namen Nassau Grouper bekannt.

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Epinephelus striatus ( Nan )

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Epinephelus striatusSerranidae-kho ê hî-á, sǹg chi̍t chióng chio̍h-pan.

Chham-khó chu-liāu

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Epinephelus striatus: Brief Summary ( Nan )

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Epinephelus striatus sī Serranidae-kho ê hî-á, sǹg chi̍t chióng chio̍h-pan.

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Nassau grouper ( англиски )

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The Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) is one of the large number of perciform fishes in the family Serranidae commonly referred to as groupers.[3] It is the most important of the groupers for commercial fishery in the West Indies, but has been endangered by overfishing.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the Nassau grouper as critically endangered, due to commercial and recreational fishing and reef destruction.[1] Fishing the species is prohibited in US federal waters.[1] The Nassau grouper is a US National Marine Fisheries Service listed threatened species[4] by authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973.[5][6]

Description

A Nassau grouper, E. striatus, ambushes its prey on Caribbean coral reefs.

The Nassau grouper is a medium to large fish, growing to over a meter in length and up to 25 kg in weight. It has a thick body and large mouth, which it uses to "inhale" prey. Its color varies depending on an individual fish's circumstances and environment. In shallow water (down to 60 ft), the grouper is a tawny color, but specimens living in deeper waters are pinkish or red, or sometimes orange-red in color. Superimposed on this base color are a number of lighter stripes, darker spots, bars, and patterns, including black spots below and behind the eye, and a forked stripe on the top of the head.

Distribution and habitat

The Nassau grouper lives in the sea near reefs; it is one of the largest fish to be found around coral reefs. It can be found from the shoreline to nearly 100-m-deep water. It lives in the western Atlantic Ocean and around the Caribbean Sea, from Bermuda, Florida, and the Bahamas in the north to the eastern coast of Venezuela, but it is only found in a few places in the Gulf of Mexico, most notably along the coast of Belize.[7]

Biology

It is a solitary fish, feeding in the daytime, mainly on other fish and small crustaceans such as crabs and small lobsters. It spawns in December and January, always around the time of the full moon, and always in the same locations. By the light of the full moon, huge numbers of the grouper cluster together to mate in mass spawning.

Conservation

The Nassau grouper is fished both commercially and for sport; it is less shy than other groupers, and is readily approached by scuba divers. However, its numbers have been sharply reduced by overfishing in recent years, and it is a slow breeder. Furthermore, its historic spawning areas are easily targeted for fishing, which tends to remove the reproductively active members of the group. The species is therefore highly vulnerable to overexploitation, and is recognised as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. The governments of the United States, the Cayman Islands, and the Bahamas have banned or instituted closed fishing seasons for the Nassau grouper in recent years. In the Cayman Islands, fishing in the spawning holes of the grouper has been banned until the end of 2016. In the case of the Bahamas, the government has instituted a closed fishing season in which fishing for the Nassau grouper is banned from December to February. It is in a very high rate decline and is at serious risk of becoming extinct.

A large spawning site for the species is located at Glover's Reef, off the Belizean coast. It has been identified as one of only two viable sites remaining for the species, of 9 originally known locations. In 2002, a permanent marine protected area was established on Glover's Reef. However, the Nassau grouper's spawning region is not included in this marine protected area (MPA). Instead, their spawning area (located north of the MPA) is subjected to a three-month closure during winter spawning aggregations.[8]

Many conservation methods have been put in place to help the grouper, including closed seasons, when fishing is not allowed. These seasons take place during the spawning season. Regulations allow only fish over 3 lb to be harvested to give the younger fish a chance to spawn. Some areas are protected, and a complete ban on fishing the grouper in US waters has been instituted. Also, protection of the spawning sites at all times is in effect in certain places.

Status reviews

The U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service recently completed a review of the status of the species for Endangered Species listing.[9] They proposed to list the species as endangered.[10] However, analysis of declines in both populations as well as the size spawning aggregations has led to the species being uplisted to critically endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2018.[1]

Nassau grouper
Nassau grouper in Saba

The Nassau grouper has been depicted on postage stamps of Cuba (1965, 1975), the Bahamas (1971 5-cent), and Antigua and Barbuda (1987 40-c).

The threats to the grouper include overfishing, fishing during the breeding period, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and catching undersized grouper.

The Nassau grouper was placed on the World Conservation Union's redlist of threatened species in 1996, and it was determined to be endangered because its population has declined by 60% in the past 30 years. Over a third of spawning aggregations have been estimated to have disappeared, and the grouper is considered to be commercially extinct in some areas.

The current population is estimated to be more than 10,000 mature individuals, but is thought to be decreasing. Their suitable habitat is declining; they need quality coral reef habitats to survive. Their population outlook is not optimistic.

Further information

http://www.breef.org/Portals/0/Nassau%20Grouper%20notes.pdf

References

  1. ^ a b c d Sadovy, Y.; Aguilar-Perera, A.; Sosa-Cordero, E. (2018). "Epinephelus striatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T7862A46909843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7862A46909843.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Epinephelus striatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ Watanabe, Wade (30 June 2022). "Epinephelus striatus (nassau grouper)". www.bing.com. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  4. ^ "Nassau Grouper". NOAA Fisheries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 15 March 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  5. ^ "Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  6. ^ 81 FR 42268
  7. ^ Glover's Reef Marine Reserve. "Northeast Point". Government of Belize, Fisheries Department. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  8. ^ Shcherbina, Andrey; Glen G. Gawarkiewicz; Christopher A. Linder; Simon R. Thorrold (September 2008). "Mapping bathymetric and hydrographic features of Glover's Reef, Belize, with a REMUS autonomous underwater vehicle" (PDF). Limnology and Oceanography. 5. 53 (2264–2272): 8. Bibcode:2008LimOc..53.2264S. doi:10.4319/lo.2008.53.5_part_2.2264. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  9. ^ "Nassau Grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch 1792) Biological Report" 2014.
  10. ^ NMFS. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Notice of 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Nassau Grouper as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA).Federal Register;; v79, (2 September 2014), 51929-51942.

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Nassau grouper: Brief Summary ( англиски )

добавил wikipedia EN

The Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) is one of the large number of perciform fishes in the family Serranidae commonly referred to as groupers. It is the most important of the groupers for commercial fishery in the West Indies, but has been endangered by overfishing.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the Nassau grouper as critically endangered, due to commercial and recreational fishing and reef destruction. Fishing the species is prohibited in US federal waters. The Nassau grouper is a US National Marine Fisheries Service listed threatened species by authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

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Epinephelus striatus ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El mero estriado (Epinephelus striatus) es una especie de peces de la familia Serranidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

El mero estriado es una de las especies en consideración del Servicio de pesca marina de Los Estados Unidos. Las especies en consideración son las especies sobre las que la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica y el Servicio de pesca marina del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos tiene ciertas preocupaciones relacionadas al estado y las amenazas que esta especie podría presentar, pero para las cuales la información disponible no es suficiente para indicar la necesidad de listar la especie bajo la ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción Ley (ESA, por sus siglas en inglés) de EE.UU.

Descripción

El mero estriado es un pez con promedio de mediano a largo, creciendo sobre un metro de largo y hasta 25 kilogramos de peso. Tiene un cuerpo grueso y boca grande, que utiliza para "inhalar" presa. Su color varía en función de una circunstancia individual y el medio ambiente de los peces. En aguas poco profundas (hasta 60 pies), el mero es de color rojizo, pero los especímenes que viven en aguas más profundas son rosados o rojos, o algunas veces de color naranja-rojo. Sobrepuesto a este color de base poseen una serie de rayas más ligeras, manchas más oscuras, barras y patrones incluyendo manchas negras debajo y detrás del ojo, y una raya bífida en la parte superior de la cabeza.

Morfología

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 122 cm de longitud total.[2]

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra desde Bermudas, Florida, Bahamas y la Península de Yucatán hasta el sur del Brasil, incluyendo el Caribe.

Ecología

El mero estriado vive cerca de los arrecifes, es uno de los peces más grandes que se encuentran alrededor de los arrecifes de coral. Se puede encontrar en cualquier lugar de la costa, cerca de aguas que son de hasta 100 m de profundidad. El mero estriado vive en el oeste del Océano Atlántico, desde las Bermudas, Florida y las Bahamas en el norte hasta el sur de Brasil, pero solo se encuentra en unos pocos lugares en el Golfo de México, sobre todo a lo largo de las costas donde están los arrecifes de la Florida. Es un pez solitario, se alimenta durante el día, principalmente de otros peces y pequeños crustáceos como cangrejos y langostas pequeñas. Se engendra en gran cantidad en diciembre y enero, siempre en la época de la luna llena, y en los mismos lugares. A la luz de la luna llena, un gran número de meros se agrupan en masa para aparearse y engendrar en gran cantidad junto. Una razones por la cual la pesca del mero estriado esta tan agotada es porque sus enormes depósito de huevos hacen un blanco fácil para los pescadores, que recoger un gran número de peces reproductores, que entonces no puede, reproducirse. El Mero así como muchas otras especies de pargos están enfrentando el peligro de llegar a estar en peligro de extinción por la misma razón.

Conservación

El mero estriado es pescado tanto comercialmente como para deporte; es menos tímido que otros meros, y es fácilmente abordado por los buceadores. Sin embargo, sus números se han reducido considerablemente por la sobrepesca en los últimos años, y es un procriador lento. Además de sus áreas históricas de engendrar, son fácilmente blanco de la pesca, que tiende a remover a los miembros reproductivamente activa del grupo. La especie es por lo tanto muy vulnerables a la sobreexplotación, y es reconocida como en peligro de extinción en la Lista Roja de la UICN. Los gobiernos de los Estados Unidos, las Islas Caimán y las Bahamas han prohibido la pesca del mero estriado en los últimos años. En las Islas Caimán se ha prohibido la pesca en los hoyos de reproducción hasta el final de 2011, y en el caso de la pesca de meros en Bahamas también fue detenida los meses de diciembre de 2003 hasta febrero de 2004.El mero estriado se encuentra en tasa alta de disminución y en un serio riesgo de llegar a estar en peligro de extinción.

Referencias

  1. Cornish, A. & Eklund, A.-M. (2003). «Epinephelus striatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de noviembre de 2010.
  2. FishBase (en inglés)

Bibliografía

  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos, 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986. A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Epinephelus striatus: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

El mero estriado (Epinephelus striatus) es una especie de peces de la familia Serranidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

El mero estriado es una de las especies en consideración del Servicio de pesca marina de Los Estados Unidos. Las especies en consideración son las especies sobre las que la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica y el Servicio de pesca marina del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos tiene ciertas preocupaciones relacionadas al estado y las amenazas que esta especie podría presentar, pero para las cuales la información disponible no es suficiente para indicar la necesidad de listar la especie bajo la ley de Especies en Peligro de Extinción Ley (ESA, por sus siglas en inglés) de EE.UU.

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Epinephelus striatus ( баскиски )

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Epinephelus striatus Epinephelus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Epinephelus striatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Epinephelus striatus: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Epinephelus striatus Epinephelus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Epinephelus striatus ( француски )

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Mérou rayé, Mérou de Nassau

 src=
Un spécimen d’Epinephelus striatus (Cuba, août 2017).

Epinephelus striatus, communément nommé Mérou rayé ou Mérou de Nassau[1], est une espèce de poissons marins de la famille des Serranidae.

Le Mérou rayé est présent dans les eaux tropicales de l'Océan Atlantique occidental soit aux Bahamas, en Floride, aux Bermudes, la Péninsule du Yucatan, dans la Mer des Caraïbes. Il est toutefois absent du Golfe du Mexique[2].

Il peut atteindre une taille de 122 cm de long[3].

Notes et références

  1. Lieske & Myers, Guide des poissons des récifs coralliens, Delachaux & Niestlé, 2009, (ISBN 9782603016749)
  2. FishBase, consulté le 19 octobre 2013
  3. Humann, P. & N. Deloach, 1993. Reef fish identification. Galápagos. New World Publications, Inc., Florida. 267 p.

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Epinephelus striatus: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Mérou rayé, Mérou de Nassau

 src= Un spécimen d’Epinephelus striatus (Cuba, août 2017).

Epinephelus striatus, communément nommé Mérou rayé ou Mérou de Nassau, est une espèce de poissons marins de la famille des Serranidae.

Le Mérou rayé est présent dans les eaux tropicales de l'Océan Atlantique occidental soit aux Bahamas, en Floride, aux Bermudes, la Péninsule du Yucatan, dans la Mer des Caraïbes. Il est toutefois absent du Golfe du Mexique.

Il peut atteindre une taille de 122 cm de long.

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Kerapu nassau ( индонезиски )

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Kerapu Nassau (Epinephelus striatus) adalah ikan laut bertulang sejati yang tersebar mulai dari bagian barat Samudera Atlantik, yaitu Bermuda, Florida, Bahama, dan Semenanjung Yucatan di Meksiko, dan sepanjang Karibia hingga ke selatan Brazil. Kelompok ikan laut ini dikenal sebagai ikan yang bermigrasi hingga sejauh 220 km. Kerapu Nassau dapat hidup di area terumbu karang dangkal dengan kedalaman 1-90 meter, dan di area tropis. Secara umum, Kerapu Nassau di alam dapat hidup 12 - 16 tahun, catatan untuk ikan jenis ini paling tua ditemukan berumur 29 tahun. Menurut IUCN Redlist, Kerapu Nassau termasuk dalam list Terancam punah (Endangered) dikarenakan pemanenan komersil secara besar-besaran.[1]

Morfologi

Warna sisik Kerapu Nassau adalah kuning kecoklatan hingga merah muda, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengubah warna berdasarkan suasana hati dan perilaku. Mereka menampilkan lima bar yang gelap dan tidak merata di seluruh tubuh, dan sebuah bar yang berbeda sepanjang moncong ke sirip punggung. Karakteristik kerapu Nassau adalah titik hitam besar di pangkal ekor. Untuk ikan remaja, sirip ekor membulat, sedangkan ikan dewasa menampilkan karakteristik sirip seperti terpotong. Panjang Kerapu Nassau dapat mencapai 1,2 m panjang, meskipun secara umum tumbuh antara 8 dan 72 cm (rata-rata 32 cm) dengan berat antara 2 dan 27 kg (rata-rata 12 kg).


Rujukan

  1. ^ "Epinephelus striatus summary page". FishBase. Diakses tanggal 2018-11-29.
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Kerapu nassau: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

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Kerapu Nassau (Epinephelus striatus) adalah ikan laut bertulang sejati yang tersebar mulai dari bagian barat Samudera Atlantik, yaitu Bermuda, Florida, Bahama, dan Semenanjung Yucatan di Meksiko, dan sepanjang Karibia hingga ke selatan Brazil. Kelompok ikan laut ini dikenal sebagai ikan yang bermigrasi hingga sejauh 220 km. Kerapu Nassau dapat hidup di area terumbu karang dangkal dengan kedalaman 1-90 meter, dan di area tropis. Secara umum, Kerapu Nassau di alam dapat hidup 12 - 16 tahun, catatan untuk ikan jenis ini paling tua ditemukan berumur 29 tahun. Menurut IUCN Redlist, Kerapu Nassau termasuk dalam list Terancam punah (Endangered) dikarenakan pemanenan komersil secara besar-besaran.

Morfologi

Warna sisik Kerapu Nassau adalah kuning kecoklatan hingga merah muda, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengubah warna berdasarkan suasana hati dan perilaku. Mereka menampilkan lima bar yang gelap dan tidak merata di seluruh tubuh, dan sebuah bar yang berbeda sepanjang moncong ke sirip punggung. Karakteristik kerapu Nassau adalah titik hitam besar di pangkal ekor. Untuk ikan remaja, sirip ekor membulat, sedangkan ikan dewasa menampilkan karakteristik sirip seperti terpotong. Panjang Kerapu Nassau dapat mencapai 1,2 m panjang, meskipun secara umum tumbuh antara 8 dan 72 cm (rata-rata 32 cm) dengan berat antara 2 dan 27 kg (rata-rata 12 kg).


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Epinephelus striatus ( италијански )

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La cernia testa di toro (Epinephelus striatus) è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Serranidae.

Descrizione

Descritto per la prima volta nel 1782 da Marcus Ellese Bloch, un ittiologo tedesco, questo pesce ha un corpo allungato, con una grande testa ed un'ampia bocca caratterizzata da due labbra carnose, delle quali quella inferiore è solitamente più sporgente. La bocca, che può aprirsi notevolmente, è irta di denti il cui scopo è di trattenere le prede piuttosto che morderle. La pinna dorsale è parzialmente controllata dal pesce: poiché i primi raggi sono spinosi, solamente la parte finale può essere eretta ma viene tuttavia spesso mantenuta piegata. Sia questa che la pinna anale sono squamate alla base, mentre invece quelle pettorali non lo sono. Una particolarità della coda risiede nel fatto che essa muti forma con il passare degli anni: negli individui più giovani è arrotondata, mentre è invece convessa negli adulti. La gamma cromatica assunta dalla cernia varia a seconda di diversi fattori, in primis in funzione dell'ambiente in cui vive: in caso il pesce viva vicino alla superficie, il colore assunto sarà tendenzialmente vicino al grigio, qualora invece abiti presso il fondale, le tonalità varieranno verso un marrone rosato; E. striatus possiede la capacità di cambiare colore a suo piacimento, pertanto quanto affermato in precedenza non si dimostra sempre vero. Nonostante ciò ogni esemplare, indipendentemente da dove esso si trovi, possiede sempre 5 bande verticali bianche sul corpo ed un disegno sul capo a forma di ferro di cavallo. Sebbene la lunghezza media si aggiri intorno agli 80 cm ed i 10 kg di peso, sono stati pescati esemplari di 120 cm e di 23 kg.

 src=
Cernia testa di toro con colorazione grigia

Distribuzione ed habitat

È possibile imbattersi in questo pesce nell'Oceano Atlantico Occidentale, più specificamente nel Mar dei Caraibi, nelle acque delle Bahamas, intorno alla Penisola dello Yucatán, e nelle coste del Brasile. La sua presenza è stata anche riscontrata vicino alla Florida. Vive fino a 300 m di profondità, i giovani preferiscono le acque costiere e le praterie di alghe, mentre invece gli adulti gradiscono maggiormente le acque pelagiche con strutture coralline.

 src=
Cernia testa di toro con colorazione marrone

Biologia

Alimentazione

E. striatus non presenta particolari tendenze alimentari, infatti inghiotte qualunque cosa riesca ad entrare nella sua bocca. È un grande frequentatore delle stazioni di pulizia marine: lo si può spesso osservare con le mascelle spalancate mentre alcuni pesci pulitori entrano ed escono dalla sua bocca per rimuovere parassiti o ciò che rimane di un pasto.

Riproduzione

È una specie ermafrodita: inizia la sua vita come esemplare femmina, nel corso degli anni poi, diventa un maschio e rimane tale per il resto della vita. Si riproduce in inverno: le femmine liberano le uova in superficie e poi i maschi le fecondano. Il successo di questa strategia è però considerevolmente basso a causa della casualità del tutto.

Bibliografia

  • National Geographic, Enciclopedia degli Animali, 2006

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Epinephelus striatus: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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La cernia testa di toro (Epinephelus striatus) è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Serranidae.

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Nassautandbaars ( холандски; фламански )

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Vissen

De Nassautandbaars of Nassaubaars of Jacob Peper (Epinephelus striatus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zaagbaarzen (Serranidae), orde baarsachtigen (Perciformes). Het is een van de grotere zeebaarzen uit de familie Serranidae en komt voor in het westen en het zuidwesten van de Atlantische Oceaan van de eilanden van Bermuda tot aan de kust van Florida en de Bahama's.

Anatomie

De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 122 cm met een gewicht van 25 kilogram en kan maximaal 16 jaar oud worden. Van de zijkant gezien heeft het lichaam van de vis een normale vorm, van bovenaf gezien is de vorm het beste te typeren als gedrongen. De kop is min of meer recht. De ogen zijn normaal van vorm en zijn symmetrisch. De mond zit aan de bovenkant van de kop.

De vis heeft één zijlijn, één rugvin met 11-12 stekels en 16-18 vinstralen en één aarsvin met drie stekels en acht vinstralen.

Leefwijze

De Nassaubaars is een solitaire zoutwatervis die voorkomt in een tropisch klimaat. De soort is voornamelijk te vinden in kustwateren (zoals estuaria, lagunes en brakke zeeën), op open zee, koraalriffen en wateren waarvan de bodem bedekt is met zeegras. De diepte waarop de soort voorkomt is 1 tot 90 m onder het wateroppervlak. Zijn kleur varieert afhankelijk van de omgeving en waterdiepte, en is soms roodachtig, dan weer bruin of oranje-rood. De vis kan ook afhankelijk van zijn motivationele toestand van kleur veranderen. Over zijn basiskleur heen bevinden een aantal lichtere strepen en donkere plekken of strepen. In het paarseisoen komen groepen van duizenden exemplaren op specifieke plekken bijeen.

Het dieet van de vis bestaat hoofdzakelijk uit dierlijk voedsel, waarmee het zich voedt door te jagen op macrofauna en vis.

Relatie tot de mens

De Nassaubaars vormt een makkelijk doelwit voor vissers omdat hij altijd op dezelfde plaatsen en in hetzelfde seizoen eieren legt. Op deze broedplaatsen komen dan in de wintermaanden bij volle maan grote groepen Nassaubaarzen bijeen. Om de vis voor uitsterven te behoeden is op meerdere plaatsen, zoals de Kaaimaneilanden en Bahama's, het vissen verboden in de wintermaanden. De vis is voor de visserij van aanzienlijk commercieel belang. Bovendien wordt er op de vis gejaagd in de hengelsport. De soort kan worden bezichtigd in sommige openbare aquaria. Voor de mens is de jacob Peper potentieel gevaarlijk, omdat er vermeldingen van ciguatera-vergiftiging zijn geweest.

De soort is volgens de Rode Lijst van de IUCN een bedreigde diersoort.

Nassaubaars (Epinephelus striatus)

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
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Nassautandbaars: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

De Nassautandbaars of Nassaubaars of Jacob Peper (Epinephelus striatus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zaagbaarzen (Serranidae), orde baarsachtigen (Perciformes). Het is een van de grotere zeebaarzen uit de familie Serranidae en komt voor in het westen en het zuidwesten van de Atlantische Oceaan van de eilanden van Bermuda tot aan de kust van Florida en de Bahama's.

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Epinephelus striatus ( португалски )

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O mero-crioulo (Epinephelus striatus) é um peixe do gênero Epinephelus. A sua coloração é castanha com malhas brancas. As espécies de meros que têm menos de 15 centímetros a sua cauda é convexa (excepto em espécies como o mero-tigre), por isso esta espécie tem uma cauda convexa.

Referências

  1. Sadovy, Y.; Aguilar-Perera, A.; Sosa-Cordero, E. (2018). «Epinephelus striatus». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2018: e.T7862A46909843. doi:. Consultado em 11 de novembro de 2021
  2. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Epinephelus striatus" em FishBase. Versão December 2019.
  • NMFS. Species of Concern Fact Sheet [1]. 2008
  • Nelson M. Ehrhardt, Vallierre K.W. Deleveaux, The Bahamas’ Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) fishery- two assessment methods applied to a data-deficient coastal population, Fisheries Research 87 (2007) 17-27

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Epinephelus striatus: Brief Summary ( португалски )

добавил wikipedia PT

O mero-crioulo (Epinephelus striatus) é um peixe do gênero Epinephelus. A sua coloração é castanha com malhas brancas. As espécies de meros que têm menos de 15 centímetros a sua cauda é convexa (excepto em espécies como o mero-tigre), por isso esta espécie tem uma cauda convexa.

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Nassaugrouper ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Nassaugrouper[3] (Epinephelus striatus) är en art i familjen havsabborrfiskar som finns i västra Atlanten.

Utseende

En kraftig, avlång fisk med stort huvud. Ryggfenan har 9 taggstrålar med fria spetsar och 3:e eller 4:e strålen längst, samt 16 till 18 mjukstrålar. Analfenan har 3 taggstrålar och 8 mjukstrålar, medan bröstfenorna har 17 till 19 mjukstrålar. Stjärtfenan är konvex hos de vuxna fiskarna, mera mjukt rundad utan tydliga hörn hos ungdjuren. Grundfärgen är vanligtvis ljust gulbrun, med 5 mörkbruna tvärstreck längs sidorna (det 3:e och 4:e tvärstrecket delar sig upptill och formar tillsammans ett "W"[4]) samt en stor, svart, sadelformad fläck på övre delen av stjärtfenans spole. Ett band går dessutom från nosspets till ryggfenans främre kant. Under och bakom ögat har den en rad små, svarta prickar. Vissa individer har oregelbundna, bleka fläckar över huvud och kropp, medan djupvattenslevande exemplar kan vara skära till rödaktiga på undersidan. Arten har förmåga att snabbt byta färg beroende på humör, och växla från nästan helt vitt till ljämnbrunt på några minuter. Den kan även uppvisa ett tvåfärgat mönster med undersidan, inklusive alla fenorna utom ryggfenan vita, ett vitt längsband mitt på kroppen och resten brunt när den möter en artfrände som står över den i rang. Fenoment tros ha aggressionsdämpande effekt.[5] Som mest kan den bli 122 cm lång och väga 25 kg,[6] men vanligtvis håller sig längden hos de vuxna fiskarna mellan 8 och 72 cm (32 cm i medeltal) och vikten mellan 2 och 27 kg (medelvärde 12 kg)[7].

Vanor

Nassaugroupern är vanligast på grunda rev, men förekommer också på sjögräsklädda bottnar. Den kan gå ner till 100 meters djup, men föredrar vattendjup mindre än 30 meter. Större ungfiskar och unga vuxna föredrar koraller med kraftig algväxt.[7] Den tål stora förändringar i vattnets salthalt.[4] Arten är normalt solitär utanför parningstiden[8], även om den tillfälligtvis kan bilda stim. Den besöker ofta putsarfiskar, och låter dessa befria dem från parasiter från kroppen, munnen och gälarna.[9]

Arten betraktas som en orädd, vänlig art[6], och låter sig ofta matas av sportdykare.[9] Den är långlivad; medan den normala livslängden är 12 till 16 år, är den högsta konstaterade åldern för en vildlevande individ 29 år.[7]

Föda

Födan består främst av fisk, kräftdjur som räkor, krabbor och humrar samt åttaarmade bläckfiskar. Den tar i regel bytet från bakhåll, där den utnyttjar färgteckningens kamouflage och sin möjlighet att ändra färg. Bytet sugs vanligen in helt i munnen.[9]

Fortplantning

Parningstiden varierar beroende på det geografiska läget: I den södra delen av utbredningsområdet varar den från december och februari, medan den i den norra delen sträcker sig från maj till augusti. 100 000-tals fiskar samlas, och samma lekområden tenderar att användas år från år. [8] Ett regelrätt, ritualiserat lekförfarande börjar under sen eftermiddag, och honan lägger rommen, som befruktas av hanen, före solnedgången.[4] Äggen kläcks 1 till 2 dygn efter befruktning. Larvperioden, innan ungarna får det typiska fiskutseendet, varar mellan 35 och 40 dagar. Ungarna utvecklas långsamt, och blir inte könsmogna förrän vid 4 till 8 års ålder, med 5 år som ett genomsnitt.[7]

Betydelse för människan

Nassaugroupern är föremål för både kommersiellt fiske och sportfiske.[1] Den är en av de ekonomiskt sett viktigaste matfiskarna i Västindien och säljes färsk, vanligtvis med vikter från 2 till 10 kg.[6]

Status

Arten är klassificerad som starkt hotad ("EN", underklassificering "A2ad") av IUCN och beståndet minskar. De senaste 30 åren har det gått ner med ungefär 60%. Främsta orsaken är överfiske, i synnerhet som en stor del av fångsten sker när fiskarna samlats för att leka.[1]

Utbredning

Utbredningsområdet omfattar Florida i USA, Bermudaöarna, Bahamas och Västindien. Vissa tecken finns att det skulle finnas en andra population längs Brasiliens kust, ungefär från Forteleza till Rio de Janeiro, men dessa uppgifter är inte helt säkra.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d] Cornish, A. & Eklund, A.-M. 2003 Hyporthodus striatus (på engelska). Från: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Läst 2012-03-04.
  2. ^ Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=167706. Läst 4 mars 2012.
  3. ^ Livsmedelsverkets föreskrifter om handelsbeteckningar på fiskeri- och vattenbruksprodukter Arkiverad 16 september 2012 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. Livsmedelsverket 2008
  4. ^ [a b c] J. Dineen (8 november 2004). Epinephelus striatus (Nassau Grouper)” (på engelska). Smithsonian Marine Station. http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/epinep_striat.htm. Läst 4 mars 2012.
  5. ^ Phillip C. Heemstra, John E. Randall (1993). ”FAO Species Catalogue - Vol 16. Groupers of the World” (på engelska) (FTP, 918 kB). FAO. sid. 5-7. http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/009/t0540e/T0540E33.pdf. Läst 21 december 2017.
  6. ^ [a b c] Luna, Susan M. (15 november 2011). Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792) Nassau grouper” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.us/summary/Epinephelus-striatus.html. Läst 4 mars 2012.
  7. ^ [a b c d] Jordan Kime (2011). Epinephelus striatus Day grouper” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Epinephelus_striatus.html. Läst 4 mars 2012.
  8. ^ [a b] Epinephelus striatus. ARKive - Images of Life on Earth. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 april 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120404023900/http://www.arkive.org/nassau-grouper/epinephelus-striatus/#text=All. Läst 4 mars 2012.
  9. ^ [a b c] Cathleen Bester. ”NASSAU GROUPER” (på engelska). Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/NassauGrouper/NassauGrouper.html. Läst 4 mars 2012.
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Nassaugrouper: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Nassaugrouper (Epinephelus striatus) är en art i familjen havsabborrfiskar som finns i västra Atlanten.

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Бурополосая черна ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Запрос «Полосатый мероу» перенаправляется сюда; в некоторых источниках так называется другой вид, см. Epinephelus aeneus[en]*
 src=
Нассауский групер

Примечания

  1. Промысловые рыбы России. В двух томах / Под ред. О. Ф. Гриценко, А. Н. Котляра и Б. Н. Котенёва. — М.: изд-во ВНИРО, 2006. — Т. 1. — С. 551. — 656 с. — ISBN 5-85382-229-2.
  2. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — 733 с. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  3. 1 2 3 Кусто Ж.-И., Паккале И. Сюрпризы моря. — Л: Гидрометеоиздат, 1982.
  4. Cornish & Eklund (2003). Epinephelus striatus. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 6 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used
  5. NMFS. Species of Concern Fact Sheet[1]. 2008
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Бурополосая черна: Brief Summary ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Запрос «Полосатый мероу» перенаправляется сюда; в некоторых источниках так называется другой вид, см. Epinephelus aeneus[en]*  src= Нассауский групер
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眼帶石斑魚 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Epinephelus striatus
Bloch, 1792

眼帶石斑魚學名Epinephelus striatus)是一種石斑魚。它們是西印度群島最重要的漁獲,但卻因過度捕漁而瀕危

特徵

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拿騷石斑魚的側面。

眼帶石斑魚的體型屬中等至大型,可以長達1米及重25公斤。它們的身體很厚.嘴很大,可以吸入獵物。個別身體的顏色會因應環境而有所不同。在淺水區,它們一般會呈黃褐色;在深水區的則會呈粉紅色或紅色,有時甚至是橙紅色。它們的鰭顏色較淺,身體上有深色的斑點或斑紋,包括眼睛後下的黑點和頭頂上的叉狀斑紋。

生態

眼帶石斑魚是海魚,喜歡近礁的水域。它們是珊瑚礁中最大的魚類之一。它們分佈在由百慕達美國科羅拉多州巴哈馬南至巴西的西大西洋墨西哥灣卻很少見到它們。在水深100米至海岸的地方都可以見到它們。

眼帶石斑魚是獨居的,於日間覓食,主要吃其他魚類及細小的甲殼類。它們於12月至1月間產卵,產卵多於同一位點及滿月時份。在滿月的光照下,大量的拿騷石斑魚會進行交配。正因為這樣,它們很易成為漁民的目標。

拿騷石斑魚並不害羞,潛水員可以隨時接近它們。

保育

近年由於過度捕漁及繁殖期較長,眼帶石斑魚的數量大幅下降。加上它們的產卵地區很易被漁民發現,故經常在繁殖季節被捕捉。它們現時被國際自然保護聯盟列為瀕危美國開曼群島巴哈馬群島的政府也已禁止捕捉它們。[2]

參考

外部連結

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眼帶石斑魚: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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眼帶石斑魚(學名Epinephelus striatus)是一種石斑魚。它們是西印度群島最重要的漁獲,但卻因過度捕漁而瀕危

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida, Bahamas, Yucatan Peninsula and throughout the Caribbean to southern Brazil. Not known from the Gulf of Mexico except at the Campeche Bank off the coast of Yucatan, at Tortugas and off Key West.

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( англиски )

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nektonic

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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