Eustomias macrophthalmus Parr 1927

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Barbel length is 58%–78% SL and does not appear to change with growth. The axis of the stem is darkly pigmented in the two larger specimens, one having streaky pigment, the other densely peppered with large melanophores that merge together. The axis of the small holotype is relatively densely peppered with faded melanophores until close to the bulb, where the density decreases.

The external chevron-shaped or roundish striated areas on the stem are unpigmented. The single bilobate bulb appears to increase slightly in relative size to SL, from 0.9%–1.3% SL. The thick ovoid lobe of the bulb is equal to or slightly longer than the slender, cylindrical, filament–bearing lobe. The notch between lobes is very deep, resulting in the bulbs of the two larger specimens being divided almost completely. Numerous, short filaments (0.3%–1.4% SL) arise from the tip of the slender, cylindrical lobe of the bulb. The smallest specimen (78.1 mm) has the relatively longest filaments, 1.4 times bulb length. The large specimens (136.4 mm and 185 mm) have filaments 33%–50% bulb length, stuck closely together, some have side branches. Under high magnification they appear to be filled with a granular material.

Relative size of the sexually dimorphic postorbital organ is unknown. Nine pairs of subcutaneous spots along the dorsum, the last one under the dorsal fin, were counted in two specimens. Parr (1927) described bulb color of the 78.1 mm holotype (sex undetermined) as having a "roseous" pear-shaped lobe and a "whitish" slimmer lobe.

A single very large, elongate terminal bulb 4.3%–7.0% SL, approximately 6 times longer than wide, without any constriction. Terminal filament, when present, minute and simple. Barbel long, 76%–93% SL. Stem axis lightly pigmented. External chevron–shaped or roundish striated areas on stem not pigmented. Serial photophores: PV 31–34, OV 32–34, IA 54–56, IC 72–74. Vertebrae 63–66. Paired dorsal spots between occiput and dorsal-fin origin 8.

A single very large, elongate terminal bulb 4.3%–7.0% SL, approximately 6 times longer than wide, without any constriction. Terminal filament, when present, minute and simple. Barbel long, 76%–93% SL. Stem axis lightly pigmented. External chevron–shaped or roundish striated areas on stem not pigmented. Serial photophores: PV 31–34, OV 32–34, IA 54–56, IC 72–74. Vertebrae 63–66. Paired dorsal spots between occiput and dorsal–fin origin 8.

Specimens have been taken in the Southern Sargasso Sea, the Straits of Florida, and in the West Indies from the Bahamas to the Virgin Islands.

Gomon JR, Gibbs RH, Jr. 1985. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 409:1–58.

Eustomias macrophthalmus is a member of the subgenus Biradiostomias Gomon and Gibbs (1985). Biradiostomias differs from all other subgenera of Eustomias (see Gibbs et al., 1983) in the possession of two long, separate pectoral rays. Dinematochirus, when pectoral fins are present, also has two pectoral rays, but these are closely bound together in black membrane; furthermore, the species of Dinematochirus have a well–developed ventral body groove that extends beyond the pectoral–fin bases, and the barbel is short, usually with a pigmented stem, and usually with branches arising from the stem well before the terminal bulb. Biradiostomias is most similar to the subgenera Nominostomias, Haploclonus, and Eustomias in possessing a relatively long, slender barbel that has little or no external pigment and in lacking a well–developed ventral groove behind the pectoral bases. These three subgenera have three long, separate pectoral rays. Biradiostomias generally is intermediate in photophore, vertebral, anal–ray, and tooth numbers between the higher counts in Nominostomias and Eustomias and the lower counts of Haploclonus. The subgenus Eustomias is unique in having paired photophores in the lateral series. Gibbs et al. (1983, table 1) compare counts of Haploclonus, Biradiostomias (as "2–pectoral–rays"), and Nominostomias.

The following are characters that apply to all species of the subgenus. Two well–developed, free pectoral rays. Seven pelvic rays. Barbel with slender stem having little or no external pigment (axis often pigmented), no row of dark spots, and no branches proximal to terminal bulbs. One to three, rarely four, relatively small terminal bulbs, with or without terminal filaments or projections. No wide ventral body groove posterior to pectoral– fin base. Photophores in ventral series (IC) 69–77 (mostly 71–75), in lateral series (OC) 64– 71 (rarely more than 68, species modes mostly 66–68), VAV and VAL 13–19 (seldom more than 17, species modes 15–17 and 16–17, respectively). Usually 4–6 (rarely 7) VAV photophores located over anal–fin base. No paired photophores in lateral series. Vertebrae in continuous series 63–68 (seldom more than 66, species modes mostly 65–66). Anal rays 31–40, usually 33–38. Premaxillary teeth 7–15; mandibular teeth 9–18 (fewer of each in many specimens less than 100 mm SL).

Gibbs RH, Jr, Clarke TA, Gomon JR. 1983. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), I: Subgenus Nominostomias. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 380:1–139.

Gomon JR, Gibbs RH, Jr. 1985. Taxonomy and distribution of the stomioid fish genus Eustomias (Melanostomiidae), II: Biradiostomias, new subgenus. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 409:1–58.

Parr AE. 1927. The stomiatoid fishes of the suborder Gymnophotodermi (Asthronesthidae, Melanostomiatidae, Idiacanthidae) with a complete review of species. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 3:1–123.

To 185 mm SL.

22°31'N, 74°26'W, 0—1500 m (10,000 ft wire), 30 Mar 1927.

Holotype: YPM 2035

Body slender and elongate, color black; body depth 6.3-8.7% SL. Head length 13.3% SL. Lower jaw about equal to length of upper jaw and is not upturned at tip. Long, tapering, protrusible snout. Chin barbel long with a very long terminal bulb; 7.6-9.3% SL. Barbel with slender stem and an elongated terminal bulb with minute terminal filament. Bulb is 4.3-7% SL and 6 times longer than it is wide. Deep ventral groove absent. Pectoral fins free. Preorbital and suborbital luminous organs absent (Ref. 37039).

Dorsal soft rays (total): 20 - 25; Analsoft rays: 35 - 37

Eustomias macrophthalmus Parr, 1927

Eustomias macrophthalmus Parr, 1927:67–68 [holotype fig. 39, barbel fig. 36c].—Regan and Trewavas, 1930:93 [barbel fig. 77B, 1 additional specimen; E. micropterygius a doubtful synonym].—Beebe and Crane, 1939:212–213 [type re-examined; no additional specimens].—Morrow and Gibbs, 1964:415–416 [no additional specimens; barbel, fig. 110D].—Rass, 1971:511 [listed in Caribbean Sea].—Parin and Pokhilskaya, 1974:364 [1 specimen from 22°42′N, 66°49′W].

DIAGNOSIS.—A single very large, elongate terminal bulb 4.3%–7.0% SL, approximately 6 times longer than wide, without any constriction. Terminal filament, when present, minute and simple. Barbel long, 76%–93% SL. Stem axis lightly pigmented. External chevron-shaped or roundish striated areas on stem not pigmented. Serial photophores: PV 31–34, OV 32–34, IA 54–56, IC 72–74. Vertebrae 63–66. Paired dorsal spots between occiput and dorsal-fin origin 8.

DESCRIPTION.—The barbel of E. macrophthalmus is long. Its relative length of 76%–93% SL is reached at least by 79 mm (the smallest specimen examined), after which it does not appear to change with growth in the size range examined (79–111 mm SL). There is some indication of sexual dimorphism in barbel length, with six females (99–111 mm SL) having slightly longer barbels (84%–93% SL) than four males (97–111 mm SL with barbels 79%–87% SL). No other sexually dimorphic barbel characters are apparent. The stem axis is lightly peppered with melanophores or lightly streaked with pigment. One specimen (107.5 mm) has no axis pigment, but the body is also faded.

The single terminal bulb is very large, 4.3%–7.0% SL, and does not change with growth in the size range examined. It is approximately six times longer than wide, an elongate sausage-shaped ellipse. Two specimens (79–99 mm, MCZ 55318) have the distal portion of the bulb transparent with a thin dendritic network, rather than opaque. These bulbs may be still developing or regenerating their distal portions, or they may have been crushed.

A minute, simple terminal filament (less than 1% SL) is present in all except 1 specimen (79 mm). It usually is visible only under magnification.

Four males (97–111 mm) have postorbital organs 1.2–2.4 mm long, which are 1.2%–2.2% SL, 34%–67% of fleshy orbit. This development is reached at a short SL relative to other species of Biradiostomias.

In addition to barbel length and postorbital-organ size, the caudal-peduncle depth appears to be sexually dimorphic, with 4 males examined (97–111 mm) having depths of 1.9–2.1 mm and 5 females (99–111 mm) with depths of 1.6–1.9 mm.

Bulbs of three freshly caught males (97–111 mm), one female (100 mm) and one specimen of undetermined sex (95 mm) were deep purple distally, light purple or yellowish white proximally. The postorbital organs of the males were pink or pinkish white.

SIMILAR SPECIES.—Two other species have long terminal bulbs. In E. leptobolus, the most similar species, the barbel is shorter (46%–49% SL vs. 76%–93%), the terminal bulb has a constriction near its distal tip and is shorter (3.3%–3.5% SL vs. 4.3%–6.6%); it has more IA photophores (57–59 vs. 54–56), and IC photophores (75–77 vs. 72–74) and fewer mandibular teeth (9–10 vs. 11–18); and its fleshy orbit diameter is smaller (1.9%–2.7% SL vs. 2.7%–3.6%). In E. quadrifilis, the bulb length, fleshy orbit diameter, and photophore counts resemble those of macrophthalmus, but it, like leptobolus, has a shorter barbel, and its two pairs of relatively long terminal filaments are distinctive. The differences in counts and orbit diameter could prove less trenchant when more is known about variation in leptobolus.

The remaining species of Biradiostomias with a single, non-bilobate, terminal bulb (hulleyi, precarius, pyrifer, xenobolus, and ioani) have relatively small terminal bulbs, 0.5%–1.5% SL, with the bulb less than three times longer than wide.

Eustomias ignotus also resembles macrophthalmus but has two terminal bulbs in close approximation. If the two bulbs were joined, with no constriction, the bulb of ignotus could be indistinguishable from that of macrophthalmus. The barbel length of E. ignotus, however, is shorter, 43.6% SL vs. 76%–93%.

DISTRIBUTION.—Specimens have been taken in the Southern Sargasso Sea, the Straits of Florida, and in the West Indies from the Bahamas to the Virgin Islands (Figure 20).

MATERIAL EXAMINED (4, 6, 2 unsexed).—Holotype: BOC 2035 (, 104.1), 22°31′N, 74°26′W, 0–∼1500 m (10,000 ft wire), 30 Mar 1927.

Non-types: ZMUC P201859 (, 101.2), 17°34′N, 64°56′W, 0–∼150 m (300 mw), 18 Apr 1922. IOAN uncat. ( 102.9), 22°42′N, 66°49′W, 0–180 m, 28 Apr 1962. MCZ 55318 ( 99.3; ?, 81.1), 20°12′N, 65°19′W, 2000–2400, 25 Feb 1954. UMML uncat. (, 111.0), 24°29′N, 74°24′W, 0–400 m, 2220–2320, 25 Jan 1973. ISH 3299/79 (, 98.0), 25°08′N, 67°39′W, 0–1800 m, 0416–0820, 12 Apr 1979. ISH 2296/79 (, 100.4), 25°37′N, 61°56′W, 0–100 m, 2103–2200, 21 Mar 1979. USNM 259650 (?, 94.8), 23°46′N, 58°59′W, 0–1200 m, 1542–1742, 28 Mar 1979. USNM 259649 (, 110.5), 23°55′N, 63°58′W, 0–1800 m, 0358–0803, 8 Apr 1979. USNM 259647 (, 97.1), 26°42′N, 79°31′W, 400–750 m, 1320–1657, 7 Aug 1978. USNM 259648 (, 107.5), 19°56′N, 70°43′W, 0–220 m, 14 Oct 1963.

Eustomias macrophthalmus és una espècie de peix de la família dels estòmids i de l'ordre dels estomiformes.

Eustomias macrophthalmus es una especie de pez de la familia Stomiidae en el orden de los Stomiiformes.

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Eustomias macrophthalmus Eustomias generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Stomiidae familian sailkatzen da.

大眼真巨口魚（学名：Eustomias macrophthalmus）为輻鰭魚綱巨口鱼目巨口鱼科的其中一種。分布於西大西洋區，包括加勒比海、墨西哥灣等海域，為深海魚類，棲息深度0-1800公尺，身體細長且為黑色，下頷約略等於上頷，吻部能夠伸展，觸鬚細長，末端具有球莖，眶前骨與眶下無發光器官，體長可達11.1公分。