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Dicaeum hirundinaceum ( астурски )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Dicaeum hirundinaceum,[2] tamién conocíu como pica flor del arfueyu,[3] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Dicaeidae nativa d'Australia (anque ausente en Tasmania y les zones desérticas más grebas), y tamién a les islles Moluques orientales d'Indonesia nel mar de Arafura ente Australia y Nueva Guinea.

Prefieren ambientes con árboles y parrotales, onde pueden construyir los sos niales. El páxaru come una variedá d'alimentos, como bayes y munchos tipos d'inseutos.[4]

Descripción

La especie ye pequeña (de 9 a 10 cm de llargu) y 7.5 a 11 g de pesu. El machu ye azul brillante y negru percima, con un pechu coloráu y la parte so la cola llixeramente colorada, y una franxa negra central percorriendo'l so banduyu blancu. La fema ye de color gris escuru percima, con un pescuezu blancu, les partes inferiores de color gris claro, y namái un toque de color rosado-colloráu debaxo de la cola. Los güeyos, picu y pates son negros; el delgáu picu ye afiláu, tien pocu más d'un centímetru de llargu y ye llixeramente curváu escontra baxo. Los mozos son similares a la fema, pero tienen un picu naranxa arrosáu en llugar de negru.[4]

Taxonomía

El analís xenéticu d'ADN mitocondrial del 70 % de diceidos reveló qu'el picaflores golondrina y el picaflores capirrojo (D. geelvinkianum) yeren parientes cercanos.[5]

Subespecies

Esisten cuatro subespecies reconocíes, que difieren n'allugamientu xeográficu y detalles de plumaxe, sobremanera nos machos:[4]

  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum Shaw y Nodder, 1792, n'Australia (con un gran parche coloráu del gargüelu al pechu, lladrales grises);
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum keiense Salvadori, 1874, archipiélagu de Watubela, Indonesia (pechu coloráu más pequeñu);
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle G. R. Gray, 1858, islles Aru, Indonesia (lladrales mariellos-antes); y, *Dicaeum

hirundinaceum fulgidum P. L. Sclater, 1883, islles Tanimbar, Indonesia (lladrales enantes, pechu coloráu más pequeñu, y gargüelu beige pálida)

Comportamiento

Alimentación

La especie come una variedá d'alimentos distintos. Suel comer les bagues d'arfueyu (d'ende'l nome) y otres plantes. La dieta tamién inclúi néctar, polen, arañes y inseutos.

La especie consume'l frutu del arfueyu gris (Amyema quandang)[6] y otres especies d'arfueyu. Al comer el frutu del arfueyu parasitario, esta ave ye capaz d'arrobinar les granes. Cuando los páxaros comen les bagues, les granes pueden tardar ente 4 a 25 minutos en percorrer el so sistema dixestivu. Cuando les aves escreten les granes, les pegañosos fieces xúntense fácilmente a les cañes o'l tueru d'un árbol onde llueu broten.

Reproducción

La fema constrúi ella mesma'l nial ensin ayuda del machu. El nial ta fechu de plantes esmagayaes y telarañes, y caltener xuníu l'árbol. Va Poner trés o cuatro güevos blancos nel nial y los va guarar d'ellos hasta la so eclosión. Dambos padres participen na alimentación de los pitucos.

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International. «Dicaeum hirundinaceum» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2014.3.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2009). «Nomes en castellán de les aves del mundu recomendaos pola Sociedá Española d'Ornitoloxía (Decimotercera parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Remizidae a Laniidae)». Ardeola 56 (1): pp. 135-142. http://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/tmp/docs/vol_56_1_segundo.pdf. Consultáu'l 10 de febreru de 2015.
  3. The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, Tercer (n'en), Angus&Robertson, 500. ISBN 0-207-19691-5.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Del Fuexu, J et al, ed. (2008). Handbook of the Birds of the World (inglés). 13: 388. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
  5. Nyária, Árpád S; Peterson, A Townsend; Rice, Nathan H; Moyle, Robert G. «Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade» (n'en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3). doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014. PMID 19576993.
  6. Reid, Nick (28 de xunetu de 2006). «Mutualistic interdependence between mistletoes (Amyema quandang), and spiny-cheeked honeyeaters and mistletoebirds in an arid woodland» (n'en). Austral Ecology (Ecological Society of Australia) 15 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01526.x.

Enllaces esternos


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Dicaeum hirundinaceum: Brief Summary ( астурски )

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Dicaeum hirundinaceum, tamién conocíu como pica flor del arfueyu, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Dicaeidae nativa d'Australia (anque ausente en Tasmania y les zones desérticas más grebas), y tamién a les islles Moluques orientales d'Indonesia nel mar de Arafura ente Australia y Nueva Guinea.

Prefieren ambientes con árboles y parrotales, onde pueden construyir los sos niales. El páxaru come una variedá d'alimentos, como bayes y munchos tipos d'inseutos.

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Picaflor australià ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El picaflor australià[1] (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) és un ocell de la família dels dicèids (Dicaeidae) que habita selves, boscos i matolls d'Austràlia.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Picaflor australià Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. «Picaflor australià». Cercaterm. TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia. Rev. 21/09/2013 (català)
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Picaflor australià: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El picaflor australià (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) és un ocell de la família dels dicèids (Dicaeidae) que habita selves, boscos i matolls d'Austràlia.

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Pigwr blodau uchelwydd ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pigwr blodau uchelwydd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pigwyr blodau uchelwydd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Dicaeum hirundinaceum; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Mistletoe flowerpecker. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pigwyr blodau (Lladin: Dicaeidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn D. hirundinaceum, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r pigwr blodau uchelwydd yn perthyn i deulu'r Pigwyr blodau (Lladin: Dicaeidae). Weithiau mae'r teulu hwn yn cael ei ystyried yn rhan o deulu ehangach: teulu'r Adar haul (Categori:Nectarinidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Aderyn haul brongoch Chalcomitra senegalensis Aderyn haul brown Anthreptes gabonicus
Flickr - Rainbirder - Mouse-brown Sunbird (Anthreptes gabonicus) (1).jpg
Aderyn haul cefn melynwyrdd Cinnyris jugularis
Cinnyris jugularis (male) -Singapore Botanic Gardens-8.jpg
Aderyn haul cefnblaen Anthreptes reichenowi
Flickr - Rainbirder - Plain-backed Sunbird male (Anthreptes reichenowi).jpg
Aderyn haul deudorchog bach Cinnyris chalybeus
Lesser Double-collared sunbird.jpg
Aderyn haul gyddfblaen Anthreptes malacensis
Plain-throated Sunbird.jpg
Aderyn haul y Seychelles Cinnyris dussumieri
Nectarinia dussumieri feeding young.jpg
Anthreptes rhodolaemus Anthreptes rhodolaemus
Anthreptes rhodolaemus, malacensis Keulemans .jpg
Heliwr corynnod bach Arachnothera longirostra
Little spiderhunter India.jpg
Heliwr corynnod brith Arachnothera magna
Streaked Spiderhunter.jpg
Heliwr corynnod Everett Arachnothera everetti Heliwr corynnod hirbig Arachnothera robusta
Arachnothera robusta Keulemans.jpg
Heliwr corynnod pigbraff Arachnothera crassirostris
Arachnothera crassirostris Keulemans.jpg
Heliwr corynnod sbectolog Arachnothera flavigaster
Spectacled-spiderhunter.jpg
Heliwr corynnod Whitehead Arachnothera juliae
ArachnotheraJuliaeKeulemans.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Pigwr blodau uchelwydd: Brief Summary ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Pigwr blodau uchelwydd (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: pigwyr blodau uchelwydd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Dicaeum hirundinaceum; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Mistletoe flowerpecker. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pigwyr blodau (Lladin: Dicaeidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn D. hirundinaceum, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Květozob vlaštovčí ( чешки )

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Květozob vlaštovčí (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) je 9-10 cm velký druh pěvce z čeledi květozobovitých (Dicaeidae). Žije v lesích a jiných stromových porostech na rozsáhlém území Austrálie a na Molukách. Živí se měkkými plody, nektarem, pylem, pavouky a hmyzem. Hnízdo z rostlin a pavučin buduje na stromech samotná samice, která se také jako jediná účastní na inkubaci vajec.[2][3]

Taxonomie

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Dospělý samec
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Samička při krmení mladých

Květozoba vlaštovčího poprvé popsal George Shaw roku 1792. Genetická analýza mitochondriální DNA ukázala, že tento druh je ze 70 % příbuzný s květozobem novoguinejským.

Květozob vlaštovčí tvoří celkem čtyři poddruhy, které se liší areálem rozšíření ale také intenzitou barev, především co se samců týče.

  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum: Austrálie; typickým znakem je červené peří na krku a hrudi a šedé peří na bocích.
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum keiense: souostroví Watubela, Indonésie; jen velmi malé množství nebo vůbec žádné červené peří na hrudi.
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle ostrovy Aru, Indonésie; žluté peří na bocích.
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum fulgidum ostrov Tanimbar, Indonésie; bledá hrdlo a téměř žádné červené peří na hrudi.

Popis

Květozob vlaštovčí je 9 až 10 cm malý pták se zavalitým tělem a hmotností mezi 7,2 a 11 g. Samci mají lesklé modro-černé peří na horní polovině těla, bílé břicho, červenou hruď. Samice jsou tmavě šedé, s bílým hrdlem a světle šedým břichem a růžovo-červeným peřím pod ocasním peřím. Oči, zobák a nohy jsou celočerné. Mladí jedinci se podobají samicím.

Ekologie

Květozob vlaštovčí se živí řadou různých druhů bobulí, jmelí i dalších rostlin. Výjimečně se živí i nektarem z rostlin, pylem, pavouky nebo drobným hmyzem. Obvykle jsou jejich oblíbenou potravou bobule ze stromu Amyema quandang, kterému se v angličtině říká i šedé jmelí. Jmelí je parazitní rostlina která se běžně živí na jiných stromech a právě mnoho druhů květozobů, mezi nimi i květozob vlaštovčí, je důležitým přenašečem semen těchto rostlin. Květozobové vcelku spolknout bobule, které jejich tělem projdou běžně do 25 minut a pak je vyloučí v lepivé směsi, která se snadno uchytí na stromu, kde může rostlina začít rašit a vyvíjet se.

Samice květozoba vlaštovčího staví hnízdo sami a bez pomoci samce, jak je tomu například u květozoba křivozobého. Hnízdo je tvořeno z různých částí rostlin, pavučin a je na stromě uchyceno lepivou směsí ze slin. Samice následně do hnízda naklade tři až čtyři čistě bílá vejce a stará se o ně, dokud se nevylíhnou. Také vejce sama inkubuje. Po vylíhnutí mláďat se oba rodiče snaží získávat pro ně potravu.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Mistletoebird na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Dicaeum hirundinaceum [online]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [cit. 2010-07-04]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. KHOLOVÁ, Helena (autorka českého překladu). Ptáci. Praha: Euromedia Group, k. s., 2008. ISBN 9788024222356.

Externí odkazy

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Květozob vlaštovčí: Brief Summary ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ

Květozob vlaštovčí (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) je 9-10 cm velký druh pěvce z čeledi květozobovitých (Dicaeidae). Žije v lesích a jiných stromových porostech na rozsáhlém území Austrálie a na Molukách. Živí se měkkými plody, nektarem, pylem, pavouky a hmyzem. Hnízdo z rostlin a pavučin buduje na stromech samotná samice, která se také jako jediná účastní na inkubaci vajec.

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Rotsteiß-Mistelfresser ( германски )

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Der Rotsteiß-Mistelfresser (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) ist ein australischer Singvogel.

Merkmale

Das Männchen ist oberseits blauschwarz und unterseits grauweiß gefärbt. Kehle, Brust und Unterschwanzdecken sind scharlachrot. Das Weibchen ist oberseits graubraun gefärbt, unterseits grauweiß mit blassroten Unterschwanzdecken.

Vorkommen

Der Rotsteiß-Mistelfresser lebt im Regenwald, in lichten Wäldern, Hecken und Dickichten in Australien und Teilen Indonesiens.

Verhalten

Der Vogel sucht in Büschen und Bäumen nach Insekten, Nektar und Früchten, vor allem Mistelbeeren. Schon nach 30 Minuten scheiden die Vögel die klebrigen Samen dieser Früchte unbeschädigt aus. Der Rotsteiß-Mistelfresser streift in kleinen Gruppen umher und legt dabei zum Teil weite Strecken zurück.

Fortpflanzung

Zwischen Oktober und März baut das Weibchen alleine ein großes, kuppelförmiges Nest aus pflanzlichem Material und Spinnweben, das es um die Zweige eines Baums webt. Das Gelege, aus drei bis vier Eiern, wird auch nur vom Weibchen bebrütet. Dagegen füttern beide Elternteile die Jungvögel.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Rotsteiß-Mistelfresser: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Der Rotsteiß-Mistelfresser (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) ist ein australischer Singvogel.

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Mistletoebird ( англиски )

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The mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum), also known as the mistletoe flowerpecker,[2] is a species of flowerpecker native to most of Australia (though absent from Tasmania and the driest desert areas) and also to the eastern Maluku Islands of Indonesia in the Arafura Sea between Australia and New Guinea. The mistletoebird eats mainly the berries of the parasitic mistletoe and is a vector for the spread of the mistletoe's seeds through its digestive system.[3]

Taxonomy and evolution

The mistletoebird is one of 44 species of the flowerpecker family Dicaeidae. The flowerpeckers are considered to be nearest in avian evolutionary relationship to the sunbird family Nectariniidae.[4] Both the flowerpeckers and sunbirds are thought to be early offshoots of the early passeroid radiation that occurred 20-30 million years ago.[5] The sunbirds are found mainly in Africa and Asia and the flowerpeckers throughout Asia. The mistletoebird is a geologically recent arrival into Australia from South-East Asia.[6] It is thought to have started colonizing Australia from about two million years ago.[7]

The mistletoebird is a mistletoe-feeding specialist and mistletoe-feeding specialists have evolved independently in eight of the world's avian families. This extreme dietary specialization has evolved in non-passerine species, as well as sub-oscine and oscine passerines. Early scientific research had the mistletoe and mistletoebird mutually co-evolving with a high dependence on each other through their evolutionary development. As the mistletoe has been in Australia for a long time and mistletoebirds for a relatively short time, the mistletoe seed was distributed originally by non-specialized frugivore birds like the honeyeater. Even though the mistletoebird has evolved into a very efficient local distributor of mistletoe seeds, the mistletoebird needs the mistletoe but the mistletoe does not need the mistletoebird.[8][9]

Molecular-based scientific methods have been used recently to evaluate generic taxonomy within the flowerpecker family. The flowerpecker genetic subdivision is based on a single morphological character — the length of the outermost primary wing feather. Most flowerpeckers are sexually dichromatic, have stouter bills than sunbirds and display a broad variety of tongue structure. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA of 70% of flowerpecker species showed that the mistletoebird and the red-capped flowerpecker (D. geelvinkianum) to be each other's closest relative.[10]

The specific epithet hirundinaceum derives from the name of the swallow (Hirundo) and refers to its long and pointed swallow-like wings.[11]

Subspecies

There are four recognised subspecies, which differ in geographical location and plumage details, primarily of the males:[3]

  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum Shaw & Nodder, 1792 — Australia (extensive red on throat and chest; flanks grey)
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum keiense Salvadori, 1874Watubela archipelago, Indonesia (red on chest limited)
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle G. R. Gray, 1858Aru Islands, Indonesia (flanks yellow-buff)
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum fulgidum P. L. Sclater, 1883Tanimbar Islands, Indonesia (flanks buff, red on chest limited, and throat pale buff)

Description

The mistletoebird is small, 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long and 7.5–11 g (0.26–0.39 oz) weight. The male is glossy blue-black above, with a red chest and a slight red under-tail, and a black center stripe running down its white belly. The female is dark grey above, with a white throat, light grey underparts, and just a touch of pinkish-red under the tail. The eyes, bill, and legs are black; the bill is just over a centimeter long, slender, slightly down-curved and sharply pointed. Immature birds are similar to the female, but have an orange-pink bill instead of black.[3] There is a variance in size and color across their distribution. The adult mistletoebird is smaller in the north of its distribution and females in the north have lighter colored underparts compared to darker ones in the south.[12]

The mistletoebird has long pointed wings and a short square tail with a slight notch at the tip. They usually occur singularly or in twos but occasionally in small family groups or flocks and very occasionally in mixed-species flocks when food is in abundance. Their flight is swift and they are usually seen flying above or high in the tree canopy on distinctively pointed wings. Their posture is usually upright when perched but adopt a more horizontal, swaying posture when alarmed. They have a variety of vocalizations but their most familiar is a short, sharp, high-pitched tzew or dzee whistled mainly on the wing. Songs while perched include a whistled wissweet wissweet uttered repeatedly. The male mistletoe bird can be mistaken for a scarlet robin (Petroica boodang) or flame robin (Petroica phoenicea), but it has no spot on the forehead and has a black streak on the white belly. Due to the combination of size, shape, behaviour, and plumage the mistletoebird is unlikely to be mistaken for any other Australian passerine; however, the pardalote and thornbill are the closest in size and shape.[5]

Behaviour

Habitat

Mistletoe in Eucalyptus woodland. Central New South Wales.

Mistletoebirds are nomadic where movement is generally local and is associated with the fruiting of mistletoe. Mistletoebirds mostly occur in forests and woodlands dominated by any species of Eucalyptus from the dry interior to the coastal rain forests, but they do not frequent high altitude areas in winter as they adopt a torpid state when cold. Mistletoebirds are more likely to occur in mature stands where trees are larger and more likely to have become infested with mistletoe, rather than in regenerated areas.[5] There are over 1300 species of mistletoe around the world and about 100 in Australia, where a common variety in the drier climates is the grey mistletoe (Amyema quandang). All mistletoes share a common growth form where water and nutrients are obtained from their host tree via a specialized vascular attachment, but as mistletoe manufacture their own carbohydrates using photosynthesis, they are referred to as 'half parasitic'. Although common on the mainland of Australia, there are no mistletoes in Tasmania.[13]

Less specialized fruit-eating species, such as the honeyeater, source much of their protein from arthropods. To source the arthropods, the honeyeaters venture far and, therefore, are a conduit for long distance mistletoe seed dispersal, while the mistletoebirds generally concentrate on and limit their feeding to local mistletoe infestations.[14]

Recent ecological studies have found the mistletoe producing a rich biodiversity in areas where it proliferates. The litter-fall under mistletoe infestation, where there is a high turnover of rich mistletoe leaves, has a diverse animal and plant life.[15] Also, the denseness of the mistletoe bush and the characteristics of its leaves makes it a cool and safe place for birds to rest, hide, and nest. In a recent study in southern Australia, 217 species of Australian arboreal birds were reported nesting in mistletoe, including the mistletoebird.[16]

Feeding

The mistletoebird is a specialist frugivore that primarily eats the berries of mistletoes. Foraging time takes up 25% of the mistletoebird's daytime activities in summer and 29% in winter. The increased fruit consumption in winter could be related to the bird's increased thermo-regulatory costs during the cold of winter. Mistletoe fruit dominates the mistletoebird's diet accounting for 85% of foraging observations. Arthropods formed 13% and the remainder was from nectar, insects, and other berries.[6][9] The only other known frugivore with a similar degree of dietary specialization is Pesquet's parrot (or vulturine parrot) of New Guinea that feeds almost exclusively on strangler figs. In becoming frugivore specialists, both these birds live off the fruit of parasites that germinate in the canopy of host trees, where the fruit of the parasite has specific seed placement requirements on host branches and resists consumption by frugivore nonspecialist birds.[9] The mistletoe plant minimizes opportunistic consumption of their berries by less specialized dispersal birds by producing few, inconspicuous fruits over a long period.[17] Specialist frugivorous birds, by eating mainly fruit, have a diet rich in carbohydrates and poor in protein. To increase the protein level, which is particularly important for reproduction and molting, the mistletoe bird has to eat large quantities of the mistletoe fruit.[14]

Feeding adaptations

Deposited mistletoe seed. Sticky, to facilitate propagation in the host tree.

The mistletoebird has a small muscularized stomach and short alimentary canal, where the amount of mechanical grinding and chemical digestion is minimized. This enables a clear passage and quick exit of the mistletoe fruit seeds through the mistletoebird's digestive system. In comparison, the non-specialized fruit-eating birds that they compete with for the mistletoe berry, such as the spiny-cheeked honeyeater (Acanthagenys rufogularis), have a more complex digestive system that takes longer for the fruit seeds to pass, and in the process the seeds are subjected to more mechanical and chemical action in the gut. It takes between 4–25 minutes for the mistletoe seed to pass through the mistletoebird. In a scientific study in South Australia with the grey mistletoe (Amyema quandang), it took 2.3 times longer for the mistletoe seeds to pass through the digestive system of a spiny-cheeked honeyeater (A. rufogularis) than it did through the mistletoebird and five months after seed deposit, 43% more seedlings had established from seeds defecated by mistletoebirds than from seeds passed by the honeyeater.[18] The mistletoebird's modified gastrointestinal tract is in the same plane. This facilitates rapid passage of the large number of berries consumed. Comparing the frugivore mistletoebird with a similarly sized insectivore the inland thornbill (Acanthiza inornata), where both their body masses are approximately 7 g (0.25 oz). The mean length of the gizzard in the mistletoebird is 4.3 mm (0.17 in) and 13.5 mm (0.53 in) in the thornbill. The mean length of the small intestine is 55 mm (2.2 in) in the mistletoebird and 88 mm (3.5 in) in the thornbill.[17]

The mistletoebird has a large gape relative to the size of its head and its total body size. This allows grasping and swallowing the mistletoe fruit, which are about 12 mm (0.47 in) long by 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter. These are large berries relative to the diminutive mistletoebird.[17]

Efficiency of mistletoe fruit dispersal by the mistletoebird is increased by the way the bird perches on a branch to defecate. They sometimes stand facing along the host tree branch depositing seeds in a string on the perch. Honeyeater-dispersed seeds, in contrast, fall randomly and less efficiently onto substrates below the defecating bird. The texture of the defecated seed with the mistletoebird is stickier than other bird's feces to facilitate a strong bond with the host tree branch.[19]

Breeding

Mistletoebirds conduct elaborate courtship and nuptial displays where, with a horizontal body, the male sways from side to side fluttering its wings, flicking its tail and displaying flashes of red. The female flies to a nearby branch where she flutters her wings. The male flies to her, mates and immediately they depart together.[20] Mistletoebird pairs nest solitarily and raise up to 3 broods per season. The breeding season is from August to April depending where in Australia, but usually coincides with the fruiting of mistletoe. The nest can be found in many different plants but especially in eucalyptus, mistletoe, and acacia trees where it is suspended from an outer twig or thin horizontal branch and concealed among foliage. The nest is pear shaped with a slit side entrance and is usually made of plant down, wool, spider webs and spider egg sacs. The outside of the nest is coated with dry plant material like leaves, bark and lichen. The nest is built by the female, but accompanied by the male who assists very occasionally. Incubation is by the female but it has been recorded that males do sit the nest while the female is away.[5] She will lay a clutch of three or four white eggs, each measuring 17 mm × 11 mm (0.67 in × 0.43 in), oval in shape. Incubation period is between 10–12 days and the young remain in the nest for approximately 15 days.[21] The fledglings are fed by both parents but mainly by the female. Newly hatched birds are initially fed arthropods, after which mistletoe berry pulp is then gradually introduced into their diet. After about two weeks, when they are ready to fledge, the mistletoe berry pulp comprises 80% of food intake of the young mistletoebird. Both parents remove the fecal sacs left by the young in the nest.[5]

Other characteristics

The longevity of a mistletoebird has been recorded in southern Queensland, where a banded adult male was recaptured near the banding site after 9 years. Mistletoebirds vocally mimic other birds. Heard in all seasons and given by both sexes, they have been recorded mimicking the mulga parrot ( Psephotus varius), as well as more than 25 different species of passerines. Predators known to have taken mistletoebird nestlings are the grey shrike-thrush (Colluricincla harmonica), pied butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis), pied currawong (Strepera graculina), and the Australian raven (Corvus coronoides). Nests have also been parasitized by a number of cuckoo species, including Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo (Chrysococcyx basalis) and the fan-tailed cuckoo (Cacomantis flabelliformis).[5]

Threats and human interaction

There was an ecological balance between the parasitic mistletoe and their host trees before this balance was disturbed with excessive forest clearing. Land clearing to accommodate farming practices and population growth created an imbalance that resulted in excessive infestations of mistletoe in some areas leading to forest degradation, and a total lack of mistletoe in other areas.[22] Mistletoe density in Eucalyptus forests in Australia ranges from 0 to over 100 plants per hectare, where this high value is from highly damaged and perturbed habitat. From natural intact forests there are typically less than 10 plants per hectare. Avian richness increases with mistletoe density until a threshold of approximately 20 plants per hectare is reached after which heavy grazing and degradation sets in.[13] Areas of excessive infestation of the parasite mistletoe badly damages or kills the host trees. The reaction to this was to try and eradicate the bird seen as spreading the parasite, the mistletoebird. One farmer in Australia in the 1930s claimed to have destroyed over 1200 mistletoebirds in a 6-year period, but they are no longer actively persecuted.[23]

Gallery

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dicaeum hirundinaceum.
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  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Dicaeum hirundinaceum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103777963A94540718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103777963A94540718.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ Pizzey, Graham (1999). The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia (Third ed.). Angus&Robertson. p. 500. ISBN 0-207-19691-5.
  3. ^ a b c del Hoyo, J. et al., eds. (2008). Handbook of the Birds of the World 13: 388. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
  4. ^ Macdonald, J.D. (1988). Birds of Australia. Singapore: Reed Books Pty Ltd. pp. 394–396. ISBN 978-0730100171.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Cowling, S.J. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1474–1490. ISBN 978-0195532449.
  6. ^ a b Reid, N. (1990). "Mutualistic interdependence between mistletoes (Amyema quandang), and spiny-cheeked honeyeaters and mistletoebirds in an arid woodland". Australian Journal of Ecology. 15 (2): 175–190. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01526.x.
  7. ^ Reid, N. (1987). "The Mistletoebird and Mistletoes: Co-evolution or Coincidence". Emu. 87 (2): 136–137. doi:10.1071/MU9870130.
  8. ^ Watson, David M.; Rawsthorne, John (2013). "Mistletoe specialist frugivores: latterday 'Johnny Appleseeds' or self-serving market gardeners?". Oecologia. 172 (4): 925–932. Bibcode:2013Oecol.172..925W. doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2693-9. PMID 23797409. S2CID 1005155.
  9. ^ a b c Rawsthorne, John; Watson, David M.; Roshier, David A. (2012). "The restricted seed rain of a mistletoe specialist". Journal of Avian Biology. 43 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05515.x. S2CID 85276740.
  10. ^ Nyária, Árpád S.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Rice, Nathan H.; Moyle, Robert G. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (3): 613–19. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014. hdl:1808/6569. PMID 19576993.
  11. ^ Longmore, W. (1991). Honeyeaters and their allies of Australia. Hong Kong: Angus and Robertson. pp. 340–345. ISBN 978-0207154447.
  12. ^ Madge, S.C. (2008). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Family Remizidae (Penduline-tits). Vol. 13. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 52–75. ISBN 9788496553453.
  13. ^ a b Watson, D.M. (2001). "Mistletoe-A keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide". Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32: 219–249. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114024. S2CID 43694290.
  14. ^ a b Barea, Laurence P.; Gerardo Herrera, M.L. (2009). "Sources of protein in two semi-arid zone mistletoe specialists: Insights from stable isotopes". Austral Ecology. 34 (7): 821–828. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01996.x.
  15. ^ Watson, D.M.; Herring, M. (2012). "Mistletoe is a keystone resource: an experimental test". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1743): 3853–3860. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0856. PMC 3415901. PMID 22787026.
  16. ^ Cooney, S.J.N.; Watson, D.M.; Young, J. (2006). "Mistletoe nesting in Australian birds: a review". Emu. 106: 1–12. doi:10.1071/MU04018. S2CID 84296716.
  17. ^ a b c Richardson, K.C. (1988). "The Alimentary tract of a specialist frugivore, the Mistletoebird, Dicaeum hirundinaceum, in relation to its diet". Australian Journal of Zoology. 36 (4): 373–382. doi:10.1071/zo9880373.
  18. ^ Murphy, S.R.; Reid, N.; Yan, Z.; Venables, W.N. (1993). "Differential passage time of mistletoe fruits through the gut of honeyeaters and flowerpeckers: effects on seedling establishment". Oecologia. 93 (2): 171–176. Bibcode:1993Oecol..93..171M. doi:10.1007/bf00317667. JSTOR 4220240. PMID 28313603. S2CID 19909663.
  19. ^ Reid, N. (1989). "Dispersal of Mistletoes by Honeyeaters and Flowerpeckers: components of seed dispersal quality". Ecology. 70 (1): 137–145. doi:10.2307/1938420. JSTOR 1938420.
  20. ^ Venables, B. (2007). "A dynamics nuptial display by mistletoebird (Dicaeum ihrundinaceum) and further call mimicry". Sunbird: The Journal of the Queensland Ornithological Society. 37: 28–29. ISSN 1037-258X.
  21. ^ Frith, H.J. (1984). Birds in the Australian high country. Hong Kong: Angus and Robertson. pp. 291–292. ISBN 978-0207144646.
  22. ^ Norton, D.A. (1997). "Lessons in Ecosystem Management from management of threatened and pest Loranthaceous Mistletoes in New Zealand and Australia". Conservation Biology. 11 (3): 759–769. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95529.x. JSTOR 2387436.
  23. ^ Watson, D.M. (2011). Mistletoes of Southern Australia. Collingwood, Vic: CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643095939.
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Mistletoebird: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum), also known as the mistletoe flowerpecker, is a species of flowerpecker native to most of Australia (though absent from Tasmania and the driest desert areas) and also to the eastern Maluku Islands of Indonesia in the Arafura Sea between Australia and New Guinea. The mistletoebird eats mainly the berries of the parasitic mistletoe and is a vector for the spread of the mistletoe's seeds through its digestive system.

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El picaflores golondrina (Dicaeum hirundinaceum),[2]​ también conocido como picaflor del muérdago,[3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Dicaeidae nativa de Australia (aunque ausente en Tasmania y las zonas desérticas más áridas), y también de las islas Molucas orientales, de Indonesia en el mar de Arafura entre Australia y Nueva Guinea.

Prefieren ambientes con árboles y arbustos, donde pueden construir sus nidos. El pájaro come una variedad de alimentos, como bayas y muchos tipos de insectos.[4]

Descripción

La especie es pequeña (de 9 a 10 cm de largo) y 7.5 a 11 g de peso. El macho es azul brillante y negro por encima, con un pecho rojo y la parte bajo la cola ligeramente roja, y una franja negra central recorriendo su vientre blanco. La hembra es de color gris oscuro por encima, con un cuello blanco, las partes inferiores de color gris claro, y sólo un toque de color rosado-rojo debajo de la cola. Los ojos, pico y patas son negros; el delgado pico es afilado, tiene poco más de un centímetro de largo y es ligeramente curvado hacia abajo. Los jóvenes son similares a la hembra, pero tienen un pico naranja rosáceo en lugar de negro.[4]

Taxonomía

El análisis genético de ADN mitocondrial del 70 % de diceidos reveló que el picaflores golondrina y el picaflores capirrojo (D. geelvinkianum) eran parientes cercanos.[5]

Subspecies

Existen cuatro subespecies reconocidas, que difieren en ubicación geográfica y detalles de plumaje, sobre todo en los machos:[4]

  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum Shaw y Nodder, 1792, en Australia (con un gran parche rojo de la garganta al pecho, flancos grises);
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum keiense Salvadori, 1874, archipiélago de Watubela, Indonesia (pecho rojo más pequeño);
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle G. R. Gray, 1858, islas Aru, Indonesia (flancos amarillos-antes); y,
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum fulgidum P. L. Sclater, 1883, islas Tanimbar, Indonesia (flancos antes, pecho rojo más pequeño, y garganta beige pálida)

Comportamiento

Alimentación

La especie come una variedad de alimentos diferentes. Suele comer las bayas de muérdago (de ahí el nombre) y otras plantas. La dieta también incluye néctar, polen, arañas e insectos.

La especie consume el fruto del muérdago gris (Amyema quandang)[6]​ y otras especies de muérdago. Al comer el fruto del muérdago parasitario, esta ave es capaz de propagar las semillas. Cuando los pájaros se comen las bayas, las semillas pueden tardar entre 4 a 25 minutos en recorrer su sistema digestivo. Cuando las aves excretan las semillas, las pegajosos heces se adhieren fácilmente a las ramas o el tronco de un árbol donde pronto brotan.

Reproducción

La hembra construye ella misma el nido sin ayuda del macho. El nido está hecho de plantas trituradas y telarañas, y lo mantiene unido el árbol. Pondrá tres o cuatro huevos blancos en el nido y los incubará de ellos hasta su eclosión. Ambos padres participan en la alimentación de los polluelos.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Dicaeum hirundinaceum». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2015.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2009). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimotercera parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Remizidae a Laniidae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 56 (1): 135-142. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 10 de febrero de 2015.
  3. Pizzey, Graham (1999). The Field Guide to the Birds of Australia (en inglés) (Tercera edición). Angus&Robertson. p. 500. ISBN 0-207-19691-5. |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)
  4. a b c Del Hoyo, J et al, ed. (2008). Handbook of the Birds of the World (en inglés). 13: 388. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
  5. Nyária, Árpád S; Peterson, A Townsend; Rice, Nathan H; Moyle, Robert G (2009). «Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (en inglés) 53 (3): 613-619. PMID 19576993. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014.
  6. Reid, Nick (28 de julio de 2006). «Mutualistic interdependence between mistletoes (Amyema quandang), and spiny-cheeked honeyeaters and mistletoebirds in an arid woodland». Austral Ecology (en inglés) (Ecological Society of Australia) 15 (2): 175-190. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01526.x.

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El picaflores golondrina (Dicaeum hirundinaceum),​ también conocido como picaflor del muérdago,​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Dicaeidae nativa de Australia (aunque ausente en Tasmania y las zonas desérticas más áridas), y también de las islas Molucas orientales, de Indonesia en el mar de Arafura entre Australia y Nueva Guinea.

Prefieren ambientes con árboles y arbustos, donde pueden construir sus nidos. El pájaro come una variedad de alimentos, como bayas y muchos tipos de insectos.​

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum ( баскиски )

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum Dicaeum generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Dicaeidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Dicaeum hirundinaceum: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum Dicaeum generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Dicaeidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Mistelikukastaja ( фински )

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Mistelikukastaja (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) on Oseaniassa esiintyvä varpuslintu, joka on sopeutunut elämään mistelien kanssa.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Linnun pituus on noin 10 cm ja paino 9 g. Koiras ja naaras ovat erinäköisiä: koiraan rinta on punainen, selkä sinimusta, alaperä punainen ja vaalean vatsan keskellä on musta juova. Naaras on tummanharmaa ja sen alaperässä on vähemmän punaista. George Shaw kuvaili holotyypin Uudesta Hollannista eli Australiasta vuonna 1792.

Esiintyminen

Mistelikukastajat elävät lähes kaikkialla Australian mantereella, Papua-Uudessa-Guineassa ja itäisessä Indonesiassa. Se on täysin riippuvainen mistelien esiintymisestä. Lajin elinympäristön ala on 1–10 miljoonaa neliökilometriä ja siitä tunnetaan neljä alalajia. Pesimäajan ulkopuolella se vaeltelee ravinnon perässä.

Elinympäristö

Pensaikot, metsät ja puutarhat.

Lisääntyminen

Pesintä tapahtuu syyskuusta maaliskuulle. Naaras rakentaa oksasta riippuvan, päärynänmuotoisen pesän kasvikuiduista ja hämähäkin seiteistä. Pesän kulkuaukko on sivulla. Naaras munii tavallisesti kolme munaa, joita se hautoo yksin. Molemmat emot ruokkivat poikasia, jotka jättävät pesän noin 15 päivän ikäisinä.

Ravinto

Mistelikukastaja elää läheistä yhteiseloa mistelien kanssa, joita Australiassa tavataan noin 60 lajia. Se syö mistelien marjoja, jotka kulkevat nopeasti sen surkastuneen vatsalaukun läpi, missä marjan mehukas ja runsassokerinen malto imeytyy suoleen. Siemen kulkeutuu kloaakkiin puolessa tunnissa ja lintu ulostaa sen usein puun tai pensaan oksalle, johon misteli juurtuu. Linnut syövät myös hyönteisiä, mettä ja siitepölyä, ja poikasia ruokitaan aluksi vain valkuaispitoisilla hyönteisillä.

Lähteet

Viitteet

  1. BirdLife International: Dicaeum hirundinaceum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 15.1.2014. (englanniksi)
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Mistelikukastaja: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Mistelikukastaja (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) on Oseaniassa esiintyvä varpuslintu, joka on sopeutunut elämään mistelien kanssa.

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Dicée hirondelle ( француски )

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum

Le Dicée hirondelle (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) est une espèce de passereaux placée dans la famille des Dicaeidae.

Description

 src=
Dicée hirondelle, en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Australie. Juillet 2020.

Il mesure 10 à 11 cm de longueur. Le mâle est bleu-noir, a la poitrine rouge et le dessous de la queue d'un rouge léger et a une bande noire centrale descendant jusqu'à son ventre blanc. La femelle, moins voyante, est gris foncé avec un ventre gris clair et juste une touche de rouge sous la queue. Les immatures sont semblables à la femelle mais ont un bec orange au lieu de noir.

Alimentation

Cet oiseau se nourrit des baies de gui, de nectar, de pollen, d'araignées et d'insectes. Pendant la saison où il n'y a pas de baies de gui, il mange d'autres baies. Il consomme également le fruit d'Amyema quandang (en) que les autres oiseaux ignorent.[réf. nécessaire]

Répartition

On le trouve en Australie, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée et Indonésie orientale.

Sous-espèces

Selon Peterson

  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum fulgidum Sclater,PL 1883
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum (Shaw) 1792
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle Gray,GR 1858
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum keiense Salvadori 1874

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Dicée hirondelle: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Dicaeum hirundinaceum

Le Dicée hirondelle (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) est une espèce de passereaux placée dans la famille des Dicaeidae.

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Cabai benalu ( индонезиски )

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Cabai benalu (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) adalah spesies burung cabai dalam famili Dicaeidae. Burung ini adalah burung penetap di Australia dan beberapa pulau kecil di Indonesia bagian tengah dan timur.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Dicaeum hirundinaceum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 26 November 2013.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
  2. ^ "Cabai benalu". Kutilang Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 11 April 2014.
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Cabai benalu: Brief Summary ( индонезиски )

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Cabai benalu (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) adalah spesies burung cabai dalam famili Dicaeidae. Burung ini adalah burung penetap di Australia dan beberapa pulau kecil di Indonesia bagian tengah dan timur.

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Roodstuithoningvogel ( холандски; фламански )

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Vogels

De roodstuithoningvogel (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) is een vogel uit de familie van de bastaardhoningvogels, een groep van tamelijk kleine, typisch gedrongen vogels.

Kenmerken

De roodstuithoningvogel is 9,5 tot 11 cm lang. Het is een gedrongen vogel met een korte staart. Het mannetje is glanzend blauwzwart van boven en heeft een felrode borst en onderstaartdekveren en een zwart vlekje onder het rood op de borst. Het vrouwtje is minder opvallend, zij is grijs van boven en bleekwit van onder en de onderstaartdekveren zijn bleekrood. Beide sekse hebben een scherpe, zwarte snavel.

Leefwijze

Deze vogels foerageren op insecten, nectar en vruchten in struiken en bomen in Australazië. De roodstuithoningvogel is gespecialiseerd in het verorberen van de bessen van soorten uit de plantenfamilie Loranthaceae die veel voorkomen in het leefgebied. Dit is een grote groep van planten die halfparasitisch leven op andere planten en bomen. Ze behoren tot dezelfde orde als de in Europa voorkomende maretak, die ook een halfparasiet is. In het (Australisch) Engels heet deze vogel dan ook Mistletoebird. Dankzij zijn korte spijsverteringkanaal passeren de deze bessen tamelijk snel zijn darmen. Zo worden de plakkerige zaden onbeschadigd afgezet op takken, waar ze groeien en een toekomstige voorraad voedsel vormen voor de vogel. Hij eet echter ook insecten, bloemzaadjes en nectar.

De meeste leden van de familie bastaardhoningvogels zijn standvogels, maar de roodstuithoningvogel is nomadisch. Hij zwerft in kleine zwermen die lange afstanden afleggen op zoek naar voedsel.

Voortplanting

In het broedseizoen, dat valt van oktober tot maart, bouwt deze soort een fraai overkoepeld nest van plantenmateriaal en spinnenwebben, dat hij rond de takken van een boom weeft. Het vrouwtje legt vervolgens drie tot vier eitjes.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De roodstuithoningvogel komt voor door geheel Australië en verder alleen nog op de Aru-eilanden (Indonesië).

De soort telt vier ondersoorten:

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • (en) Pizzey, G & R. Doyle, 1980. A field guide to the birds of Australia. Collins, Sydney.
  • Richard, Bryan Vogelencyclopedie
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Roodstuithoningvogel: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De roodstuithoningvogel (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) is een vogel uit de familie van de bastaardhoningvogels, een groep van tamelijk kleine, typisch gedrongen vogels.

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Kwiatówka różowa ( полски )

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Kwiatówka różowa, czerwonka pręgowana (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) - gatunek małego, owocożernego ptaka z rodziny kwiatówek (Dicaeidae). Występuje w Australii, gdzie jest jedynym gatunkiem swojej rodziny. Nie występuje na całym kontynencie. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

Morfologia
Ptak wielkości mysikrólika, ale cięższy. Bardzo wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Samiec jest czarny, z bardziej niebieskimi skrzydłami i czerwonym gardłem. Ma biały brzuch z czarnym pasem i bokami w czarne plamy. Czerwone pokrywy podogonowe na końcu przechodzą w kolor pomarańczowy, po bokach są bielsze. Przy skrzydle na boku biała plama. Na skrzydłach białe lusterko. Nogi są ciemnoszare, dziób i oczy czarne. Samica jest szarobrązowa, z ciemnymi skrzydłami i ogonem. Posiada białe gardło.
Wymiary
  • długość ciała: 10 cm
  • waga: 9 gramów
Biotop
Różne typy lasów i zadrzewień i inne miejsca z roślinami, gdzie można spotkać jemiołę.
Pożywienie
Zjada owoce jemiołowatych i pokrewnych roślin. Nie ma ona żołądka mięśniowego, przez co nasiona nie są trawione, lecz szybko przechodzą przez przewód pokarmowy i są wydalane w postaci lepkich odchodów, które spadając do gałęzi przyczyniają się do zapylenia rośliny. Jest to specyficzny przykład ornitochorii.
Głos
Wydaje ostre "dzee".
Lęgi
Gniazdo ma kształt gruszki, ma szczelinowaty boczny otwór wejściowy. Jest zawieszone na ulistnionych gałęziach za pomocą łodyg zielnych. Samica sama je buduje. Składa 3-4 białe jaja, które sama wysiaduje przez ok. 14 dni. Pisklęta karmią oboje rodzice przez następne dwa tygodnie.
Systematyka
Wyróżniono cztery podgatunki D. hirundinaceum[4][2][5]:
  • kwiatówka różowa (Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum) – Australia
  • kwiatówka lśniąca (Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle) – Wyspy Aru.
  • Dicaeum hirundinaceum keienseWatubela, Tayandu i Kai.
  • kwiatówka tanimbarska (Dicaeum hirundinaceum fulgidum) – Wyspy Tanimbar.

Przypisy

  1. Dicaeum hirundinaceum, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Mistletoebird (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2012-12-05].
  3. Dicaeum hirundinaceum. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Frank Gill, David Donsker: Family Dicaeidae (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2012-12-05].
  5. Nazwy polskie za: Paweł Mielczarek, Marek Kuziemko: Dicaeidae Bonaparte, 1853 - kwiatówki - Flowerpeckers. W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2012-12-05].

Bibliografia

  • David Burni, Ben Hoare, Joseph DiCostanzo, BirdLife International (mapy wyst.), Phil Benstead i inni: Encyklopedia Ptaki. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2009. ISBN 978-83-01-15733-3.
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Kwiatówka różowa: Brief Summary ( полски )

добавил wikipedia POL

Kwiatówka różowa, czerwonka pręgowana (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) - gatunek małego, owocożernego ptaka z rodziny kwiatówek (Dicaeidae). Występuje w Australii, gdzie jest jedynym gatunkiem swojej rodziny. Nie występuje na całym kontynencie. Nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem.

Morfologia Ptak wielkości mysikrólika, ale cięższy. Bardzo wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Samiec jest czarny, z bardziej niebieskimi skrzydłami i czerwonym gardłem. Ma biały brzuch z czarnym pasem i bokami w czarne plamy. Czerwone pokrywy podogonowe na końcu przechodzą w kolor pomarańczowy, po bokach są bielsze. Przy skrzydle na boku biała plama. Na skrzydłach białe lusterko. Nogi są ciemnoszare, dziób i oczy czarne. Samica jest szarobrązowa, z ciemnymi skrzydłami i ogonem. Posiada białe gardło. Wymiary długość ciała: 10 cm waga: 9 gramów Biotop Różne typy lasów i zadrzewień i inne miejsca z roślinami, gdzie można spotkać jemiołę. Pożywienie Zjada owoce jemiołowatych i pokrewnych roślin. Nie ma ona żołądka mięśniowego, przez co nasiona nie są trawione, lecz szybko przechodzą przez przewód pokarmowy i są wydalane w postaci lepkich odchodów, które spadając do gałęzi przyczyniają się do zapylenia rośliny. Jest to specyficzny przykład ornitochorii. Głos Wydaje ostre "dzee". Lęgi Gniazdo ma kształt gruszki, ma szczelinowaty boczny otwór wejściowy. Jest zawieszone na ulistnionych gałęziach za pomocą łodyg zielnych. Samica sama je buduje. Składa 3-4 białe jaja, które sama wysiaduje przez ok. 14 dni. Pisklęta karmią oboje rodzice przez następne dwa tygodnie. Systematyka Wyróżniono cztery podgatunki D. hirundinaceum: kwiatówka różowa (Dicaeum hirundinaceum hirundinaceum) – Australia kwiatówka lśniąca (Dicaeum hirundinaceum ignicolle) – Wyspy Aru. Dicaeum hirundinaceum keiense – Watubela, Tayandu i Kai. kwiatówka tanimbarska (Dicaeum hirundinaceum fulgidum) – Wyspy Tanimbar.
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Mistelblomsterpickare ( шведски )

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Mistelblomsterpickare[2] (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) är en fågel i familjen blomsterpickare inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Den delas in i fyra underarter:[3]

Sedan 2016 urskiljer Birdlife International och naturvårdsunionen IUCN ignicolle respektive keiense med fulgidum som de egna arterna "arublomsterpickare" och "rosabröstad blomsterpickare". Därmed hotkategoriseras de var för sig, alla tre som livskraftiga.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2016 Dicaeum hirundinaceum Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-11.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2017) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2017 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2017-08-11

Externa länkar

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Mistelblomsterpickare: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Mistelblomsterpickare (Dicaeum hirundinaceum) är en fågel i familjen blomsterpickare inom ordningen tättingar. Den delas in i fyra underarter:

keisense-gruppen D. h. keiense – förekommer i södra Wallacea (Watubela, Tayandu och Kaiöarna) D. h. fulgidum – förekommer i Tanimbaröarna (Yamdena, Larat och Lutu) D. h. ignicolle – förekommer i Aruöarna D. h. hirundinaceum – förekommer i Torressundöarna och skogbeväxta områden på Australiens fastland

Sedan 2016 urskiljer Birdlife International och naturvårdsunionen IUCN ignicolle respektive keiense med fulgidum som de egna arterna "arublomsterpickare" och "rosabröstad blomsterpickare". Därmed hotkategoriseras de var för sig, alla tre som livskraftiga.

Dicaeum hirundinaceum -near Lake Ginninderra, Canberra, Australia -male-8.jpg Mistletoebird0696e.jpg Mistletoebird3208e.jpg Mistletoebirds2819e.jpg Mistletoebirds3048e.jpg
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Chim tầm gửi ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Chim tầm gửi (danh pháp hai phần: Dicaeum hirundinaceum) là một loài chim lá thuộc chi Dicaeum trong họ Chim sâu. Đây là loài bản địa của Úc (mặc dù không hiện diện ở Tasmania và các vùng sa mạc khô hạn nhất), và phía đông đảo Maluku Indonesia biển Arafura giữa Australia và New Guinea. Chúng phải sinh sống ở nơi có cây và bụi cây, để có thể xây dựng tổ. Chim ăn nhiều loại thức ăn khác nhau như là trái dâu và các loại các loại côn trùng[2]. Phân tích di truyền của DNA ty thể của 70% của loài chim này cho thấy nó và chim sâu mũ đỏ (D. geelvinkianum) có quan hệ tương đối gần nhất của nhau[3].

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Dicaeum hirundinaceum. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ del Hoyo, J. et al., eds. (2008). Handbook of the Birds of the World 13: 388. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3.
  3. ^ Nyária, Árpád S.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Rice, Nathan H.; Moyle, Robert G. (2009). “Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3): 613–19. PMID 19576993. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014.

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Chim tầm gửi  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Chim tầm gửi
  • del Hoyo, J. et al., eds. (2008). Handbook of the Birds of the World 13: 388. ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3
  • Nyária, Árpád S.; Peterson, A. Townsend; Rice, Nathan H.; Moyle, Robert G. (2009). “Phylogenetic relationships of flowerpeckers (Aves: Dicaeidae): Novel insights into the evolution of a tropical passerine clade”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3): 613–19. PMID 19576993. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.014.
  • Reid, Nick (Published Online: 28 Jul 2006). “Mutualistic interdependence between mistletoes (Amyema quandang), and spiny-cheeked honeyeaters and mistletoebirds in an arid woodland”. Austral Ecology (Ecological Society of Australia) 15 (2): 175–190. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1990.tb01526.x. Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date= (trợ giúp)
  • Colin Harrison & Alan Greensmith: Vögel. Dorling Kindersly Limited, London 1993,2000, ISBN 3-831-00785-3
  • Bryan Richard: Vögel. Parragon, Bath, ISBN 1-405-45506-3

Liên kết ngoài


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Chim tầm gửi: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

добавил wikipedia VI

Chim tầm gửi (danh pháp hai phần: Dicaeum hirundinaceum) là một loài chim lá thuộc chi Dicaeum trong họ Chim sâu. Đây là loài bản địa của Úc (mặc dù không hiện diện ở Tasmania và các vùng sa mạc khô hạn nhất), và phía đông đảo Maluku Indonesia biển Arafura giữa Australia và New Guinea. Chúng phải sinh sống ở nơi có cây và bụi cây, để có thể xây dựng tổ. Chim ăn nhiều loại thức ăn khác nhau như là trái dâu và các loại các loại côn trùng. Phân tích di truyền của DNA ty thể của 70% của loài chim này cho thấy nó và chim sâu mũ đỏ (D. geelvinkianum) có quan hệ tương đối gần nhất của nhau.

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Ласточковый цветоед ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Инфраотряд: Passerida
Семейство: Цветоедовые
Вид: Ласточковый цветоед
Международное научное название

Dicaeum hirundinaceum (Shaw, 1792)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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Изображения
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ITIS 559733NCBI 381024EOL 1051706

Ласточковый цветоед[1] (лат. Dicaeum hirundinaceum) — певчая птица семейства цветоедовых, обитающая в Австралии.

Описание

Оперение самца сине-чёрное сверху и серо-белое снизу. Горло, грудь и подхвостье багрово-красные. Оперение самки бурое сверху и серо-белое снизу, подхвостье красноватого цвета.

Распространение

Ласточковый цветоед живёт во влажных джунглях, в светлых лесах, живых изгородях и чащах в Австралии и частях Индонезии.

Образ жизни

Птица ищет в кустах и на деревьях насекомых, нектар и плоды, прежде всего, ягоды омелы. Уже через 30 минут птицы испражняют липкие семена этих плодов неповрежденными. Птицы живут маленькими стаями.

Размножение

С октября по март самка в одиночку сплетает вокруг веток дерева большое, куполообразное гнездо из растительного материала и паутины. Кладку из 3—4-х яиц высиживает только самка. Птенцов кормят обе родительские птицы.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 373. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Ласточковый цветоед: Brief Summary ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию

Ласточковый цветоед (лат. Dicaeum hirundinaceum) — певчая птица семейства цветоедовых, обитающая в Австралии.

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澳洲啄花鸟 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Dicaeum hirundinaceum
Shaw & Nodder, 1792

澳洲啄花鸟学名Dicaeum hirundinaceum),是啄花鸟科啄花鸟属的一种,分布于印度尼西亚澳大利亚。全球活动范围约为6,470,000平方千米。该物种的保护状况被评为无危

澳洲啄花鸟的平均体重约为9.1克。栖息地包括亚热带或热带的(低地)干燥疏灌丛、亚热带或热带的湿润低地林、亚热带或热带的旱林、亚热带或热带的高海拔疏灌丛、地中海型疏灌丛、干燥的稀树草原、河流、溪流、亚热带或热带的红树林和乡村花园。

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澳洲啄花鸟: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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澳洲啄花鸟(学名:Dicaeum hirundinaceum),是啄花鸟科啄花鸟属的一种,分布于印度尼西亚澳大利亚。全球活动范围约为6,470,000平方千米。该物种的保护状况被评为无危

澳洲啄花鸟的平均体重约为9.1克。栖息地包括亚热带或热带的(低地)干燥疏灌丛、亚热带或热带的湿润低地林、亚热带或热带的旱林、亚热带或热带的高海拔疏灌丛、地中海型疏灌丛、干燥的稀树草原、河流、溪流、亚热带或热带的红树林和乡村花园。

лиценца
cc-by-sa-3.0
авторски права
维基百科作者和编辑
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посети извор
соработничко мреж. место
wikipedia 中文维基百科