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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 32.5 years (captivity) Observations: While sexual maturity may occur earlier, breeding normally does not occur before age 4. In the wild, these animals normally do not live over 12 years (http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/).
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Historically, birds were heavily harvested for decorative feathers and skins. Many birds continue to be hunted illegally. If birds are illegally shot and do not die immediately, an embedded bullet may cause lead poisoning and eventual death. Today, habitat destruction is likely the greatest threat to trumpeter swans. Efforts are being made to protect trumpeter swans and their wetland habitat, with many states involved in reintroduction programs. As migratory birds, they are protected under the United States Migratory Bird Act.

Trumpeter swans are also affected by recent population increases of invasive mute swans. Mute swans are markedly more aggressive and will often chase trumpeters away from their shared wetland habitats. Some states are involved in mute swan control programs with the goal of reducing populations to allow for native swans to return.

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: threatened

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Associations ( англиски )

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Although adults aggressively defend their nests, ground nests are easy targets for land predators. Many predators, such as bears, wolves and coyotes, wolverines, raccoons, and common ravens are known to snatch eggs. Post-hatchlings and adults are prey to fast predators such as coyotes, bobcats, red foxes, and golden eagles. The main predator of adult trumpeter swans is mankind. Humans have hunted more of these swans than anything else.

Trumpeter swans are aggressive towards predators, and at 12 kg with a 2 m wingspan, they can potentially inflict serious damage. Trumpeter swans do exhibit warning behaviors before they attack, including head bobbing and hissing.

Known Predators:

  • Man (Homo sapien sapiens)
  • Bears (Ursus)
  • Wolves (Canis)
  • Coyotes (Canis latrans)
  • Wolverines (Gulo luscus)
  • Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
  • Raccoons (Procyon lotor)
  • Bobcat (Lynx rufus)
  • Ravens (Corvus corax)
  • Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Behavior ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans produce a variety of sounds, but they are known for their low bugle call. In addition to the bugle call, they also use motions such as head bobbing to alert others of disturbances or in preparation for flight. Trumpeter swans are very social creatures except for in times of mating, when they become quite territorial. Pheromones are also used in mating rituals. The female emits pheromones when she is ready to mate. Breeding pairs perform visual, synchronous displays which likely reinforce the pair-bond. Trumpeter swans call to warn the flock of impending danger. Trumpeter swans perceive their environment through visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical stimuli.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: duets ; pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Morphology ( англиски )

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As the largest North American swans, these birds can weigh up to 13.5 kg and measure approximately 1.6 m in length. Wingspan can often exceed 2 m. When they are young "cygnets", the bill features some degree of pink but is always black at the base. The feet and tarsi (portion of the foot that makes up the ankle region) may be a grey-yellow. The body is light to dark grey, and will gradually whiten with age. At age two, most but not all of their feathers have turned white, except for a few on the upper portion of the body.

At adulthood their feet, bill, and tarsals are black. They have pink to red mouths which can be seen as a small pink or red line (a 'grin') on the bill. Their feathers are completely white. There is also a small percentage of trumpeter swans that have a grey-white tint for feather color instead of pure white.

They appear very similar to tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus), with the most reliable differences found near the beak. Viewed face-forward or top-down, trumpeter swans have an angular, v-shaped forehead at the base of the beak. Tundra swans have a curved or straight forehead. Most tundra swans have a yellow-white 'teardrop' on their black beak, however this is not always a reliable field mark.

Range mass: 9.5 to 13.5 kg.

Range length: 1.4 to 1.6 m.

Range wingspan: 2.0 to 2.4 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Young trumpeter swans often have survival estimates from 40% to 100%, adult swan survival increases to 80% to 100%. The oldest captive trumpeter swan on record was 33 years old. In the wild, the oldest known individual was 24.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
24 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
33 (high) years.

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans live on land but always in close proximity to water. They are found in wetlands with open water and areas with many rivers or streams. Waters can be salt water, fresh water, or brackish water. Their climate ranges from temperate to polar. Reasons for their choice of environment have to do with their diet and nesting habits. Cygnus buccinator feeds off many plants native to those areas. They are also known for laying their eggs near or on the water. They seek out the same habitat type for wintering grounds.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; polar ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: tundra

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

Wetlands: marsh

Other Habitat Features: riparian ; estuarine

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans are found throughout the Nearctic Region, mainly in Alaska, Canada, and the northern United States. A large percentage is found in Alaska, specifically in Prince William Sound and the Copper River Delta. Some trumpeter swans have even taken up residence in Yellowstone Park, Wyoming.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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As cygnets, trumpeter swans' diets are mostly comprised of aquatic invertebrates. At five weeks of age, most cygnets have converted to a nearly herbivorous diet. This diet consists mostly of tubers, roots, stems, leaves and occasionally insects. In Alaska during mating season, the wetland plants commonly known as horsetail (genus Equisetum) and Lyngbye's sedge (Carex lyngbyei) are consumed in great quantities. However, because of the wide distribution of the species there are some variations of their diet such as duck potato (Sagittaria latifolia), water weeds (genus Elodea), pondweeds (genus Potamogeton) and sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) tubers.

Trumpeter swans attain their food by foraging underwater with tails bobbing in the air. They also yank plants out of the damp ground, with most of the plant intact.

Animal Foods: aquatic or marine worms

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Associations ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans' main role in the ecosystem is linked to their diet. Trumpeter swans eat many insects when they are young. As they grow they switch to roots and aquatic plants, digging around to get them which in many cases allows water to fill the remaining holes supplying a very valuable nutrient to the plants. Cygnus buccinator can also be a host to a small number of parasites including tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata), caecal paramphistomids (Zygocotyle lunata), trematode flukes (Echinostoma revolutum), another type of trematode (Orchipedum tracheicola), filarial worms (a nematode found in the heart) of the species Sarconema eurycerca, and other forms of tapeworms (Hymenolepis).

Ecosystem Impact: soil aeration

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata)
  • Caecal paramphistomids (Zygocotyle lunata)
  • Trematode flukes (Echinostoma revolutum)
  • Trematodes (Orchipedum tracheicola)
  • Filarial worms (Sarconema eurycerca)
  • Tapeworms (Hymenolepis)
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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans used to be a commercial hunting target for feathers and skins, but over-hunting led to their marked decline. Today, only illegal hunting occurs.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans are very territorial animals, especially during mating season, and humans that enter their territory may be attacked.

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Kaitlyn Robins, Radford University
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Karen Francl, Radford University
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans are monogamous and mate for life. During mating season, trumpeter swans reunite with their former mates or begin a process of courtship to secure a mate. Courtship displays consist of pairs simultaneously spreading or raising wings, wing quivering, head bobbing and trumpeting.

Mating System: monogamous

Adults begin mating at 4 to 7 years of age. Mating usually occurs from March to May. Nest-building can take 2 to 5 weeks to complete, and both parents are involved in construction. The nests range from 1.2 to 3.6 m in diameter and are usually surrounded by water. The materials used in nests building include various aquatic vegetation, grasses, and sedges.

After copulation and fertilization, the females lay 4 to 6 eggs. Incubation lasts for 32 to 37 days, done mainly by the female. The young, precocial cygnets spend their first 24 hours in the nest, then begin to swim. They fledge after 91 to 119 days and are independent after one year.

Breeding interval: Trumpeter swans breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Trumpeter swans breed from March to May.

Range eggs per season: 4 to 6.

Range time to hatching: 32 to 37 days.

Range fledging age: 91 to 119 days.

Average time to independence: 1 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 4 to 7 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 4 to 7 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Both parents contribute to nest building which lasts 2 to 5 weeks. The female will perform the majority of incubation. Unlike many birds, trumpeter swans do not have a specialized brood patch and instead will incubate the eggs using their feet. Upon hatching, the young are precocial but still require significant parental care. Both parents care for the cygnets throughout their first year.

Parental Investment: precocial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Robins, K. 2011. "Cygnus buccinator" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cygnus_buccinator.html
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Cool facts ( англиски )

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The largest of North American waterfowl, the Trumpeter Swan is resident throughout much of its range, but migratory in other parts. Its was reduced to near extinction by the early 20th century, but it is relatively common today. The Trumpeter Swan was hunted for its feathers throughout the 1600s - 1800s, causing a tremendous decline in its numbers. Its largest flight feathers made what were considered to be the best quality quill pens. Swans can live a long time. Wild Trumpeter Swans have been known to live longer than 24 years, and one captive individual lived to be 32. Trumpeter Swans form pair bonds when they are three or four years old. The pair stays together throughout the year, moving together in migratory populations. Trumpeters are assumed to mate for life, but some individuals do switch mates over their lifetimes. Some males that lost their mates did not mate again.
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Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator). The Cornell Lab of Ornithology All About Birds. http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Trumpeter_Swan/lifehistory. Accessed 28 Jan 2014.
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J Medby (jamiemedby)
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Associated Plant Communities ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans are generally found in wetland areas among aquatic and
emergent vegetation. In Montana, they commonly build their nests in
extensive beds of sedges (Carex spp.), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.),
cattails (Typha spp.), and reeds (Juncus spp.). In Alaska, they use
horsetails (Equisetum spp.) and sedges for nesting [4,10]. Plants found
in most trumpeter swan habitats include willow (Salix spp.), alder
(Alnus spp.), cottonwood (Populus spp.), water milfoil (Myriophyllum
exalbescens), arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), and pondweed
(Potamogeton spp.) [3,10].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( англиски )

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trumpeter swan
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Information on state- and province-level protection status of animals in the
United States and Canada is available at NatureServe, although recent changes
in status may not be included.
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Requirements ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: cover, shrubs

Tall emergent vegetation provides shelter and cover for trumpeter swans
[10]. Adults may remove vegetation around the nest until the nest is
surrounded by open water. This provides good visibility and protection
from land predators [2]. During winter, trumpeter swans prefer open
sites with few trees or shrubs to obscure their vision while feeding
[23].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans were once abundant and widespread in North America.
Their breeding range extended from Alaska east to Ontario and south to
Oregon, the Rocky Mountains, Nebraska, and northern Missouri [20]. Now
only two major populations remain [4,17,20]. The Pacific population
breeds in Alaska and British Columbia, and winters along the Pacific
Coast from Alaska to northern Oregon [20,23]. The mid-continental
population nests in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest
Territories, Saskatchewan, and the Greater Yellowstone region [20,23].
Overhunting of trumpeter swans destroyed most of their traditional
migration patterns to southerly winter habitats. As a result, virtually
all mid-continental trumpeter swans, regardless of their summer range,
now winter in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem [23].

Trumpeter swans have been transplanted from Red Rock Lakes National
Wildlife Refuge, Montana, to several other National Wildlife Refuges
(NWR): Malheur NWR in Oregon, Ruby Lake NWR in Nevada, Lacreek NWR in
South Dakota, and Turnbull NWR in Washington. A small number of
breeding swans occur on all four refuges [4]. In Canada, attempts are
underway to reintroduce trumpeter swans in southern Ontario and in Elk
Island National Park [2].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Food Habits ( англиски )

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Trumpeter swans eat the roots, stems, leaves, and/or seeds of a variety
of aquatic vegetation, and they occasionally eat insects [2].
Initially, young cygnets eat large aquatic insects and snails. Cygnets
feed on the water's surface and often depend on the adults to stir up
the water around them. Within 2 to 3 weeks the cygnets start to eat
aquatic plants [2].

Trumpeter swans feed on the following: the tubers of duck potato and
sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus); the stems and leaves of sago and
other pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.), water milfoil (Myriophyllum
verticullatum), muskgrass (Chara spp.), waterweed (Elodea canadensis),
and duckweed (Lemna triscula); the seeds of yellow pond lily (Nuphar
polysepala), water shield (Bransenia schreber), smartweed (Polygonum
spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), and spikerush (Eleocharis spp.); and the
stems and roots of grasses and sedges [2,3,4,17].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat-related Fire Effects ( англиски )

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More info for the term: marsh

No specific information was found in the literature regarding
fire-related effects on trumpeter swan habitat. Fire occuring in wetland
habitats, however, often removes excessive accumulations of fast-growing
hydrophytes, permitting better waterfowl access and growth of more
desirable trumpeter swan foods such as pondweed and duckweed [19,21].

There may be some negetive effects of burning waterfowl habitat.
Large-scale autumn burning may have a detrimental effect upon marshes by
reducing the retention of drifting snow. The ability of marsh vegetion
to catch and hold snow is vital to marsh survival [22].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
235 Cottonwood - willow
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( англиски )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( англиски )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K025 Alder - ash forest
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management Considerations ( англиски )

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More info for the term: formation

The commercial swanskin trade, coupled with sport hunting and habitat
destruction, reduced the species to near extinction by 1920. The
trumpeter swans' traditional migration patterns and knowledge of
important winter and spring habitats were lost as the swans neared
extinction. Although recovery efforts have increased swan numbers,
historic migratory paths have not yet been restored. As a result,
virtually all the breeding trumpeter swans of Canada and the Greater
Yellowstone Ecosystem share the same high-elevation winter habitat in
the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Increasing numbers of wintering
swans, concentrating on this limited, harsh winter habitat are
vulnerable to catastrophic losses. Reduced flows during drought, heavy
ice formation, unusually severe winter weather, disease, or
environmental pollution could destroy a large portion of the
mid-continental population during a single winter [23].

Trumpeter swans are sensitive to human activities on their breeding
grounds. Intrusions by humans at nesting wetlands have caused temporary
and permanent nest abandonment as well as movements from breeding and
staging areas [2,11]. Trumpeter swans will not nest on lakes
intensively developed for recreation. The swans are most sensitive to
disturbance from mid-April to mid-June [2].

Cygnet survival is associated with spring weather and favorable water
levels. It is extremely important to properly manage water levels so
that nest flooding is avoided and growth of aquatic vegetation is
encouraged through nutrient cycling [18].

Management efforts currently focus on ensuring adequate stream flows,
protecting and enhancing nesting and wintering habitat, and restoring
southward migration to lower elevation habitats [23].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( англиски )

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AK
ID
MT
NV
OR
SD
WA
WY

AB
BC
NT
YK

MEXICO

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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Predators ( англиски )

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More info for the term: natural

Predation is of little consequence in determining overall trumpeter swan
population levels, but may be an important cause of death to preflight
cygnets [3]. Except for man, trumpeter swans have few natural enemies
after flying age is reached. Coyotes (Canis lutrans), river otters
(Lutra canadensis), minks (Mustela vison), and golden eagles (Aquila
chrysaetos) have been blamed for cygnet deaths in Yellowstone National
Park and Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge [20]. The following
species also occur in trumpeter swan habitat and could potentially prey
on trumpeter swans: black bears (Ursus americanus), grizzly bears (U.
arctos), lynx (Lynx canadensis), bald eagles (Haliaetus leucocephalus),
greathorned owls (Bubo virgianus), mountain lions (Felis concolor),
bobcats (Lynx rufus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), red fox (Vulpes
vulpes), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and gulls (Larus spp.) [20].
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Preferred Habitat ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest

Breeding habitat - Trumpeter swans nest on the margins of interconnected
shallow marshes and lakes, lakes within forest or sagebrush habitat,
and oxbows of rivers [18]. They prefer stable, quiet, shallow waters
where small islands, muskrat houses, or dense emergent vegetation
provide nesting and loafing sites. Nutrient-rich waters, with dense
aquatic plant and invertebrate growth, provide the best habitat [3,23].

Nests are built in water 1 to 3 feet deep [4]. Trumpeter swans build a
platform nest made of emergent vegetation. The nest is often located on
a muskrat house, beaver lodge, or small island [18]. In Alaska,
trumpeter swan nests are built 10 to 600 feet (3-183 m) from shore,
depending upon cover and water depth. Occasionally, a nest is located
on or near the shoreline of a small inlet in a large lake [10].

Winter habitat - Winter habitat must provide extensive beds of aquatic
plants and water that remains ice-free. In the Greater Yellowstone
region, cold temperatures and ice restrict trumpeter swans to sites
where geothermal waters, springs, or outflow from dams maintain ice-free
areas. In winter, trumpeter swans use shallow lakes, streams, and ponds
that do not entirely freeze over during the winter months [18,23].
Pacific Coast trumpeter swans use both esuaries and freshwater habitats,
and feed in pastures and croplands [23]. Good winter habitat also
contains a certain amount of level and open terrain, allowing these large
birds to loaf or fly without restriction of movement or visibility [3].
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( англиски )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( англиски )

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The currently accepted scientific name for the trumpeter swan is
Cygnus buccinator Richardson [1,4,17]. There are no recognized
subspecies or races.
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Timing of Major Life History Events ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: formation, severity

Pair formation - Trumpeter swans most often form pair bonds when they
are 2 or 3 years old, and first nest when they are 4 or 5 years old.
Most pairs remain together year-round and bond for life [2,18,23].

Nesting - In the Copper River area of Alaska, the Greater Yellowstone
area, and Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, egg laying normally
begins in late April or early May and is completed about mid-May [4,17].
In interior Alaska, egg laying begins later than in the above areas
[17]. In Alberta, the eggs are layed in mid-May [2].

Clutch size and incubation - Each breeding pair uses only one nest and
the female lays five to six eggs [2,14,17]. If the eggs are destroyed
the pair will probably not renest [2]. The incubation period is 33 to
37 days [3,4,18].

Cygnet development and fledging - Trumpeter swan cygnets grow rapidly
[4]. They are fully feathered in 9 to 10 weeks, but are unable to fly
until 13 to 15 weeks in Alaska and 14 to 17 weeks in Montana [4,17].
Cygnets remain with their parents throughout their first winter. They
separate from their parents the following spring, but siblings may
remain together into their third year. Family bonds are strong;
subadult siblings may rejoin with parents after nesting ends or in
subsequent winters [23].

Molt - Nonbreeding subadults molt first. Most nonbreeders in Alaska
begin their molt in late June or early July. At Red Rock Lakes, the
molt may be completed as early as June [4]. It is rare for both members
of a breeding pair to be flightless at the same time. The male of the
pair usually molts first. Some paired birds may begin to molt as early
as nonbreeders. Many, however, delay a month or longer. Some trumpeter
swans are flightless until early September in Alaska and until October
in Montana. Trumpeter swans are normally flightless for about 30 days
[4].

Migration - The seasonal movements of trumpeter swans in the Greater
Yellowstone region are limited to local flights between breeding habitat
and contiguous wintering areas. No molt migration is known. Breeders
molt in the general vicinity of nesting territories [17].

In Alaska, trumpeter swan populations migrate south in shifts. This
occurs from September until very late in the year, with times and
distances varying depending on severity of the weather. Trumpeter swans
move from interior regions in September, as total freeze-up occurs by
the first week in October. By mid-October, they have usually left
Kenai, located on the coast. On the Copper River Delta, many swans
remain until about mid-November. They arrive at Lonesome Lake, British
Columbia, beginning October 20 through October 25 [17].

Life span - Trumpeter swans may live up to 35 years in captivity but
usually do not live more than 12 years in the wild [2].
лиценца
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Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Use of Fire in Population Management ( англиски )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, marsh

Prescribed burning is an effective method of manipulating waterfowl
habitat [19]. Fire can be used to convert forested uplands adjacent to
aquatic habitats to grasses and sedges, which are more suitable for
trumpter swan nesting [21]. Additionally, removal of dense vegetation
and prevention of woody species encroachment is vital to prairie marsh
maintenance [22]. Less dense vegetation allows more space for waterfowl
activities [19]. Ward [22] reported that spring burning in marshlands
is primarily done to remove vegetation and create more nesting edge for
waterfowl. Summer fires are used to create more permanent changes in
the plant community. Prescribed burning during the nesting season
should be avoided so as not to disturb nesting females and/or destroy
nests.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
лиценца
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библиографски навод
Tesky, Julie L. 1993. Cygnus buccinator. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Trompetterswaan ( африканс )

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Die trompetterswaan (Cygnus buccinator) is die grootste voël endemies aan Noord-Amerika en een van die grootste watervoëls in die wêreld.

Hierdie groot swane - die grootste van al die swane - het 'n vlerkspan van tot 3 m. Hulle het 'n spierwit veredos, met hul kenmerkende lang nek en hul snawels is geheel en al swart. Hulle het 'n harde roep wat, soos die naam aandui, soos 'n trompet klink.

Hulle dieet bestaan hoofsaaklik uit waterplante, maar hulle sal ook die lêkorrels van hoenders en eende vreet.

Trompetterswane broei tussen Oktober en Desember en tans slegs in die Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, die Yellowstone Nasionale Park en 'n paar ander beskermde gebiede in Montana, Idaho en Wyoming in die VSA, Kanada en Alaska. Hulle bou 'n groot nes naby die water, wat uit die wortels en stingels van waterplante bestaan. Die wyfie lê vier tot sewe eiers, wat na 33 tot 40 dae uitbroei. Na vier tot vyd jaar is die kuikens self broeigereed.

Bronnelys

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Trompetterswaan: Brief Summary ( африканс )

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Die trompetterswaan (Cygnus buccinator) is die grootste voël endemies aan Noord-Amerika en een van die grootste watervoëls in die wêreld.

Hierdie groot swane - die grootste van al die swane - het 'n vlerkspan van tot 3 m. Hulle het 'n spierwit veredos, met hul kenmerkende lang nek en hul snawels is geheel en al swart. Hulle het 'n harde roep wat, soos die naam aandui, soos 'n trompet klink.

Hulle dieet bestaan hoofsaaklik uit waterplante, maar hulle sal ook die lêkorrels van hoenders en eende vreet.

Trompetterswane broei tussen Oktober en Desember en tans slegs in die Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, die Yellowstone Nasionale Park en 'n paar ander beskermde gebiede in Montana, Idaho en Wyoming in die VSA, Kanada en Alaska. Hulle bou 'n groot nes naby die water, wat uit die wortels en stingels van waterplante bestaan. Die wyfie lê vier tot sewe eiers, wat na 33 tot 40 dae uitbroei. Na vier tot vyd jaar is die kuikens self broeigereed.

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Cygnus buccinator ( азерски )

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Cygnus buccinator (lat. Cygnus buccinator) - qu quşu cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

İstinadlar


Xarici keçidlər

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Cygnus buccinator: Brief Summary ( азерски )

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Cygnus buccinator (lat. Cygnus buccinator) - qu quşu cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Alarc'h trompilh ( бретонски )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

An Alarc'h trompilh[1] (liester : Elerc'h trompilh) a zo un evn palvezek, Cygnus buccinator an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

Bevañ a ra al labous en Alaska, kornôg Kanada ha hanternoz-kreiz SUA[2],[3].

Rummatadur

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù

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Alarc'h trompilh: Brief Summary ( бретонски )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

An Alarc'h trompilh (liester : Elerc'h trompilh) a zo un evn palvezek, Cygnus buccinator an anv skiantel anezhañ.

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Cigne trompeta ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El cigne trompeta [1] (Cygnus buccinator) és un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae), el més gros membre de l'ordre dels Anseriformes.[2]

Descripció

D'adult fa uns 140-160 cm de llargada i pesa aproximadament 10-11 kg.[3] Té el plomatge blanc, el coll llarg i el bec normalment negre. Les potes poden ser de diferents colors.[4]

Hàbitat i distribució

El seu hàbitat són els grans estanys poc profunds i els rius amples i lents al nord-oest i centre d'Amèrica del Nord.[5]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cigne trompeta Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Comissió dels Noms dels Ocells en Català. Diccionari dels ocells del món: Ocells no passeriformes. Fundació Barcelona Zoo; Institut Català d’Ornitologia; TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia
  2. Frank S. Todd. Dir: Joseph Forshaw. Encyclopedia of Birds (Encyclopedia of Animals) (1991) ed. London: Merehurst Press. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
  3. Allaboutbirds.org (anglès)
  4. Ravenidiot.com (anglès)
  5. Trumpeter Swan pel Canadian Wildlife Service & Canadian Wildlife Federation (anglès)
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Cigne trompeta: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El cigne trompeta (Cygnus buccinator) és un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae), el més gros membre de l'ordre dels Anseriformes.

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Alarch utganol ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Alarch utganol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: elyrch utganol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Cygnus buccinator; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Trumpeter swan. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae) sydd yn urdd y Anseriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. buccinator, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

Teulu

Mae'r alarch utganol yn perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corhwyaden Anas crecca Chwiwell Anas penelope
Eurasian Wigeon - male.jpg
Hwyaden addfain Anas querquedula
Anas querquedula, Llobregat Delta, Barcelona 5.jpg
Hwyaden benddu Aythya marila
Scaup, Aythya marila, Tjörnin Pond, Reykjavik.jpg
Hwyaden gopog Aythya fuligula
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Male by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN9795 (17).jpg
Hwyaden lostfain Anas acuta
Northern.pintail.arp.500pix.jpg
Hwyaden lwyd Anas strepera
Gadwall-Anas-strepera.jpg
Hwyaden Lydanbig Anas clypeata
Northern-Shoveler Anas-clypeata.jpg
Hwyaden wyllt Anas platyrhynchos
Male mallard duck 2.jpg
Hwyaden yr Eithin Tadorna tadorna
Tadorna tadorna no.JPG
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Alarch utganol: Brief Summary ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Alarch utganol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: elyrch utganol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Cygnus buccinator; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Trumpeter swan. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae) sydd yn urdd y Anseriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. buccinator, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Caiff ei fagu er mwyn ei hela.

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Trompeterschwan ( германски )

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 src=
Kopf des Trompeterschwans

Der Trompeterschwan (Cygnus buccinator) ist eine monotypische Vogel­art aus der Gattung der Schwäne und der Familie der Entenvögel (Anatidae). Seinen Namen hat er seinen trompetenähnlichen Rufen zu verdanken. Die Art war in den 1930er Jahren stark vom Aussterben bedroht. Im Jahre 1935 ging man davon aus, dass nur noch 69 Individuen existierten. Dabei waren die in abgelegenen Regionen in Kanada und Alaska lebenden Trompeterschwäne allerdings nicht mitgezählt. Seitdem haben umfangreiche Schutzmaßnahmen dazu geführt, dass der Bestand sich wieder erholt hat. Im Jahre 2000 wurde die Individuenzahl auf mehr als 23.000 geschätzt.[1]

Der in Nordamerika beheimatete Trompeterschwan nimmt dort die Stellung ein, die in Nordeurasien der Singschwan hat. Beide zeigen ein ähnliches Verhalten und eine ähnliche Brutbiologie.[2]

Aussehen

Der Trompeterschwan ist mit 150 bis 180 cm Körperlänge der größte, wenn auch nicht der schwerste Schwan. Seine Flügelspannweite misst etwa 2,10 m. Mit bis zu 12,5 kg Körpergewicht bleibt er etwas hinter dem Höckerschwan (Cygnus olor) zurück. Mit seinem weißen Gefieder und den schwarzen Beinen ähnelt er anderen Schwanenarten der Nordhalbkugel. Trompeterschwäne haben an Kopf und Hals mitunter ein leicht rostbraun verfärbtes Gefieder. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass sie ihre Nahrung häufig in eisenhaltigem Gewässer suchen.[3] Der schwarze Schnabel verläuft gerade. Einige Individuen weisen am oberen Rand des Unterschnabels einen feinen roten Saum auf. Ebenfalls schwarz ist die Gesichtspartie bis zu den Augen. Füße und Beine sind gleichfalls von schwarzer Farbe. Unter den Trompeterschwänen tritt gelegentlich Leuzismus auf. Leuzistische Trompeterschwäne kennzeichnen sich unter anderem durch gelbliche Beine und Füße. Die Schwingenmauser dauert 30 bis 40 Tage und fällt in den Zeitraum Juni bis September. Während dieser Zeit sind die Schwäne für etwa 30 Tage flugunfähig. Brutpaare weisen dabei einen asynchronen Mauserverlauf auf.[4]

Jungtiere sind anfänglich gräulich und färben sich erst allmählich weiß.

Verbreitung

Der Trompeterschwan war ursprünglich in Nordamerika weit verbreitet. Er kam von Alaska bis Ontario und nach Süden bis in die Rocky Mountains und in den Norden des Bundesstaats Missouri vor. Durch Bejagung wurde sein Vorkommen auf mehrere Teilareale reduziert.

Eine westliche Populationsgruppe brütet in Alaska, Yukon und British Columbia und überwintert entlang der Küste zwischen Alaska und dem nördlichen Oregon.

Eine zweite binnenländische Populationsgruppe brütet östlich der Rocky Mountains im westlichen Kanada von den Nordwest-Territorien bis Saskatchewan sowie im Bereich des Yellowstone-Nationalparks. Die Vögel dieser Gruppe überwintern in Idaho und Wyoming.

In neuerer Zeit wurden Trompeterschwäne an mehreren Stellen im Nordwesten der USA wieder angesiedelt. Dank des dichten Gefieders und der gut entwickelten Talgdrüsen bleiben die Vögel dieser Populationen im Winter im Gebiet. Ansiedlungen im Osten der USA waren dagegen umstritten, da das historische Verbreitungsgebiet des Trompeterschwans unklar ist. Allerdings gelang auch im Osten die (Neu-)Ansiedlung.[5]

Der Trompeterschwan bevorzugt große, seichte Teiche und breite, langsame Flüsse. Da die Vögel einen langen Anlauf benötigen, bevor sie sich in die Luft erheben können, müssen sie eine Wasserstrecke von mindestens 100 Metern zur Verfügung haben.[6]

Die IUCN beziffert die Gesamtpopulation des Trompeterschwans auf etwa 18.000 Tiere. Die Art gilt als ungefährdet.

Lebensweise

 src=
Nistender Trompeterschwan
 src=
Trompeterschwan mit Nachwuchs
Laute des Trompeterschwans

Ende April oder Anfang Mai suchen Trompeterschwäne ihre Brutplätze auf. Paare beginnen unverzüglich, ein neues Nest zu bauen oder ein bestehendes zu verbessern. Jungtiere des Vorjahres schließen sich zusammen und richten sich in einem Gewässer ein, in dem kein Paar brütet.

Die Weibchen legen pro Tag ein Ei – insgesamt drei bis neun Eier – in ein Nest aus pflanzlichem Material auf einer Insel, auf einem verlassenen Biber- oder Bisamrattenbau oder auf einer schwimmenden Plattform. Trompeterschwäne nutzen denselben Nistplatz teilweise mehrere Jahre. Die Eier werden vom Weibchen 32 Tage bebrütet. Im südlichen Verbreitungsgebiet schlüpfen die Jungen ungefähr Mitte Juni, im Norden Anfang Juli. Die Jungtiere können bereits kurz nach dem Schlüpfen schwimmen; fliegen können sie allerdings erst nach drei bis vier Monaten.

Trompeterschwäne ernähren sich hauptsächlich von Wasserpflanzen. Gelegentlich tauchen sie mit ihrem Kopf unter Wasser nach Nahrung. Im Winter fressen sie auch Gras und Getreide auf den Feldern. Jungtiere werden mit Insekten und Schalentieren gefüttert. Nach einigen Monaten wechseln sie zu pflanzlicher Nahrung.

Im Sommer pflegen sich erwachsene Trompeterschwäne zu mausern. Vorübergehend verlieren sie auch ihre Flugfedern: Weibchen kurz nach dem Brüten und Männchen etwa einen Monat später, wenn die Weibchen wieder fliegen können.

Natürlich lebende Trompeterschwäne ziehen gegen den Winter an die Pazifikküste und die nordwestlichen USA. Sie fliegen in einem V-förmigen Schwarm.

Systematik

Es werden für den Trompeterschwan keine Unterarten unterschieden. In der Literatur finden sich zwar Hinweise, dass die in Alaska brütenden Populationen größere Füße als die haben, die in Idaho und Montana brüten. Die festgestellten Unterschiede sind möglicherweise auf unterschiedliche Messmethoden zurückzuführen.[7] Untersuchungen von drei Populationen, die ihr Brutgebiet jeweils in Alaska, Kanada und Montana haben, weisen auf nur geringe genetische Unterschiede zurück. Bei der Population in Montana ist vorstellbar, dass dies auf den starken Populationsrückgang zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts zurückzuführen ist. Es ist aber bislang nicht klar, warum auch die anderen zwei Populationen, deren Individuenzahl (mutmaßlich) nicht so stark eingebrochen war, ebenfalls so große genetische Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen.[8]

Die enge Verwandtschaft zwischen den einzelnen Arten in der Gattung der Schwäne zeigt sich unter anderem darin, dass die einzelnen Arten sich in Gefangenschaft miteinander kreuzen. Aus Paarungen zwischen Trompeterschwan und Höckerschwan, Zwergschwan, Pfeifschwan und Singschwan sind Nachkommen hervorgegangen.[9]

Einzelnachweise, Literatur und Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

  1. Kear, S. 235
  2. Kolbe, S. 97
  3. Kear, S. 234
  4. Kear, S. 234
  5. Alderfer, S. 12
  6. Alderfer, S. 12
  7. Kear, S. 234
  8. Kear, S. 234
  9. Kear, S. 234

Literatur

Weblinks

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Trompeterschwan: Brief Summary ( германски )

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 src= Kopf des Trompeterschwans

Der Trompeterschwan (Cygnus buccinator) ist eine monotypische Vogel­art aus der Gattung der Schwäne und der Familie der Entenvögel (Anatidae). Seinen Namen hat er seinen trompetenähnlichen Rufen zu verdanken. Die Art war in den 1930er Jahren stark vom Aussterben bedroht. Im Jahre 1935 ging man davon aus, dass nur noch 69 Individuen existierten. Dabei waren die in abgelegenen Regionen in Kanada und Alaska lebenden Trompeterschwäne allerdings nicht mitgezählt. Seitdem haben umfangreiche Schutzmaßnahmen dazu geführt, dass der Bestand sich wieder erholt hat. Im Jahre 2000 wurde die Individuenzahl auf mehr als 23.000 geschätzt.

Der in Nordamerika beheimatete Trompeterschwan nimmt dort die Stellung ein, die in Nordeurasien der Singschwan hat. Beide zeigen ein ähnliches Verhalten und eine ähnliche Brutbiologie.

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Trompetswan ( западнофризиски )

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De Trompetswan (Cygnus buccinator) is in grutte wite swan dy't foarkomt yn it westen fan Noard-Amearika. De soarte is besibbe oan de Kloekswan út Jeraazje.

De namme fan de soart komt fan it lûd dat de fûgels meitsje wat tinke lit oan it lúd fan trompetten.

Foarkommen

De Trompetswan is mei sa'n 150-180 sm de grutste fan de swannen. Hy is lykwols net de swierste: mei in 12,5 kg is er wat lichter as de Knobbelswan. De Trompetswan is hielendal wyt en hat swarte poaten lykas al de oare swannen dy't op it noardlik healrûn foarkomme. Oars as de Kloekswan hat er in snaffel dy't hielendal swart is.

Fersprieding

De Trompetswan kaam eartiids yn it grutste part Noard-Amearika foar. Yn it noarden fan Alaska oant Ontario en nei it suden fan Oregon oant Illinois. Troch de jacht komme trompetswannen foaral yn it súdliker briedgebiet net mear foar, mar yn Alaska en Kanada hawwe se harren better hanthavenje kind. Tsjintwurdich wurde de fûgels ek op 'e nij útset, yn it noardwesten fan de Feriene Steaten, mar dizze fûgels bliuwe it hiele jier op itselde plak en wurde gjin trekfûgels, wat de fûgels fan de wylde populaasje al binne.

Iten

De Trompetswannen libje fan plantaardich iten, dat se mei harren lange nekke en platte snaffel fan de boaiem fan ûndjip wetter opslobberje. Winterdeis ite se ek gers en koarn. De jongen wurde earst troch de âlden fuorre mei ynsekten en oare lytse dieren, mar yn de rin fan de earste moannen feroaret harren dieet yn plantaarich iten.

 src=
Trompetswannen mei jongen

Fuortplanting

De Trompetswan makket in nêst op in eilân fan planteresten. Dit nêst kin troch it pearke, wat harren hiele libben byinoar bliuwt, meardere jierren brûkt wurde. It wyfke leit 3 oant 9 aaien. Neidat de jongen útkaam binne kinne se fuortendaliks mei harren âlden mei swimme en rinne, mar it duorret noch 3-4 moannen foardat se fleane kinne.

Sjoch ek

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Trompetswan: Brief Summary ( западнофризиски )

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De Trompetswan (Cygnus buccinator) is in grutte wite swan dy't foarkomt yn it westen fan Noard-Amearika. De soarte is besibbe oan de Kloekswan út Jeraazje.

De namme fan de soart komt fan it lûd dat de fûgels meitsje wat tinke lit oan it lúd fan trompetten.

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Trumpeter swan ( англиски )

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The trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) is a species of swan found in North America. The heaviest living bird native to North America, it is also the largest extant species of waterfowl, with a wingspan of 185 to 250 cm (6 ft 2 in to 8 ft 2 in).[3] It is the American counterpart and a close relative of the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) of Eurasia, and even has been considered the same species by some authorities.[4] By 1933, fewer than 70 wild trumpeters were known to exist, and extinction seemed imminent, until aerial surveys discovered a Pacific population of several thousand trumpeters around Alaska's Copper River.[5] Careful reintroductions by wildlife agencies and the Trumpeter Swan Society gradually restored the North American wild population to over 46,000 birds by 2010.[6]

Description

Juvenile at the Cincinnati Zoo
Its black bill is useful in distinguishing the trumpeter swan from the introduced mute swan.[7]
Plate 406 of the Birds of America by John James Audubon, depicting the trumpeter swan

The trumpeter swan is the largest extant species of waterfowl, and both the heaviest and longest native bird of North America. Adults usually measure 138–165 cm (4 ft 6 in – 5 ft 5 in) long, though large males can exceed 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) in total length.[3][8][9][10] The weight of adult birds is typically 7–13.6 kg (15–30 lb). Possibly due to seasonal variation based on food access and variability due to age, average weights in males have been reported to range from 10.9 to 12.7 kg (24 to 28 lb) and from 9.4 to 10.3 kg (21 to 23 lb) in females.[3][11][12][13] It is one of the heaviest living birds or animals capable of flight, and, in terms of average mass, the heaviest flying bird in the world. Alongside the mute swan (Cygnus olor), Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), kori bustard (Ardeotis kori), and Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), it is one of a handful to weigh in excess of 10 kg (22 lb) between the sexes, and one survey of wintering trumpeters found it averaged second only to the condor in mean mass.[14][15] The trumpeter swan's wingspan ranges from 185 to 250 cm (6 ft 1 in to 8 ft 2 in), with the wing chord measuring 60–68 cm (24–27 in).[3][8][9][16] The largest known male trumpeter attained a length of 183 cm (6 ft 0 in), a wingspan of 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) and a weight of 17.2 kg (38 lb). It is the second heaviest wild waterfowl ever found, as one mute swan was found to weigh a massive 23 kg (51 lb), but it was unclear whether the latter swan was still capable of flight because of its bulk.[17]

The adult trumpeter swan's plumage is entirely white. Like mute swan cygnets, the cygnets of the trumpeter swan have light grey plumage and pinkish legs, gaining their white plumage after about a year. As with the whooper swan, this species has upright posture and generally swims with a straight neck. The trumpeter swan has a large, wedge-shaped black bill that can, in some cases, be minimally lined with salmon-pink coloration around the mouth. The bill, measuring 10.5–12 cm (4.1–4.7 in), is up to twice the length of a Canada goose's (Branta canadensis) bill and is the largest of any waterfowl. The legs are gray-pink in color, though in some birds can appear yellowish gray to even black. The tarsus measures 10.5–12 cm (4.1–4.7 in). The mute swan, introduced to North America, is scarcely smaller. However, it can easily be distinguished by its orange bill and different physical structure (particularly the neck, which is typically held curved as opposed to straight in the trumpeter). The mute swan is often found year-around in developed areas near human habitation in North America, whereas trumpeters are usually only found in pristine wetlands with minimal human disturbance, especially while breeding.[3] The tundra swan (C. columbianus) more closely resembles the trumpeter, but is significantly smaller. The neck of a male trumpeter may be twice as long as the neck of a tundra swan.[3] The tundra swan can be further distinguished by its yellow lores. However, some trumpeter swans have yellow lores; many of these individuals appear to be leucistic and have paler legs than typical trumpeters.[18] Distinguishing tundra and trumpeter swans from a distance (when size is harder to gauge) can be challenging without direct comparison but it is possible thanks to the trumpeter's obviously longer neck (the great length of which is apparent even when the swan is not standing or swimming upright) and larger, wedge-shaped bill as compared to the tundra swan.

Trumpeter swans have similar calls to whooper swans and Bewick's swans. They are loud and somewhat musical creatures, with their cry sounding similar to a trumpet, which gave the bird its name.

Range and habitat

Approximate summer range of the three regional populations of trumpeter swans in North America

Beginning in 1968, repeated in 1975, and then conducted at 5-year intervals, a cooperative continental survey of trumpeter swans was last conducted in 2015.[6] The survey assesses trumpeter swan abundance and productivity throughout the entire breeding ranges of the three recognized North American populations: the Pacific Coast (PCP), Rocky Mountain (RMP), and Interior (IP) populations (see Figure). From 1968 to 2010 the population has increased from 3,722 to approximately 46,225 birds, in large part due to re-introductions to its historic range.[6]

Their breeding habitat is large shallow ponds, undisturbed lakes, pristine wetlands and wide slow rivers, and marshes in northwestern and central North America, with the largest numbers of breeding pairs found in Alaska. They prefer nesting sites with enough space for them to have enough surface water for them to take off, as well as accessible food, shallow, unpolluted water, and little or no human disturbance.[19] Natural populations of these swans migrate to and from the Pacific coast and portions of the United States, flying in V-shaped flocks. Released populations are mostly non-migratory.

In the winter, they migrate to the southern tier of Canada, the eastern part of the northwest states in the United States, especially to the Red Rock Lakes area of Montana, the north Puget Sound region of northwest Washington state;[20] they have even been observed as far south as Pagosa Springs, Colorado. Historically, they ranged as far south as Texas and southern California.[21] Since 1992, trumpeter swans have been found in Arkansas each November – February on Magness Lake outside of Heber Springs.[22] In addition, there is a specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that was shot by F. B. Armstrong in 1909 at Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico.[23] C. buccinator is therefore considered extirpated from Mexico. In early 2017, a juvenile trumpeter swan took up residence in the French Broad River in Asheville, North Carolina, marking the first such sighting in that part of the state.[24]

Non-migratory trumpeter swans have also been artificially introduced to some areas of Oregon, where they never originally occurred. Because of their natural beauty, they are suitable water fowl to attract bird watchers and other wildlife enthusiasts. Introductions of non-indigenous species in the Western states, for example through the Oregon Trumpeter Swan Program (OTSP), have also been met with criticism, but the introduction program argues that the perceived attractiveness of natural sites has priority over the original range of any given species.[25]

Occasional sightings of trumpeter swans have occurred in the United Kingdom;[26] while some of these are believed to be vagrants, most are presumed escapes into the wild. A single instance of the species breeding in the United Kingdom is reported from 1997, where two swans out of a group that escaped from a wildfowl collection at Apethorpe Palace, Northamptonshire raised a single cygnet on the River Nene.[27]

Diet

In winter, they may eat crop remnants in agricultural fields, but more commonly they feed while swimming

These birds feed while swimming, sometimes up-ending or dabbling in reaching submerged food. The diet is almost entirely aquatic plants and occasionally insects.[28] They will eat both the leaves and stems of submerged and emergent vegetation. They will also dig into muddy substrates underwater to extract roots and tubers. In winter, they may also eat grasses and grains in fields. They will often feed at night as well as by day. Feeding activity, and the birds' weights, often peak in the spring as they prepare for the breeding season.[29] The young initially include insects, small fish, fish eggs and small crustaceans in their diet, providing additional protein, and change to a vegetation-based diet over the first few months.[30]

Predators and mortality

Trumpeter swan and a common raccoon (Procyon lotor). Healthy adults are largely invulnerable to predation, but chicks and eggs are targeted by raccoons.

Predators of trumpeter swan eggs include common ravens (Corvus corax), common raccoons (Procyon lotor), wolverines (Gulo gulo), American black bears (Ursus americanus), grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis), coyotes (Canis latrans), gray wolves (Canis lupus), mountain lions (Puma concolor), and North American river otters (Lontra canadensis).[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Nest location can provide partial protection from most mammalian nest predators, especially if placed on islands or floating vegetation in deep waters. Most of the same predators will prey on young cygnets, as well as common snapping turtles (Chelhydra serpentina), California gulls (Larus californicus), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and American mink (Neogale vison).[32][34][38][39][40][41] Larger cygnets and, rarely, nesting adults may be ambushed by golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and probably both coyotes and gray wolves.[39][41][42]

When their eggs and young are threatened, the parents can be quite aggressive, initially displaying with head bobbing and hissing. If this is not sufficient, the adults will physically combat the predator, battering with their powerful wings. Adults have managed to beat predators equal to their own weight such as coyotes in confrontations.[43] Predation of adults, when they are not nesting, is extremely rare; golden and bald eagles, and coyotes can pose a threat, but substantiated cases are very few.[44] Photos of an exceptional attack by a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) on an adult trumpeter swan in flight were taken in 2008, although the swan survived the predation attempt.[45] In another case, a coyote succeed killing an injured adult trumpeter swan.[46]

In captivity, members of this species have survived to 33 years old and, in the wild, have lived to at least 24 years. Young trumpeter swans may have as little as 40% chance of survival due variously to disturbance and destruction by humans, predation, nest flooding, and starvation. In some areas, though, the breeding success rate is considerably greater and, occasionally, all cygnets may reach maturity. Mortality in adults is quite low, with the survival rate usually being 80–100% annually, unless they are hunted by humans.[47]

Breeding behaviour

Courtship and mate choice behaviours

Trumpeter swan pair in Riverlands Migratory Bird Sanctuary.
Trumpeter swan courtship in Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge.

Like other swans, trumpeter swans often mate for life, and both parents participate in raising their young, but primarily the female incubates the eggs. Most pair bonds are formed when swans are 5 to 7 years old, although some pairs do not form until they are nearly 20 years old. "Divorces" have been known between birds, in which case the mates will be serially monogamous, with mates in differing breeding seasons. Occasionally, if his mate dies, a male trumpeter swan may not pair again for the rest of his life.[19]

In late April, breeding pairs meet to begin the 11 to 35-day process of constructing a nest. Before this grueling process can come to be, much like many other species of birds, these creatures undergo several courtship rituals.[48] Trumpeter Swans have a strong tendency to avoid interactions with conspecifics, therefore it is implied that at first contact of a potential mating pair there is some unwillingness in the male and female to make this connection.[49] In order to overcome the initial encounter there are two common displays that can occur. At first, the male tends to pursue the female in a non-aggressive way. When the female allows the approach, the male will touch the breast of its body to the flank of the female which then causes both individuals to touch the breasts of their bodies together.[49] At this point the feathers on the neck of the male are stood up and the bills of the mating pair are pointed down indicating pacification. Another act of courtship occurs when a male swims in the direction of a possible mate and continuously turns its head from side to side to get the attention or perhaps impress the female.[49] Other common behavioral displays presented by the pair include spreading and raising their wings, the rapid or almost quivering motion of the wings, particular head motions that include bobbing, and finally the most known (and what the name of this animal originates) is the trumpeting that occurs.[50]

Acoustic communication among Trumpeter Swans is very common among all ages of the species. From the young cygnets to the adult swans, their calls are very distinct and have a wide variety of functions in the survival of the animal. The classic Trumpet call can be heard from long distances and is the most common communication mechanism heard among these birds. This type of call resembles a horn because the frequency can vary greatly. This call generally occurs when an animal is alarmed or feels threatened, the call acts as a warning or even a way in deterring incoming predators due to the abrupt volume of the noise being evoked.[50] More specifically referring to mating, the call that is most common among mating pairs is called the duet. This call happens when a pair has come together near breeding season. The duetting process can begin as separate trumpeting solos and can evolve into an almost simultaneous duet that is very similar in frequency and very difficult to tell the individual calls apart.[50]This performance of the pair is commonly associated with the particular movements mentioned above (head bobbing and wing movements) associated with the courtship. Also, the duet can aid in the coordination of a dual attack on a predator that is too close to the nest of a mated pair.[50] In terms of mate choice, the Trumpeter swan continuously returns to the mate from previous breeding terms, often the breeding pair will even return to their previous breeding grounds if the previous offspring were successful in that area.[51]

Though the range of the two species does not overlap, the trumpeter swan can hybridize with its close relative, the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), and hybrid birds have been observed in the wild, most likely as a result of interbreeding between wild trumpeter and vagrant or introduced whooper swans.[52][53]

Nesting and incubation behaviour

Trumpeter swan incubation.

The fabrication of a nest is an incredibly precise process that takes place over a series of 11 to 35 days and typically breeding pairs will begin construction in late April.[54] The time of year the nest-building process begins can slightly vary due to weather conditions in the previous year, if the environment was colder and wet the females may not be healthy enough to be mating right away and as a result, the nesting behavior might be slightly delayed. It is common to find nests of trumpeter swans surrounded by water or close to water. This is advantageous to the parents because it can reduce the risk of predation, can provide optimal foraging sources such as aquatic vegetation as well as ensure there is nearby water for when the cygnets are hatched.[54] The long duration of the nest building process is predominantly due to the nest being so large (1.2 to 3.6m in diameter) and fabricated mainly from submerged vegetation as well as grasses and grass-like plants.[54] It has been observed that adult Trumpeter swans do not directly bring the building materials directly to the nest building site. The males use a specific action that includes facing away from the nest and throwing organic materials over their shoulder moving closer and closer to the nesting area[55].Eventually when they arrive at the nesting site the two individuals of the mating pair are involved in the construction, but, as mentioned above the male spends the majority of its time doing the construction. During nest construction, female Trumpeter swans feed significantly more frequently than males in order to fuel up for laying the eggs.[56] This is greatly supported by the male counterpart of the species because ultimately if the female is keeping itself healthy it will, in the end, ensure healthy offspring which improves the fitness of the mating pair.

Typically a female Trumpeter swan will lay four to six eggs and will incubate them for 32 to 37 days until they hatch.[57] The eggs average 73 millimetres (2.9 in) wide, 113.5 millimetres (4.5 in) long, and weigh about 320 grams (11.3 oz).[19] The eggs are quite possibly the largest of any flying bird alive today, in comparison they are about 20% larger in dimensions and mass than those of an Andean condor (Vultur gryphus), which attains similar average adult weights, and more than twice as heavy as those of kori bustards (Ardeotis kori).[58][59][60]

After the eggs are laid it is the female that spends the majority of the time incubating, it has been observed that around every 20 minutes the female will stand up from incubating and reach down beneath itself to roll over the eggs with its bill before re-assuming the incubation position.[61] It can be inferred that this behaviour is used to ensure the eggs are kept an appropriate temperature on all sides, this is very important because exposure to the elements leads to high mortality rates in cygnets. The female only leaves the incubation process for brief recesses that last around 20 minutes. Before the female leaves for recess, it will cover the eggs with plant material and it has been observed that if the female does not cover the eggs the male will do so in the absence of the female.[62] This time away from the nest is primarily used for feeding, but the female has also been observed using this time for bathing and preening.[63] The only other time the female leaves the nest is when it must help the male chase away predators from their nesting territory.[64] It is highly uncommon for both members of a mating pair to be absent from the nest at the same time, there is generally always a male or a female present guarding the eggs.[65] The behavior of the male during and after the laying of the eggs can be best described as on alert. This is due to males being increasingly territorial and aggressive, particularly when a predator or conspecifics approach the nesting area.[64] Generally when females leave the nest during their brief recesses the males will stand and guard the eggs, although in some cases the males would even sit on the eggs in the absence of a female swan.[65]

Parental behaviour

Trumpeter swan brood

Males

After the meeting of the pair prior to mating or nest building, the male will often initiate courting calls which result in the duet mentioned above. Before and throughout the laying period, the male can be found dealing with the construction of the nest and collection of resources. As the eggs are being incubated by the female the male does not feed or sleep as often particularly when the female left the nest. These trends also were associated with more aggressive behaviors from the male, especially towards predators and other members of the species.[66] When it comes to parental behaviour, the male has already completed the majority of its role. With this in mind, the male does continue to be territorial and protective of the newly developing cygnets as well as allowing the female to replenish its nutrient reserves. This makes migration to wintering grounds possible and allows for more years of breeding.[66] Keeping the female of the mating pair healthy is important for Trumpeter swans because this species tends to only have one mate in its lifetime. A healthy female also improves the likelihood of having more successful clutches are well as better nesting experiences.[66] When cygnets are young it is common to see the male accompanying them in feeding recesses outside the nest.[67] This can fall under the category of the main male role in parenting being the protection of the offspring.

Females

The increased care and attention of the male to the young allowed for the female to feed more frequently and exert more energy toward the protection and overall health of the developing cygnets.[68] During the pre-laying/laying period the males are significantly more active than the females of the breeding pair. This is advantageous in because it aids in the fitness of the species by improving reproductive success by allowing the female, as mentioned above, to feed more frequently and overall replenish the energy stored in order to aid in incubation and other crucial activities.[68] When hatching occurs the females tend to not leave the nest, the only time a female may leave would be to chase away a nearby predator.[69] After hatching the cygnets are brooded for the first one to two days by the female, cygnets are also brooded when needed (when it is cold or at night) for the first few weeks of their lives.[70] Young offspring have a very close relationship with their parents in the first part of their lives spending the majority of their first few weeks with the female in the nest or in the water.[69] The young are able to swim within two days and usually are capable of feeding themselves after, at most, two weeks. The fledging stage is reached at roughly 3 to 4 months.[71] Fledlings tend to spend their first full winter with their parents and then they no longer need them.[70]

Conservation status

Three flying in Missouri
Wintering in British Columbia
Mated pair on a lake, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
Adult and three juvenile trumpeter swans on the shore of Woods Lake, near Oyama, British Columbia

Near extinction and rediscovery in Alaska

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the trumpeter swan was hunted heavily, for game or meat, for the soft swanskins used in powder puffs, and for their quills and feathers. This species is also unusually sensitive to lead poisoning from ingesting discarded lead shot from fishing weights while young. The Hudson's Bay Company captured thousands of swans annually with a total of 17,671 swans killed between 1853 and 1877. In 1908 Edward Preble wrote of the decline in the hunt with the number sold annually dropping from 1,312 in 1854 to 122 in 1877.[72] Sir John Richardson wrote in 1831 that the trumpeter "is the most common Swan in the interior of the fur-counties... It is to the trumpeter that the bulk of the Swan-skins imported by the Hudson's Bay Company belong."[73] By the early twentieth century breeding trumpeter swans were nearly extirpated in the United States, with a remnant population of fewer than 70 wild trumpeters in remote hot springs in or near Yellowstone National Park. Surprising news came from a 1950s aerial survey of Alaska's Copper River when several thousand trumpeters were discovered.[5] This population provided critical genetic stock to complement the tri-state (Montana/Idaho/Wyoming) population for re-introductions in other parts of the swan's historic range.

Historical range

In 1918 Joseph Grinnell wrote that trumpeter swans once bred in North America from northwestern Indiana west to Oregon in the U.S., and in Canada from James Bay to the Yukon, and they migrated as far south as Texas and southern California.[21] In 1960 Winston E. Banko also placed their breeding range as far south as Nebraska, Missouri, Illinois, northwestern Indiana, but in Michigan turned this line northwards, placing a hypothetical eastern boundary up through Ontario to western Quebec and the eastern shore of James Bay.[34] In 1984, Harry G. Lumsden posited that trumpeter swans may have been extirpated from eastern Canada by native people armed with firearms prior to the arrival of European explorers and noted archaeological remains of trumpeter swans as far east as Port au Choix, Newfoundland dating to 2,000 BCE. He cited historical observer records of what must have been breeding trumpeters, such as Father Hennepin's August report of swans on the Detroit River from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie in 1679 and Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac's 1701 report of summering swans (July 23 – October 8) in the same area: "There are such large numbers of swans that the rushes among which they are massed might be taken for lilies."[74] In the eastern United States the breeding range is potentially extended to North Carolina by the detailed report of John Lawson (1701) that "Of the swans we have two sorts, the one we call Trompeters...These are the largest sort we have...when spring comes on they go the Lakes to breed" versus "The sort of Swans called Hoopers; are the least."[75]

Reintroduction

Early efforts to reintroduce this bird into other parts of its original range, and to introduce it elsewhere, have had modest success, as suitable habitats have dwindled and the released birds do not undertake migrations. More recently, the population in all three major population regions have shown sustained growth over the past thirty-year period. Data from the US Fish and Wildlife Service[76] show 400% growth in that period, with signs of increasing growth rates over time.

One impediment to the growth of the trumpeter swan population around the Great Lakes is the presence of a growing non-native mute swan population who compete for habitat.[8][77]

Alberta

One of the largest conservation sites for the trumpeter swan is located in Lois Hole Provincial Park. It is located adjacent to the renamed Trumpeter subdivision of Edmonton, Alberta, within Big Lake.

Idaho

Thousands of swans migrate through the Chain Lakes along the Coeur d'Alene River basin in the Idaho Panhandle. Due to historic mining in the area, an average of 52 swans died each year 2005-2021 from lead exposure.[78][79] There is an effort by local foundations, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency to clean up the area and help limit lead exposure of swans migrating through.[80]

Michigan

Joe Johnson, a biologist for the W.K. Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, part of Michigan State University’s Kellogg Biological Station, obtained trumpeter swans from Alaska for re-introduction to Michigan beginning in 1986. The population has grown via continued re-introductions and organic growth to 756 birds by 2015. The native swans have benefited from removal of non-native mute swans by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources beginning in the 1960s, with a decline from 15,000 mute swans in 2010 to 8,700 in 2015.[81]

Minnesota

As of 2013, the trumpeter swan is no longer listed as threatened in the state of Minnesota.[82] In the winter months, a large population of trumpeter swans can be seen in the city of Monticello, Minnesota. [83]

Ontario

The Ontario Trumpeter Swan Restoration Group started a conservation project in 1982, using eggs collected in the wild. Live birds have also been taken from the wild. Since then, 584 birds have been released in Ontario. Despite lead poisoning in the wild from shotgun pellets, the prospects for restoration are considered optimistic.[84] As of 2021, the population was between 2500 and 3000,[85] was stable, and no longer relied on rehabilitation facilities.[86]

Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone provides only marginal habitat for trumpeter swans and therefore may only limited to occasional residents and wintering migrants. As of 2019, 27 trumpeter swans were observed in the park, 21 adults and 7 cygnets. Scientists attribute the decline in the park's population to the loss of nests and nesting sites because of spring flooding caused by climate change. [87] In 2019, 4 young swans were released in Hayden Valley, and 35 cygnets have been released over 7 years, though none of these cygnets have since nested in the park.[88]

See also

References

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  57. ^ Slater, Gary (2006). "Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator):A Technical Conservation Assessment" (PDF). USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 1: 19–21 – via Society for Conservation Biology.
  58. ^ Rohwer, F. C.; Eisenhauer, D. I. (1989). "Egg mass and clutch size relationships in geese, eiders, and swans". Ornis Scandinavica. 20 (1): 43–48. doi:10.2307/3676706. JSTOR 3676706.
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  62. ^ Bollinger, Karen S.; King, Rodney J. (2002). "Activity Budgets of Nesting Trumpeter Swans in Interior Alaska". Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology. 25: 285–292. ISSN 1524-4695. JSTOR 1522364.
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  64. ^ a b Henson, Paul; Cooper, James A. (1993). "Trumpeter Swan Incubation in Areas of Differing Food Quality". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 57 (4): 709–716. doi:10.2307/3809070. ISSN 0022-541X. JSTOR 3809070.
  65. ^ a b Henson, Paul; Cooper, James A. (1992). "Division of labour in breeding Trumpeter Swans Cygnus buccinator". Wildfowl. 43 (43): 40–48. ISSN 2052-6458.
  66. ^ a b c Henson, Paul; Cooper, James A. (1992). "Division of labour in breeding Trumpeter Swans Cygnus buccinator". Wildfowl. 43 (43): 40–48. ISSN 2052-6458.
  67. ^ Bollinger, Karen S.; King, Rodney J. (2002). "Activity Budgets of Nesting Trumpeter Swans in Interior Alaska". Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology. 25: 285–292. ISSN 1524-4695. JSTOR 1522364.
  68. ^ a b Henson, Paul; Cooper, James A. (1992). "Division of labour in breeding Trumpeter Swans Cygnus buccinator". Wildfowl. 43 (43): 40–48. ISSN 2052-6458.
  69. ^ a b Bollinger, Karen S.; King, Rodney J. (2002). "Activity Budgets of Nesting Trumpeter Swans in Interior Alaska". Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology. 25: 285–292. ISSN 1524-4695. JSTOR 1522364.
  70. ^ a b Slater, Gary (2006). "Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator):A Technical Conservation Assessment" (PDF). USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 1: 19–21 – via Society for Conservation Biology.
  71. ^ "Trumpeter Swan Fact Sheet". Lincoln Park Zoo. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  72. ^ Preble, Edward Alexander (1908). "A Biological Investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie Region". North American Fauna. Fish and Wildlife Service; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U. S. Govt. Print. Off. 27: 309. doi:10.3996/nafa.27.0001. Retrieved 2015-07-05.
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  74. ^ Lumsden, Harry G. (1984). "The Pre-Settlement Breeding Distribution of Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator, and Tundra Swans, C. columbianus, in Eastern Canada". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 98 (4). Retrieved 2015-07-05.
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  76. ^ Caithamer, David F. (February 2001). "Trumpeter Swan Population Status, 2000" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
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Trumpeter swan: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) is a species of swan found in North America. The heaviest living bird native to North America, it is also the largest extant species of waterfowl, with a wingspan of 185 to 250 cm (6 ft 2 in to 8 ft 2 in). It is the American counterpart and a close relative of the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) of Eurasia, and even has been considered the same species by some authorities. By 1933, fewer than 70 wild trumpeters were known to exist, and extinction seemed imminent, until aerial surveys discovered a Pacific population of several thousand trumpeters around Alaska's Copper River. Careful reintroductions by wildlife agencies and the Trumpeter Swan Society gradually restored the North American wild population to over 46,000 birds by 2010.

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Trumpetocigno ( есперанто )

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La Trumpetocigno (Cygnus buccinator) estas la plej peza indiĝena birdo de Nordameriko kaj estas averaĝe la plej granda vivanta specio de akvobirdo surtere. Ĝi estas la nordamerika simila specio kaj proksima parenco de la Kantocigno de Eŭrazio, kaj eĉ amabaŭ estis konsiderataj la sama specio fare de kelkaj fakuloj.

Aspekto

 src=
Junulo ĉe la Bestoĝardeno de Cincinnati.
 src=
Ties nigra beko estas utila por distingi la Trumpetocignon el aliaj specioj.

Plenkreskulo tipe estas 138-158 cm longa, pezas 7.7-12.7 kg, kaj havas 203 cm de enverguro.[1] Tiu estas la plej granda vivanta specio de akvobirdo. Rekordaj plej grandaj maskloj de Trumpetocignoj povas atingi longon de 183 cm, enverguron de 3.05 m kaj pezon de 17.2 kg.[2] La cignidoj (junuloj) estas grizaj laŭ aspekto, kaj iĝas blankaj post la unua jaro.

La Muta cigno povas facile esti distingataj pro ties oranĝa beko kaj diferenca strukturo (ĉefe la kolo, kiu estas preskaŭ ĉiam subenkurba). La Malgranda cigno plie similas al la Trumpetocigno, sed ĝi estas iom pli malgranda kaj kutime havas flavajn bridojn. Tamen ankaŭ kelkaj Trumpetocignoj havas flavajn bridojn; multaj el tiuj individuoj ŝajnas leŭcismaj kaj havas pli palajn krurojn ol la tipaj Trumpetocignoj.[3] Distingi la Malgrandajn cignojn kaj la Trumpetocignojn eldistance (kiam grando estas malfacile taksebla) estas tre defia, kaj povas ofte esti farata nur per sperto kaj sufiĉa kono de strukturaj detaloj.

Teritorio kaj habitato

 src=
Vintre, ili povas manĝi rikoltorestaĵojn en agrikulturaj kampoj, sed plej komune ili manĝas dumnaĝe.

Ties reprodukta habitato estas grandaj neprofundaj lagetoj aŭ flakoj kaj larĝaj malrapidaj riveroj de nordokcidenta kaj centra Nordameriko, kaj plej grandaj nombroj de reproduktantaj paroj troviĝantas en Alasko. Naturaj populacioj de tiuj cignoj migras al kaj el marbordo de Pacifiko kaj aliaj partoj de Usono, flugante en aroj kun formo de V. Liberigitaj populacioj estas ĉefe ne-migrantaj. Vintre ili migras al suda tavolo de Kanado, la orienta parto de la nordokcidentaj subŝtatoj de Usono, ĉefe ĉe la areo de la Lagoj de la Ruĝa Roko de Montano, kaj la nordo de la regiono Puget Sound de nordokcidenta Vaŝingtonio;[4] ili estis observitaj tiom sude kiom ĝis Pagosa Springs, Koloradio. Historie ili teritorias tiom sude kiom ĝis Teksaso kaj suda Kalifornio.[5]

Tiuj birdoj manĝas dumnaĝe, foje kapaltere aŭ plaŭdante por atingi submerĝitan manĝon. Ties dieto estas preskaŭ tute el akvoplantoj. Vintre ili povas manĝi ankaŭ herbojn kaj grenon en kampoj. La junuloj manĝas insektojn kaj malgrandajn krustulojn kun plantoj dekomence, ŝanĝe al dieto bazata sur vegetaĵaro ĉirkaŭ la unuajn kelkajn monatojn.

Predantoj de ovoj de Trumpetocigno estas la Korako (Corvus corax), la Lavurso (Procyon lotor), la Gulo (Gulo gulo), la Amerika nigra urso (Ursus americanus), la Bruna urso (Ursus arctos), la Kojoto (Canis latrans), la Lupo (Canis lupus) kaj la Kanada lutro (Lontra canadensis). Plej el tiuj samaj predantoj predas ankaŭ junajn cignidojn, kaj same la Serpentotestudo (Chelhydra serpentina), la Kalifornia mevo (Larus californicus), la Granda kornostrigo (Bubo virginianus) kaj la Vizono (Mustela vison). Plej grandaj cignidoj kaj rare reproduktantaj plenkreskuloj estas predataj nur de la Reĝa aglo (Aquila chrysaetos), la Rufa linko (Lynx rufus), la Ruĝa vulpo (Vulpes vulpes) kaj la Kojoto. Predado de plenkreskuloj kiam ili ne estas reproduktantaj estas rara, kvankam ili povus esti ĉasataj de Reĝaj agloj.

Reproduktado

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Idaro de Trumpetocigno

La ino demetas 3–12 ovojn averaĝe sur amaso de plantomaterialo en malgranda insulo, aŭ hejmo de kastoroOndatro, aŭ flosanta platformo. La sama loko povas esti uzata dum kelkaj jaroj. La ovoj averaĝe estas 73 mm larĝaj, 113.5 mm longaj, kaj ĉirkaŭ 320 g pezaj. La periodo por kovado estas de 32 al 37 tagoj. Tiuj birdoj ofte pariĝas porvive, kaj ambaŭ gepatroj partoprenas en idozorgado, sed nur la ino kovas la ovojn. La junuloj kapablas naĝi post du tagoj kaj kutime estas kapablaj manĝi per si mem post maksimume du semajnoj. La ekflugo okazas post 3 al 4 monatoj.[6]

Plenkreskuloj trapasas someran mudon kiam ili portempe perdas siajn flugoplumojn. La inoj iĝas senflugaj iom post la ekflugo de la junuloj; la maskloj trapasas tiun procezon ĉirkaŭ unu monaton poste kiam la inoj jam kompletigis sian mudon.

Konservostatuso

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Tri flugantaj en Misurio, Usono
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Vintre en Brita Kolumbio, Kanado

En la 19a kaj komenco de la 20a jarcento, la Trumpetocigno estis tro multe ĉasata, kaj kiel ĉasbesto kaj pro ties plumoj. Tiu specio ankaŭ nekutime suferas pro la plumbovenenado dum junuloj. Tiuj birdoj iam reproduktiĝis en Nordameriko el nordokcidenta Indiano okcidente al Oregono en Usono, kaj en Kanado el Golfo James al Jukonio, kaj ili migris tiom sude kiom ĝis Teksaso kaj suda Kalifornio.[5] La Trumpetocigno estis rara aŭ formortinta en plej el Usono komence de la 20a jarcento.[5] Mulotaj miloj survivis en la kerna teritorio en Kanado kaj Alasko, tamen, kie la populacioj ekde tiam rekuperiĝis.

Fruaj klopodoj reenmeti tiun birdon en aliajn partojn de ties origina teritorio, kaj eĉ ie plie, havis nur malgrandan sukceson, ĉar taŭgaj habitatoj malpliiĝis kaj la liberigitaj birdoj ne entreprenas migradojn. Pli ĵuse, la populacioj de ĉiuj tri ĉefaj regionoj montris eltenatajn kreskojn ĉirkaŭ la periodo de la pasintaj 30 jaroj. Informoj el la Fiŝkapta kaj Natura Servo de Usono[7] montris kreskon de 400% en tiu periodo, kun signoj de pliiĝantaj kreskindicoj en tiu epoko.

Malhelpo al la kresko de la populacio de Trumpetocignoj ĉe la Grandaj Lagoj estis la ĉeesto de kreskanta ne-migranta populacio de Mutaj cignoj kiu konkurencas pro habitato.[8][1]

La Toronta Zoo komencis konservoprojekton en 1982, uzante ovojn kolektitajn en naturo. Oni prenis ankaŭ vivantajn birdojn el naturo. Ekde tiam pli da 180 estis liberigitaj en Ontario. Spite plumbovenenado en naturo pro pafado, la antaŭvidoj por restaŭrado estas konsiderataj bonaj.[9]

La Trumpetocigno estis listita kiel minacata en la subŝtato de Minesoto.[10]

Referencoj

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Pariĝinta paro en lago, Nacia Naturrezervejo Kenai, Alasko
  1. 1,0 1,1 Mute Swan, Laboratorio Cornell de Ornitologio. Konsultita la 2011-12-18.
  2. Wood, Gerald. (1983) The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  3. . Trumpeter Swans with yellow loral spots. Alirita 13a Decembro 2011.
  4. Washington State University Beach Watchers; "''...Trumpeter Swans...''". Beachwatchers.wsu.edu. Konsultita la 2011-12-18.
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 (1918) The Game Birds of California. University of California Press.
  6. "Trumpeter Swan Fact Sheet, Lincoln Park Zoo". Lpzoo.org. Konsultita la 2011-12-18.
  7. David F. Caithamer Trumpeter Swan Population Status, 2000. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. February 2001 (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-12-18.
  8. Trumpeter Swan. Hinterland. hww.ca
  9. Toronto Zoo> Conservation> Birds. Alirita 2009-09-22.
  10. Minnesota Endangered & Threatened Species List. (PDF) . Konsultita la 2011-12-18.

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Trumpetocigno: Brief Summary ( есперанто )

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La Trumpetocigno (Cygnus buccinator) estas la plej peza indiĝena birdo de Nordameriko kaj estas averaĝe la plej granda vivanta specio de akvobirdo surtere. Ĝi estas la nordamerika simila specio kaj proksima parenco de la Kantocigno de Eŭrazio, kaj eĉ amabaŭ estis konsiderataj la sama specio fare de kelkaj fakuloj.

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Cygnus buccinator ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El cisne trompetero (Cygnus buccinator) [2]​ es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatidae (cisnes, gansos, patos y cercetas).[3]

Características

El cisne trompetero es la especie más grande del género, con una envergadura alar de unos 3 metros. No hay dimorfismo sexual en el plumaje de los adultos, siendo todo blanco. El peso medio del macho es de 12 kg, alcanzando 12,5 kg como máximo. La hembra es más pequeña, con un peso medio de 9,4 kg. Se diferencia del resto de cisnes blancos por tener el pico negro sin coloración amarilla o anaranjada, además de por su tamaño corporal.

Reproducción

Las parejas anidan solas, alejadas unas de otras, debido a su carácter agresivo durante la temporada reproductiva. Pone de 3 a 9 huevos. El nido lo realiza con plantas acuáticas, en tierra o en plataformas flotantes que construye en lagos, lagunas y campos con vegetación alta adyacentes. Las aves se reúnen en parejas estables, los cigoñinos comienzan a volar a los 3 o 4 meses.

Distribución actual

Tiene su área de distribución reproductiva en la región costera del sur de Alaska. Anidan en las islas cercanas a la costa, en algunos casos. Emigran a la provincia de Columbia Británica en Canadá, durante el invierno. Pasa la temporada invernal a lo largo de toda la costa, llegando hasta las Montañas Rocosas. No es muy común más al sur de la isla Vancouver, excepto en el Parque nacional Yellowstone donde hay una colonia permanente. En México se tienen dos registros de colección (1909) para el estado de Tamaulipas y recientemente uno en los alrededores de Guadalajara, Jalisco. Habita en ambientes dulceacuícolas. En México la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 considera a la especie como probablemente extinta en el medio silvestre; la UICN2019-1 como de preocupación menor. [3]

Distribución pasada

Era muy común en antaño durante los siglos XVIII y XIX, se reproducían en todas las provincias del oeste de Canadá, llegando a la frontera de Ontario con Quebec, y en los estados del norte de los Estados Unidos, desde Washington hasta Indiana. El invierno lo pasaban en las costas del Océano Atlántico, de Carolina del Norte a Nueva Jersey. Y a lo largo del Río Misisipi llegando al Golfo de México. La caza despiadada, redujo las poblaciones de esta especie, dejándola al borde de la extinción. En la actualidad se la considera en vías de recuperación.

Galería de imágenes

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Cygnus buccinator». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2012.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1994). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Primera parte: Struthioniformes-Anseriformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 41 (1): 79-89. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2012.
  3. a b «Enciclovida - Cygnus buccinator (consultado el 16 de marzo del 2020).».

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Cygnus buccinator: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El cisne trompetero (Cygnus buccinator) ​ es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatidae (cisnes, gansos, patos y cercetas).​

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Cygnus buccinator ( баскиски )

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Cygnus buccinator Cygnus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Anatidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Cygnus buccinator: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Cygnus buccinator Cygnus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Anatidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Trumpettijoutsen ( фински )

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Trumpettijoutsen (Cygnus buccinator) on yksi maailman suurimmista vesilinnuista, se kasvaa hiukan pitemmäksi kuin kyhmyjoutsen. Se on eurooppalaisen laulujoutsenen lähisukulainen ja elintavoiltaan lähes täysin samankaltainen.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Trumpettijoutsenkoiras voi painaa lähes 12 kiloa ja naaraskin noin kymmenen kiloa. Koiras voi olla 150 cm pitkä, naaras tyypillisesti kymmenkunta senttiä lyhyempi. Siipien kärkiväli on 190–250 cm.[2] Trumpettijoutsenen höyhenpeite on valkoinen ja sen nokka on kokonaan musta.

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Trumpettijoutsen elää Pohjois-Amerikassa. Laji ei ole uhanalainen; kannan arvioidaan olevan noin 18 000 yksilöä.[1] Ennen eurooppalaisten tuloa lajin levinneisyysalue ja yksilömäärät olivat huomattavasti suurempia. Trumpettijoutsenen levinneisyysalue ulottui Alaskasta ja Pohjois-Kanadasta aina Indianan ja Montanaan asti. Mittava metsästys tuhosi kuitenkin joutsenkannan niin täydellisesti, että vuonna 1932 trumpettijoutsenia oli tiettävästi jäljellä vain 69 yksilöä.[3]

Montanaan ja Yellowstonen kansallispuistoon perustetut lajin suojelualueet pelastivat kuitenkin linnun sukupuutolta. Vaikka laji ei enää olekaan uhanalainen, seuraavat Yhdysvaltain luonnonsuojelujärjestöt silti tarkasti trumpettijoutsenen kannan muutoksia.[3]

Lisääntyminen

Trumpettijoutsen pesii ensimmäisen kerran joskus jo kolmevuotiaana, mutta yleensä vasta 4–6-vuotiaana. Pari pysyy yhdessä loppuelämänsä ajan ja laji voi elää 20–30-vuotiaaksi. Jos puoliso kuolee, leski avioituu uudestaan. Pari palaa yleensä pesimään samaan paikkaan vuodesta toiseen, jos ensi pesintä siinä on ollut tuloksellinen. Pari saapuu pesäpaikalleen heti jäiden sulettua. Kihlaparit eivät tavallisesti rakenna pesää ensimmäisen seurustelukevään ja -kesän aikana.[4]

Pesänrakennus alkaa huhtikuun puolivälin tienoilla ja kestää kaksi viikkoa. Pesän halkaisija voi olla yli 2 metriä. Naaras munii joka toinen päivä suuren valkeahkon munan, kunnes pesue on täysilukuinen eli 5–9-munainen. Ensikertalaisnaaras munii vähemmän munia kuin kokenut. Haudonta kestää 33–34 päivää ja vain naaras hautoo. Naaraan poistuessa pesältä syömään tai peseytymään se peittää munat pesäaineksilla. Koiras vartioi pesää naaraan poissa ollessa. Poikaset pysyttelevät pesässä 1–2 päivää ja lähtevät sitten uimaan ja etsimään itselleen ruokaa. Emot eivät ruoki niitä, vaan kuljettavat poikuetta eri puolilla reviirinsä vesialuetta. Poikasten ravintona ovat pääasiassa vesihyönteiset ja muut pienet selkärangattomat. 4–6 viikon ikäisinä poikaset alkavat syödä myös vesikasveja. Näihin aikoihin alkaa emolintujen sulkasato, jonka aktiivinen vaihe kestää noin kuukauden. Poikasten höyhenpuku on valmis 9–10 viikon iässä ja lentokykyisiä poikaset ovat noin 15 viikon ikäisinä syyskuun loppupuolella. Joutsenperhe muuttaa yhdessä talvehtimisalueelle vähän ennen vesistöjen jäätymistä.[4]

Lähteet

  1. a b BirdLife International: Cygnus buccinator IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.6.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Trumpeter Swan Society
  3. a b Hautala, H. & Suominen, T.: Laulujoutsen. Otava, 1991. ISBN 951-1-11576-6.
  4. a b Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
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Trumpettijoutsen: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Trumpettijoutsen (Cygnus buccinator) on yksi maailman suurimmista vesilinnuista, se kasvaa hiukan pitemmäksi kuin kyhmyjoutsen. Se on eurooppalaisen laulujoutsenen lähisukulainen ja elintavoiltaan lähes täysin samankaltainen.

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Cygne trompette ( француски )

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Cygnus buccinator

Le Cygne trompette (Cygnus buccinator) est l'une des plus grandes espèces de cygnes originaires d'Amérique du Nord. C'est une espèce qui a failli disparaitre, qui reste menacée[1],[2] et qui fait l'objet de réintroductions, mais dont la première cause de mortalité semble encore être le saturnisme aviaire[3],[4].

De loin, ou quand il est jeune, il est souvent confondu avec le Cygne siffleur (Cygnus columbianus). Il se reproduit dans de vastes étangs peu profonds ou sur de larges rivières lentes, dans le nord-ouest et le centre de l'Amérique du Nord, avec une meilleure survie des reproducteurs en Alaska[5]

C'est un oiseau migrateur qui arrive habituellement dans son aire de reproduction au début du printemps peu après la fonte des glaces, et part en hivernage peu avant les gels. En hiver, il migre vers le sud du Canada et la partie orientale des États du Nord-Ouest des États-Unis. Certains individus ont même été observés assez loin au sud, au-delà de Pagosa Springs (Colorado).

Dans ses habitats situés les plus au sud, cet oiseau peut rester sédentaire.

Le nom de cygne trompette vient du cri que l'oiseau pousse et qui évoque le son d'une trompette.

Description

Cet oiseau a un plumage blanc, un long cou, un bec court et noir qui s'étend jusqu'aux yeux et de courtes pattes noires.
Son envergure peut atteindre 3 mètres. Les cygneaux ont un duvet gris qui devient plumage blanc après la première année.

Les adultes pèsent en général de 21 à 30 livres (les grands mâles dépassant 35 livres).

Ils muent en été et perdent temporairement leur plumes de vol (la femelle juste après l'éclosion des œufs, et le mâle un mois plus tard, quand la femelle a fini sa mue).

Ils peuvent vivre jusqu'à 20-30 ans. Les jeunes sont gris et ne deviennent blanc avec un bec noir jusqu'à environ un an.

Habitat, répartition et migrations

 src=
Mère et ses petits, dans leur habitat
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Comme d'autres espèces, avec l'extension de l'agriculture intensive, certains groupes ont changé leur comportement et se nourrissent aussi de rémanents agricoles.

Son habitat idéal comprend des zones humides peu profondes (1-3 pieds de profondeur) dans des régions isolées, protégées de toute perturbation humaine (dont chasse) avec un mélange varié de la végétation émergente et d'eau libre abritant une flore submergée riche variété.

Le Cygne trompette était autrefois présent dans l'Amérique du Nord tout entière[6] mais il a été chassé jusqu'à sa presque extinction au début du XXe siècle.

C'est une espèce aujourd'hui presque exclusivement nordique ; son habitat de reproduction est principalement situé dans de grandes étendues d'eau peu profonde et les larges rivières du nord-ouest de l'Amérique, notamment en Alaska[7]. L'espèce est concernée par plusieurs programmes de réintroduction[8],[9], dont certains ont été des échecs partiels et sont difficiles, car les animaux réintroduits se nourrissent à une profondeur telle, et d'une manière telle, qu'ils s'empoisonnent fréquemment en avalant des grenailles de plomb de chasse, et meurent alors de saturnisme aviaire, même dans les zones où le plomb est interdit dans les cartouches depuis plus de 20 ans, ou transformées en réserve naturelle il y a plus de 40 ans. Il semble plus sensible au plomb encore que d'autres cygnes.

Les cygnes basés plus au nord migrent vers la côte Pacifique et le midwest américain, volant vers le sud en formation en V[10].

Comportement social et de reproduction

Les couples se forment pour la vie et se choisissent un territoire d'environ 6 à 150 acres, souvent près de la zone de nidification où la femelle a éclos.
Si un couple nidifie (vers mi-avril) au même endroit deux étés de suite, ils restent généralement attaché au même site jusqu'à la fin de leur vie.

La femelle pond 3 à 9 œufs (blanc cassé) dans un grand nid (monticule fait de branches et de plantes) souvent posé sur une petite île, une tanière de castors ou de rats musqués ou une plate-forme flottante.
La femelle couve ses œufs de 33 à 34 jours alors que le mâle défend le nid.
Les jeunes commencent à voler à environ 14 semaines d'âge. Ils passent le reste de l'été à se préparer pour la migration.

Le cygne trompette peut utiliser le même nid des années durant et les cygnes s'accouplent souvent pour la vie. Les jeunes sont capables de nager très vite après leur naissance mais ne savent voler qu'à partir de 3 ou 4 mois.

Alimentation

Les Cygnes trompette se nourrissent de plantes aquatiques et de quelques invertébrés qu'ils attrapent en nageant, basculant leur tête sous l'eau afin d'atteindre la végétation submergée (y compris de nuit comme de nombreuses espèces d'oiseaux de zones humides)[11]. Pendant l'hiver, ils peuvent aussi se nourrir d'herbes et de graines dans les prés, et on commence à les voir dans certains champs picorer des pousses d'herbacées ou des graines tombées lors des récoltes précédentes.

Les jeunes sont d'abord nourris d'insectes et de petits crustacés, et changent pour un régime végétarien après quelques mois.

Prédateurs

Les adultes se défendent assez bien en fuyant leurs prédateurs, mais des œufs de cygne trompette peuvent parfois être mangés par le grand corbeau (Corvus corax), le raton laveur (Procyon lotor), le carcajou (Gulo gulo), l'ours noir (Ursus americanus), l'ours brun (Ursus arctos), le coyote (Canis latrans), le loup gris (Canis lupus) ou la loutre de rivière (Lontra canadensis). Ces mêmes espèces peuvent aussi s'emparer des poussins ou jeunes cygnes, de même que la tortue serpentine (Chelydra serpentina), le goéland de Californie (Larus californicus), le grand-duc d'Amérique (Bubo virginianus) ou le vison d'Amérique (Mustela vison).
Les grands cygnes et adultes nicheurs, notamment quand ils sont victimes de saturnisme aviaire, peuvent être la proie de l'aigle royal (Aquila chrysaetos), du lynx roux (Lynx rufus), du renard roux (Vulpes vulpes) ou du coyote. Peu de prédateurs (hormis éventuellement le lynx et l'aigle royal) sont capables d'attaquer et tuer des cygnes adultes quand ils ne sont pas en période de nidification ou de mue.

Dynamique des populations, état, pressions, menaces

Dans les années 1800, il était chassé pour ses œufs et sa viande, mais aussi pour ses plumes qui servaient à l'écriture et son duvet qui servait à la fabrication d'oreillers, au point qu'il a failli disparaître.

Grâce à des programmes de protection et réintroduction, depuis le début du XXe siècle, les populations de cygnes trompette se sont peu à peu reconstituées. Des efforts ont été engagés et sont encore en cours pour le réintroduire dans d'autres parties de son aire naturelle de répartition, notamment la région des Grands Lacs en Amérique du Nord ; La population actuelle est estimée à 18 000 individus, l'espèce est intégralement protégée sur l'ensemble de son aire de répartition.

Des cygnes trompettes sont parfois encore confondus avec des cygnes siffleurs, et abattus à la chasse[12].

Plans de restauration des populations

 src=
Carte de répartition
  • Aire de nidification
  • Présent à l'année
  • Aire d'hivernage

Aux États-Unis, comme au Canada (en Ontario notamment[13],[14]), des expériences de réintroduction sont menées, avec difficultés comme l'illustre l'exemple du Centre canadien Wye Marsh, qui conduit sur la réserve provinciale de faune du marais Wye, des programmes pour la survie de la faune teste depuis 1986[15], en testant des stratégies de gestion et de recherche incluant des programmes de réintroduction du cygne trompette. Cette zone a été retenue en se basant notamment sur des données d'écologie rétrospective et d'écopotentialité ; par exemple, la vallée de Wye possède - dans l'Est du Canada - de riches données zoo-archéologiques sur l'espèce, grâce à l'analyse de dépotoirs du XVIIe siècle de la mission de Sainte Marie chez les amérindiens Hurons.
En 1993, le Centre Wye Marsh a élevé et relâché 6 cygnes sauvages qui sont a priori les premiers cygnes trompettes à vivre à nouveau à l'état sauvage dans le sud de l'Ontario depuis plus de 200 ans. De 1993 à 1995, 24 cygnes ont été mis en liberté, et 22 autres attendaient le d'être libérés. Le programme a dû être momentanément interrompu car plus de la moitié des oiseaux relâchés sont morts après avoir absorbé des grenailles de plomb de chasse qui reposaient sur les sédiments à environ 1 mètre de profondeur. La réserve avait été classée « zone de chasse non toxique » pour le gibier aquatique, conformément à la politique de « point chaud » du ministère des Ressources naturelles de l'Ontario et le SCF, car des millions de plombs toxiques tirés dans les décennies précédentes jonchent encore les fonds des zones humides autrefois chassées au plomb.

Avec l'aide financière d'un fonds créé par la Société Scott Paper Limited pour la survie des cygnes trompettes et du fonds d'assainissement des Grands Lacs, le Centre Wye Marsh conduit des recherches sur l'empoisonnement au plomb et sur des moyens de remédiation ou de rendre les grenailles de plomb non accessibles au gibier aquatique une fois que leur utilisation a été interdite.

Les populations restent fragiles, car la diversité génétique de l'espèce a été fortement réduite[16]. Une seule femelle du Wye marsh a donné directement ou indirectement naissance à 70 descendants. L'université de Waterloo est associée au suivi de 191 cygnes de la réserve[17].
Au 31 décembre 2002, l'âge moyen des cygnes en vie était de 4,40 années pour les mâles et 4,77 pour les femelles. Pour ceux des cygnes morts qui ont été retrouvés, ils sont en moyenne morts à l'âge de 3,07 années pour les mâles et de 3,45 ans pour les femelles[17].
Le nombre total de couples nicheurs était de 29 (27 sauvages + 2 en captivité).
L'empoisonnement au plomb était encore au début des années 2000 la principale cause connue de décès avec 30 cas confirmés (33 cas ont pu être été traités, dont 14 sont morts malgré le traitement et 19 libérés après le traitement). Les jeunes cygnes semblent être la catégorie la plus touchée par le saturnisme, avec 16 des 30 décès[17].

Le saturnisme aviaire

 src=
20 ans après l'interdiction du plomb, et après la mise en réserve, le saturnisme aviaire reste la première cause de mortalité de la population (issue de réintroductions) de cygnes trompette du Wye marsh. Les autres causes peuvent aussi, en partie, être favorisées par le saturnisme.

Le saturnisme aviaire est chez cette espèce très fréquent. Il est induit par ingestion de plomb de chasse, et parfois par ingestion de lests ou plombs de pêche. Il a été la première causes de mortalité de l'espèce (plus de 50 % des décès[18]) dans les années 1980-1990 et reste une cause importante de mort ou affaiblissement des cygnes trompette. Il arrive aussi que des cygnes se tuent par collision avec des lignes à haute tension ou des véhicules (il est possible que certaines de ces victimes aient aussi préalablement victimes de saturnisme). Quelques cygnes ont été illégalement tués à la chasse ou par des braconniers.

Il reste une des premières menaces pour l'espèce. À titre d'exemple, récemment (Février 2007), dans une zone d'hivernage du cygne trompette dans le Minnesota (dans un chenal peu profond d'eau libre joignant le lac Clearwater au lac Grass, à l'extrémité nord du lac Clearwater près d'Annandale), ce sont encore 15 cygnes trompette, sur 48 qui hivernaient là[19], qui sont morts empoisonnés pour avoir ingéré comme gastrolithe ou comme nourriture des grenailles de plomb (où l'on chassait autrefois le canard avec des cartouches au plomb). Ces grenailles reposaient théoriquement sur le fond depuis 20 à 50 ans, puisque le plomb est interdit dans les cartouches pour la chasse en zones humides depuis 1987[20]. En 2007, le nombre de couples nicheurs était estimé à 200 pour tout le Minnesota[19].

Galerie illustrative

Notes et références

  1. Alvo, Robert. 1994. Updated Status Report on the Trumpeter Swan Cygnus buccinator in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa.
  2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) September 27, 2002. Vulnerable, Threatened, Endangered, Extirpated, or Extinct Species of Ontario
  3. Wild Bird Clinic (WBC). 2003. Lead Poisoning. University of Guelph.
  4. Fast Facts on Trumpeter Swans. Friends of Wye Marsh Inc., Wye Marsh Wildlife Centre. 2003
  5. Hansen, King, Shepherd and Troyer. 1971. Wildlife Monographs: The Trumpeter Swanin Alaska. The Wildlife Society Inc..
  6. Lumsden, Harry G. 1984. The Pre-settlement Breeding Distribution of Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator, and Tundra Swans, C. columbianus, in Eastern Canada. The Canadian Field Naturalist, Vol. 98, no. 4.
  7. The Trumpeter Swan Society (TTSS). November 1998. Trumpeter Swan: North America Range Map
  8. Coxon, A. January 30, 2002a. Trumpeter Swan Re-introduction Program 2001 Report. Friends of Wye Marsh Inc. www.wyemarsh.com.
  9. Coxon, A. 2002b. Wye Marsh Trumpeter Swan Program Update – 2001/2002. Friends of Wye Marsh Inc. www.wyemarsh.com.
  10. Barclay, Jackson and LaMontagne. 2001. Trumpeter Swan Behaviour at Spring-Migration Stopover Areas in southern Alberta. Natural Resources Canada.
  11. Squires J.R & Anderson S.H (1997) Changes in Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator) activities from winter to spring in the Greater Yellowstone area. American Midland Naturalist, 208-214.
  12. page intitulée A single swan can make a difference, par by Harry G. Lumsden, du Wildlife Wye Marsh center (Ontario) ; Consultée 2010/05/30
  13. Lumsden, Harry G. 2002. The Ontario Trumpeter Swan Restoration Program. Paper presented at 2003 Trumpeter Swan Society Conference, Vancouver
  14. Lumsden, Harry G. and Drever, Mark C. No Date. Overview of the Trumpeter Swan Reintroduction Program in Ontario 1982-2000. Department of Zoology, University of Guelph.
  15. Page relative aux programmes de réintroduction du cygne trompette sur les marais "Wye marsh", consultée 2010 05 30
  16. Marsolais, J.V. and White, B.N. No Date. Genetic Considerations for the Reintroduction of Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator) to Ontario. Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton
  17. a b et c Nick Bartok ; Wye Marsh Trumpeter Swan Population : A Database Analysis ERS 490B Rapport final, Mai 2003
  18. Cygnus buccinator ; Richardson, 1831 (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources)
  19. a et b herald-journa
  20. communiqué du ministère des Ressources naturelles du Minnesota, repris par le Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN) ; 2007/03/18

Voir aussi

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Cygne trompette: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Cygnus buccinator

Le Cygne trompette (Cygnus buccinator) est l'une des plus grandes espèces de cygnes originaires d'Amérique du Nord. C'est une espèce qui a failli disparaitre, qui reste menacée, et qui fait l'objet de réintroductions, mais dont la première cause de mortalité semble encore être le saturnisme aviaire,.

De loin, ou quand il est jeune, il est souvent confondu avec le Cygne siffleur (Cygnus columbianus). Il se reproduit dans de vastes étangs peu profonds ou sur de larges rivières lentes, dans le nord-ouest et le centre de l'Amérique du Nord, avec une meilleure survie des reproducteurs en Alaska

C'est un oiseau migrateur qui arrive habituellement dans son aire de reproduction au début du printemps peu après la fonte des glaces, et part en hivernage peu avant les gels. En hiver, il migre vers le sud du Canada et la partie orientale des États du Nord-Ouest des États-Unis. Certains individus ont même été observés assez loin au sud, au-delà de Pagosa Springs (Colorado).

Dans ses habitats situés les plus au sud, cet oiseau peut rester sédentaire.

Le nom de cygne trompette vient du cri que l'oiseau pousse et qui évoque le son d'une trompette.

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Cygnus buccinator ( италијански )

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Il cigno trombettiere (Cygnus buccinator, Richardson 1832) è un uccello acquatico, della famiglia Anatidae.

Distribuzione e habitat

Vive in una ristretta zona del Nord America orientale, tra il Canada e gli Stati Uniti.

Descrizione

Simile agli altri cigni come conformazione fisica. Deve il suo nome al curioso verso simile al suono di una trombetta emesso quando è eccitato.

Comportamento

Vive in gruppi di circa 5 coppie.

Riproduzione

Simile a quella degli altri cigni.

Alimentazione

Si vedano le informazioni al riguardo per il genere Cygnus e per le varie altre specie di Cigno che ne sono parte.

Stato di conservazione

Risente della distruzione del suo ambiente naturale.

Rapporti con l'uomo

Può essere riprodotto ed allevato con successo dall'uomo, oggetto di progetti di tutela e protezione, sia dell'animale che dell'habitat.

Curiosità

Un giovane esemplare di cigno trombettiere è il protagonista del celebre libro della narrativa per ragazzi statunitense The Trumpet of the Swan (1970, Elwyn Brooks White); da questo racconto, nel 2000 è stato tratto spunto per il film di animazione La voce del cigno, la cui trasposizione è stata tuttavia poco aderente: forse in favore dell'aspetto più diffuso dei cigni nell'immaginario collettivo, il protagonista appare infatti disegnato come più simile ad un cigno reale che al vero soggetto del racconto.

Bibliografia

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Cygnus buccinator: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il cigno trombettiere (Cygnus buccinator, Richardson 1832) è un uccello acquatico, della famiglia Anatidae.

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Taurētājgulbis ( латвиски )

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Taurētājgulbis (Cygnus buccinator) ir liela auguma pīļu dzimtas (Anatidae) ūdensputns, kas mājo Ziemeļamerikā. Tā tuvākais radinieks ir Eirāzijā dzīvojošais ziemeļu gulbis, un abas sugas pagātnē pat tika klasificētas kā viena suga.[1] 1993. gadā uzskatīja, ka savvaļā dzīvo mazāk nekā 70 taurētājgulbji un šķita, ka sugas izmiršana ir neizbēgama. Tomēr, visiem nemanot, Aļaskas Klusā okeāna piekrastē bija patvērusies vairāku tūkstošu taurētājgulbju populācija, kas ļāva atjaunot kādreizējo sugas izplatību.[2] Realizējot rūpīgi pārdomātu reintrodukcijas plānu, mūsdienās Ziemeļamerikā dzīvo vairāk kā 46 000 taurētājgulbji.[3]

Izplatība

 src=
Taurētājgulbim ir garš, ķīļveida knābis, melnā krāsā
 src=
Jaunie putni ir pelēki apmēram līdz gada vecumam

Taurētājgulbis ligzdo Kanādā un ASV (gan Aļaskā, gan teritorijā uz dienvidiem no Kanādas) ziemeļdaļā. Tas ziemo iekšzemē pie neaizsaltošām ūdenstilpēm, kas var būt gan lieli, dziļi ezeri, gan upes, un jūras piekrastē.[4]

Izskats

Taurētājgulbis ir lielākais no visiem gulbjiem un ir viens no smagākajiem lidojošiem putniem pasaulē.[4][5] Abi dzimumi izskatās vienādi, tikai tēviņi ir lielāki un smagāki. Taurētājgulbja ķermeņa garums ir 138—165 cm, bet liela auguma tēviņš var sasniegt 180 cm garumu.[4][6][7] Spārnu plētums apmēram 185—250 cm, svars tēviņam 10,9—12,7 kg, mātītei 9,4—10,3 kg.[6][8][9] Lielākais zināmais taurētājgulbis ir bijis 183 cm garš ar spārnu izplētumu 3,1 m, bet tā svars sasniedza 17,2 kg. Ir fiksēts arī viens smagāks īpatnis, kura svars ir bijis 23 kg.[10]

Taurētājgulbja ķermenis ir spēcīgi veidots, tā kakls ir garš un slaids, kas parasti tiek turēts izstiepts taisni gan peldot, gan lidojot.[4] Knābis slaids, ķīļveida un melns, reizēm gar mutes atvērumu ir sārta, šaura līnija. Knābis ir apmēram 10,5—12 cm garš. Kājas var būt melnas, pelēkrozā vai dzeltenpelēkas. Pieaugušo īpatņu apspalvojums balts, bet jaunie gulbji un gulbēni ir gaiši pelēki ar sārtām kājām. Balts apspalvojums izaug apmēram gada vecumā.[4]

Uzvedība

Taurētājgulbis izvēlas dzīvot nomaļās, cilvēku netraucētās saldūdens tilpēs, īpaši tas raksturīgs ligzdošanas sezonas laikā.[6] Taurētājgulbja populāciju ietekmē bebru un ondatru populācijas veselīgums, jo to ligzdošana bieži ir saistīta ar šo grauzēju darbību. Atjaunojoties grauzēju populācijai, atjaunojās arī taurētājgulbja populācija.[4] Ligzdošanas laikā taurētājgulbis izvēlas seklas, bagātīgi ar ūdensaugiem aizaugušas saldūdens tilpes, ne dziļākas par 2 metriem.[4]

Tā kā putns ir liels un smags, tad, lai paceltos spārnos, taurētājgulbis ieskrienas pa ūdens virsmu apmēram 100 m.[4] Lidojums ir spēcīgs, spārnu vēdas ātras un seklas. Taurētājgulbji parasti ceļo pa pāriem vai nelielās ģimeņu grupās. Lido samērā zemu, zemāk nekā citas gulbju sugas.[4] Uz sauszemes tas izskatās samērā neveikls, jo kājas atrodas nedaudz uz aizmuguri no līdzsvara centra. Tomēr taurētājgulbis vienā gājienā spēj noiet vairākus kilometrus, turklāt kopā ar mazajiem gulbēniem, kas ir jaunāki par vienu nedēļu.[4]

Dienā vairākas stundas tiek veltītas apspalvojuma tīrīšanai un sakopšanai, spalvas ieeļļojot ar sekrētu, kas izdalās no dziedzera pie astes pamatnes. Sekrēts atgrūž ūdeni un padara spalvas ūdenī nemirkstošas.[4]

Barība

 src=
Lai sasniegtu augus, taurētājgulbis pabāž zem ūdens galvu, kaklu un plecus, ķermeni izslejot vertikāli uz augšu
 src=
Ligzdu taurētājgulbja pāris būvē 14—35 dienas
 src=
Ligzdošanas sezonas laikā taurētājgulbji ir ļoti agresīvi

Taurētājgulbis barojas galvenokārt ar dažādiem ūdensaugiem, retos gadījumos arī ar nelielām zivtiņām un ikriem. Mazuļi un jaunie putni medī arī ūdens kukaiņus. Iecienīti augi ir glīvenes, valisnērijas, parastās skujenes, grīšļi, doņi, savvaļas rīsi, peldošās ūdenszāles un aļģes. Lai piekļūtu pie augiem dziļumā, taurētājgulbis pabāž zem ūdens galvu ar visu kaklu, izslejot ķermeni un asti vertikāli gaisā. Gulbis barojas arī, filtrējot ūdeni caur knābi, līdzīgi kā pīle. Tas mēdz ar platajām, pleznotajām pēdām sakult ūdeni, lai paceltu augšup dažādas augu un dūņu daļas.[4]

Ziemas periodā tas barojas arī ar sauszemes augiem un ogām, piemēram, mellenēm, dzērvenēm, lupīnām, miežiem, kukurūzu, kviešiem un rudziem, stiebrus un graudus ieskaitot. Gulbis ziemā labprāt barojas arī ar kartupeļiem un burkāniem, izrokot saknes ar knābi.[4]

Ligzdošana

Taurētājgulbji dzimumbriedumu sasniedz 3—4 gadu vecumā. Tie veido monogāmus pārus uz mūžu, paliekot kopā arī migrācijas parlidojumos. Lai gan parasti gulbji izveido jaunu pāri, partnerim ejot bojā, tomēr reizēm tēviņi mātītes nāves gadījumā kļūst par vientuļniekiem.[4]

Ligzdu būvē pāris kopīgi, gādājot dažādus materiālus: niedres, ūdensaugus, grīšļus un zāli. Kad augu kalns ir sakrauts, mātīte ar ķermeņa un knābja palidzību tajā izveido bļodveida padziļinājumu. Reizēm ligzda tiek oderēta ar dažām spalvām. Ligzdu pāris būvē apmēram 14—35 dienas. Tā pabeigta ir apmēram 3 metrus diametrā un metru augsta, bet ligzdas "bļoda" ir 30—40 cm diametrā un 10—20 cm dziļa.[4] Tā parasti atrodas ūdens tuvumā, bet ne tālāk par 200 metriem no krasta.[4] Ligzda tiek izmantota vairākus gadus pēc kārtas.[11]

Dējumā parasti ir 4—6 krēmīgi baltas olas, bet dējumā var būt arī līdz 12 olām. Olas ir ļoti lielas (73 mm platas, 113 mm garas), iespējams, lielākās no lidojošo putnu olām pasaulē.[11] Piemēram, tās ir par 20% lielākas nekā Andu kondora olas, toties pieaugušie putni ir apmēram vienādi lieli.[12] Inkubācijas periods ilgst 32—37 dienas. Perē abi vecāki, bet mātīte uzņemas galveno perēšanai nepieciešamo laiku. Perējot taurētājgulbji olas aptver ar savām pleznotajām pēdām. Mazuļi divu dienu vecumā spēj peldēt, bet paši patstāvīgi baroties apmēram 2 nedēļu vecumā. Lidot tie sāk 3—4 mēnešu vecumā.[13]

Ligzdošanas sezonas laikā taurētājgulbji ir ļoti agresīvi un teritoriāli, padzenot ikvienu no savas teritorijas, sugas brāļus ieskaitot.[11] Drīz pēc mazuļu izšķilšanās āmtītes maina apspalvojumu, tēviņi maina spalvas apmēram mēnesi vēlāk, kad mātītes ir pabeigušas spalvu nomaiņu. Šajā periodā putni nespēj lidot. Vecākais zināmais tauretājgulbis savvaļā ir sasniedzis 26 gadu vecumu, nebrīvē 32 gadus.[4]

Atsauces

  1. Morony, J.J., Jr.; Bock, W.J.; Farrand, J., Jr. (1975). Reference list of the birds of the world. New York: American Museum of Natural History. OCLC 483451163
  2. Nora Steiner Mealy (Spring 1988). "Heard Swans Reprise". California Wild (California Academy of Sciences). Retrieved 2015-07-04
  3. Trumpeter Swan Survey of the Rocky Mountain Population, U.S. Breeding Segment
  4. 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 4,16 All about birds: Trumpeter Swan
  5. Dunning, Jr., John B. (Editor). (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Waterfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-46727-6
  7. Ogilvie, M. A.; Young, S. (2004). Wildfowl of the World. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 978-1-84330-328-2.
  8. Drewien, R.C.; Bouffard, S.H. (1994). "Winter body mass and measurements of Trumpeter Swans Cygnus buccinator". Wildfowl 45 (45): 22–32.
  9. Sparling, D.W., Day, D., & Klein, P. (1999). Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 36(3), 316-322.
  10. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 Mitchell, C. D.; Eichholz, M. W. (2010). "Trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator)". In Poole, A. The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
  12. Rohwer, F.C.; Eisenhauer, D.I. (1989). "Egg mass and clutch size relationships in geese, eiders, and swans". Ornis Scandinavica 20: 43–48. doi:10.2307/3676706.
  13. Lincoln Zoo Park: Trumpeter Swan

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Taurētājgulbis: Brief Summary ( латвиски )

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Taurētājgulbis (Cygnus buccinator) ir liela auguma pīļu dzimtas (Anatidae) ūdensputns, kas mājo Ziemeļamerikā. Tā tuvākais radinieks ir Eirāzijā dzīvojošais ziemeļu gulbis, un abas sugas pagātnē pat tika klasificētas kā viena suga. 1993. gadā uzskatīja, ka savvaļā dzīvo mazāk nekā 70 taurētājgulbji un šķita, ka sugas izmiršana ir neizbēgama. Tomēr, visiem nemanot, Aļaskas Klusā okeāna piekrastē bija patvērusies vairāku tūkstošu taurētājgulbju populācija, kas ļāva atjaunot kādreizējo sugas izplatību. Realizējot rūpīgi pārdomātu reintrodukcijas plānu, mūsdienās Ziemeļamerikā dzīvo vairāk kā 46 000 taurētājgulbji.

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Trompetzwaan ( холандски; фламански )

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Vogels
 src=
Trompetzwanen met jongen

De trompetzwaan (Cygnus buccinator) is een grote witte zwaan die inheems voorkomt in het westen van Noord-Amerika. De soort is nauw verwant aan de wilde zwaan uit Eurazië.

De naam danken de trompetzwanen aan het geluid, dat sommigen aan trompetgeschal doet denken.

Anatomie

Trompetzwanen hebben een zwarte snavel en zwarte poten, contrasterend met het witte gevederte. Hun vleugelspanwijdte kan drie meter bedragen. Kuikens zijn grijs en worden na de eerste rui wit.

Habitat

De soort komt hoofdzakelijk voor in vijvers en brede zachtstromende rivieren in noordwestelijk Noord-Amerika. De grootste populaties bevinden zich in Alaska. Het vrouwtje legt 3 tot 9 eieren op een nesteiland van plantenresten. Het nest kan verschillende jaren worden gebruikt. Net als andere zwanensoorten blijven het mannetje en vrouwtje hun hele leven bij elkaar. De kuikens kunnen bijna direct lopen en zwemmen, maar het duurt 3 tot 4 maanden dat ze kunnen vliegen.

Voedsel

Trompetzwanen leven van plantaardig voedsel, dat ze met hun lange nek en platte snavel van de bodem van ondiep water opslobberen. 's Winters eten ze ook gras en graan. Kuikens worden door hun ouders gevoed met insecten en ander klein dierlijk voedsel, maar in de loop van de eerste maanden verandert het dieet in plantaardig voedsel.

Vogeltrek

In het zuidelijke gedeelte van het verspreidingsgebied blijven de vogels het hele jaar aanwezig. In noordelijker gelegen gebieden trekken de vogels in de winter naar de kust van de Grote Oceaan en naar het midwesten van de Verenigde Staten. Hierbij vormen ze V-vormige groepen.

Beschermingsstatus

Trompetzwanen kwamen vroeger in bijna heel Noord-Amerika voor, maar als gevolg van intensieve jacht om de eieren, veren en het vlees stierf de soort in het begin van de 20e eeuw bijna uit. Inmiddels is de populatie weer gegroeid en wordt de soort niet meer met uitsterven bedreigd. Wel is de soort nog beschermd.

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Trompetzwaan: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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 src= Trompetzwanen met jongen

De trompetzwaan (Cygnus buccinator) is een grote witte zwaan die inheems voorkomt in het westen van Noord-Amerika. De soort is nauw verwant aan de wilde zwaan uit Eurazië.

De naam danken de trompetzwanen aan het geluid, dat sommigen aan trompetgeschal doet denken.

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Trompetersvane ( норвешки )

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Trompetersvane (Cygnus buccinator) er en andefugl i gruppen svaner. Den lever i Nord-Amerika.

Beskrivelse

Cygnus buccinator -Riverlands Migratory Bird Sanctuary, Missouri, USA -flying-8.jpg

Voksne trompetersvaner er 138–165 cm lange, men hanner kan bli så lang som 180 cm. Se veier 7-13,6 kg. Vingespennet er 185–250 cm. Trompetersvanen er hvit med svart nebb. Den største som er funnet var 183 cm og hadde et vingespenn på 3,1 meter.

Atferd

Trumpeter Swan brood.jpg

Trompetersvanen hekker i innsjøer, på våtmarksområder og i store elver. Den legger 3-12 egg i april eller mai. Reiret ligger enten på en liten øy eller lignende, eller på en plattform laget av gress og lignende. Rugetiden varer i 32-37 dager. Under hekkingen er trompetersvanene svært territorielle.

2012 Photo Contest - Wildlife Category (7944924094).jpg

Trompetersvanen spiser vannplanter som den finner ved å dykke halvveis under vann mens den svømmer (se bildet over). Om vinteren spiser den gress og planter på sletter og åkre. Ungfuglene fores med insekter, små fisker, fiskerogn, små krepsdyr og planter.

Eksterne lenker

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Trompetersvane: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Trompetersvane (Cygnus buccinator) er en andefugl i gruppen svaner. Den lever i Nord-Amerika.

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Łabędź trąbiący ( полски )

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Łabędź trąbiący (Cygnus buccinator) – gatunek dużego ptaka wodnego z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae).

To największy rodzimy ptak Ameryki Północnej pod względem masy ciała i długości oraz największy ptak wodny żyjący na Ziemi. Jest północnoamerykańskim odpowiednikiem europejskiego łabędzia krzykliwego.

Charakterystyka

Samce mierzą zwykle od 145 do 163cm długości i ważą około 11,8 kilogramów, samice zazwyczaj mają długość 139-150 cm i mają 10 kg masy ciała. Średnia rozpiętość skrzydeł wynosi 2,03 metra[4] Rozmiarami może konkurować z nim jedynie introdukowany łabędź niemy, rodzimy dla obszaru Eurazji, choć łabędź trąbiący i tak osiąga większą długość. Rekordowe samce osiągały nawet długość 183 cm i 3 m rozpiętości skrzydeł przy wadze 17,2 kg.
Łabędź trąbiący jest blisko spokrewniony z łabędziem krzykliwym z Eurazji, a niektórzy ornitolodzy uznają je za ten sam gatunek.

 src=
Młody osobnik w zoo

Ptaki mają białe upierzenie z długą szyją, czarnym dziobem z delikatnie zaznaczoną łososiowo-różową krawędzią dzioba i ze zwykle czarnymi krótkimi nogami (ich barwa może się jednak różnić[5]. Młodociane łabędzie krzykliwe są z wyglądu szare, białe stają się po pierwszym roku życia. Łabędzia trąbiącego łatwo rozróżnić od łabędzia niemego patrząc na pomarańczowy dziób i inną budowę ciała – szczególnie szyja,która jest prawie zawsze zakrzywiona przy samym tułowiu. Łabędź czarnodzioby jest bardzo podobny do łabędzia trąbiącego, ale jest mniejszy i zwykle ma żółty dziób. Wyjątkowo rzadko żółty dziób może pojawić się jednak i u łabędzia trąbiącego. Rozróżnienie obu tych gatunków z daleka (gdy trudniej jest ocenić wielkość) może sprawić problem i wymaga doświadczenia w terenie oraz znajomości szczegółów budowy.

Występowanie i biotop

 src=
Łabędź trąbiący zimą może wyjadać resztki po zbiorach na polach uprawnych, choć głównie żeruje na wodzie

Lęgowiska łabędzi trąbiących to duże płytkie stawy i szerokie wolno płynące rzeki w północnozachodniej i środkowej Ameryce Północnej. Największe skupiska par lęgowych spotyka się na Alasce. Naturalnym zjawiskiem jest migracja populacji tego gatunku do i z wybrzeży Pacyfiku oraz jej części do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Lecą w typowych stadach tworzących V-kształtny klucz. Osobniki wypuszczone na wolność nie migrują. Zimą ptaki wędrują w południowej części Kanady, do wschodnich regionów północnozachodnich Stanów Zjednoczonych, zwłaszcza nad jeziora Red Rock Lakes w Montanie, ale były też widziane dużo bardziej na południe – nawet w Pagosa Springs w stanie Kolorado. Historycznie ich zasięg przebiegał przez południowe stany – Teksas i południową Kalifornię[6].

Pożywienie

Jako ptaki typowo wodne żerują w trakcie pływania, czasem zanurzając większą część ciała, tak że nad taflą widać jedynie tylną część ciała, próbują dostać się do zanurzonego w wodzie pokarmu. Dieta jest prawie całkowicie związana z roślinami wodnymi. Zimą łabędzie trąbiące mogą również skubać trawę i zboża na polach. Młode są karmione przede wszystkim owadami i małymi skorupiakami, które znajdują się między roślinnością. Po paru miesiącach pożywienie stopniowo staje się bardziej roślinne.

Drapieżnikami, które czyhają na jaja tych łabędzi są kruki (Corvus corax), szopy pracze (Procyon lotor), rosomaki (Gulo gulo), baribale (Ursus americanus), niedźwiedzie brunatne (Ursus arctos), kojoty (Canis latrans), wilki (Canis lupus) i wydry kanadyjskie (Lontra canadensis). Większość z tych łowców łapie też małe łabędziątka, poza tym polują na nie żółwie jaszczurowate (Chelhydra serpentina), mewy kalifornijskie (Larus californicus), puchacze wirginijskie (Bubo virginianus) i norki amerykańskie (Mustela vison). Większe łabędziątka i gnieżdżące się ptaki dorosłe padają ofiarą orłów przednich (Aquila chrysaetos), rysi rudych (Lynx rufus), lisów (Vulpes vulpes) i kojotów. Wiele drapieżników, poza rysiem i prawdopodobnie orłem przednim, może chwytać dorosłe łabędzie, kiedy te nie siedzą na gniazdach.

Okres lęgowy

 src=
Lęg łabędzia trąbiącego

Samica składa średnio 3-10 jaj na kopcu zbudowanym z materiałów roślinnych znajdującym się na pływających platformach, małych wyspach lub żeremiach zbudowanych przez bobry kanadyjskie i piżmaki. To samo lęgowisko może być używane przez wiele lat. Jaja mają 73 mm szerokości i 113,5 mm długości. Ważą około 320 g. Okres wysiadywania trwa 32-37 dni.
Łabędzie trąbiące kojarzą się w pary na całe życie. Oboje rodzice biorą udział w wychowaniu piskląt, choć tylko matka siedzi na jajach. W ciągu 2 dni łabędziątka zaczynają pływać i zwykle najwyżej po 2 tygodnie są w stanie same szukać dla siebie pokarmu.

W trakcie letniego pierzenia łabędzie tracą swe lotki. Samice tracą zdolność do lotu krótko po wykluciu się młodych; samce podlegają perzeniu miesiąc później, kiedy ich partnerki kończą ten proces.

Ochrona

 src=
Łabędź trąbiący zimujący w Kolumbii Brytyjskiej, Kanada

W wieku XIX i XX masowo polowano na łabędzie trąbiące, zarówno dla rozrywki, jak i dla piór. Gatunek ten jest również niezwykle wrażliwy za młodu na ołowice (zatrucie związkami ołowiu). Kiedyś ptaki te rozmnażały się w Ameryce Północnej od północnozachodniej Indiany po Oregon w Stanach Zjednoczonych i w Kanadzie od Zatoki Jamesa po Jukon. Odbywały migracje daleko na południe do Teksasu i południowej Kalifornii. Już na początku XX wieku był to ptak rzadki lub wymarły w większości stanów USA. Wielotysięczna populacja przetrwała na rdzennych obszarach w Kanadzie i na Alasce, gdzie znajduje się na stabilnym poziomie liczebności.

Najwcześniejsze próby reintrodukcji tych łabędzi na inne części pierwotnego areału występowania lub na inne tereny zakończyły się jedynie niewielkim sukcesem, ponieważ na odpowiednich biotopach populacje kurczyły się, a uwolnione ptaki w innych miejscach nie podejmowały migracji. Później w ciągu 30 lat populacje na większości terenów wykazywały ciągły wzrost. Dane dostarczone przez Służbę Połowu i Dzikiej Przyrody Stanów Zjednoczonych[7] wykazały 400% wzrost liczebności w tym okresie z wrastających jednocześnie tempem przyrostu.

Przeszkodą we wzroście liczebności łabędzia trąbiącego w regionie Wielkich Jezior jest obecnie wzrastająca liczba niemigrujących grup łabędzi niemych, które konkurują z nimi o środowisko życia[8][9]. Zoo w Toronto rozpoczęło projekt ochrony gatunku w 1982 roku wykorzystując jaja zebrane z naturalnego środowiska. Użyto również osobników złapanych w dzikich siedliskach. Od tego czasu ponad 180 ptaków uwolniono na wolność w Ontario. Pomimo ołowicy wywołanej granulatami z paszą wystrzeliwanymi ze śrutówek w trakcie polowań przez myśliwych, perspektywy na przywrócenie pierwotnego stanu rysują się pozytywnie[10].

Łabędź trąbiący jest zaklasyfikowany jako gatunek zagrożony wyginięciem w stanie Minnesota[11].

 src=
Para lęgowa na jeziorze w Rezerwacie Kenai na Alasce

Przypisy

  1. Cygnus buccinator, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Olor buccinator, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.) [dostęp 2013-11-16]
  3. Cygnus buccinator. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  4. Allaboutbirds.org
  5. Ravenidiot.com
  6. Joseph Grinnell, Harold Child Bryant, Tracy Irwin Storer: The Game Birds of California. University of California Press, 1918, s. 254. [dostęp 2010-08-18].
  7. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: T. J. Moser. 2005 North American Trumpeter Swan Survey.
  8. Trumpeter Swan (ang.). hww.ca. [dostęp 2016-04-15]. [zarchiwizowane z tego adresu (2015-02-05)].
  9. Mute Swan
  10. Trumpeter Swan - Restoration (ang.). torontozoo.com. [dostęp 2016-04-15]. [zarchiwizowane z tego adresu (2010-02-06)].
  11. Lista Gatunków Zagrożonych i Bliskich Zagrożenia Wyginięciem Stanu Minnesota

Linki zewnętrzne

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Łabędź trąbiący: Brief Summary ( полски )

добавил wikipedia POL

Łabędź trąbiący (Cygnus buccinator) – gatunek dużego ptaka wodnego z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae).

To największy rodzimy ptak Ameryki Północnej pod względem masy ciała i długości oraz największy ptak wodny żyjący na Ziemi. Jest północnoamerykańskim odpowiednikiem europejskiego łabędzia krzykliwego.

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Cisne-trombeteiro ( португалски )

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O cisne-trombeteiro[1] ou cisne-trompeteiro (Cygnus buccinator) é uma ave da ordem Anseriformes, família Anatidae.[2]

Características

O cisne-trombeteiro é a maior ave natural da América do Norte, com os machos medindo entre 145 a 163 centímetros de comprimento e pesando 11,8 kg (excepcionalmente atingindo cerca de 183 cm e pesando 17 kg), e as fêmeas entre 139 e 150 centímetros e pesando cerca de 10 kg. A envergadura, nos machos, pode chegar próximo dos 3 metros de comprimento.

A plumagem é uniformemente branca, o bico é negro marcado por uma coloração rosada na linha da boca, e as patas são curtas e pretas. Os juvenis são acinzentados e sua plumagem torna-se branca após um ano.

Alimentação

A dieta consiste basicamente por plantas aquáticas. Durante o inverno, podem alimentar-se de grãos e pasto. Os juvenis alimentam-se de insetos e pequenos crustáceos, alterando sua dieta para a herbivoria nos primeiros meses de vida.

Referências

  1. Paixão, Paulo (Verão de 2021). «Os Nomes Portugueses das Aves de Todo o Mundo» (PDF) 2.ª ed. A Folha — Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias. ISSN 1830-7809. Consultado em 13 de janeiro de 2022
  2. «{{subst:PAGENAMEBASE}}» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov)

Referências

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Cisne-trombeteiro: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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O cisne-trombeteiro ou cisne-trompeteiro (Cygnus buccinator) é uma ave da ordem Anseriformes, família Anatidae.

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Trumpetarsvan ( шведски )

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Trumpetarsvan[2] (Cygnus buccinator) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen änder inom ordningen andfåglar.[3]

Utseende

Trumpetarsvanen den största nordamerikanska fågelarten när det gäller vikt och längd, och den största nu levande vattenlevande fågelarten på jorden. Den enda vattenlevande fågel som är i närheten är den eurasiska knölsvanen. Trumpetarsvanen blir mellan 1,5 och 1,8 meter, med en vinglängd på 2,3-2,6 meter (hanen) och väger mellan sju och 13,6 kilogram, där honorna i genomsnitt är mindre, lättare och mer kortvingade.[4] I övrigt har den helvit dräkt och är mest lik sångsvanen (Cygnus cygnus) med sin helraka näbbrygg, men näbben är större och helsvart.[4]

Utbredning och systematik

Trumpetarsvanen förekommer i västra Nordamerika,[3] den häckar huvudsakligen i Alaska och västra Kanada samt även lokalt i sydöstra Ontario. Den tillbringar vintern kustnära i södra Alaska, British Columbia och nordvästra USA. Det finns också populationer i ett antal delstater i norra USA, flertalet ett resultat av återinförsel.[4]

Trots likheterna i storlek mellan trumpetarsvan och knölsvan är trumpetarsvanen närmare besläktad med den eurasiska sångsvanen. Vissa har tidigare till och med behandlat dem som samma art.[4]

Status och hot

Även om arten har en relativt liten världspopulation är utbredningsområdet stort och den tros öka i antal.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Källor

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från engelskspråkiga Wikipedia

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] BirdLife International 2012 Cygnus buccinator Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 6 januari 2014.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11
  4. ^ [a b c d] Carboneras, C., Christie, D.A. & Kirwan, G.M. (2017). Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator). I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (hämtad https://www.hbw.com/node/52806 on 25 December 2017).

Externa länkar

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Trumpetarsvan: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Trumpetarsvan (Cygnus buccinator) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen änder inom ordningen andfåglar.

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Cygnus buccinator ( турски )

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Binominal adı Cygnus buccinator
Richardson, 1832 Dış bağlantılar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Cygnus buccinator ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Cygnus buccinator ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur.

Cygnus buccinator ördekgiller familyasından Kuzey Amerika'da yaşayan göçmen bir kuğu türü.[1] Üreme mevsimini Kuzey Amerika'nın kuzeybatısında ve ortasında geçiren bu kuğu türü kışları Kanada'nın güneyine ve ABD'nin kuzeybatı eyaletlerinin doğusuna göçer.

Erkekler 145–170 cm boyunda, 11-14,5 kg ağırlığında; dişiler 139–160 cm boyunda, 9–11 kg ağırlığındadır. Kanat açıklığı genel olarak 2,03-2,6 m arasındadır.

Notlar

  1. ^ "Cygnus buccinator". IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. BirdLife International 2009. 23 Ocak 2012 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2011.

Dış bağlantılar

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Cygnus buccinator: Brief Summary ( турски )

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Cygnus buccinator ördekgiller familyasından Kuzey Amerika'da yaşayan göçmen bir kuğu türü. Üreme mevsimini Kuzey Amerika'nın kuzeybatısında ve ortasında geçiren bu kuğu türü kışları Kanada'nın güneyine ve ABD'nin kuzeybatı eyaletlerinin doğusuna göçer.

Erkekler 145–170 cm boyunda, 11-14,5 kg ağırlığında; dişiler 139–160 cm boyunda, 9–11 kg ağırlığındadır. Kanat açıklığı genel olarak 2,03-2,6 m arasındadır.

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Лебідь-трубач ( украински )

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Зовнішній вигляд

Лебідь-трубач дуже подібний до лебедя-кликуна. Між собою вони відрізняються тільки формою і забарвленням дзьоба – у трубача дзьоб цілком чорний. Це найбільший птах серед лебедів і серед водоплавних. Самці досягають довжини 145-163 см і ваги до 11,8 кг, лебідки мають довжину 139-150 см і вагу 10 кг. Розмах крил близько 2 м, хоча траплялись екземпляри з розмахом і 3 м при вазі 17,2 кг [2]. Лебідь-трубач має дуже довгу гортань і трахею, яка досягає грудини. Саме тому він може видавати трубні звуки.

Розповсюдження

Лебідь-трубач був поширений у всій Північній Америці. У 1925 році мешкало всього 76 пар цих птахів. Проведені заходи щодо його збереження і розведення в неволі дозволили збільшити популяцію. У 1957 році налічувалося вже до 1 400 особин, а в 1968 році - вже 5 000 лебедів-трубачів. У наші дні існують дві великі гніздові колонії. Одна з них знаходиться на півдні Аляски, інша - на різних ділянках у північній частині Скелястих гір і на західних рівнинах. Нові території заселяються завдяки організаціям зі збереження довкілля, що працюють над поверненням цього виду птахів у первинні місця його проживання. Більшу частину року лебеді проводять на просторах великих озер і ставків, у заплавах річок. Можуть займати також вологі райони лісу і прерій.

Лебеді-трубачі, що живуть у центральних частинах Північної Америки, залишаються тут протягом усього року. Популяції з Аляски мігрують. Восени вони залишають тундру і переселяються в тепліші райони на південному сході півострова [3]. Розселяється також по території Канади – головно в Британській Колумбії, але є також в Онтаріо.

Спосіб життя

Звички: частково перелітний; тримається на своїй ділянці.

Живлення

Лебідь-трубач поїдає різні водні рослини. Плаваючи, він також знаходить їстівну прибережну рослинність. Для пошуку корму лебідь-трубач занурює голову і шию у воду, потім стає майже вертикально і гребе лапами. Завдяки цьому прийомові він добирається до пагонів і листя, що ростуть на глибині до одного метра під водою. Лебідь-трубач, вирвавши цілу рослину, з'їдає тільки декілька листків, інші ж частини рослини він залишає лежати на воді. Тому іноді за лебедем-трубачем плавають дрібніші птахи, які збирають залишки його їжі. На суші лебідь-трубач щипає траву та інші низькорослі рослини. Трапляється, що він поїдає також і посіви пшениці. Хоча лебідь-трубач і є рослиноїдним птахом, проте разом з листям він іноді поїдає безхребетних, що знаходяться на них. Коли птах стривожений, він плаває, витягнувши шию і тримаючи дзьоб горизонтально. У спокійному стані довга шия лебедя-трубача граціозно, злегка заломлена.

Розмноження

Лебеді-трубачі створюють пари на все життя. Під час гніздового періоду птахи займають велику ділянку навколо свого гнізда. Територію готують часто вже в лютому. Перелітні птахи повертаються на свої ділянки в березні — квітні. Багато пар прилітають на те ж саме місце і зазвичай використовують старе гніздо. У тій місцині, де мешкають бобри і ондатри, лебеді часто будують гніздо на їхніх «хатках». Споруда зводиться на стеблах рослин і досягає 3 м завширшки. Гніздо будують обидва птахи. Зсередини вони вистеляють його травою і пухом. Самка відкладає 2-13 яєць у квітні-травні. Починає їх висиджувати лише після того, як знесе всі яйця. Висиджування триває близько 33 днів [4] Самець не насиджує кладку, але допомагає тим, що охороняє гніздо і захищає ділянку. Вкриті сірим пухом пташенята вилуплюються з перервами в кілька днів. Дуже швидко пташенята стають повністю самостійними. Тривалість життя лебедя-трубача до 10 років.

Лебідь-трубач і людина

Колись лебідь-трубач був поширений на території Північної Америки, але з появою європейських переселенців був майже повністю винищений. Ці птахи гинули тому, що замість рятуватися від небезпеки, вони починали завзято оборонятися, внаслідок чого ставали легкою здобиччю мисливців. Лебедів вбивали заради м'яса, пір'я, пуху і шкіри. Махові пера використовували для письма, з них також робили прикраси для капелюхів. З пір'я робили боа, а з пуху - пензлики для накладення пудри. Починаючи з 1925 року популяція лебедя-трубача почала відновлюватися. В наші дні у США цей вид охороняється законом. В Канаді Зоопарк Торонто у Парку Руж у 1982 році розпочав проект охорони виду, використовуючи яйця, зібрані в природному середовищі. Були завезені дорослі особини з Аляски. Завдяки підгодовуванню, вони стали гніздитися на території зоопарку. За час тривання проекту на території зоопарку народилось 60 лебедят. Загалом же в Південному Онтаріо більше 1000 птахів, які живуть на свободі. Хоча є проблема отруєння молодняка свинцем від шроту, який залишився в воді після колишніх полювань, є позитивні перспективи відновлення популяції [5].

Література

  1. Акимушкин И.И. Мир животных. Том ІІІ. Рассказы о птицах. М., «Молодая гвардия», 1973. – с. 128.
  2. Все про птахів. Лебідь-трубач (англ.)
  3. Лебідь-трубач на зоологічному сайті
  4. Vanner Michael. A field guide to the birds of North America. Bath: Parragon Books Ltd, 2006. – 256 p. ISBN 1-40546-308-2 (англ.)
  5. Реінтродукція лебедя-трубача (англ.)
Птах Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.
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Thiên nga kèn ( виетнамски )

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Thiên nga kèn (danh pháp hai phần: Cygnus buccinator) là một loài ở Bắc Mỹ rất giống với thiên nga lớn (và đôi khi được xem là phân loài của nó), bị săn bắn đến gần như tuyệt chủng nhưng đã hồi phục lại.

Chú thích

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Thiên nga kèn: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Thiên nga kèn (danh pháp hai phần: Cygnus buccinator) là một loài ở Bắc Mỹ rất giống với thiên nga lớn (và đôi khi được xem là phân loài của nó), bị săn bắn đến gần như tuyệt chủng nhưng đã hồi phục lại.

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Лебедь-трубач ( руски )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Надсемейство: Anatoidea
Семейство: Утиные
Подсемейство: Гусиные
Триба: Cygnini
Род: Лебеди
Вид: Лебедь-трубач
Международное научное название

Cygnus buccinator
(Richardson, 1832)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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ITIS 174992NCBI 48397EOL 913233FW 161114

Лебедь-трубач[1] (лат. Cygnus buccinator) — водоплавающая птица из семейства утиных.

Описание

Лебедь-трубач по своему внешнему виду и образу жизни сходен с лебедем-кликуном, однако, у него, в отличие от кликуна, клюв полностью чёрный. Оперение лебедя-трубача белое. Длина тела достигает от 150 до 180 см, размах крыльев — 210 см, масса тела — 12,5 кг.

Распространение

Лебеди-трубачи населяют тундру Северной Америки. Они предпочитают большие водоёмы и широкие, медленно текущие реки, так как птицам для разгона необходимо как минимум 100 м, прежде чем они смогут подняться в воздух.

Питание

Птицы питаются в основном водными растениями, иногда ныряя за ней в воду. Зимой они поедают также траву и злаковые на полях. Выводок получает в корм насекомых и улиток.

Размножение

Сезон размножения наступает в конце апреля-начале мая. Пары начинают строить новое гнездо или поправлять старое. Самки откладывают одно яйцо в день, всего от трёх до девяти яиц. Высиживание длится 32 дня. После вылупления птенцы могут плавать, но встают на крыло только в возрасте трёх-четырёх месяцев.

Общая популяция этого вида составляет сегодня примерно 6000 пар и около 6000 птиц живёт в неволе.

Примечания

  1. а). Коблик Е. А., Редькин Я. А., Архипов В. Ю. Список птиц Российской Федерации. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2006. — С. 92. — 256 с. — ISBN 5-87317-263-3
    б). Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 33. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Лебедь-трубач: Brief Summary ( руски )

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Лебедь-трубач (лат. Cygnus buccinator) — водоплавающая птица из семейства утиных.

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黑嘴天鹅 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Cygnus buccinator
(Richardson, 1831)

黑嘴天鹅,学名Cygnus buccinator,也叫啞音天鹅,属於鸭科天鹅属,是北美本土最大的鳥類。亦是現存的水禽鳥類。羽翼展開可超過3公尺長。[1]與歐亞大陸的黃嘴天鵝(Cygnus cygnus) 為近親,部分專家甚至視為同一種[2]。在1933年,少於70對的黑嘴天鵝在野外發現,面臨絕種危機;直到在阿拉斯加銅河[3],發現了數千隻黑嘴天鵝。經過許多的專家學者的保育下,推估於2010年野外有超過46,000隻個體。[4]

小作品圖示这是一篇與鳥類相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
  1. ^ Steve., Madge,. Waterfowl : an identification guide to the ducks, geese, and swans of the world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16682694. 1988. ISBN 0395467276. OCLC 16682694. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
  2. ^ Parkes, Kenneth C. A Coded List of Birds of the World Ernest Preston Edwards Birds of the World: A Check List James F. Clements An Annotated List of Birds of the World Michael A. Cunningham Joseph G. Griffith Reference List of the Birds of the World John J. Morony, Jr. Walter J. Bock John Farrand, Jr.. The Auk. 1975-10, 92 (4): 818–830. ISSN 0004-8038. doi:10.2307/4084806.
  3. ^ Mealy, Nora Steiner. Dentist Office Has Role in Tobacco Cessation. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2002 [2019-01-02].
  4. ^ http://ljournal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/a-2017-023.pdf. 2017. 外部链接存在于|title= (帮助)
 title=
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黑嘴天鹅: Brief Summary ( кинески )

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ナキハクチョウ ( јапонски )

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ナキハクチョウ ナキハクチョウ
ナキハクチョウ
保全状況評価[a 1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : カモ目 Anseriformes : カモ科 Anatidae : ハクチョウ属 Cygnus : ナキハクチョウ C. buccinator 学名 Cygnus buccinator Richardson, 1832 和名 ナキハクチョウ 英名 Trumpeter swan

ナキハクチョウ(鳴白鳥、Cygnus buccinator)は、カモ目カモ科ハクチョウ属に分類される鳥類

分布[編集]

アメリカ合衆国北西部、カナダ西部[1][2][3][a 1]

形態[編集]

全長150-180センチメートル[1]。翼長60.5-65センチメートル、メス58.5-60.1センチメートル[2]。翼開張230-260センチメートル[1]。ハクチョウ属のみならずカモ科最大種[2]。頸部は細長い[1][3]。全身の羽衣は白い[1]

嘴は大型で長い[1][3]。嘴の色彩は黒く[1]、外縁に赤やピンク色の筋模様が入る[2][3]。鼻孔は嘴の中央部に開口する[1]。気管が長く紐状[2]。後肢の色彩は黒い[1]

生態[編集]

河川湖沼湿原内湾などに生息する[1][3][4]。長距離の渡りは行わない[2][3]。英名trumpeterは鳴き声がラッパ(トランペット)のように響くことに由来する[2][4]

食性は植物食で、植物の根、種子、水生植物などを食べる[4]

繁殖形態は卵生。4-8個(平均5個)の卵を産む[2]。抱卵期間は33-37日[2]。雛は孵化してから3-4か月で飛翔できるようになる[2]

人間との関係[編集]

1970年における生息数は4,000羽と推定されている[2]

画像[編集]

  •  src=

    頭部

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ナキハクチョウに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにナキハクチョウに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 桐原政志 『日本の鳥550 水辺の鳥』、文一総合出版2000年、110頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 黒田長久、森岡弘之監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育 (ガンカモ目)』、財団法人東京動物園協会、1980年、19、22頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f 真木広造、大西敏一 『日本の野鳥590』、平凡社、2000年、92頁。
  4. ^ a b c 『小学館の図鑑NEO 鳥』、小学館2002年、161頁。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ a b The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • BirdLife International 2009. Cygnus buccinator. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1.
執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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ナキハクチョウ: Brief Summary ( јапонски )

добавил wikipedia 日本語

ナキハクチョウ(鳴白鳥、Cygnus buccinator)は、カモ目カモ科ハクチョウ属に分類される鳥類

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나팔고니 ( корејски )

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나팔고니(학명: Cygnus buccinator)는 고니속물새로, 주로 캐나다·미국북아메리카 등지에 분포한다.

각주

  1. Cygnus buccinator. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2013.2판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2012. 2013년 11월 26일에 확인함.
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