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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 12.6 years (wild)
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AnAge articles

Без наслов ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks are not true larks; rather they belong to the same family as blackbirds and orioles (Icteridae). There are about 18 recognized subspecies of the eastern meadowlark.

The decline of the S. magna populations could be partially due to the industrialization of agriculture, which increases the likelihood of a nest being destroyed by the agricultural machinery and the increased use of row crops which are an unsuitable habitat for these birds. Another possible cause of the decline is apparent predation by cattle. Cattle have been documented destroying nests, sometimes by accident but also by crushing eggs and nestlings with their muzzles and by removing nestlings from the nests.

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Behavior ( англиски )

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The songs of S. magna are one of the first birdsongs of spring. Sturnella magna have a variety of vocal communications. There are begging notes, location notes, dzert, whistle, chatter, weet, primary song, flight song, female song, zeree, and tee-tee-tee. Nestlings and recently fledged juveniles use begging and location notes, which are simple high-pitched notes. These notes enable the parents to find and feed their young. The dzert call indicates mild disturbance. The whistle indicates intense excitement in males or females, such as the presence of a predator, just before a flight song, or immediately after an aerial chase or copulation. Both sexes use the chatter call to indicate excitement such as the presence of a predator or intruder. Females also chatter after copulation and in response to their mates’ primary song. Only males use the primary song, which sounds like seee-yeee, seee-yer. In the courtship period, female S. magna use the female song, during early morning preening. The alarm call of the eastern meadowlark is a short buzzy, dzert.

Posturing and aerial chases are used to attract and pursue possible mates. Jump-flights are used to ward off males that are intruding on another male’s territory. Bill-tilting and tail- and wing-flashing are used in territorial disputes, as is expansion posturing. Expansion posturing is when individuals extend their contour feathers, spread the tail, and draws the head close to the body. Female S. magna use expansion posturing to warn off its mate when the female is unreceptive. If expansion posturing does not succeed in warning off the male, the female will hold its feathers tight against its body and point its gaping bill at the male. Male eastern meadowlarks also use expansion posturing after the formation of the pair bond.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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According to the IUCN Red List, the U.S. Federal List, and the State of Michigan List, eastern meadowlarks have no special status. They are not threatened, likely to become threatened, or endangered. This agrees with the Audubon Society's assessment of S. magna. Eastern meadowlarks fall into the Audubon Society's green conservation status, which means that it is of low or no conservation concern. However, S. magna populations have been experiencing a significant population decline, declining by as much as 50% since 1966.

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Sturnella species eat kernels of sprouting grain, which can destroy portions of newly planted crops.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Sturnella magna eat insects that are crop pests, therefore they act to control pest populations that impact crops.

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Associations ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks are prey for larger predators and they prey on a variety of insects, including grubs and caterpillars, which could damage the surrounding vegetation. They also act to disperse the sees of plants they eat. Sturnella magna serves as a host for a variety of internal and external parasites, and for brown-headed cowbirds. Brown-headed cowbirds are obligate parasites, which lay eggs in the nests of other species of birds.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; biodegradation ; soil aeration

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Microtetrameres sturnellae
  • Phthiraptera
  • Siphonaptera
  • brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater)
  • Hippoboscidae
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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Associations ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks are preyed on by hawks and falcons and occasionally by owls. They are most likely to be preyed upon by owls during the owl’s breeding season. While the owls are raising their young, they are more likely to hunt during daylight hours, in order to catch enough prey to feed the chicks. Hawks and falcons are diurnal, and often hunt in similar habitats. During their nesting season, domestic cats, dogs, foxes, coyotes, and skunks prey upon the eggs and nestlings. Eastern meadowlark coloration helps them to blend in to their grassland surroundings, they can be difficult to spot unless they are on a high perch.

Known Predators:

  • domestic cats (Felis silvestris)
  • dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • foxes (Vulpes)
  • skunks (Mephitidae)
  • hawks (Accipitridae)
  • falcons (Falconidae)
  • sometimes owls (Strigiformes)
  • coyotes (Canis latrans)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks are medium-sized songbirds, with long, slender, light gray bills and dark brown eyes. The tails are short and have rigid rectrices. The legs and toes are long. Male S. magna have grayish heads with blackish stripes, a yellow “eyebrow”, and dark crowns with a median stripe. The wings and tail are streaked and barred with dark and light brown. Males have a broad white moustachial stripe and a yellow chin, which is divided from the underparts by a broad black breast band. The underparts turn off-white on the streaked flanks and under the tail coverts. The pale undertail coverts are streaked and spotted dusky black. Females are similar to males except that they are smaller, paler, and have a narrower breast band. Males are slightly larger than females, from 21 to 25 cm in length, females are from 19 to 23 cm. Juvenile eastern meadowlarks have masked black areas and the white areas are buffish. Juveniles also have more brown plumage in the winter. Eastern meadowlark eggs are white, speckled with reddish-brown. When these birds walk, the tail constantly jerks open. These birds fly by beating their wings vigorously and then gliding.

Range mass: 90 to 150 g.

Range length: 19 to 26 cm.

Range wingspan: 35 to 40 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks have an expected lifespan of five years in the wild, which is the same as the high end of its expected lifespan in captivity. The longest know lifespan in the wild is nine years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
9 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
5 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
3 to 5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
151 months.

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks breed in native grasslands, pastures, savannas, alfalfa and hay fields, cropland borders, roadsides, orchards, golf courses, airports, reclaimed strip mines, overgrown fields, and other open areas. In the western range, the breeding range also consists of tall-grass prairies and desert grassland. In the winter they are generally found in open country, cultivated fields, feedlots, and marshes. Eastern meadowlarks are generally found in habitats that are more mesic than their close relative, western meadowlarks (S. neglecta).

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Sturnella magna is found in the eastern United States, as well as parts of the southwest U.S. and Central America. The summer breeding range includes parts of southern Canada.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Eastern meadowlarks walk and run on the ground while foraging for food, they also forage by probing beneath the soil. Their diet varies with the season. In the spring they feed mainly on cutworms, grubs, and caterpillars. When summer comes they eat insects, primarily beetles and grasshoppers. In the winter they eat noxious weed seeds and waste grains as well as some wildfruits and occasional carrion from road-kill or predator-kills.

Animal Foods: carrion ; insects

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore ); herbivore (Granivore )

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Male eastern meadowlarks are polygynous, with most males having two to three mates. Female S. magna have only one mate per breeding season, provided that the male successfully defends the territory. Males establish their territories approximately two to four weeks before females arrive. Male S. magna display their territories with flight displays and by singing. Female eastern meadowlarks choose their mates by selecting territories, which are defended by males with conspecific vocalizations. Once the pair bond forms the pair remains close together while foraging and searching for nest sites. A male S. magna defends its territory against rivals by fluffing out its plumage and pointing its bill upwards. Males guard their mates from neighboring males by constantly guarding their mate.

Males establish their territories in March, females arrive about two to four weeks later females. Male eastern meadowlarks rarely engage in body contact and fighting when defending their territories, however, when it does occur it can be quite severe. Pairing occurs immediately after females arrive. The "aerial chase" occurs within minutes of a female choosing a male. The female typically initiates the chase, although sometimes the chase includes two females and one male. The aerial chase consists of either a series of short flights or as brief flights interspersed with periods of posturing and rest. Additionally, the male is typically silent during the aerial chase. These chases usually carry the participants well beyond the boundaries of the male’s territory. When a female eastern meadowlark is receptive, she eventually assumes the receptive posture, at which time the male will approach, paw the female’s back and then mount. Afterwards the female remains in a semi-receptive position and flutters and shakes its plumage, chatters several times, then vigorously preens itself. The female receptive posture consists of the female elevating its bill and tail, holding its wings slightly drooped, and quivering, sometimes the female also chatters. Later on in the breeding season "jump-flights" and tee-tee-tee calls may accompany the receptive posture. However, if a male approaches when the female is not receptive, the female will use "expansion posturing" to warn off the male. Also, males and females make jump-flights before and during repeated copulation periods. A jump-flight consists of the bird jumping approximately one meter into the air and then flying several meters. Once the breeding season is over, male S. magna cease defending their territories.

Mating System: polygynous

Female eastern meadowlarks gather nest materials and build the nest. The nest consists of coarse grasses, lined with finer grasses and is constructed on the ground, typically in a shallow depression. The outside diameter of the nest ranges from 14-21 cm, the inside diameter ranges from 8-15 cm, and the inside depth ranges from 5-8 cm. Female S. magna land a distance away from the nest and then stealthily approach the nest.

Breeding interval: Breeding first occurs in late May, with a second brood produced in late June to early July.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs from late May to August.

Range eggs per season: 6 to 14.

Range time to hatching: 13 to 15 days.

Range fledging age: 11 to 12 days.

Range time to independence: 2 (low) weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average eggs per season: 5.

Females incubate the eggs for 13 to 15 days, when the altricial young hatch. After the eggs hatch both the female and her mate feed the hatchlings. However, females do most of the feeding. Nestlings typically fledge 11 to 12 days after hatching, but juveniles do not become independent for at least another two weeks. The parents continue to feed the fledglings until they become independent.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Female)

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Dexheimer, T. 2006. "Sturnella magna" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sturnella_magna.html
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Tamar Dexheimer, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The Eastern Meadowlark is found in the eastern United States and adjacent Canada south through Mexico (except for Baja California and northwestern Mexico) to central Panama and in South America from northern and eastern Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam south, east of the Andes, to Amazonian Brazil. Except in the most northern part of the range, Eastern Meadowlarks are year-round residents. The Eastern Meadowlark is a bird of open fields and pastures, meadows, and prairies and populations in the eastern United States have declined in recent decades as acreage of these habitats has declined. The diet of the Eastern Meadowlark consists mainly of insects and seeds. The male Eastern Meadowlark defends his territory by singing, often from a fencepost or other raised perch. In courtship, the male faces the female, puffs out his chest feathers and points his bill straight up, prominently displaying the black "V" on his bright yellow underparts, and flicks his wings, sometimes even jumping into the air. Males may mate with more than one female. The nest is built by the female on the ground in a small depression in dense grass. It is a domed structure made of grass stems with the entrance on the side, often with narrow trails leading through the grass to the nest. The 3 to 5 (sometimes as many as 7) eggs, which are white and heavily spotted with brown and purple, are incubated by the female for 13 to 15 days. Both parents (but especially the female) feed the nestlings, which leave the nest around 11 to 12 days, at which point they are still unable to fly and are tended by parents for at least two more weeks. Two broods per year are typical. The Eastern Meadowlark is extremely similar to the Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) in color and pattern, but has a very different song. The two generally do not interbreed where their ranges overlap and hybrids are largely sterile (Lanyon 1979), but they do actively defend their territories against members of the other species. Birds in the dry desert grasslands of the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico may represent a distinct species, referred to as Lilian's Meadowlark (S. lilianae) (Barker et al. 2008). (Kaufman 1996; AOU 1998)
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Habitat ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Frecuentan praderas y sabanas cubiertas de zacate o hierbas, campos de cultivo y pantanos, y jardines.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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Diagnostic Description ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Localidad del tipo: in América, Africa = Carolina del Sur.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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Diagnostic Description ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Mide 20 cm. y pesa 85 grs. Es robusto, con la cola corta, bordeada en forma conspicua con blanco, de pico largo y puntiagudo y patas y dedos largos y gruesos. Los adultos presentan la cabeza blanca o anteada, con listas negruzcas y gruesas a cada lado del píleo y detrás del ojo. La lista supraloreal es amarilla y la región superior es café negruzca, listada con café anteado. Las remeras y las timoneras muestran un barreteado fusco y café anteado y las 3 timoneras más externas son blancas. Por debajo son amarillo brillante, y la parte superior del pecho se encuentra cruzada por una faja gruesa negra en forma de U o de V. El costado, los flancos y las coberteras infracaudales son de color blanco anteado con un listado negruzco. El culmen es negruzco, y se desvanece a grisáceo pálido en los tomios y la mandíbula. Las patas son color carne fusco. Los ejemplares juveniles presentan las listas pálidas ante profundo, y la parte superior café profundo, con manchas y barras negras y con bordes ante encendidos. Por debajo son amarillo muy pálido, y más brillantes y con un tinte anteado en el pecho. La faja pectoral angosta en gran parte está oculta por los flecos anteados.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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Reproduction ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Su nido consiste en una estructura con entrada lateral amplia, construida de zacates entrelazados, con un forro de materiales más finos, a menudo pelo de caballo. Generalmente lo colocan sobre una depresión en el suelo, oculto entre hierbas densas. En mayo se observó un nido que contenía 3 pichones. Se han observado pichones recién salidos del nido entre comienzos de abril y setiembre.

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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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Trophic Strategy ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Capturan insectos, sus larvas y otros invertebrados pequeños, y complementa su alimentación con semillas y frutos.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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Distribution ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Distribucion en Costa Rica: Es una especie residente común en todo el país, en sitios donde la agricultura y la ganadería se encuentran bien establecidas, desde las bajuras hasta los 2500 m. Ha colonizado gran parte del lado del Caribe en los últimos 30 años, y el sur de la vertiente del Pacífico en los últimos 20 años. Aún continúa ampliando su distribución con la destrucción de los bosques.


Distribucion General: Se encuentra desde el sureste de Canadá hasta la Amazonia brasileña. Es migratoria en el norte y sedentaria en los trópicos.

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The Nature Conservancy
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Behavior ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Forman parejas o grupos familiares durante la mayor parte del año.

Cuando se asustan destellan las plumas blancas externas de la cola, al abrirla y cerrarla en forma rápida.

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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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Comprehensive Description ( англиски )

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Sturnella magna (Linnaeus)

Previously (Friedmann, 1963:126–127) there were some 32 records of cowbird parasitism on this uncommonly reported host. We may now more than double this number, as follows. In the nest record files at Cornell University there are data on 244 nests of the eastern meadowlark, 15 of which (6.1 percent) had cowbird eggs in them. In Nebraska Bennett (1973, 1974) reported 3 more instances of parasitism; the Western Foundation has a parasitized set of eggs from Amboy, Illinois. In Ontario, the nest records files at Toronto show that 8 (3.9 percent) of 206 nests reported were parasitized (Peck, 1975). P. F. Elliott informs us that in Riley County, Kansas, in 1974 and 1975 he found 28 (70.0 percent) of 40 nests to be parasitized. These data support the earlier (1963) statement that the eastern meadowlark is parasitized most heavily in the central part of North America, although none of the data previously available showed an incidence of parasitism approaching that of Elliott's sample. The meadowlarks in Elliott's study fledged a number of cowbirds. These are the first cases known in which cowbird parasitism of this species was successful. Elliott also found some evidence that cowbirds in his area had specialized on and adapted to particular host species, as indicated by the fact that cowbird eggs found in meadowlark nests were significantly heavier than those found in the nests of smaller hosts such as the grasshopper sparrow and the dickcissel (Elliott, 1975).

YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD
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Friedmann, Herbert, Kiff, Lloyd F., and Rothstein, Stephen I. 1977. "A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.235
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Sturnella magna ( астурски )

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Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Sturnella magna[2][3] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae que vive n'América. Trátase d'un páxaru de tamañu mediu y d'aspeutu bien similar al turpial gorjeador.

Descripción

 src=
Adultu en Arizona.

Mide ente 21[4] y 22,5 cm[5] de llargor y pesa en promediu 85 g.[3] Los adultos tienen les partes inferiores de color mariellu con una "V" negra nel pechu y con lladrales blancos con rayes negres. La parte cimera ye principalmente de color castañu con rayes negres. Tienen un picu apuntiáu. La cabeza presenta franxes de lantre escontra tras, alternando'l negru con colores claros, como'l blancu, amarellentáu y la castañal clara.[5][3]

Ecoloxía

El so hábitat de reproducción son los pacionales y praderíes y tamién los campos de segáu,[6] hasta los 2500 m d'altitú.[3] Esta especie ye un residente permanente a lo llargo de gran parte de la so área de distribución, anque la mayoría de les aves del norte migren escontra'l sur pel hibiernu.[6] N'América Central y del Sur, que tienden a ser llindaos a la zona oriental (Atlánticu) llau del continente tamién. En 1993 esta especie foi rexistrada per primer vegada n'El Salvador y el descubrimientu d'una pareya reproductora en 2004, confirmó que la especie ye residente ellí.[7]

Busca alimentu nel suelu o na vexetación baxa, dacuando sondiando col so picu. Aliméntase principalmente d'artrópodos y adicionalmente con granes y bagues. Pel hibiernu, de cutiu aliméntense en bandaes.

Añera mientres los meses de branu. Constrúi'l nial nel suelu, cubiertu con un techu texíu de yerbes. Puede haber más d'una fema añerando nel territoriu d'un machu.

El so númberu aumentó nel este d'Estaos Xuníos cuando se baltaron los montes, pero depués menguóse col amenorgamientu del hábitat fayadizu.[8] En Centroamérica espandióse na cuenca del Pacíficu.[7]

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Exemplar xuvenil en Texas.
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Güevos de Sturnella magna

Taxonomía

La especie describióse primeramente por Linneo en 1758 en Systema naturae, como Alauda magna, ensin estremala del turpial occidental (Sturnella neglecta) y confundiéndoles con dos especies d'África: el bisbita del Cabu y el bisbita gorgigualdo. Darréu Linnaeus detectó l'erru y estremó la especie.

El cantar murnio con xiblíos senciellos de S. magna, estremar de S. neglecta, que'l so cantar ye aflautado y complexu.

La subespecie S. m. lilianae, del norte de Méxicu, ye dacuando tratada como una especie distinta Sturnella lilianae.

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2009) Sturnella magna na llista colorada d'especies amenaciaes de IUCN, versión 2011.1. Consultáu'l 26 de xunetu de 2011.
  2. Turpial Oriental (Sturnella magna) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Sturnella magna (Linnaeus, 1758); Especies de Costa Rica. INBio.
  4. Pedro-ceroulo; WikiAves.
  5. 5,0 5,1 Sclater (1886)
  6. 6,0 6,1 Henninger (1906)
  7. 7,0 7,1 Herrera et al. (2006)
  8. «All About Birds: Eastern Meadowlark». Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Consultáu'l 13 d'agostu de 2008.

Bibliografía

  • Henninger, W. F. (1906): A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio. Wilson Bull. 18(2): 47-60. DjVu testu completu testu íntegru en PDF
  • Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portiellu, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006): Nuevos rexistros pa la avifauna d'El Salvador. Boletín de la Sociedá Antioqueña d'Ornitoloxía 16(2): 1-19. testu íntegru en PDF
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1758): 93.9. Alauda magna. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, xenera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol.1): 167. Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). testu íntegru en PDF
  • Sclater, Philip Lutley (1886) Catalogue of the Passeriformes Fringilliformes Part 2: 359. Elibrn Classics, 2005. ISBN 1-4021-5875-0

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Sturnella magna: Brief Summary ( астурски )

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Sturnella magna Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Sturnella magna ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae que vive n'América. Trátase d'un páxaru de tamañu mediu y d'aspeutu bien similar al turpial gorjeador.

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Alosa pradenca de l'est ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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Sturnella magna

L'alosa pradenca de l'est[1] (Sturnella magna) és un ocell de la família dels ictèrids (Icteridae) que habita praderies i sabanes d'ambdues Amèriques, des del sud-est de Canadà cap al sud, a través de l'est dels Estats Units, Mèxic, Cuba i Amèrica Central fins al nord d'Amèrica del Sud, a Colòmbia, Veneçuela, Guaiana i zona limítrofa del nord de Brasil.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Alosa pradenca de l'est Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Alosa pradenca de l'est: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

добавил wikipedia CA
 src= Sturnella magna

L'alosa pradenca de l'est (Sturnella magna) és un ocell de la família dels ictèrids (Icteridae) que habita praderies i sabanes d'ambdues Amèriques, des del sud-est de Canadà cap al sud, a través de l'est dels Estats Units, Mèxic, Cuba i Amèrica Central fins al nord d'Amèrica del Sud, a Colòmbia, Veneçuela, Guaiana i zona limítrofa del nord de Brasil.

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Ehedydd maes y Dwyrain ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Ehedydd maes y Dwyrain (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: ehedyddion maes y Dwyrain) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Sturnella magna; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Eastern meadowlark. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. magna, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r ehedydd maes y Dwyrain yn perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Casig Para Psarocolius bifasciatus Gregl y Gorllewin Quiscalus niger
Quiscalus niger1.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Ehedydd maes y Dwyrain: Brief Summary ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Ehedydd maes y Dwyrain (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: ehedyddion maes y Dwyrain) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Sturnella magna; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Eastern meadowlark. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn S. magna, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.

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Vlhovec východní ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ
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Sturnella magna

Vlhovec východní (Sturnella magna) je středně velký druh pěvce z čeledi vlhovcovitých (Icteridae). Dorůstá 20-22,5 cm, svrchu je šedo-hnědý, tmavě pruhovaný, spodinu těla, čelo a hrdlo má žluté, na hrudi je výrazný černý pruh ve tvaru písmene "V". Vyskytuje se v savanách, na pastvinách, polích a loukách na východě Spojených států, odkud zasahuje až do Střední Ameriky. Je částečně tažný. Živí se převážně hmyzem, ale také semeny a bobulemi. Hnízdí na zemi.[2][3][4]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. Eastern Meadowlark [online]. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology [cit. 2010-07-01]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. DEWEY, Tanya (editor); DEXHEIMER, Tamar (autor). Sturnella magna [online]. [cit. 2010-07-01]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. KHOLOVÁ, Helena (autorka českého překladu). Ptáci. Praha: Euromedia Group, k. s., 2008. ISBN 9788024222356.
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Vlhovec východní: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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 src= Sturnella magna

Vlhovec východní (Sturnella magna) je středně velký druh pěvce z čeledi vlhovcovitých (Icteridae). Dorůstá 20-22,5 cm, svrchu je šedo-hnědý, tmavě pruhovaný, spodinu těla, čelo a hrdlo má žluté, na hrudi je výrazný černý pruh ve tvaru písmene "V". Vyskytuje se v savanách, na pastvinách, polích a loukách na východě Spojených států, odkud zasahuje až do Střední Ameriky. Je částečně tažný. Živí se převážně hmyzem, ale také semeny a bobulemi. Hnízdí na zemi.

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Lerchenstärling ( германски )

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Der Lerchenstärling (Sturnella magna), auch Östlicher Lerchenstärling genannt, ist eine 21 bis 28 Zentimeter großer Vogelart aus der Familie der Stärlinge (Icteridae).

Aussehen

Die Vögel haben ein hellbraunes Rückengefieder, der Bauch und die Kehle und eine schmale Stelle über dem Auge sind gelb. Auf der Brust trägt der Vogel ein schwarzes v-Förmiges Band. Der Schnabel und die Beine sowie das Gefieder um die Augenpartie und die Schwanz Unterseite sind weiß und mit kurzen länglichen, schwarzen Tupfen versehen. Auffällig ist ein schwarzer Rand unterhalb der Kehle.

 src=
Singender Lerchenstärling

Verbreitung und Lebensweise

Diese Vogelart kommt vom Südosten Kanadas, den östlichen Küstenstaaten der Vereinigten Staaten entlang bis nach Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Mexiko sowie Mittel- und Südamerika bis nach Brasilien vor. Der Lerchenstärling bevorzugt das offene Gelände der Gras- und Prärielandschaften. Der Lerchenstärling ernährt sich von Insekten wie Heuschrecken, Ameisen und Käfern. Getreide- und Grassamen werden ebenfalls vertilgt sowie Aas. Bei der Insektenjagd sitzt er meist auf Anhöhen wie Ästen, Pfählen o. ä. und stürzt sich im Flug auf seine Beute oder er sucht nach Insekten am Boden. Die nördlichen Populationen ziehen vor dem Winteranbruch nach Süden, ansonsten sind die Vögel ganzjährig standorttreu. Der Gesang des Männchens besteht aus einer Reihe klarer, weicher Pfeiftöne.

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Verbreitungskarte des Lerchenstärlings

Fortpflanzung

Im zeitigem Frühjahr sichert sich das Männchen ein eigenes Revier, welches es gegen Artgenossen verteidigt. Bei der Balz richtet das Männchen seinen Schnabel in den Himmel und zeigt dem Weibchen seine gelbe Brust und Kehle und springt dabei in die Luft. Nachdem sich ein Paar gefunden hat, baut das Weibchen ein napfförmiges Nest aus Gräsern, in das es 3–7 weiße mit braunen Punkten versehene Eier legt. Die Brutdauer beträgt bis zu zwei Wochen. Männchen und Weibchen wechseln sich bei der Brutfürsorge ab. Pro Jahr werden meist zwei Bruten getätigt.

Gefährdung und Schutzmaßnahmen

Aufgrund ihrer weiten Verbreitung und das für diese Art keinerlei Gefährdungen bekannt sind, stuft die IUCN diese Art als (Least Concern) nicht gefährdet ein.

Unterarten

Es werden sechzehn Unterarten unterschieden.[1]

  • Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus, 1758)kommt im Südosten Kanadas und cdem zentralen und östlichenbb Gebiet der USA vor.
  • Sturnella magna argutula Bangs, 1899 sit im südlichen zentralen und südöstlichen Gebiet der USA verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone, 1897 kommt vom Süden Texass und im Nordosten Mexikos vor.
  • Sturnella magna auropectoralis Saunders, GB, 1934ist im westlichen zentralen Mexiko verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna saundersi Dickerman & Phillips, AR, 1970 kommt im Südosten Oaxacas vor.
  • Sturnella magna alticola Nelson, 1900 ist vom Süden Mexikos bis Costa Rica verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater, PL, 1861 kommt vom südöstlichen Mexiko über Belize und Guatemala vor.
  • Sturnella magna griscomi Van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 kommt im Norden Yucatáns vor.
  • Sturnella magna inexspectata Ridgway, 1888 ist von Honduras bis in den Nordosten Nicaraguas verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna subulata Griscom, 1934 kommt in Panama vor.
  • Sturnella magna meridionalis Sclater, PL, 1861ist im nördlichen zentralen Kolumbien bis in den Nordwesten Venezuelas verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna paralios Bangs, 1901 kommt im Norden Kolumbiens sowie dem nördlichen und zentralen Venezuela vor.
  • Sturnella magna praticola Chubb, C, 1921 ist in den Llanos von Ostkolumbien und dem Südosten Venezuelas über Guyana und Suriname verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna monticola Chubb, C, 1921 kommt in den Bergen im Süden Venezuelas, Guyana, Surinam, Französisch-Guayana und den Norden Brasiliens vor.
  • Sturnella magna hippocrepis (Wagler, 1832) ist auf Kuba verbreitet.
  • Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser, 1930 kommt im Südwesten der USA und dem Nordwesten Mexikos vor.

Literatur

  • Philip Whitfield (Hrsg.): Das große Weltreich der Tiere. Planet Media AG, Zug 1992, S. 382, 383, ISBN 3-8247-8614-1
  • Joseph Michael Forshaw (Hrsg.), David Kirshner: Enzyklopädie der Tierwelt: Vögel. Aus dem Englischen von Derek Vinyard. Orbis, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 978-3-572-01378-4, S. 28.
  • David Burnie (Hrsg.), Mariele Radmacher-Martens: Tiere: Die große Bild-Enzyklopädie mit über 2.000 Arten. Aus dem Englischen von Gabriele Lehari. Dorling Kindersley, München 2012, ISBN 978-3-8310-2232-8, S. 367.
  • Die große Enzyklopädie der Vögel. S. 331, 333, (deut. Übersetzung aus dem Englischen), Orbis Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-572-00810-7

Einzelnachweise

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Lerchenstärling: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Der Lerchenstärling (Sturnella magna), auch Östlicher Lerchenstärling genannt, ist eine 21 bis 28 Zentimeter großer Vogelart aus der Familie der Stärlinge (Icteridae).

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Eastern meadowlark ( англиски )

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The eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) is a medium-sized blackbird (family: Icteridae), very similar in appearance to sister species western meadowlark. It occurs from eastern North America to northern South America, where it is also most widespread in the east. The Chihuahuan meadowlark was formerly considered to be conspecific with the eastern meadowlark.

Taxonomy

The eastern meadowlark was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the larks and pipits in the genus Alauda and adopted the binomial name Alauda magna.[2] Linnaeus based his description on the "large lark" that had been described and illustrated in 1729–1732 by the English naturalist Mark Catesby. Catesby also used the Latin Alauda magna but as his book predates the introduction of the binomial system, he is not acknowledged as the authority. Catesby reported that "they inhabit Carolina, Virginia and most of the Northern continent of America."[3] Confusingly, Linnaeus specified the habitat as "America, Africa".[2] The type location was restricted to South Carolina by the American Ornithologist's Union in 1931.[4][5] The eastern meadowlark is now placed with the western meadowlark and Chihuahuan meadowlark in the genus Sturnella that was introduced in 1816 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot.[6][7] The name Sturnella is a diminutive of the Latin sturnus meaning "starling".[8]

Fourteen subspecies are recognised:[7]

  • S. m. magna (Linnaeus, 1758) – southeast Canada and central, east USA
  • S. m. argutula Bangs, 1899 – south-central, southeast USA
  • S. m. hoopesi Stone, 1897 – south Texas (south-central USA) and northeast Mexico
  • S. m. saundersi Dickerman & Phillips, AR, 1970 – southeast Oaxaca (south Mexico)
  • S. m. alticola Nelson, 1900 – south Mexico to Costa Rica
  • S. m. mexicana Sclater, PL, 1861 – southeast Mexico to Belize and Guatemala
  • S. m. griscomi Van Tyne & Trautman, 1941 – north Yucatán (southeast Mexico)
  • S. m. inexspectata Ridgway, 1888 – Honduras and northeast Nicaragua
  • S. m. subulata Griscom, 1934 – Panama
  • S. m. meridionalis Sclater, PL, 1861 – north-central Colombia to northwest Venezuela
  • S. m. paralios Bangs, 1901 – north Colombia and north, central Venezuela
  • S. m. praticola Chubb, C, 1921 – llanos of east Colombia and southeast Venezuela to Guyana and Suriname
  • S. m. monticola Chubb, C, 1921 – montane south Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil
  • S. m. hippocrepis (Wagler, 1832) – Cuba

The list of subspecies formerly included S. m. lilianae and S. m. auropectoralis. These are now considered to be a separate species, the Chihuahuan meadowlark. The split was based on a study published in 2021 that showed that there were significant morphological, vocal and genomic differences between these two taxa and the other subspecies of the eastern meadowlark.[7][9][10]

Description

The adult eastern meadowlark measures from 19 to 28 cm (7.5 to 11.0 in) in length and spans 35–40 cm (14–16 in) across the wings.[11] Body mass ranges from 76 to 150 g (2.7 to 5.3 oz).[12][13] The extended wing bone measures 8.9–12.9 cm (3.5–5.1 in), the tail measures 5.3–8.6 cm (2.1–3.4 in), the culmen measures 2.8–3.7 cm (1.1–1.5 in) and the tarsus measures 3.6–4.7 cm (1.4–1.9 in). Females are smaller in all physical dimensions.[14] Adults have yellow underparts with a black "V" on the breast and white flanks with black streaks. The upperparts are mainly brown with black streaks. They have a long pointed bill; the head is striped with light brown and black.

The song of this bird is of pure, melancholy whistles, and thus simpler than the jumbled and flutey song of the western meadowlark; their ranges overlap across central North America. In the field, the song is often the easiest way to tell the two species apart, though plumage differences do exist, like tail pattern and malar coloration.

The pale Chihuahuan meadowlark of northern Mexico and the southwestern US is split off as a separate species.

Distribution and habitat

Their breeding habitat is grasslands and prairie, also pastures and hay fields. This species is a permanent resident throughout much of its range, though most northern birds migrate southwards in winter.[15] In 1993 this species was first recorded in El Salvador, and the discovery of a breeding pair in 2004 confirmed that the species is a resident there.[16]

Behavior and ecology

Breeding

Nesting occurs throughout the summer months. The nest is also on the ground, covered with a roof woven from grasses. There may be more than one nesting female in a male's territory. Nests are placed on the ground in depressions 1 to 3 inches deep, such as in the hoofprints of cattle, in pastures, meadows, hay fields, and on the edges of marshes. The nests are made of dried grass and plant stems, and are lined with grass lespedezas, pine needles, or horse hair.[17]

The Cuban subspecies S. m. hippocrepis (Wagler, 1832) is small and more streaked below, and may be a separate species

Food and feeding

These birds forage on the ground or in low vegetation, sometimes probing with the bill. They mainly eat arthropods, but also seeds and berries. In winter, they often feed in flocks. About three-quarters of the eastern meadowlark's diet is from animal sources like beetles, grasshoppers, and crickets. They also eat grain and seeds.[17]

Conservation status

The numbers of this species increased as forests were cleared in eastern North America. This species is ideally suited to farmland areas, especially where tall grasses are allowed to grow. Their numbers are now shrinking with a decline in suitable habitat.[18] On the other hand, its range is expanding in parts of Central America toward the Pacific (western) side of the continent, in agricultural-type areas.[16]

Eastern meadowlarks are species at risk in Nova Scotia and the subject of agricultural conservation program seeking to reduce mortality through modified practices.[19] Allowing marginal areas of fields on farms to seed with grass can provide nesting habitat for meadowlarks and all grassland birds. Delaying hay harvest can also improve survival, giving young meadowlarks a chance of fledging [20]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Sturnella magna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22735434A179984605. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22735434A179984605.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 167.
  3. ^ Catesby, Mark (1729–1732). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (in English and French). Vol. 1. London: W. Innys and R. Manby. p. 33, Plate 33.
  4. ^ Committee on Classification and Nomenclature (1931). Check-list of North American Birds (4th ed.). Lancaster, Pennsylvania: American Ornithologist's Union. p. 301.
  5. ^ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 177.
  6. ^ Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 34.
  7. ^ a b c Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Oropendolas, orioles, blackbirds". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  8. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 368. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  9. ^ Beam, J.K.; Funk, E.R.; Taylor, S.A. (2021). "Genomic and acoustic differences separate Lilian's Meadowlark (Sturnella magna lilianae) from Eastern (S. magna) and Western (S. neglecta) meadowlarks". Ornithology. 138 (2): ukab004. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukab004.
  10. ^ Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Jiménez, R.A.; Kratter, A.W.; Mason, N.A.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2022). "Sixty-third supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". Ornithology. 139 (3): ukac020. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukac020.
  11. ^ "FieldGuides: Species Detail". eNature. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
  12. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585.
  13. ^ "Eastern Meadowlark, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
  14. ^ Jaramillo, Alvaro and Burke, Peter (1999) New World Blackbirds: The Icterids, Christopher Helm Publishing, ISBN 978-0713643336
  15. ^ Henninger, W.F. (1906). "A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio" (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 18 (2): 47–60.
  16. ^ a b Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006): Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador. ["New records for the avifauna of El Salvador"]. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16 (2): 1–19. [Spanish with English abstract] PDF fulltext
  17. ^ a b Terres, John K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 941.
  18. ^ "All About Birds: Eastern Meadowlark". Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
  19. ^ "Eastern Meadowlark - Biodiversity Landowner Guide". Archived from the original on 2015-07-17. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
  20. ^ "Delay Haying - Biodiversity Landowner Guide". Archived from the original on 2015-07-17. Retrieved 2015-07-16.

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Eastern meadowlark: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) is a medium-sized blackbird (family: Icteridae), very similar in appearance to sister species western meadowlark. It occurs from eastern North America to northern South America, where it is also most widespread in the east. The Chihuahuan meadowlark was formerly considered to be conspecific with the eastern meadowlark.

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Orienta sturnelo ( есперанто )

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La Orienta sturnelo, Sturnella magna, estas paserina birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de Sturneloj, kiu enhavas speciojn kies maskloj havas nigran aŭ brunan dorson kaj tre etendajn ruĝajn (5 specioj) aŭ flavajn subajn partojn en la kazo de la Orienta sturnelo, la Okcidenta sturnelo kaj la Liliana sturnelo.

Ĝi estas tre simila laŭ aspekto al la Okcidenta sturnelo. La Orienta sturnelo reproduktiĝas el orienta Nordameriko al Sudameriko, kie ĝi estas disvastigata ankaŭ oriente.

Aspekto

Plenkreskuloj havas flavajn subajn partojn kun nigra marko kun formo de "V" en brusto kaj blankaj flankoj kun nigra strieco. La supraj partoj estas ĉefe brunecaj kun nigra strieco. Ili havas longan pintakran bekon; la kapo estas strieca je helbruna kaj nigra montrante malhelan traokulan strion kaj blankan superokulan strion, kiel aliaj samgenranoj kiaj la Blankabrova sturnelo al la Longavosta sturnelo kun kiu ne konfuzeblas ĉar ĉiuj tiuj havas brilruĝajn subajn partojn kaj tute ne flavajn. El la bekobazo estas iom da flava superbrida strio simile al tiu ruĝa de la Longavosta sturnelo.

La kanto de tiu birdo estas de puraj, melankoliaj fajfoj, kaj tiele pli simpla ol tiu miksaĉa kaj fluteca kanto de la Okcidenta sturnelo; ties teritorioj koincidas tra centra Nordameriko. En naturo la kanto estas ofte la plej facila distingilo inter ambaŭ specioj, spìte plumardiferencoj kiaj vostobildo kaj vangokoloro.

La pala Liliana sturnelo de norda Meksikio kaj sudokcidenta Usono estas foje disigata kiel separata specio.

Taksonomio

Tiu specio estis unuafoje priskribata de Linnaeus en sia verko de 1758 Systema naturae kiel Alauda magna[1]. La tipa loko estis erare notita kiel "Ameriko, Afriko"

La eraro de Linnaeus klariĝas pro du faktoj: unue, li ne distingis inter la Orienta sturnelo kaj la Okcidenta sturnelo. La stranga supozo ke tiu birdo loĝas ankaŭ en Afriko estis kaŭzata pro konfuzo de la flavbrustaj sturneloj kun iaj Longunguloj (Macronyx), tre nerilataj afrikaj kantobirdoj. Specife la Kablanda makronikso (M. capensis) kaj la Flavgorĝa makronikso (M. croceus) kunhavas similajn habitatojn kaj kutimaron, kio klarigas la longan malantaŭan ungon; ties plumarbildo tamen estas tute identa, rimarkinda ekzemplo de konverĝa evoluo. Ĉar tiu preciza plumarbildo ne havigas evidentan adaptan profiton kompare kun tiu de la aliaj Sturneloj kaj de la genro Calcarius, ŝajne tio okazis dufoje pro pura hazardo.

Linnaeus agnoskis sian eraron malpli de unu jardekon poste, kaj separis la longungulojn el la similaj sturneloj.

La scienca nomo Sturnella magna estas latina esprimo por, sufiĉe konfuziga, "granda malgranda sturno", dum la genra nomo devenas el la fakto ke la kutimaro de la sturneloj estas simila al tiu de la sturnoj. Pri magna tiu "granda" devenas el la nomo Alauda magna per kiu Linneo priskribis la specion, ĉar ja inter alaŭdoj estus granda, kio ne necesas inter sturneloj.

Ekologio

 src=
Sturnella magna

Ties reprodukta habitato estas herbejoj kaj prerioj, ankaŭ paŝtejoj kaj kampoj de fojno. Tiu specio estas de loĝantaj birdoj tra multe de sia teritorio, sed plej parto de nordaj birdoj migras suden vintre[2]. En Centra kaj Sudameriko, ili tendencas ankaŭ esti limigitaj al orienta marbordo (Atlantiko) de la kontinento. En 1993 tiu specio estis unuafoje konstatita en Salvadoro tamen, kaj malkovro de reprodukta paro en 2004 konfirmas ke la specio estas jam loĝanta tie[3].

Tiuj birdoj manĝas surgrunde aŭ en malalta vegetaĵaro, foje plukante perbeke. Ili manĝas ĉefe artropodojn, sed ankaŭ semojn kaj berojn. Vintre ili ofte manĝas are.

Nestumado okazas tra la someraj monatoj. La nesto estas ankaŭ surgrunda, kovrita per tegmento teksita el herboj. Pova esti pli da unu reprodukta ino en la teritorio de unu masklo.

La nombroj de tiu specio pliiĝis dum arbaro estis klarigataj en orienta Nordameriko; ties nombroj estas nune malpliiĝantaj pro sama malpliiĝo de taŭga habitato.[4] Aliflanke ties teritorio etendas en partoj de Centrameriko al Pacifiko, okcidenta flanko de la kontinento[3].

Notoj

  1. "[Alauda] subtus flava, fascia pectorali curva nigra : rectricibus tribus lateralibus albis. [...] Corpus scolopacinum, magnitudine Turdi, totum subtus flavissimum. Pectus macula magna nigricante lunari. Remiges fuscae: secundariae testaceo maculataa. Cauda rotundata: Rectrices 3 laterales maximum partam albae. Unguis posticus pedum major, sed magis curvus quam in reliquis. Rostrum rectum: Maxilla superior teretiuscula, basi nuda." (Linnaeus 1758)
  2. Henninger (1906)
  3. 3,0 3,1 Herrera et al. (2006)
  4. All About Birds: Eastern Meadowlark. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Alirita 2008-08-13.

Referencoj

  • BirdLife International (2004). Sturnella magna. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12a Majo 2006. Malplej Zorgiga
  • Henninger, W.F. (1906): A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio. Wilson Bulletin 18(2): 47-60. DjVu plena teksto PDF plena teksto
  • Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006): Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador. ["New records for the avifauna of El Salvador"]. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16(2): 1-19. [Hispane kun angla resumo] PDF plena teksto
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1758): 93.9. Alauda magna. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol.1): 167. Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). PDF plena teksto

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Orienta sturnelo: Brief Summary ( есперанто )

добавил wikipedia EO

La Orienta sturnelo, Sturnella magna, estas paserina birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de Sturneloj, kiu enhavas speciojn kies maskloj havas nigran aŭ brunan dorson kaj tre etendajn ruĝajn (5 specioj) aŭ flavajn subajn partojn en la kazo de la Orienta sturnelo, la Okcidenta sturnelo kaj la Liliana sturnelo.

Ĝi estas tre simila laŭ aspekto al la Okcidenta sturnelo. La Orienta sturnelo reproduktiĝas el orienta Nordameriko al Sudameriko, kie ĝi estas disvastigata ankaŭ oriente.

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Sturnella magna ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El turpial oriental (Sturnella magna), también denominado zacatero común, pradero común, pradero oriental, cantor de pradera, chirlobirlo o sabanero,[2][3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae que vive en América. Se trata de un pájaro de tamaño medio y de aspecto muy similar al turpial gorjeador.

Descripción

 src=
Adulto en Arizona.

Mide entre 21[4]​ y 22,5 cm[5]​ de longitud y pesa en promedio 85 g.[3]​ Los adultos tienen las partes inferiores de color amarillo con una "V" negra en el pecho y con flancos blancos con rayas negras. La parte superior es principalmente de color castaño con rayas negras. Tienen un pico puntiagudo. La cabeza presenta franjas de delante hacia atrás, alternando el negro con colores claros, como el blanco, amarillento y el castaño claro.[5][3]

Ecología

Su hábitat de reproducción son los pastizales y praderas y también los campos de heno,[6]​ hasta los 2500 m de altitud.[3]​ Esta especie es un residente permanente a lo largo de gran parte de su área de distribución, aunque la mayoría de las aves del norte migran hacia el sur en invierno.[6]​ En América Central y del Sur, que tienden a ser limitados a la zona oriental (Atlántico) lado del continente también. En 1993 esta especie fue registrada por primera vez en El Salvador y el descubrimiento de una pareja reproductora en 2004, confirmó que la especie es residente allí.[7]

Busca alimento en el suelo o en la vegetación baja, a veces sondeando con su pico. Se alimenta principalmente de artrópodos y adicionalmente con semillas y bayas. En invierno, a menudo se alimentan en bandadas.

Anida durante los meses de verano. Construye el nido en el suelo, cubierto con un techo tejido de hierbas. Puede haber más de una hembra anidando en el territorio de un macho.

Su número aumentó en el este de Estados Unidos cuando se talaron los bosques, pero luego se disminuyó con la reducción del hábitat adecuado.[8]​ En Centroamérica se ha expandido en la cuenca del Pacífico.[7]

 src=
Ejemplar juvenil en Texas.
 src=
Huevos de Sturnella magna

Taxonomía

La especie fue descrita inicialmente por Linneo en 1758 en Systema naturae, como Alauda magna, sin diferenciarla del turpial occidental (Sturnella neglecta) y confundiéndolas con dos especies de África: el bisbita del Cabo y el bisbita gorgigualdo. Posteriormente Linnaeus detectó el error y diferenció la especie.

El canto melancólico con silbidos sencillos de S. magna, lo diferencia de S. neglecta, cuyo canto es aflautado y complejo.

La subespecie S. m. lilianae, del norte de México, es a veces tratada como una especie diferente Sturnella lilianae.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Sturnella magna». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 10 de enero de 2016.
  2. Turpial Oriental (Sturnella magna) (Linnaeus, 1758)
  3. a b c d Sturnella magna (Linnaeus, 1758) ; Especies de Costa Rica. INBio.
  4. Pedro-ceroulo; WikiAves.
  5. a b Sclater (1886)
  6. a b Henninger (1906)
  7. a b Herrera et al. (2006)
  8. «All About Birds: Eastern Meadowlark». Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Consultado el 13 de agosto de 2008.

Bibliografía

  • Henninger, W. F. (1906): A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio. Wilson Bull. 18(2): 47-60. DjVu texto completo texto íntegro en PDF
  • Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006): Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16(2): 1-19. texto íntegro en PDF
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1758): 93.9. Alauda magna. In: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (10th ed., vol. 1): 167. Laurentius Salvius, Holmius (= Stockholm). texto íntegro en PDF
  • Sclater, Philip Lutley (1886) Catalogue of the Passeriformes Fringilliformes Part 2: 359. Elibrn Classics, 2005. ISBN 1-4021-5875-0

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Sturnella magna: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

добавил wikipedia ES

El turpial oriental (Sturnella magna), también denominado zacatero común, pradero común, pradero oriental, cantor de pradera, chirlobirlo o sabanero,​​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae que vive en América. Se trata de un pájaro de tamaño medio y de aspecto muy similar al turpial gorjeador.

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Sturnella magna ( баскиски )

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 src=
Sturnella magna

Sturnella magna Sturnella generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Sturnella magna: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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 src= Sturnella magna

Sturnella magna Sturnella generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.

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Preeriaturpiaali ( фински )

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Preeriaturpiaali (Sturnella magna) on Pohjois-, Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa tavattava turpiaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Kooltaan preeriaturpiaali on 19–26 cm, ja koiraat ovat naaraita kookkaampia. Lajin pää on väriltään harmahtavan ruskea ja silmäkulma on keltainen. Koiraalla on lisäksi valkoinen viiksijuova. Selkä on väriltään ruskea, ja siinä on tiheästi tummempia juovia. Preeriaturpiaalin rinta ja ylävatsa ovat väriltään kirkkaan keltaiset. Rinnan poikki kulkee V-muotoinen musta juova, joka on vahvempi koirailla kuin naarailla. Linnun alavatsa on ruskehtava. Nuorilla preeriaturpiaaleilla on musta maski. Preeriaturpiaalin nokka on melko pitkä ja ohut, pyrstö on lyhyt ja jalat pitkät. Ulkonäöltään preeriaturpiaali muistuttaa huomattavasti huilupreeriaturpiaalia (Sturnella neglecta), joka eroaa selän tiheämmän raidoituksen perusteella. Huilupreeriaturpiaalin laulu on myös melodisempaa ja monimutkaisempaa kuin preeriaturpiaalilla.[3][4][5][6]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Preeriaturpiaalin levinneisyysalue ulottuu Kanadan eteläosista Yhdysvaltain itäosiin ja paikoitellen myös luoteisosiin, Keski-Amerikkaan ja Kolumbiaan, Venezuelaan, Guyanaan, Surinameen, Ranskan Guayanaan ja Brasilian pohjoisosiin. Linnun elinympäristöä ovat monenlaiset ruohomaat, heinäpellot, niityt, golfkentät, ja levinneisyysalueensa länsireunalla laji elää korkeampaa ruohikkoa kasvavilla preerioilla. Osa linnuista muuttaa talveksi etelämmäksi, ja niitä tavataan monenlaisista avoimista ympäristöistä.[4][5][6]

Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto luokittelee preeriaturpiaalin silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi. Sukukypsiä yksilöitä on arvioitu olevan maailmanlaajuisesti 37 miljoonaa. Varsinkin Pohjois-Amerikassa vuosien 2005-2015 tilastot osoittavat yksilömäärän nopeaa pienenemistä, minkä takia laji on silmälläpidettävä. [1]

Ravinto

Preeriaturpiaalin ravinto vaihtelee vuodenajoittain. Keväällä ne syövät pääasiassa hyönteisten toukkia, kesällä kovakuoriaisia ja heinäsirkkoja ja syksyllä sekä talvisia siemeniä ja hedelmiä. Laji voi syödä myös petoeläimiltä jääneitä haaskoja. Ravintonsa lintu etsii maasta.[4][5]

Elintavat

 src=
Sturnella magna

Preeriaturpiaalit muodostavat syksyisin ja talvisin löyhiä parvia, joissa ei ole vallitsevaa arvojärjestystä. Parvissa voi olla mukana myös huilupreeriaturpiaaleja. Pesimisalueilleen koiraat saapuvat maaliskuulla ja valtaavat itselleen reviirin, jota ne puolustavat toisia koiraita vastaan. Naaraat saapuvat muutamaa viikkoa myöhemmin.[5]

Preeriaturpiaalien pesimäkausi kestää maaliskuulta elokuulle, ja kaudessa on kaksi pesintää. Koiraat voivat pesiä samanaikaisesti kahden tai kolmen naaraan kanssa, mutta naarailla on vain yksi koiras koko pesimäkauden ajan. Naaras rakentaa pesän ruohoista ruohikon suojaan. Pesä on usein katettu, ja siinä voi olla tunnelimainen sisäänkäynti. Naaras munii kauden aikana kuudesta neljääntoista valkoista punaruskeapilkullista munaa, joita vain se hautoo. Koiras avustaa kuoriutuneiden poikasten ruokinnassa.[3][4][5]

Lähteet

  1. a b Sturnella magna IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi) Viittausvirhe: Virheellinen -elementti; nimi ”IUCN” on määritetty usean kerran eri sisällöillä
  2. Sturnella magna ITIS. Viitattu 24.9.2010. (englanniksi)
  3. a b Bird: The Definitive Visual Guide, s. 472. Dorling Kindersley, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4053-4585-9. (englanniksi)
  4. a b c d Eastern Meadowlark All About Birds. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Viitattu 25.9.2010. (englanniksi)
  5. a b c d e Tamar Dexheimer: Sturnella magna Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Viitattu 25.9.2010. (englanniksi)
  6. a b Robert S. Ridgely, John A. Gwynne: A Guide to the Birds of Panama: With Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, s. 427. Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-691-02512-4. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 25.9.2010). (englanniksi)
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Preeriaturpiaali: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Preeriaturpiaali (Sturnella magna) on Pohjois-, Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa tavattava turpiaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.

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Sturnelle des prés ( француски )

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Sturnella magna

La Sturnelle des prés (Sturnella magna) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Icteridae.

Morphologie

Comportement

Reproduction

 src=
Œufs de Sturnelle des prés Muséum de Toulouse

Répartition et habitat

 src=
  • habitat permanent
  • zone de nidification

Systématique

L'espèce (Sturnella magna a été décrite par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné en 1758, sous le nom initial d'Alauda magna[1].

Notes et références

  1. Linnaeus, C. 1758: Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp

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Sturnelle des prés: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Sturnella magna

La Sturnelle des prés (Sturnella magna) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Icteridae.

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Witkaakweidespreeuw ( холандски; фламански )

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Vogels

De witkaakweidespreeuw (Sturnella magna) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).

Kenmerken

De onderdelen zijn geel met een opvallende, V-vormige zwarte band. De rug is bruingevlekt. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 34 cm.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort telt 16 ondersoorten:

  • S. m. magna: zuidoostelijk Canada en de centrale en oostelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • S. m. argutula: de zuidelijk-centrale en zuidoostelijke Verenigde Staten.
  • S. m. hoopesi: zuidelijk Texas (zuidelijk-centrale Verenigde Staten) en noordoostelijk Mexico.
  • S. m. auropectoralis: het westelijke deel van Centraal-Mexico.
  • S. m. saundersi: zuidoostelijk Oaxaca (zuidelijk Mexico).
  • S. m. alticola: van zuidelijk Mexico tot Costa Rica.
  • S. m. mexicana: van zuidoostelijk Mexico tot Belize en Guatemala.
  • S. m. griscomi: noordelijk Yucatán (zuidoostelijk Mexico).
  • S. m. inexspectata: Honduras en noordoostelijk Nicaragua.
  • S. m. subulata: Panama.
  • S. m. meridionalis: van het noordelijke deel van Centraal-Colombia tot noordwestelijk Venezuela.
  • S. m. paralios: noordelijk Colombia en noordelijk en centraal Venezuela.
  • S. m. praticola: oostelijk Colombia, zuidelijk Venezuela en Guyana.
  • S. m. quinta: Suriname, Frans-Guyana en noordoostelijk Brazilië.
  • S. m. hippocrepis: Cuba.
  • S. m. lilianae: de zuidwestelijke Verenigde Staten en noordwestelijk Mexico.

De habitat van deze vogel bestaat uit open velden en vlakten.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Witkaakweidespreeuw: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De witkaakweidespreeuw (Sturnella magna) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).

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Englerketrupial ( норвешки )

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 src=
Sturnella magna

Englerketrupial (Sturnella magna) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.

Underarter

Det finnes 17 underarter av englerketrupial[2]:

  • Sturnella magna hippocrepis
  • Sturnella magna magna
  • Sturnella magna argutula
  • Sturnella magna hoopesi
  • Sturnella magna auropectoralis
  • Sturnella magna saundersi
  • Sturnella magna alticola
  • Sturnella magna mexicana
  • Sturnella magna griscomi
  • Sturnella magna inexpectata
  • Sturnella magna subulata
  • Sturnella magna meridionalis
  • Sturnella magna paralios
  • Sturnella magna monticola
  • Sturnella magna praticola
  • Sturnella magna quinta
  • Sturnella magna lilianae

Referanser

  1. ^ Syvertsen, P. O., Ree, V., Hansen, O. B., Syvertsen, Ø., Bergan, M., Kvam, H., Viker, M. & Axelsen, T. 2008. Virksomheten til Norsk navnekomité for fugl (NNKF) 1990-2008. Norske navn på verdens fugler. Norsk Ornitologisk Forenings hjemmesider (publisert 22.5.2008)
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson. 2012. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Lasted ned fra Cornell Lab of Ornithology: The Clements Checklist

Eksterne lenker

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Englerketrupial: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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 src= Sturnella magna

Englerketrupial (Sturnella magna) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.

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Wojak obrożny ( полски )

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Wojak obrożny[3], wojak wielki (Sturnella magna) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kacykowatych (Icteridae).

Systematyka

Wyróżniono kilkanaście podgatunków S. magna[4][3]:

  • wojak obrożny (S. magna magna) – południowo-wschodnia Kanada, środkowe i wschodnie USA.
  • S. magna argutula– południowo-środkowe i południowo-wschodnie USA.
  • S. magna hoopesi – południowy Teksas i północno-wschodni meksyk.
  • S. magna auropectoralis – zachodnio-środkowy Meksyk.
  • S. magna saundersi – południowo-wschodnia Oaxaca.
  • S. magna alticola – południowy Meksyk do Kostaryki.
  • S. magna mexicana – południowo-wschodni Meksyk do Belize i Gwatemali.
  • S. magna griscomi – północny Jukatan.
  • S. magna inexspectataHonduras i północno-wschodnia Nikaragua.
  • S. magna subulataPanama.
  • S. magna meridionalis – północno-środkowa Kolumbia do północno-zachodniej Wenezueli.
  • S. magna paralios – północna Kolumbia, północna i środkowa Wenezuela.
  • S. magna praticola – wschodnia Kolumbia, południowa Wenezuela i Gujana.
  • S. magna quintaSurinam, Gujana Francuska i północno-wschodnia Brazylia.
  • wojak kubański (S. magna hippocrepis) – Kuba.
  • wojak białosterny (S. magna lilianae) – południowo-zachodnie USA i północno-zachodni Meksyk.

Wygląd

Górna część tułowia jasnobrązowa, prążkowana ciemniejszym brązem, głowa ma czarne i białawe pasy, krótkie, żółte brwi, szerokie białe wąsy; policzki i dolna część tułowia jaskrawożółte, szeroki czarny kołnierz na piersi. Pokrywy podogonowe białawe; nogi różowobrązowe; dziób jasnoszary, oczy ciemnobrązowe. Samica (i samiec poza okresem godowym) wygląda podobnie, lecz jest jaśniejsza.

Wielkość

Długość ciała
23–25 cm.
Masa ciała
76–102 g.

Pożywienie

Owady, nasiona. Żeruje na ziemi.

Rozród

Na wiosnę i w lecie. Samica buduje duże, kopulaste gniazdo przeplecione przez pobliskie rośliny, z wejściem z boku, wymoszczone trawami. Wysiaduje w nim 3–5 białych, nakrapianych jaj. Pisklętami opiekują się oboje rodzice, choć samica więcej. Młode opierzają się po 11–12 dniach.

Zasięg

Tereny trawiaste i uprawne, od wschodnich i południowych Stanów Zjednoczonych po północne rejony Ameryki Południowej na wschód od Andów. Populacje północne przenoszą się zimą na południe.

Przypisy

  1. Sturnella magna, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. BirdLife International 2012, 22735434 [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015, wersja 2015-4 [dostęp 2016-01-03] (ang.).
  3. a b Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: P. Mielczarek, M. Kuziemko: Podrodzina: Icterinae Vigors, 1825 – kacyki (wersja: 2015-05-27). W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2016-01-03].
  4. F. Gill, D. Donsker: New World warblers & oropendolas (ang.). IOC World Bird List: Version 5.4. [dostęp 2016-01-03].

Bibliografia

  1. Jill Bailey: Ptaki. Warszawa: Mozaika Wydawnictwo, 1996, seria: Minikompedium. ISBN 83-89200-86-4. (ang.)
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Wojak obrożny: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Wojak obrożny, wojak wielki (Sturnella magna) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kacykowatych (Icteridae).

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Pedro-ceroulo ( португалски )

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Pedro-ceroulo (nome científico: Sturnella magna) é uma espécie de ave da família Icteridae.[1] É encontrada em diversos países do continente americano.

Referências

  1. BirdLife International. «Sturnella magna» (em inglês). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. Consultado em 28 de novembro de 2016
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Pedro-ceroulo: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Pedro-ceroulo (nome científico: Sturnella magna) é uma espécie de ave da família Icteridae. É encontrada em diversos países do continente americano.

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Östlig ängstrupial ( шведски )

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Östlig ängstrupial[2] (Sturnella magna) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar.[3][4]

Kännetecken

Östlig ängstrupial är en medelstor trupial, 19 och 26 cm lång med ett vingspann på mellan 35 och 40 cm och väger mellan 90 och 150 gram.[5] Arten är utseendemässigt svår att skilja från västlig ängstrupial (Sturnella neglecta), men sången är mindre komplex.[5]

Arten söker främst föda på marken som består av olika småkryp men också till viss del larver och fröer.[5]

En hane parar sig vanligtvis med två honor. Det är endast honorna som ruvar äggen som brukar vara mellan 2 och 6 stycken vilket tar 13-14 dygn. Matning av ungarna står huvudsakligen honan för även om hanen ibland hjälper till. Ungarna är flygga efter 10 till 12 dagar och får klara sig själva efter ytterligare ca två veckor.[5]

Utbredning och levnadssätt

Östlig ängstrupial delas in i hela 17 underarter med följande utbredning:[3]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, och tros öka i antal.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Den minskar dock i antal i Nordamerika, med 74% på 40 år.[1]

Bildgalleri

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2016 Sturnella magna Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-11.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2017) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2017 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2017-08-11
  4. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (23 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/Sturnella+magna/match/1. Läst 30 november 2013.
  5. ^ [a b c d] ”Eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna)”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 december 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131204013624/http://www.arkive.org/eastern-meadowlark/sturnella-magna/. Läst 30 november 2013.
  6. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2018. IOC World Bird List (v 8.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.8.2.

Externa länkar

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Östlig ängstrupial: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Östlig ängstrupial (Sturnella magna) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar.

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Sturnella magna ( виетнамски )

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Sturnella magna là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

 src=
Trứng chim Sturnella magna


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Sturnella magna: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Sturnella magna là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.

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東草地鷚 ( кинески )

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二名法 Sturnella magna
(Linnaeus, 1758) 東草地鷚分佈圖 繁殖區 常年所在
東草地鷚分佈圖 繁殖區 常年所在

東草地鷚英语:Eastern Meadowlark學名Sturnella magna)是草地鷚屬下的一種鳥,與西草地鷚外表很相似。生活在北美洲東部到南美洲的地區內。

描述

成年的東草地鷚體長約19至28厘米(7.5至11.0英寸),翼展約35~40厘米(14~16英寸)[2] 。體重約76至150克(2.7至5.3盎司)[3][4]。展開的翼骨長約8.9~12.9厘米(3.5~5.1英寸),尾巴長約5.3~8.6厘米(2.1~3.4英寸),嘴峰約2.8~3.7厘米(1.1~1.5英寸),蹠骨約3.6~4.7厘米(1.4~1.9英寸)。雌性在各種特征上都小於雄性[5]。成年體的胸部有一道V字標記,下半身的羽毛是黃色的。翅膀為白色,其上有黑色條紋。

生態

東草地鷚生活在草原等開闊地區,在大多數地區內都不遷徙。但北部地區的東草地鷚會遷往南部過冬[6]。1993年首次發現於薩爾瓦多,2004年發現一對再次築巢的東草地鷚時確認其確實生活在此[7]

因為北美洲的森林面積在減少,該地區東草地鷚的數量出現增長的趨勢。雖然總體上呈下降趨勢[8],其棲息地正在向太平洋擴展[7]

參考文獻

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Sturnella magna. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012 [26 November 2013].
  2. ^ FieldGuides: Species Detail. eNature. [2013-04-01].
  3. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585.
  4. ^ Eastern Meadowlark, Life History, All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Allaboutbirds.org. [2013-04-01].
  5. ^ Jaramillo, Alvaro and Burke, Peter (1999) New World Blackbirds: The Icterids, Christopher Helm Publishing, ISBN 978-0713643336
  6. ^ Henninger, W.F. A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio (PDF). Wilson Bulletin. 1906, 18 (2): 47–60.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006): Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador. ["New records for the avifauna of El Salvador"]. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16(2): 1–19. [Spanish with English abstract] PDF fulltext
  8. ^ All About Birds: Eastern Meadowlark. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. [2008-08-13].
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東草地鷚: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

東草地鷚(英语:Eastern Meadowlark,學名:Sturnella magna)是草地鷚屬下的一種鳥,與西草地鷚外表很相似。生活在北美洲東部到南美洲的地區內。

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