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Distribution and Phylogeography ( англиски )

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In a paper by Bohlmeyer et al in 1994, phylogeography of Sciaenops ocellatus is explored using allozyme loci. Allozyme loci are present in the nuclear genome. Fresh data and data previously studied was combined to create a large sample pool to collect allozyme information from. Samples were taken from both the Gulf of Mexico and the Southeastern United States in an effort to distinguish the level of differentiation between Gulf individuals and Atlantic individuals and between individuals in the Gulf and Atlantic sampling populations. The technique used involved testing for heterozygosity at a specific locus, in which less heterozygosity is more likely to show isolation of a given population in an area. This technique is standard to identifying genetically distinct populations during metapopulation analysis. As a control, tests of heterozygosity between individuals of a given population were performed but found to be inconsequential. Historically, red drum have been thought to be divided into a Gulf population and an Atlantic population which generally do not interbreed. Bohlmeyer et al confirmed this speculation by determining low allele frequency cross between Gulf and Atlantic populations of red drum. Although the separation is defined as “weak” in the paper, it is still considered enough to divide Gulf and Atlantic populations into somewhat distinct populations using genetic phylogeny
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Life History ( англиски )

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The life history of the Redfish (Sciaenops ocellatus) begins with redfish reproductive behavior. Near-shore spawning aggregations are where deposited gametes first become fertilized embryos and later larval-stage fish. The larval stage fish are approximately 7.7 to 8 mm in length and inhabit bay mouths and inlet areas (Fuiman and Cowan. 2003)(Peters and McMichael. 1987). Larval redfish are self-dispersing utilizing near-shore currents and tide phases to migrate inland. Larval fish take on two stages; yolk-sac stage which is immobile and a mobile stage (Holt et al. 1981). Behavioral responses of larval redfish to predation contribute to survival of recruits in this stage, compared to random chance of loss of recruits in a given cohort (Fuiman and Cowan. 2003). The dispersal range of larvae and adults is approximately 700-900 km (Gold and Turner. 2002). Larval fishes gradually move toward inshore waters and eventually settle in low salinity waters toward the inland side of estuaries (Peters and McMichael. 1987). As juvenile fish begin to grow larger, they move from the fresh backwater areas into larger saline estuaries and upon reaching breeding size and maturity, begin to join spawning efforts on inlet and bay mouths, and near-shore reefs (Peters and McMichael. 1987).
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Associations ( англиски )

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In an analysis of stomach contents of Red Drum in Galveston Bay, Texas, Scharf and Schlicht (2000) found significant seasonal patterns in diet. The diet was dominated by White Shrimp (Litopenaeus setiferus) during fall and Gulf Menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) during spring. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) was an important component of Red Drum diets during both seasons. In the fall, White Shrimp were present in between about a quarter and two thirds of 598 stomachs examined and accounted for between a third and two thirds of the diet. The spring diet of Red Drum was dominated by fishes, which represented over 97% of the diet by number and over 80% by weight. Of these fishes, Gulf Menhaden accounted for 95% of the diet by number and nearly 70% of the diet by weight (the authors note, however, that these totals are somewhat skewed by the fact that a few individual Red Drum stomachs contained as many as 100 to 200 Gulf Menhaden: frequency of occurrence in Red Drum stomachs was only 35%).

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Comprehensive Description ( англиски )

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The Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) is an important game fish, popular with surfcasters, that is found from Massachusetts (U.S.A.) to northern Mexico. Red Drum travel in schools during their spring and fall migrations. They are known as Redfish in Florida and along the Gulf Coast and as Channel Bass in many other regions. Large specimens (which are usually well under 1.5 meters) are knowsn as "bullreds", while smaller ones are known as "ratreds". (Boschung et al. 1983; Robins and Ray 1986)

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Distribution ( англиски )

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The Red Drum is found from Massachusetts (U.S.A.) to northern Mexico (Robins and Ray 1986).

The Red Drum is found along the coast from New York to Florida (U.S.A.), west to Laguna Madre, Mexico. It is most abundant from Florida to Texas. (Boschung et al. 1983)

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Genetics ( англиски )

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PCR primers have been developed for Red Drum for a large number of polymorphic microsatellite loci, which may be useful for analysis of stock structure, monitoring and assessment of Red Drum stock enhancement, parentage analysis as employed in aquaculture, and the generation of a genetic map for Red Drum (Karlsson et al. 2008 and references therein).

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Habitat ( англиски )

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The Red Drum occurs from the surf zone to offshore waters, depending on the season and an individual's age, and may sometimes enter fresh water (Boschung et al. 1983).

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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Red Drum may live around 25 to 35 years (Murphy and Taylor 1990).

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Morphology ( англиски )

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The Red Drum has an elongate, bronze-colored body that is darker above. Dark centers of the scales form obscure stripes. There is a conspicuous black spot (or spots) on the caudal peduncle. The caudal (tail) fin is rounded in young individuals, but squared off in adults. (Robins and Ray 1986) The 3rd and 4th dorsal spines are the longest. In contrast to some other drums, no chin barbels are present. (Boschung et al. 1983)

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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In a study of Red Drum in Florida, Murphy and Taylor (1990) found that males matured at smaller sizes than females. Some Gulf coast males were sexually mature after they reached 400 mm, and some on the Atlantic coast were mature after they reached 350 mm (Interpolated lengths at 50% maturity were 529 mm and 511 mm, respectively). Some Gulf coast females were sexually mature after they reached 600 mm, and some on the Atlantic coast were mature after they reached 550 mm (interpolated lengths at 50% maturity were 825 and 900 mm, respectively). The authors note that based on previous studies in Mississippi and Texas, there is geographic variation in the size and age at which Red Drum mature (Murphy and Taylor 1990 and references therein). Spawning peaked on both coasts of Florida from about September through October. According to Murphy and Taylor, Red Drum apparently spawn not only in nearshore areas close to channels and passes, but also over the nearshore continental shelf and in estuaries.

Wilson and Nieland (1994) studied the reproductive biology of Red Drum in the northern Gulf of Mexico. They inferred an 8 to 9 week spawning season extending from mid-August to early October. Both sexes achieved >50% maturity at age 4; however, at 50% maturity males were somewhat smaller than females (males 660 to 670 mm versus females 690 to 700 mm, males 3.4 to 3.5 kg vs. females 4.0 to 4.1 kg).

In a study of Red Drum taken off North Carolina (Ross et al. 1995), maximum observed age and size were 56 years and 1,250 mm fork length (FL) for males and 52 years and 1,346 mm FL for females (fork length is the length from the most forward part of the jaw to the middle of the tail between the lobes). Fifty percent maturity was attained among males by age 2 at 621 to 640 mm FL and among females by age 3 at 801 to 820 mm FL. Spawning occurred from August through early October in estuarine waters of Pamlico Sound and nearshore ocean waters close to barrier island inlets. Ross et al. report that the relative abundance of 20 to 55-year-old Red Drums has declined 90% since 1968-1972.

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Size ( англиски )

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The Red Drum may reach about 1.5 meters in length and 42 kg (Boschung et al. 1983; Robins and Ray 1986).

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Occurs usually over sand and sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters and estuaries. Abundant in surf zone. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks and fishes.
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Migration ( англиски )

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Diseases and Parasites ( англиски )

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Iridovirosis. Viral diseases
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Biology ( англиски )

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Occurs usually over sand and sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters and estuaries. Abundant in surf zone. Feeds mainly on crustaceans, mollusks and fishes. Utilized fresh and frozen; can be pan-fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988).
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Importance ( англиски )

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: high; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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分布 ( англиски )

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西大西洋: 麻薩諸塞州在美國到墨西哥北部, 包括美國佛羅里達南部。
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利用 ( англиски )

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大型魚類,可食用。
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描述 ( англиски )

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本種由東太平洋美洲沿岸引進,目前已適應台灣周邊海域,成為入侵物種,對於其他石首魚物種具有威脅性。
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棲地 ( англиски )

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本種由東太平洋美洲沿岸引進,目前已適應台灣周邊海域,成為入侵物種,對於其他石首魚物種具有威脅性。
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Corball ocel·lat ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El corball ocel·lat (Sciaenops ocellatus) és una espècie de peix de la família dels esciènids. És l'única espècie del gènere Sciaenops.

Morfologia

Alimentació

Menja principalment crustacis, mol·luscs i peixos.[5]

Hàbitat

És un peix de clima subtropical (43°N-0°S) i demersal.[5]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'Oceà Atlàntic occidental: des de Massachusetts fins al nord de Mèxic, incloent-hi el sud de Florida.[5][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Ús comercial

És venut fresc i congelat per ésser fregit, rostit i enfornat.[22]

Observacions

És un peix inofensiu per als humans.[5]

El corball ocel·lat és el peix oficial de l'estat de Carolina del Nord.[23]

Referències

  1. Gill T. N., 1863. Catalogue of the North American sciaenoid fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 15. 28-32.
  2. BioLib (anglès)
  3. Linnaeus, C., 1766. Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 12th ed. Systema Nat. ed. 12 v. 1 (pt 1): 1-532.
  4. «Sciaenops ocellatus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 FishBase (anglès)
  6. Chao, L.N., 1978. Sciaenidae. A: W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Volum 4. FAO, Roma.
  7. Frimodt, C., 1995. Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, Anglaterra. 215 p.
  8. Anònim, 1994. Atlas pesquero de México. Instituto Nacional de la Pesca. 234 p.
  9. Bass, R.J. i J.W. Avault, Jr., 1975. Food habits, length-weight relationship, condition factor, and growth of juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellata, in Louisiana. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104(1):35-45.
  10. Comyns, B.H., J. Lyczkowski-Shultz, C.F. Rakocinski i J.P. Steen, Jr., 1989. Age and growth of red drum larvae in the North-Central Gulf of Mexico. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 118(2):159-167.
  11. Comyns, B.H., J. Lyczkowski-Shultz, D.L. Nieland i C.A. Wilson, 1991. Reproduction of red drum, Sceaenops ocellatus, in the Northcentral Gulf of Mexico: seasonality and spawner biomass. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 95:17-26.
  12. Doerzbacher, J.F., A.W. Green i G.C. Matlock, 1988. A temperature compensated von Bertalanffy growth model for tagged red drum and black drum in Texas bays. Fish. Res. 6:135-152.
  13. Hugg, D.O., 1996. MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. i Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater (Maryland), Estats Units.
  14. LeGrande, W.H. i J.M. Fitzsimons, 1988. Chromosome numbers of some Gulf coast sciaenid fishes. Copeia 1988(2):491-493.
  15. Murphy, M.D. i R.G. Taylor, 1990. Reproduction, growth, and mortality of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in Florida waters. Fish. Bull. 88:531-542.
  16. Overstreet, R.M., 1983. Aspects of the biology of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, in Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. (Suppl. 1):45-68.
  17. Pearson, J., 1929. Natural history and conservation of redfish and other commercial sciaenids on the Texas coast. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. Wash. 44:129-214.
  18. Smith, C.L., 1997. National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Nova York, Estats Units. 720 p.
  19. Soto, M.A., G.J. Holt, S.A. Holt i J. Rooker, 1998. Food habits and dietary overlap of newly settled red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) from Texas seagrass meadows. Gulf Res. Rep. 10:41-55.
  20. Thieling, D.O. i H.A. Loyacano, Jr., 1976. Age and growth of red drum from a saltwater impoundment in South Carolina. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105(1):41-44.
  21. Wilson, C.A. i D.L. Nieland, 1994. Reproductive biology of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, from the neritic waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 92:841-850.
  22. Frimodt, C., 1995.
  23. North Carolina State Fish


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1992. FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p.
  • Fuiman, L.A. i D.R. Ottey, 1993. Temperature effects on spontaneous behavior of larval and juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, and implications for foraging. Fish. Bull. 91:23-35.
  • Galil, B.S., 2007. Seeing Red: Alien species along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Aquatic Invasions 2(4): 281-312.
  • Garibaldi, L., 1996. List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p.
  • Golani, D. i D. Mires, 2000. Introduction of fishes to the freshwater system of Israel. Isr. J. Aquacult. / Bamidgeh 52(2):47-60.
  • Gold, J.R., K.M. Kedzie, E.A. Bohlmeyer, J.D. Jenkin, W.J. Karel, N. Ilda i S.M. Carr, 1988. Studies on the basic structure of the red drum (Sciaeniops ocellatus) genome. Contr. Mar. Sci. (Suppl.) 30:57-62.
  • Holt, G.J., 1993. Feeding larval red drum on microparticulate diets in a closed recirculating water system. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 24(2):225-230.
  • Houde, E.D. i C.E. Zastrow, 1993. Ecosystem- and taxon-specific dynamic and energetics properties of fish larvae assemblages. Bull. Mar. Sci. 53(2):290-335.
  • IGFA, 2001. Base de dades de registres de pesca IGFA fins al 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Estats Units.
  • Lee, C.-S., 1997. Marine finfish hatchery technology in the USA - status and future. Hydrobiologia 358:45-54.
  • Liao, C.-I., H.-M. Su i E.Y. Chang, 2001. Techniques in finfish larviculture in Taiwan. Aquaculture 200(2001):1-31.
  • Massey, L.L. i D.E. Harper, 1993. Selected computer images of southeastern U.S. marine fishes. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-SEFSC-333, 49 p.
  • Matlock, G.C. i M.A. García, 1983. Stomach contents of selected fishes from Texas bays. Contrib. Mar. Sci. 26:95-110.
  • Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Pauly, D., 1978. A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200.
  • Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
  • Welcomme, R.L., 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p.
  • Weng, S.P., Y.Q. Wang, J.G. He, M. Deng, L. Lu, H.J. Guan, Y.J. Liu i S.M. Chan, 2002. Outbreaks of an iridovirus in red drum, Sciaenops ocellata (L.), cultured in southern China. J. Fish Dis. 25:681-685.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


Enllaços externs

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Corball ocel·lat: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El corball ocel·lat (Sciaenops ocellatus) és una espècie de peix de la família dels esciènids. És l'única espècie del gènere Sciaenops.

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Roter Trommler ( германски )

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Sportfischer mit einem Roten Trommler, 1,37 m lang und fast 30 kg schwer.

Der Rote Trommler (engl.: Red Drum, span.: corvina roja), Sciaenops ocellatus L., der nordamerikanischen Ostküste ähnelt in der Gestalt der südeuropäischen Gewöhnlichen Umber (Umbrina cirrosa), ist aber mit dem Meerraben (Sciaena umbra) noch näher verwandt. Der Rote Trommler ist die einzige Art der Gattung Sciaenops.

Merkmale

Der Name Roter Trommler nimmt Bezug auf die schöne braunrote Farbe dieses Sciaeniden, die aber sehr oft bis zu einem braun angehauchten Silber verblasst sein kann. Meist ist auch der schwarze Augenfleck (oft sogar heller gerandet) dorsal an der Seite der Schwanzwurzel deutlich sichtbar, mitunter weitere Flecke weiter vorn. Der Rücken kann undeutlich heller gebändert sein, zumal bei jüngeren Tieren. Die Flossen sind noch am ehesten braun (Flossenformel: D1 X, D2 I/28–31). Der Fisch kann über 1,5 m lang, 45 kg schwer und leicht 50 Jahre alt werden. Er ist relativ großschuppig und ohne Barteln. Er besitzt ein deutliches Quetsch-Schlundgebiss mit halbkugeligen Zähnen. Die Mundrandbezahnung ist hingegen schwach.

Lebensraum

Er lebt in seichteren Küstengebieten, sogar in der Brandungszone (etwa an Buhnen), über Feinsanden und Seegraswiesen und ernährt sich von benthischen (Krabben) und nektischen (Garnelen u. ä.) Krebstieren, Weichtieren, Würmern (er gründelt gern) und Fischen (z. B. Brevoortia). Sein Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Massachusetts südwärts bis Florida, er ist im östlichen Golf häufig; weniger häufig aber auch an den Küsten von Texas, an der Atlantikküste Mexikos und der Antillen bis an die nördlichen Küsten Brasiliens.

Ferner wurde er in weit entfernten Gebieten angesiedelt, z. B. Israel, Réunion und Singapur, an den Pazifikküsten Mittelamerikas, sogar auch im Schwarzen Meer – weil er ein beliebter, ansprechender und wohlschmeckender „Sportfisch“ (für Brandungsangler) ist. Natürlich werden diese Fische vielerorts auch künstlich vermehrt (z. B. auf Martinique) und ausgesetzt – mit all den zweifelhaften „Nebenfolgen“ dieses Vorgehens. Für die kommerzielle (Netz- oder Grundangel-)Fischerei ist er allerdings von geringerer Bedeutung.

Wie bei so vielen Umberfischen bestehen besonders bei den Jungfischen Tendenzen zur Ansammlung in Brackwasserbuchten, aber auch ältere Fische schwimmen im Winter manchmal in Flüssen ziemlich weit aufwärts. Gelaicht wird (etwa in Florida) von August bis November mit lautem Trommeln (der ♂) ab dem 3. Lebensjahr mit ca. 50–60 cm Länge – d. h. dieser Fisch ist raschwüchsig. Die Larven schlüpfen schon nach ca. 24 Stunden.

Literatur

  • C. R. Robins und G. C. Ray: A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1986

Weblinks

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Roter Trommler: Brief Summary ( германски )

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 src= Sportfischer mit einem Roten Trommler, 1,37 m lang und fast 30 kg schwer.

Der Rote Trommler (engl.: Red Drum, span.: corvina roja), Sciaenops ocellatus L., der nordamerikanischen Ostküste ähnelt in der Gestalt der südeuropäischen Gewöhnlichen Umber (Umbrina cirrosa), ist aber mit dem Meerraben (Sciaena umbra) noch näher verwandt. Der Rote Trommler ist die einzige Art der Gattung Sciaenops.

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Red drum ( англиски )

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The red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), also known as redfish, channel bass, puppy drum, spottail bass, or simply red, is a game fish found in the Atlantic Ocean from Massachusetts to Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to northern Mexico.[2] It is the only species in the genus Sciaenops.

The red drum is related to the black drum (Pogonias cromis), and the two species are often found near to each other; they can interbreed and form a robust hybrid, and younger fish are often indistinguishable in flavor.[3]

Characteristics

Mature red drum (S. ocellatus) showing characteristic spot(s) at the base of the tail: This one is not a "bull red" because it is shorter than 27 inches (0.69 m).

Red drum are a dark red color on the back, which fades into white on the belly. The red drum has a characteristic eyespot near the tail and is somewhat streamlined. Three-year-old red drum typically weigh 6-8 lb. The largest red drum on record weighed just over 94 lb and was caught in 1984 on Hatteras Island.[4][5] Male red drum make a knocking or drumming sound during spawning by vibrating their swim bladders.[6]

The most distinguishing mark on the red drum is one large black spot on the upper part of the tail base. Having multiple spots is not uncommon for this fish, but having no spots is extremely rare. As the fish with multiple spots grow older, they seem to lose their excess spots. Scientists believe that the black spot near their tail helps fool predators into attacking the red drum's tail instead of its head, allowing the red drum to escape.[7] The red drum uses its senses of sight and touch, and its downturned mouth, to locate forage on the bottom through vacuuming or biting. On the top and middle of the water column, it uses changes in the light that might look like food. In the summer and fall, adult red drum feed on crabs, shrimp, and mullet; in the spring and winter, adults primarily feed on menhaden, mullet, pinfish, sea robin, lizardfish, spot, Atlantic croaker, and mudminnows.

Distribution

Red drum naturally occur along the eastern and southern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of Louisiana, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. They are a highly prized game fish in the Gulf of Mexico. Aquaculture activities involving them occur around the world.[8] Several individuals have been recently reported from the Mediterranean Sea off Israel and Sicily, all likely escapees from aquaculture farms.[9]

Immature red drum prefer grass marsh areas of bays and estuaries when available. Both younger mature red drum (3-6 years of age) and bull red drum prefer rocky outcroppings including jetties and manmade structures, such as oil rigs and bridge posts. Around this type of structure, they are found throughout the water column.

Reproduction and growth

Weight vs. length for red drum (data from Jenkins 2004)

Mature red drum spawn in near shorelines from mid-August to mid-October.[10] The red drum's eggs incubate for 24 hours. A female lays about 1.5 million (with a range of 200,000 up to more than three million) eggs per batch. Scharf (2000) reported that in the first year, young red drum in Texas estuaries grew about 0.6 mm per day, though the rates varied with location and year and were higher in more southerly estuaries.[11] After the first year, they may be 271 – 383 mm long. About half of red drum are able to reproduce by age 4 years, when they are 660-700 mm long and 3.4 – 4 kg in weight. Red drum can live to be 60 years old.

  • Adults mature by 3 – 5 years of age; approximate length at maturity: males – 28 inches, females – 33 inches.
  • Spawn during late summer and fall occurs near estuary inlets and passes along barrier island beaches. Males produce drumming sounds using muscular contractions to vibrate the swimbladder, to attract females.
  • Larval red drum use vertical migrations to ride high salinity tidal currents into tidal creeks and shallow salt marsh nursery habitats. [12]

As red drum grow longer, they increase in weight exponentially. The relationship between length (L) and weight (W) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:

W = a L b {displaystyle W=aL^{b}!,} W=aL^{b}!,

Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and a varies between species. Jenkins (2004)[13] reported slightly different weight-length relationships for red drum caught in the spring and the fall off the western Gulf Coast of Louisiana:

Spring: W = 0.000005297 L 3.110 {displaystyle W=0.000005297L^{3.110}!,} {displaystyle W=0.000005297L^{3.110}!,}
Fall: W = 0.000015241 L 2.94 {displaystyle W=0.000015241L^{2.94}!,} {displaystyle W=0.000015241L^{2.94}!,}

where weight is in grams and length is total length measured in millimeters. For example, these relationships predict that a 600-mm red drum (just under 2 ft long) would weigh about 2300 g (just over 5 lb). These relationships can be used more specifically to determine how healthy a sample of red drum is by comparing their actual weights to weights predicted by these relationships for the same length.

Consumption

Red drum have a moderate flavor and are not oily. Big drum can be tricky to clean; removing the large scales can be challenging. Many fishers prefer to fillet with an electric knife, first removing the fillet from along the backbone, and then using the electric knife to cut the fillet from the skin and scales. Fish over 15 lb can become tough and have a consistency comparable with chicken, rather than the flaky texture of many species of fish. Younger fish are often indistinguishable in flavor from black drum.[14]

Commercial and recreational use

From 1980 through 1988, commercial fishermen took an average of 28% of the redfish, while sport fishermen harvested 72%. Catch limits and size restrictions have increased the average weight of redfish caught in Louisiana coastal waters.[15] Restrictions on both sport and commercial fishermen allowed the species to rebuild. States actively vary the recreational catch limits and minimum and maximum lengths to help maintain sustainable red drum populations. Executive Order 13449 of October 20, 2007, issued by U.S. President George W. Bush, designated the red drum as a protected game fish. The order prohibits sale of red drum caught in federal waters and encourages states to consider designating red drum as a protected game fish within state waters.[16] While they may no longer be commercially harvested in U.S. federal waters or in most state waters, they are readily caught and still enjoyed as table fare by many. In addition, farm-raised redfish are still available as a commercial product [17] Commercial netting disappeared after coastal states such as Florida declared red drum prohibited for sale. Recreational size and bag limits have been highly effective, allowing daily limits to be increased in recent years.

Relationship to humans

The North Carolina General Assembly of 1971 designated the red drum the official state saltwater fish. (Session Laws, 1961, c. 274; G.S. 145-6).[18] The Texas Legislature designated the red drum as the official "State Saltwater Fish of Texas" in 2011.[19]

References

  1. ^ Chao, L. (2020). "Sciaenops ocellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T193270A82667516. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T193270A82667516.en. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  2. ^ Sciaenops ocellatus, Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2009.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (07/2009). http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=425
  3. ^ A Comparison of Black Drum, Red Drum, and their Hybrid in Saltwater Pond Culture Anne Henderson-Arzapalo, Robert L. Colura, Anthony F. Maciorowski, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society Volume 25 Issue 2, Pages 289 - 296
  4. ^ "NCDEQ - Red Drum". portal.ncdenr.org. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  5. ^ "THE CATCH: The Red Drum: First in Fish for North Carolina Recreational Anglers". Coastwatch. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
  6. ^ "Red Drum Sounds (Sciaenops ocellatus)". Discovery of Sound in the Sea. University of Rhode Island. 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
  7. ^ Smithsonian Marine Station page on red drum
  8. ^ Peters Life History of Red Drum Peters, K.M., McMichael Jr., R. H. Florida Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Marine Research, St. Petersburg, Florida.
  9. ^ Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Sciaenops ocellatus). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Sciaenops_ocellatus.pdf
  10. ^ Wilson and Nieland, 1994
  11. ^ Scharf 2000
  12. ^ Wenner C. 1999. Red Drum: natural history and fishing techniques in South Carolina. Marine Resources Research Institute, Marine Resources Division, SC Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC. 40 pp.
  13. ^ Jenkins, J.A. Fish bioindicators of ecosystem condition at the Calcasieu Estuary, Louisiana. National Wetlands Research Center, USGS, Open-File Report 2004-1323, 2004
  14. ^ Henderson-Arzapalo, Anne; Colura, Robert L.; Maciorowski, Anthony F. (1994). "A Comparison of Black Drum, Red Drum, and their Hybrid in Saltwater Pond Culture". Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 25 (2): 289–296. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00193.x.
  15. ^ Understanding Redfish Biology - accessed August 6, 2009
  16. ^ "Executive Order 13449: Protection of Striped Bass and Red Drum Fish Populations". Office of the Federal Register. October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
  17. ^ Fritchey, Robert (1994). Wetland Riders. Golden Meadow, Louisiana: New Moon Press.
  18. ^ Official State Symbols of North Carolina
  19. ^ Hatch, Rosie (Ed.) (2022). Texas Almanac 2022-2023. Austin, Texas: Texas State Historical Association. p. 23. ISBN 9781625110664.

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Red drum: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), also known as redfish, channel bass, puppy drum, spottail bass, or simply red, is a game fish found in the Atlantic Ocean from Massachusetts to Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to northern Mexico. It is the only species in the genus Sciaenops.

The red drum is related to the black drum (Pogonias cromis), and the two species are often found near to each other; they can interbreed and form a robust hybrid, and younger fish are often indistinguishable in flavor.

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Sciaenops ocellatus ( шпански; кастиљски )

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La corvina roja (Sciaenops ocellatus) es una especie de pez de la familia Sciaenidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 155 cm de longitud total y 45 kg de peso.[1][2][3]

Alimentación

Come principalmente crustáceos, moluscos y peces hueso.

Hábitat

Es un pez de clima subtropical (43°N-0°S) y demersal.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en el Océano Atlántico occidental: desde Massachusetts hasta el norte de México, incluyendo el sur de Florida.

Observaciones

Es inofensivo para los humanos. Es el pez oficial del estado de Carolina del Norte.

Referencias

  1. FishBase (en inglés)
  2. Chao, L.N., 1978. Sciaenidae. A: W. Fischer (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). Volum 4. FAO, Roma.
  3. Frimodt, C., 1995. Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, Inglaterra. 215 p.

Bibliografía

  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Sciaenops ocellatus: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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La corvina roja (Sciaenops ocellatus) es una especie de pez de la familia Sciaenidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

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Sciaenops ocellatus ( баскиски )

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Sciaenops ocellatus Sciaenops generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sciaenidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Sciaenops ocellatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Sciaenops ocellatus: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Sciaenops ocellatus Sciaenops generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sciaenidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Sciaenops ocellatus ( француски )

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Le tambour rouge (Sciaenops ocellatus), également appelé « ombrine tachetée » et connu aux États-Unis sous les appellations red drum, channel bass, redfish, spottail bass ou reds, est un poisson marin de l'océan Atlantique, de la famille des Sciaenidae.

Description

Distribution

On trouve ce poisson dans l'océan Atlantique, du Massachusetts à la Floride, ainsi que dans le golfe du Mexique, de la Floride au nord du Mexique.

Usages

C'est un poisson prisé de la pêche sportive, mais aussi présent en aquaculture.

Notes et références

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Sciaenops ocellatus: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Le tambour rouge (Sciaenops ocellatus), également appelé « ombrine tachetée » et connu aux États-Unis sous les appellations red drum, channel bass, redfish, spottail bass ou reds, est un poisson marin de l'océan Atlantique, de la famille des Sciaenidae.

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Sciaenops ocellatus ( италијански )

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L'ombrina ocellata (Sciaenops ocellatus) è un pesce d'acqua salata e salmastra della famiglia Sciaenidae.

Descrizione

 src=
Un esemplare giovane.
 src=
Una raffigurazione di un esemplare adulto.

Il corpo dell'ombrina ocellata è allungato e compresso lateralmente, con schiena arcuata e fronte spiovente. Il muso è smussato, con una bocca larga e la mascella provvista di fasce di denti villiformi, adatti a spaccare gusci e carapaci. Presenta 2 pinne dorsali, la prima con 10 raggi spinosi, la seconda con 1 raggio spinoso e una serie di 24 raggi molli. Il colore è ramato o rossastro, con ventre biancastro. La pinna caudale è leggermente concava. Presenta inoltre da 1 a 3 macchie scure che vanno dalla base della coda sino all'inizio della vera e propria pinna caudale, posizionate sopra la linea laterale[1]. la lunghezza massima è di circa 1,55 m, ma in media si aggira intorno a 1m. il peso maggiore mai pubblicato è di 45 kg, mentre l'età è di 50 anni[2].

L'Ombrina ocellata è facilmente distinguibile da un pesce a lei simile, l'Ombrina nera (Pogonias cromis), per l'assenza di barbigli sotto la mascella della prima[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

L'ombrina ocellata vive lungo le coste dell'Oceano Atlantico occidentale, dal Massachusetts al nord del Messico. è una specie eurialina, ovvero che sopporta grandi sbalzi di salinità dell'acqua, e può perciò vivere sia in acqua salata che salmastra[1]. può inoltre sopravvivere a grandi sbalzi di temperatura, tra i 4 e i 34 °C. I vari ambienti nei quali può vivere sono: foci di fiumi, fondali sabbiosi e fangosi, praterie di alghe e erbe marine, la zona di infrangimento delle onde e, in generale, le acque della piattaforma continentale[3].

Biologia

Riproduzione

Gli adulti depongono le uova tra agosto e ottobre in acque costiere. le femmine possono produrre sino a 2 milioni di uova pelagiche del diaemetro di 1mm, che si schiudono dopo 28-30 ore dalla deposizione. Le larve sono lunghe dai 6 agli 8 mm, e vengono trasportate verso foci ed estuari. I giovani e i subadulti vivono presso le foci e le acque costiere sino all'età di 3,5-5 anni, poi si dirigono verso acque più profonde per unirsi agli adulti. Durante la stagione della riproduzione, gli esemplari adulti usano degli speciali muscoli che, sfregati contro la vescica natatoria, producono dei suoni simili a quelli prodotti da un tamburo, che gli hanno valso il nome (infatti il nome inglese dell'ombrina ocellata è Red drum, da drum=tamburo)[1][3].

Dieta

L'ombrina ocellata è una specie carnivora, che si nutre di crostacei, anellidi, molluschi e pesci. I denti vengono usati per frantumare i gusci e i carapaci. Alcune delle sue prede tipiche sono i pesci Menidia peninsulae, Microgobius gulosus, Cyprinodon variegates, Leiostomus xanthurus, e il crostaceo Callinectes sapidus (granchio reale)[3][4].

Comportamento sociale

L'ombrina ocellata è sia una creatura solitaria che gregaria, ed è stata osservata associarsi anche con Ombrine nere (Pogonias cromis) e Tarponi atlantici (Megalops atlanticus)[3].

Predatori

Il maggiore predatore dell'Ombrina ocellata è l'uomo. Può essere cacciata da grandi uccelli da preda, come il falco pescatore. Si pensa che le macchie scure sulla coda servano a confondere eventuali predatori, che attaccherebbero la coda del pesce scambiandola per la testa, data la somiglianza delle macchie a degli occhi[3].

Parassiti

I giovani esemplari vengono sovente attaccati dal nematoda contracaecum multipapillatum, un parassita che infetta i reni del pesce in attesa che esso venga mangiato da un uccello, il suo ospite definitivo. L'ombrina ocellata è in generale attaccata da parassiti che possono infettare intestino, stomaco, muscoli, fegato, cuore, pinne, pelle, branchie e squame. E inoltre stato documentato un caso di un esemplare malato di tumore benigno[3].

Importanza per l'uomo

Pesca commerciale e allevamento

Dagli anni 70 del XX secolo l'allevamento a scopo commerciale dell'Ombrina ocellata ha cominciato a diffondersi in nord America, sostituendo man mano la pesca commerciale. Da allora l'allevamento di questo pesce si è largamente diffuso in varie regioni del mondo, data la semplicità dell'allevamento e la grande popolarità delle sue carni[1]. è un pesce alquanto popolare per gli acquari pubblici[3].

Pesca sportiva

L'Ombrina ocellata è un pesce popolare tra gli appassionati di pesca sportiva, dai quali viene largamente ricercato, soprattutto in Florida. viene insidiato usando esche vive, morte e esche artificiali, tra le quali esche siliconiche, cucchiaini e esche top water[4].

Conservazione

Negli 70 del XX secolo si cominciò a notare la riduzione nel numero di esemplari di Ombrina ocellata. Infatti la pesca commerciale senza freni aveva quasi fatto scomparire il pesce da alcune zone. Oggi, grazie alla regolamentazione della pesca sportiva e commerciale e alla diffusione dell'allevamento, la specie ha visto una ripresa, tanto che oggi, secondo la IUCN red list, essa si trova nella categoria "Rischio minimo"[3][4][5].

Tassonomia

La prima classificazione scientifica dell'Ombrina ocellata fu data da Linneo nel 1766, che gli diede il nome di Perca ocellata. Il nome fu poi cambiato due volte nello stesso anno dallo stesso Linneo, che la riclassificò prima come Sciaenops ocellata e infine come Sciaenops ocellatus. Nel 1802 Bernard Germain de Lacépède classificò la specie Lutjanus triangulum, ma essa non era altro che un sinonimo di Sciaenops ocellatus[3].

Galleria d'immagini

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) Sciaenops ocellatus, su fao.org.
  2. ^ (EN) Sciaenops ocellatus, su fishbase.org.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (EN) Sciaenops ocellatus, su floridamuseum.ufl.edu.
  4. ^ a b c (EN) Red Drum (Redfish), su myfwc.com.
  5. ^ Sciaenops ocellatus, su iucnredlist.org.

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Sciaenops ocellatus: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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L'ombrina ocellata (Sciaenops ocellatus) è un pesce d'acqua salata e salmastra della famiglia Sciaenidae.

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Sciaenops ocellatus ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

Vissen

Sciaenops ocellatus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van ombervissen (Sciaenidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1766 door Linnaeus.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Sciaenops ocellatus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
Geplaatst op:
22-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Kulbak czerwony ( полски )

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Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Kulbak czerwony
Kulbak czerwony Systematyka Domena eukarionty Królestwo zwierzęta Typ strunowce Podtyp kręgowce Gromada promieniopłetwe Rząd okoniokształtne Podrząd okoniowce Rodzina kulbinowate Rodzaj Sciaenops Gatunek kulbak czerwony

Kulbak czerwony, korwin czerwony (Sciaenops ocellatus) - gatunek morskiej ryby okoniokształtnej z rodziny kulbinowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Sciaenops Gill, 1863. Poławiana gospodarczo i w wędkarstwie.

Występowanie: zachodnia część Oceanu Atlantyckiego.

Opis

Osiąga do 155 cm długości i 45 kg wagi.

Linki zewnętrzne

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Kulbak czerwony: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Kulbak czerwony, korwin czerwony (Sciaenops ocellatus) - gatunek morskiej ryby okoniokształtnej z rodziny kulbinowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Sciaenops Gill, 1863. Poławiana gospodarczo i w wędkarstwie.

Występowanie: zachodnia część Oceanu Atlantyckiego.

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Röd trumfisk ( шведски )

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Röd trumfisk[2] (Sciaenops ocellatus) är en salt- och brackvattensfisk i familjen havsgösfiskar som finns i västra Atlanten. Den kallas även röd havsgös.

Utseende

En avlång fisk, något sammantryckt från sidorna, med förhållandevis rak panna[3], lätt välvd rygg och trubbig nos med stor mun och flera korta skäggtömmar under hakan. Analfenan är svagt ingröpt, och av de två ryggfenorna har den främre 10 taggstrålar, den bakre en taggstråle[4] och 23 till 25 mjukstrålar. Analfenan har på liknande vis 2 taggstrålar och 8 till 9 mjukstrålar.[3] Färgen är vanligtvis mer eller mindre kraftigt kopparfärgad på ovansidan, även om den kan även vara nästan helt silverfärgad. Undersidan är ljusare, ibland helt vit. Nära slutet av stjärtfenans spole har den en tydlig, svart fläck.[4] Det förekommer även individer med flera fläckar, och, om än mycket sällsynt, sådana utan någon fläck alls.[5] Den blir vanligtvis uppemot 100 cm lång, även om arten kan bli så mycket som 155 cm och väga 45 kg.[6]

Vanor

Den röda trumfisken lever över sandiga bottnar, gärna med inslag av dy,[6] i kontinentalhyllans vatten i närheten av kusten bukter och flodmynningarnas brackvatten. Ungfiskarna håller sig i flodmynningar eller nära kusten till 3- eller 4-årsåldern. Arten är tolerant mot växlande salthalt och har påträffats både i mycket salt vatten som rent sötvatten under sina lekvandringar. Den är även påtagligt tmperaturtolerant och tål allt från 4 till 34 °C.[4] Ungfiskarna lever på räkor, små krabbor och maskar. När de blir äldre tar de även större krabbor och småfisk. Vanligtvis tar de bytet vid botten, men de kan även fånga det högre upp om de får tillfälle. Som många andra havsgösfiskar kan arten ge ifrån sig ett trummande ljud.[5]

Arten är långlivad; som mest kan den bli 60 år gammal.[3]

Fortplantning

Hanen blir könsmogen mellan 1 och 3 år, och honan mellan 3 och 6.[3] Lektiden varar från mitten av augusti till oktober-november. Leken försiggår vanligen i flodmynningar, dit fiskarna vandrar. Under leken kan honan lägga mellan 500 000 till 2 miljoner 1 mm-stora ägg, som kläcks efter drygt ett dygn. Larverna är pelagiska och driver in till sjögräsbäddar med strömmarna.[5][4]

Utbredning

Utbrednngsområdet omfattar Nordamerikas östkust från Massachusetts över södra Florida i USA till norra Mexiko.[6]

Ekonomisk användning

Arten anses vara en god matfisk; den är emellertid endast föremål för ett mindre kommersiellt fiske, men är mera vanlig i fiskodlingar, och är en mycket populär sportfiskefisk. Den är också vanlig i offentliga akvarier.[4]

Referenser

  1. ^ Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus, 1766” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=169290. Läst 16 maj 2012.
  2. ^ Sven O Kullander (13 september 2008). ”Naturhistoriska riksmuseets databas över fisknamn”. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Arkiverad från originalet den 14 december 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131214095552/http://artedi.nrm.se/fishnames/namefind.php?FormData=Perciformes&Verbosity=Listing&Submit=Skicka&MaxRecs=1000&Category=cOrder&Precision=%3D&Ordering=default. Läst 16 maj 2012.
  3. ^ [a b c d] LH Sweat (28 september 2010). Sciaenops ocellatus Red drum” (på engelska). Smithsonian Marine Station. http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Sciaen_ocella.htm. Läst 16 maj 2012.
  4. ^ [a b c d e] Deandra Buskill. ”Red drum” (på engelska). Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/RedDrum/RedDrum.html. Läst 16 maj 2011.
  5. ^ [a b c] ”Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)” (på engelska). Texas Park and Wildlife Department. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/reddrum/. Läst 16 maj 2012.
  6. ^ [a b c] Luna, Susan M. (15 november 2011). Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus, 1766 Red drum” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Sciaenops-ocellatus.html. Läst 16 maj 2012.
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Röd trumfisk: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Röd trumfisk (Sciaenops ocellatus) är en salt- och brackvattensfisk i familjen havsgösfiskar som finns i västra Atlanten. Den kallas även röd havsgös.

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Sciaenops ocellatus ( виетнамски )

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Cá hồng Mỹ (Danh pháp khoa học: Sciaenops ocellatus) là một loài cá biển trong họ cá lù đù (Sciaenidae). Ở Mỹ chúng có tên là Red drum đây là một loài cá phổ biến và được ưa chuộng trong môn câu cá thể thao ở Mỹ. Chúng phân bố tự nhiên ở vịnh Mexicô và vùng duyên hải Tây Nam nước Mỹ. Một số năm gần đây cá được nhập cư vào địa phận khu vực châu Á như Đài Loan, Trung Quốc, Việt Nam.

Đặc điểm

Cá hồng Mỹ là loài cá sống rộng muối, rộng nhiệt, phạm vi phân bố rộng, khi trưởng thành thường di cư đến vùng cửa sông và vùng biển nông để sinh sản. Cá có thể sống trong nước ngọt, nước lợ, nước mặn, nhưng thích hợp nhất vẫn là nước lợ và nước mặn, có tốc độ sinh trưởng nhanh. Cá hồng Mỹ có nhiều ưu điểm như thích nghi tốt với biến động môi trường, lớn nhanh, chất lượng thịt cá thơm ngon, dễ bán. Nếu thả nuôi 3000 con cá giống, với mật độ 21-22 con/m3 lồng. Sau 7 tháng thả nuôi, với tỷ lệ sống 70%, thu được 1.680 kg cá, kích cỡ trung bình 0,8 kg/con.

Nuôi trồng ở Việt Nam

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Một con cá hồng Mỹ cỡ lớn

Cá hồng Mỹ là một đối tượng nuôi mới, hiện nay ở Việt Nam đã cho sinh sản thành công đối tượng này và đã đáp ứng đuợc nhu cầu con giống phục vụ nuôi nội địa. Cá hồng Mỹ đã được nuôi phổ biến trong lồng bè ở vùng biển các địa phương Quảng Ninh, Hải Phòng, Nam Định, Nghệ An, Thừa Thiên - Huế, Quảng Ngãi, Bình Định, Phú Yên, Khánh Hòa, Bà Rịa - Vũng Tàu.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

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Sciaenops ocellatus: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Cá hồng Mỹ (Danh pháp khoa học: Sciaenops ocellatus) là một loài cá biển trong họ cá lù đù (Sciaenidae). Ở Mỹ chúng có tên là Red drum đây là một loài cá phổ biến và được ưa chuộng trong môn câu cá thể thao ở Mỹ. Chúng phân bố tự nhiên ở vịnh Mexicô và vùng duyên hải Tây Nam nước Mỹ. Một số năm gần đây cá được nhập cư vào địa phận khu vực châu Á như Đài Loan, Trung Quốc, Việt Nam.

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紅擬石首魚 ( кинески )

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二名法 Sciaenops Ocellatus
Linnaeus, 1766

美国红鱼(学名:Sciaenops ocellatus),又称红鼓鱼(Red Drum)、斑点尾鲈、大西洋红鲈、海峡鲈、黑斑红鲈、眼斑拟石首鱼等,是石首鱼科拟石首鱼属下的唯一一種。体型状如纺锤,颇肖中国产大黄鱼黄姑鱼,惟体色微红,尾部有数圆形黑斑。肉质细嫩,刺少汁多,味道可口怡人,故畅销市场,成为重要的商业养殖类,为世上养殖产量最高的鱼种之一。亦是著名的海水游钓鱼类。

分布

美国红鱼原产于美国东海岸,从马萨诸塞至南佛罗里达,沿墨西哥灣北岸由佛罗里达至德克薩斯州, 南下至墨西哥的尤卡坦半岛 。1987年臺灣水產實驗所由德州引進受精卵,1989年繁殖成功。中国(大陆),于1991年由中国国家海洋局第一海洋研究所再由德州引進,也有說法是由臺灣引進而后中国又先后多次引进此品种(多缺少正式,公開記錄)。 1995繁殖成功后全國推廣,今则有遼寧,山东、江蘇,浙江福建广东海南到廣西诸省皆有规养殖場;由養殖場逃逸及宗教團体放生的紅鼓魚(臺灣,大陸都有),極可能形成了野生种群。已成為大陸沿海,浙江,福建沿海及臺灣西岸的海上垂釣活動的對象。

生长条件

美国红鱼为广温、广盐、溯河行鱼类,能耐低氧,抗病力强.

营养成分

据一份中国科学家的报道,美国红鱼肌肉中脂类含量低,属高蛋白脂肪、低比能值鱼类。肌肉氨基酸含量同其他经济鱼类相比,属中等水平。必需氨基酸的含量低且缺含硫氨基酸,为非完全蛋白。其呈味氨基酸百分含量较其他鱼类高。

烹调

此鱼肉质极佳,色白味甜,蒸熏烤炸,俱合其宜。一些传统烹调方式源于新奥尔良地区。而路易斯安那的一些特色佳肴,更少不了美国红鱼作原料。最著名的当数黑熏红鱼(blackened red drum):先将鱼排涂上一种特殊的香料,继以猛火烤之。1980年代,此道名菜从新奥尔良流行至遍及全美。

名字由来

美国红鱼,顾名思义,自然是“美国的红色的鱼”。但英文俗称红鼓鱼(Red Drum),“鼓”又何以言之?原来此鱼产卵时砰然不断,宛如击鼓,其“为鱼”之高调如斯。雄鱼先为击鼓,雌鱼继之,雌雄并游,产卵动作于是完成。受精卵浮游水面,一日之内,便能孵化。

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紅擬石首魚: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

美国红鱼(学名:Sciaenops ocellatus),又称红鼓鱼(Red Drum)、斑点尾鲈、大西洋红鲈、海峡鲈、黑斑红鲈、眼斑拟石首鱼等,是石首鱼科拟石首鱼属下的唯一一種。体型状如纺锤,颇肖中国产大黄鱼黄姑鱼,惟体色微红,尾部有数圆形黑斑。肉质细嫩,刺少汁多,味道可口怡人,故畅销市场,成为重要的商业养殖类,为世上养殖产量最高的鱼种之一。亦是著名的海水游钓鱼类。

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점성어 ( корејски )

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점성어 혹은 홍민어(영어명 Red drum, redfish, channel bass, puppy drum, spottail bass, 학명 : Sciaenops ocellatus)는 농어목 민어과어류이다. 몸 길이는 1m를 넘으며 몸무게도 60kg인 대형 어류에 속한다. 점민어(spot, Leiostomus xanthurus)와는 다르다.

명칭

꼬리 부근에 점이 있어 점성어(點星魚)라는 이름이 붙었다. 색깔이 붉고 민어와 생김새가 비슷하여 '홍민어'라고도 한다.

영어권에서는 '레드피쉬(red fish)' 혹은 '레드드럼(red drum)'이라고 한다. 동물성 플랑크톤이나 새우 등의 갑각류를 먹어 체색이 붉은 빛늘 띠기에, '레드피쉬(red fish)'라고 이름지어졌다. 혹은 산란기에 수컷이 부레를 근육으로 진동하여 소리를 내는데 이 소리가 마치 북소리와 같다고 하여 '레드드럼(red drum)'이라는 이름이 생겼다.[2]

점민어라는 이름으로도 불리는데 이는 잘못된 것이다. 유통과정에서 점성어와 홍민어라는 이름이 뒤섞여서 (혹은 비싼 민어와 같은 종이라는 것을 강조하기 위하여 의도적으로) '점민어'라는 잘못된 이름이 통용되는 것으로 보인다. 학계에서 공식적으로 명명한 점민어(Leiostomus xanthurus)와는 엄밀히 다른 어종이다.

점성어(홍민어), 민어, 점민어는 민어과에 속하지만 각각 다른 어종이다. 이중 한국에서 유통되는 것은 점성어와 민어인데, 외형과 명칭의 유사성으로 인하여 점성어가 민어로 둔갑되어 판매되는 경우가 더러 있었다. 이러한 문제는 국제분류코드 문제와도 관련 있다. 일본에서 민어, 홍민어, 큰민어가 모두 같은 니베(にべ) 종류로 분류되어 국제통일상품분류체계(HS)에서도 같은 코드를 부여받게 되었는데, 이를 악용한 일부 상인들은 싼 홍민어나 큰민어를 이름이 비슷하지만 훨씬 비싼 민어라고 속여 팔고 있다.[3] 현재는 유전자 분석을 통하여 이러한 속임수를 차단하기 위하여 노력하고 있다.[4]

특징과 먹이

점성어의 특징은 몸이 옆으로 납작하며 몸 높이는 비교적 높은 편이다. 또한 민어와는 다르게 꼬리지느러미에 검은점이 있으며 배가 희고 옆줄이 뚜렷한게 특징이다. 머리의 등쪽은 매우 경사가 심하며 눈은 크고 등쪽으로 치우쳐져 있다. 눈 앞쪽에는 2쌍의 콧구멍이 있는데 앞콧구멍은 둥근 모양이고 뒷콧구멍은 반달 모양이다. 입은 배쪽으로 약간 치우쳐져 있으며 위턱이 아래턱보다 튀어나와 있다. 위턱의 뒤끝은 눈의 중앙 아래에 달하며 아래턱에는 감각을 느낄 수 있는 작은 구멍이 3쌍 나있다. 위턱에는 매우 작은 이빨이 줄지어 나있으며 아래턱에는 이빨이 없다. 등지느러미는 4번째 가시가 가장 길며 가슴지느러미는 끝이 등지르러미 5번째 아래까지 뻗어 있고 꼬리지느러미는 부드럽게 안이 패여 있다. 가슴지느러미는 기부의 위쪽에 눈지름보다 조금 작은 검은색 무늬가 선명히 나타나며 모든 지느러미는 무색투명하지만 흑색소포가 흩어져 있어 어둡게 보인다. 식용이 가능한 어종이며 먹이로는 작은물고기, 연체류, 오징어를 주로 먹는다.

서식지

미국 플로리다 일대와 멕시코 해안으로 이어지는 대서양 일대에 주로 서식하며 연안산호초 일대가 주요 서식지이다. 0~100m의 수심에 서식하는 표해수층의 어류이다. 적수온 25도 정도의 온수성 물고기이다.[5]

양식 및 국내 유통 현황

점성어는 1970년대 미국에서 많이 잡히면서 개체수가 급감, 1980년대에 텍사스(Texas)와 플로리다(Florida) 연안에서 처음 인공 종묘 생산에 성공하여 개체수 확보에 나섰다.[6]

중국에서도 1990년대 초에 양식에 성공하였으며, 중국 남부 광동, 절강, 복건 일대에서 주로 양식하고 있다.[7] 1987년 대만수산실험소(臺灣水産實驗所)에서 미국 텍사스를 통하여 수정란을 수입하고, 1989년에 번식에 성공하였다. 중국대륙의 경우, 1991년 중국국가해양국제일해양연구소(中國國家海洋局第一海洋硏究所)에서 텍사스로부터 수정란을 수입하였다는 설, 혹은 대만에서 수입하였다는 설이 있다. 어쨌든 1995년 번식에 성공하여 전국으로 퍼졌고, 현재는 요녕(遼寧), 산동(山東), 강소(江蘇), 절강(浙江), 복건(福建), 광동(廣東), 해남(海南), 광서(廣西) 등지에 양식장이 있다. 혹은 대륙과 대만의 신도들이 방생하여 야생화된 점성어도 있다.[8]

국내에서도 2000년대 초반에 양식을 시도하였지만 값싼 중국산에 밀려 현재는 중국산을 수입하여 수요를 충당하고 있는 실정이다.[9]

한국에서 유통되는 중국산 점성어는 국산 민어에 비하여 값은 1/2~1/3에 불과하지만, 활어회로 내놓을 경우 민어와 식별하기 어려운 탓에, 점성어회가 민어회 등으로 둔갑하는 경우가 있으니 주의가 필요하다.[10] 2020년 9월 기준으로, 국산 민어 소매가는 1kg당 7~8만원인 반면, 큰민어는 3만원, 점성어(홍민어)는 1만원의 가격 차이를 보이면서, 민어 유사어종인 큰민어나 점성어 수입이 급증하면서 국내 민어 생산 양식에도 차질을 빚게 하였다.[11] 더욱이 현재 국내에서 유통되고 있는 점성어는 큰민어와 함께 전량 중국산인데도 불구하고 주요 수산물로 분류되어 있지 않아 원산지 표시 대상도 아니다.[12]

각주

  1. 현재 민어과의 상위 목(order)에 대한 분류가 분분하다. 기존에는 농어목(Perciformes)에 속하였으나, 최근엔 일부 학자들에 의하여 양쥐돔목(Acanthuriformes) 민어과로 분류된다. 따라서 현재 민어과는 농어목과 양쥐돔목이 속한 에우페르카리아류(eupercaria)에 속한 미분류목으로 잠정 분류된다.
  2. 이두석(국립수산과학원 연구관), '[수산물 테마여행] <71> 홍민어'(부산일보 2012년 9월 5일 최종) (https://n.news.naver.com/article/082/0000355293)
  3. 안관옥 기자, '“큰민어, 홍민어는 민어가 아니다”'(한겨레신문, 2020년 10월 12일)(https://n.news.naver.com/article/028/0002515943)
  4. 이정수 기자, '민어로 둔갑한 점성어, 유전자분석으로 잡아낸다'(아주경제 2018년 7월 20일)(https://m.kr.ajunews.com/view/20180720105948923)
  5. 이두석(국립수산과학원 연구관), '[수산물 테마여행] <71> 홍민어'(부산일보 2012년 9월 5일 최종) (https://n.news.naver.com/article/082/0000355293)
  6. 이두석(국립수산과학원 연구관), '[수산물 테마여행] <71> 홍민어'(부산일보 2012년 9월 5일 최종) (https://n.news.naver.com/article/082/0000355293)
  7. 이두석(국립수산과학원 연구관), '[수산물 테마여행] <71> 홍민어'(부산일보 2012년 9월 5일 최종) (https://n.news.naver.com/article/082/0000355293)
  8. 중국어 위키항목에서 참조•번역함
  9. 이두석(국립수산과학원 연구관), '[수산물 테마여행] <71> 홍민어'(부산일보 2012년 9월 5일 최종) (https://n.news.naver.com/article/082/0000355293)
  10. 권대익 기자, 이호동(식품의약품안전처 수입검사관리과장) 자문, '[알기 쉬운 식품ㆍ의료기기 이야기] 여름 보양식 민어가 중국 수입산?'(한국일보 2020년 6월 1일) (https://n.news.naver.com/article/469/0000501768)
  11. 안관옥 기자, '“큰민어, 홍민어는 민어가 아니다”'(한겨레신문, 2020년 10월 12일)(https://n.news.naver.com/article/028/0002515943)
  12. 안관옥 기자, '“큰민어, 홍민어는 민어가 아니다”'(한겨레신문, 2020년 10월 12일)(https://n.news.naver.com/article/028/0002515943)
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점성어: Brief Summary ( корејски )

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점성어 혹은 홍민어(영어명 Red drum, redfish, channel bass, puppy drum, spottail bass, 학명 : Sciaenops ocellatus)는 농어목 민어과어류이다. 몸 길이는 1m를 넘으며 몸무게도 60kg인 대형 어류에 속한다. 점민어(spot, Leiostomus xanthurus)와는 다르다.

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Western Atlantic: Massachusetts in USA to northern Mexico, including southern Florida, USA

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( англиски )

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benthic

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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