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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 14 years (wild) Observations: Longevity records in captivity have not been established.
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Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Morphology ( англиски )

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The piping plover is a small Nearctic shorebird approximately 17 centimeters (7 inches) long with a wingspread of about 38 cm (15 in. Wilcox (1959) found that breeding females were slightly heavier than males (55.6 grams vs. 54.9 g), had slightly shorter tail lengths (50.5 millimeters vs. 51.3 mm), but had similar wing lengths. Breeding birds have white underparts, light beige back and crown, white rump, and black upper tail with a white edge. In flight, each wing shows a single, white wing stripe with black highlights at the wrist joints and along the trailing edges. In winter, the birds lose the black bands, the legs fade from orange to pale yellow, and the bill becomes mostly black. Breeding plumage characteristics are a single black breastband, which is often incomplete, and a black bar across the forehead. The black breastband and brow bar are generally more pronounced in breeding males than females. The legs and bill are orange in summer, with a black tip on the bill.

(Stout 1967)

Range mass: 55.6 to 59.4 g.

Average mass: 57 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
168 months.

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Charadrius melodus usually nest above the high tide line on coastal beaches, sand flats at the ends of sandpits and barrier islands, gently sloping fore dunes, blowout areas behind primary dunes, sparsely vegetated dunes, and wash over areas cut into or between dunes. Feeding areas include inter-tidal portions of ocean beaches, wash over areas, mudflats, sand flats, wrack lines, and shorelines of coastal ponds, lagoons or salt marshes. Wintering plovers on the Atlantic Coast are generally found at accreting ends of barrier islands, along sandy peninsulas, and near coastal inlets.

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Within the U.S the Piping Plover is found along the Atlantic Coast in such states as Florida, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New England, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Outside of the U.S, the Plover can be mainly found along the Atlantic coast of Canada, and in some of the British Caribbean Islands.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native )

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Chicks and adults alike feed on a variety of beach-dwelling invertebrates, including insects, small crustaceans mollusks, , marine worms, fly larvae, and beetles. Because of their relatively short beaks, they rely mainly on surface-dwelling organisms or those which live just below the sand surface, for food.

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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The Piping Plover is an indicator species that allows scientists to get a glimpse of the condition of an ecosystem. The Piping Plover also controls the insect and small crustacean populations on beaches. The major economic benefits stem from this beach cleaning the Piping Plover provides. This in turn allows for humans to frequent coastal areas more frequently with less incident for contact with pests (tourism).

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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The Piping Plover has no negative effects on humans.

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Piping plovers are listed as vulnerable by the IUCN, and they are considered endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Michigan DNR. There are numerous groups and coalitions trying to protect the Piping Plover around the United States. For more information, see: http://endangered.fws.gov/i/B69.html

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: endangered

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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The Piping Plover uses (like most birds) a courtship dance to attract a mate for copulation. Courtship displays are also varied. The most visible display is the courtship flight, in which the male plover loops through the air, constantly peeping, often swooping very close to the ground near the location of the female being courted. Once a male and female are more tightly "pair-bonded," courtship displays may lead to mating. Nest scrapes are dug in the sand within the pair's territory, and these sites are often the focal point of courtship displays. These scrapes are simply shallow depressions in the sand, occasionally lined with bits of seashells. If the female approaches the male while he is digging or sitting in a scrape, he will stand over the scrape and fan out his tail. The female may then squat down under his tail, indicating a possible acceptance of him as a mate. At this point, the male will often initiate a tatoo dance, in which he stands very erect, puffs out his chest, and rapidly and repeatedly beats the ground with his feet. Still dancing, he approaches the female until they are touching, ruffling her feathers with the rythmic pounding of his feet. If the female does not back away, the male will then mount her and copulation occurs.

The eggs are layed within a nest scrape over a period of about a week, approximately one egg every other day, until 4 eggs (occasionally less, rarely more) are produced. Incubation is sporadic until around the time of the third egg, at which point it is more or less constant until hatching occurs. The male and female share the chore of incubation, each remaining on the nest for approximately one-half to one hour while the other is off feeding. Approximately 28 days after incubation commences, the eggs will hatch and the young chicks emerge.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average time to hatching: 28 days.

Average eggs per season: 4.

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Vinelli, R. 2000. "Charadrius melodus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Charadrius_melodus.html
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Biology ( англиски )

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The breeding season begins in late April and extends into late August (7), and young and adult plovers generally return to the same nesting area year after year (8). Males compete with each other for female attention by performing elaborate aerial and ground displays (8) (9). After this, the males scrape nests in the sand, tossing shells and small stones and twigs into them with their beaks and then stand beside them with their wings partially spread and tails fanned, repeating this behaviour until a female indicates interest. Once he has her attention, he continues the courtship ritual by performing a high-stepping "dance”, and the female eventually selects one of the scrapes to lay her eggs in (8) (9). Most birds remain paired throughout the breeding season but change mates between years, although mate retention from the previous year is fairly frequent (6). The female lays 3-5 (usually 4) speckled sand-coloured eggs that are incubated by both adults for 25-31 days (7), with parents trading places every 30 - 45 minutes (6). Both the eggs and the young birds are well camouflaged. When predators or other intruders come too close, the young squat motionless on the sand while the parents attempt to attract the attention of intruders to themselves, often by feigning a broken wing (4). Gulls, crows, raccoons, foxes and skunks are threats to the eggs and falcons may prey on the adult birds (8). Young often leave the nest after hours of hatching but are tended until they fledge 21 to 35 days later (6). Both adults care for the young, but females commonly stop caring for the young after 14 to 20 days, while males often remain with them until they can fly (8). Females can begin to breed at one year of age and one brood per year is typical, although they are capable of laying several clutches if a nest is destroyed (6). The diet consists of worms, crustaceans, insects, larvae, and molluscs, which are plucked from the sand (4) (7). Chicks begin feeding on smaller sizes of these same foods shortly after they hatch (4).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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Censuses conducted in 1991, 1996 and 2001 have helped strictly monitor piper plover populations, and a further survey is scheduled for 2006 (3). The US Fish and Wildlife Service developed a recovery plan for the species after it was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Residential and industrial development has since been restricted at plover breeding sites, as has vehicle and pedestrian access. Garbage disposal has been made illegal and free-roaming dogs and cats have been restricted from beaches during the nesting season. Wire fencing has also been erected around plover nests in some areas to protect them from predators and limit disturbance (5). However, measures to protect breeding and wintering beaches are costly and have had mixed success, with $3 million a year being spent in Atlantic USA alone, which will need to be maintained indefinitely (3). In order to help save this bird we must first learn how to effectively protect the threatened ecosystem upon which it depends (5), and public information campaigns over the plight of the piping plover and its beach habitat will undoubtedly need to play a vital part in this recovery process (8).
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Description ( англиски )

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The piping plover is a small, sandy coloured shorebird that is effectively camouflaged in its preferred beach habitat (2). In spring and summer, a distinctive breeding plumage develops, with a black band appearing across the forehead and encircling the base of the neck (4). At this time, the legs also turn from a light yellow to a bright orange colour and an orange ring appears at the base of the short black beak (5). Piping plovers can also be recognised by their characteristic, plaintive sounding "peep-lo" whistle (2).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Piping plovers nest on exposed sandy or gravely beaches, sandflats, reservoirs or river sandbars, as well as alkali wetlands. Sparsely vegetated areas that are slightly raised in elevation are preferred (4).
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Range ( англиски )

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Breeding occurs in the U.S. and Canada, along the Atlantic coast (Newfoundland to North Carolina) and, inland, from central Canada through the northern Great Plains and the western Great Lakes region (6). During winter, the species is found in the southern U.S. on the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts from North Carolina south to Mexico, and the Bahamas and West Indies (4).
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Status ( англиски )

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Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List 2006 (1), and listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS) (3).
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Threats ( англиски )

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Uncontrolled hunting brought the plovers close to extinction in the early 1900s, but the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918 prohibited hunting and helped the population recover by the 1930s. However, by 1945, Atlantic coast beaches became very popular for recreation, which has been the main cause of the plover population decline since. The building of homes and resorts along shorelines, the dumping of sand on beaches, and the polluting of inlets has altered and destroyed plover breeding and feeding ground (5). Human presence disrupts territorial establishment, courtship, egg-laying, and incubation activities (4). Many nests, eggs and chicks are destroyed by foot traffic and vehicles driving along the coastal beaches, and the raking of beaches for rubbish (7). Ruts left by off-road vehicles can also trap flightless chicks (4). Additionally, potential predators of plover eggs and chicks, such as non-native dogs and cats and native crows, foxes, and raccoons, are often attracted to beaches by human garbage (5). In the Great Plains region, damming of rivers has also eliminated sandbar nesting habitat (4).
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Amenazas ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Factores de riesgo

A finales del siglo XIX y principio del siglo XX, la cacería llevó a que la especie se considerara al borde de la extinción; esta práctica terminó en 1913 cuando la especie fue protegida por la legislación Estadounidense (Bent 1928, Hull 1981). Desde la década de los cincuentas y hasta la actualidad las poblaciones de Charadrius melodus han disminuido drásticamente, especialmente en la región de los Grandes Lagos (Haig y Oring 1985). El principal factor que amenaza la sobrevivencia de esta especie en todo su rango de distribución es la transformación o pérdida del hábitat, debido al establecimiento de desarrollos turísticos, comerciales y residenciales en las zonas de anidación y al encauzamiento de los ríos, que conlleva a la desaparición de las áreas de ribera, hábitat requerido para la anidación de la especie (Piersma 1996, Haig 1992).

Además se ha reportado que la expansión de los asentamientos humanos trae consigo un incremento en las poblaciones de animales considerados como depredadores de la especie, tales como: perros, gatos, zorrillos, zorras y gaviotas (Rimmer y Deblinger 1990, Sidle et al. 1992).

Situación actual del hábitat con respecto a las necesidades de la especie

La transformación de las áreas costeras en sitios de recreo ha llevado a una disminución de los sitios potenciales para la anidación y a un bajo éxito reproductivo de la especie (Haig 1992). Esto como consecuencia de la perturbación humana hacia las parejas reproductivas (durante la etapa de cortejo, establecimiento de territorios e incubación) y a la destrucción de los huevos debida al pisoteo o circulación de vehículos en las playas (Haig 1992). El encauzamiento de ríos ha llevado a una disminución de las zonas de ribera, sitios que esta especie de chorlo utiliza para anidar (Haig 1992).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Biología ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Historia de la vida

La mayoría de los individuos se reproduce cada año, a partir de la primer primavera después de su nacimiento (Haig 1992). Solo el 13% de las hembras y el 28% de los machos alcanzan la edad de 5 o mas años y la longevidad máxima que se ha registrado para esta especie es de 11 años (Wilcox 1959). Datos recientes sobre la población de Charadrius melodus en Minnesota, Estados Unidos, indican que la sobrevivencia de adultos fue del 70% y del 30% para los pollos (Wemmer y Cuthbert 1998).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Biología de poblaciones ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Tamaño poblacional

Charadrius melodus es una especie que en toda su área de distribución está considerada dentro de alguna categoría de riesgo. De acuerdo a un censo realizado en 1996, que incluyó todas las áreas de reproducción conocidas, se encontró que el tamaño total de la población es de 5,913 individuos, lo cual representa un incremento del 7.8% desde 1991 (Stattersfield y Capper 2000). La población de las Grandes Planicies y la de la Costa Atlántica consistieron en 1,265 y 1,377 parejas reproductivas respectivamente. En tanto que en la región de los Grandes Lagos la población fue de tan solo 21 parejas (Stattersfield y Capper 2000). La mayor concentración de esta especie durante el invierno fue reportada en 1991 en Texas, Louisiana y Florida, Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, no se han realizado censos en muchas de las áreas de invernación (Haig y Plissner 1993).

Antecedentes del estado de la especie o de las poblaciones principales

Hasta 1930 Charadrius melodus era considerado común dentro de su rango de distribución, sin embargo, fue desapareciendo de muchas de sus áreas de anidación, a tal grado que en 1986 fueron encontradas menos de 20 parejas en la región de los Grandes Lagos (Haig y Oring 1985, Powell y Cuthbert 1992).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Biología del taxón ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Relevancia de la especie

Charadrius melodus se encuentra asociado a un tipo de hábitat que se ve gravemente amenazado por actividades humanas, lo cual ha llevado a que la especie sufra de graves decrementos poblacionales desde 1950 y a una constante contracción en el rango de su distribución (Stattersfield y Capper 2000). El hecho de que esta especie presente alta filopatría por sus áreas de reproducción e invernación la hace mas vulnerable ante la transformación del hábitat (Drake et al. 2001). Es una especie que México comparte con Estados Unidos y Canadá, por tanto el implementar un programa de conservación trinacional podría ser un ejemplo para futuros proyectos de conservación.
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Comportamiento ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Esta especie presenta alta filopatría, tanto por los sitios de anidación como por las áreas donde no se reproduce (Ehrlich et al. 1988, Stattersfield y Capper 2000, Drake et al. 2001). Los machos establecen y defienden los territorios de reproducción, que varían en tamaño de 0.4 a 3.5 hectáreas (Haig 1992) y que están separados entre si de 0.25 a 2 km (Haig y Oring 1988). El chorlo chiflador pasa la gran mayoría del tiempo caminado o corriendo; el color de su plumaje le permite ser menos conspícuo en la arena en comparación a cuando se encuentra en vuelo (Haig 1992). Al alimentarse realizan carreras rápidas y cortas (Peterson 1961).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Conservación ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Para la conservación de esta especie es importante proteger y restaurar las playas y riberas que son utilizadas para la anidación; este programa debe restringir el paso de vehículos, personas y sus mascotas durante los meses de mayo a julio (Piersma 1996, Haig 1992).

Dado que Charadrius melodus es una especie migratoria, resulta indispensable identificar los sitios que ocupa durante la migración y las áreas en donde inverna. En estas áreas deberán realizarse estudios que permitan elucidar si el declive de las poblaciones está relacionado con esta época del año, de ser así habrá que generar mecanismos internacionales que provean fondos para establecer programas de conservación y se asegure la permanencia de la especie (Stattersfield y Capper 2000).

Es indispensable realizar monitoreos poblacionales con técnicas estandarizadas y de manera conjunta entre todos los países que son parte del área de distribución; de esta manera será posible precisar el estado de las poblaciones a lo largo de todo el año y determinar las áreas críticas para la sobrevivencia de la especie (Haig y Plissner 1993, Stattersfield y Capper 2000). Sería útil determinar las fuentes y el efecto que los plaguicidas puedan tener en el éxito reproductivo.
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Descripción ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Es un chorlito pequeño, que mide de 17 a 18 cm de largo, con una envergadura alar de 38 cm; el peso va de 43 a 64 g (Piersma 1996). No existe dimorfismo sexual, sin embargo el plumaje varía de acuerdo a la edad y época del año. El pico es corto y robusto. La cabeza, el dorso y la cola son color café grisáceo pálido, esta última presenta una banda subterminal negra que no se extiende hasta las rectrices externas (Haig 1992, Howell y Webb 1995, National Geographic 1996). El pecho y el vientre son de color blanquecino o arena pálido; la línea superciliar, los lores y la rabadilla son blancas y el color de las patas es anaranjado brillante (Haig 1992, Howell y Webb 1995).

Durante la época reproductiva se puede observar una banda negra en la parte superior del pecho, que puede ser completa o incompleta en algunas hembras y una banda negra en la frente y por arriba de los ojos (Haig 1992, National Geographic 1996). El pico es color naranja con la punta negra (Howell y Webb 1995). Durante el invierno desaparecen las bandas negras del pecho y frente, las patas se tornan mas amarillentas y el color del pico cambia a negro con anaranjado únicamente en la base (Haig 1992). El plumaje de los juveniles es similar al de los adultos durante el invierno, con la diferencia que el dorso es ante claro y el pico completamente negro (Piersma 1996, Haig 1992).

Tomando en cuenta el patrón de las bandas del pecho y la distribución geográfica se propuso la existencia de dos subespecies, la de la costa Atlántica (C. melodus melodus) y la de tierra adentro (C. melodus cirumcinctus), sin embargo, estudios moleculares recientes no apoyan la designación de dichas subespecies (Haig y Oring 1988, Piersma 1996).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Distribución ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Histórica-actual

MEXICO

Distribución histórica: El chorlo chiflador (Charadrius melodus) es considerado como una especie endémica a Norteamérica y el rango de distribución histórica fue menor a los 50,000 km2 (Stattersfield y Capper 2000) Esta especie se reproduce en el centro y este de los Estados Unidos y en el sur de Canadá (Piersma 1996, Haig 1992, Howell y Webb 1995). Durante el invierno la especie se distribuye en la costa del Atlántico, el Golfo de México y las costas del Caribe (Howell y Webb 1995). Aun cuando las poblaciones de esta especie han declinado drásticamente, todavía pueden encontrarse en casi todo el rango de su distribución histórica (Haig 1992), con excepción de Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pensilvania, New Hampshire y el Lago Ontario, sitios de los cuales no existen registros de parejas reproductivas desde 1950 (Haig y Oring 1985). Distribución actual: En Norteamérica hay tres regiones geográficas donde Charadrius melodus se reproduce: las playas de la Costa del Atlántico, desde el norte de Carolina en Estados Unidos y hasta el sur de Canadá; en los ríos y humedales de la región de las Grandes Planicies (Iowa, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Dakota del norte y Dakota del sur en Estados Unidos; Alberta, Manitoba y Saskatchewan en Canadá) y en algunos estados comprendidos en la región de los Grandes Lagos: Michigan, Minnesota y Nueva York en Estados Unidos y Ontario en Canadá (Haig 1992, Stattersfield y Capper 2000). En 1990 se reportaron dos áreas de anidación nuevas para la especie: Colorado y Oklahoma, sin embargo, el rango de distribución sigue decreciendo (Haig 1992).

Durante el invierno las tres poblaciones reproductivas de Charadrius melodus se sobrelapan y se extienden por la costa del Atlántico; en Estados Unidos, desde el sur de Carolina del Norte hasta Florida y desde la costa oeste del Golfo de Florida a Texas; en México está presente de agosto a abril (Howell y Webb 1995) a lo largo del Golfo de México y existen también registros de Sonora y Yucatán; se ha reportado que esta especie inverna en las Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica y Puerto Rico (Haig 1992, Stattersfield y Capper 2000).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Ecología ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Fenología

El chorlo chiflador llega a sus áreas de reproducción desde mediados de marzo y hasta mediados de mayo y permanece en estos sitios por un periodo de 3 o 4 meses. La migración hacia las áreas de invernación comienza desde mediados de julio y hasta octubre (Piersma 1996, Howell y Webb 1995).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Estado de conservación ( шпански; кастиљски )

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NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

P en peligro de extinción

NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010

P en peligro de extinción
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Estrategia trófica ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Su dieta consiste en una gran variedad de invertebrados, tales como: anélidos, larvas de mosca, escarabajos, arañas, crustáceos y moluscos. Los pollos aprenden a alimentarse y comen lo mismo que los adultos pero de menor talla (Bent 1928).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Hábitat ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Esta especie se encuentra en playas y dunas de arena con poca vegetación, a la orilla de lagos alcalinos, lagunas, ríos, áreas lodosas y pantanos (Haig 1992, Stattersfield y Capper 2000). La mejor descripción que se tiene del hábitat es en las áreas de anidamiento; estos sitios son siempre cerca de cuerpos de agua, donde la vegetación no excede 1 m de altura; la vegetación reportada incluye Salix interior, Artemis campestris, Lathyrus japonicus, Xanthium sp., Populus balsamifer, Polygonum sp. y Oenother sp. además de otras especies de gramíneas (Cuthbert y Wiens 1982).

Macroclima

Tierras bajas (Stattersfield y Capper 2000). Los tipos climáticos en su área de reproducción son: templado y húmedo, con lluvias todo el año y ausencia de período seco (Cf) y clima templado con invierno frío (Df). En el área de invernación es templado y húmedo, con lluvias todo el año y ausencia de período seco (Cf) y clima tropical lluvioso con estación seca en invierno (Aw).

Tipo de ambiente

Playas arenosas, humedales y riberas (Stattersfield y Capper 2000).

Uso de hábitat

Charadrius melodus se alimenta en zonas inundables de suelo arenoso, en las áreas intermarea de las playas y en las orillas de ríos y lagos. Las dunas de arena y áreas con poca vegetación cercanas a las playas son utilizadas para descanso y protección contra el viento y temperaturas extremas (Cairns 1982, Haig 1992).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Reproducción ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Generalmente mantienen la misma pareja durante toda la época reproductiva, por lo cual esta especie es considerada como monógama (Ehrlich et al. 1988); sin embargo, en Minnesota sólo el 47% de las parejas se mantuvo de un año al otro (Cuthbert y Wiens 1982).

Ambos sexos participan en la construcción del nido, que consiste en depresiones poco profundas sobre el suelo, delimitadas con piedras pequeñas y fragmentos de conchas (Ehrlich et al. 1988). Las medidas promedio de los nidos son de 9 a 10 cm de diámetro y de 1 a 2 cm de profundidad (Whyte 1985 en Haig 1992).

Normalmente hay sólo una puesta al año, aunque la hembra es capaz de realizar varias puestas dentro de la misma temporada de reproducción cuando los nidos son destruidos (Haig 1992). El color de los huevos es ante claro con manchas café oscuro o negras, distribuidas principalmente en el extremo más ancho (Cairns 1982). El tamaño de la nidada va de 3 a 5 huevos (normalmente 4), que son incubados por ambos padres durante un período de entre 25 y 31 días (Ehrlich et al. 1988, Haig 1992). Los pollos son precoces y pueden abandonar el nido a pocas horas de la eclosión y son alimentados por ambos padres hasta que consiguen el vuelo, de 21 a 35 días después de la eclosión (Cairns 1982, Ehrlich et al. 1988).
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Oliveras de Ita, A. y Garza-Rodríguez, A. 2006. Ficha técnica de Charadrius melodus. En: Escalante-Pliego, P. (compilador). Fichas sobre las especies de Aves incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-ECOL-2000. Parte 2. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W042. México, D.F.
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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The Piping Plover is a small, stocky, sandy-colored bird resembling a sandpiper that lives on the beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. Fully grown it will reach approximately seven to eight inches in height. The adult has a short and stout bill, yellow-orange legs, a black band across the forehead from eye to eye, and a black ring around the base of its neck. Males are often a bit brighter in their coloring than females. The Piping Plover runs in short starts and stops and when still blends easily into the sandy beaches where it feeds and nests. Because of this, it is often heard before it is seen, a plaintive bell-like whistle from which its name is derived. Plovers are foragers feeding on marine worms, crustaceans, and insects they gather from the sand. After establishing their nesting territories and performing their courtship rituals, a pair of plovers will form a nest out of a shallow depression in the sand, sometimes lined with small stones or shell fragments. The pair lays a clutch of four well-camouflaged eggs which is incubated continuously as parents trade places, hatching in about 25 days. Chicks will fledge and learn to fly about 30 days after hatching. If the first clutch does not survive, the pair may try again, or separate and try again with a new mate, in the same season. These chicks may not fly until late August. At the end of the season plovers may congregate on undisturbed beaches in large groups of up to 100 before flying south in many small groups of about three to six. They may breed the first spring after hatching. The Piping Plover lives along the Atlantic Coast from Newfoundland to North Carolina from late March till mid-September, when it migrates to more southern beaches ranging from North Carolina to Florida, some even traveling as far south as the Bahamas.
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Distribution ( англиски )

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The Atlantic Coast Population of piping plovers nest along beaches in New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Quebec, southern Maine, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. These birds winter primarily on the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Florida, although some migrate to the Bahamas and West Indies. Surveys completed in 1991 found fewer than 2,500 breeding pairs remained in the United States and Canada. Surveys completed in 1999 estimated the Atlantic population at less than 1400 pairs. The historic breeding range of the Great Lakes population of piping plover encompasses the Great Lakes' shorelines in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, New York and Ontario. Great Lakes breeding sites are currently restricted to several beaches along Lake Superior and Lake Michigan in northern Michigan. These birds winter primarily on the Gulf Coast, in Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Florida. Critical habitat for the Great Lakes Piping plover has been designated for breeding habitat along the shorelines of the Great Lakes in New York, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Critical habitat for wintering piping plovers has been designated along the Gulf Coast in Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Florida. Surveys completed in 2001 reported 32 breeding pairs in the United States. The current breeding range of the Northern Great Plains population of piping plover extends from alkali wetlands in southeastern Alberta through southern Saskatchewan and Manitoba to Lake of the Woods in southwestern Ontario and northwestern Minnesota, south along major prairie rivers (Yellowstone, Missouri, Niobrara, Platte, and Loup), the Prewitt Reservoir in northeastern Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma, and alkali wetlands in northeastern Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa. These birds winter primarily on the Gulf Coast, in Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Florida. Critical habitat for the Northern Great Plains piping plover has been designated in areas of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Florida for their wintering habitat along the gulf coats; and areas of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska for breeding habitat. Surveys completed in 2001 estimated 5,938 individuals remained in the United States and Canada.
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Past and current threats ( англиски )

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The piping plover nearly disappeared due to excessive hunting for the millinery trade during the 19th century. The current population decline of the Atlantic Coast population is attributed to increased development and recreational use of beaches since the end of World War II. Human disturbance often curtails breeding success. Developments near beaches also provide food that attracts increased numbers of predators such as raccoons, skunks, and foxes, and domestic pets. Stormtides may inundate nests. The Great Lakes population decline is attributed to losses of lakeshore habitat due to huge fluctuations in lake levels caused by intensive water management throughout the watershed and in the St. Lawrence River, as well as increased development and recreational use of beaches. Human disturbance often curtails breeding success. Developments near beaches also provide food that attracts increased numbers of predators such as raccoons, skunks, and foxes, and domestic pets. Stormtides may inundate nests. The Northern Great Plains piping plover population decline is attributed to destruction of vegetated sandbars and river islands for flood control and navigation, and water level regulation policies that endanger nesting habitat. Rapidly raising water levels during nesting or brood rearing causes low reproductive success. Sand pit operations on some rivers draw breeders onto sterile beach environments where chicks find little food.
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Corriol xiulador ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El corriol xiulador[1] (Charadrius melodus) és un ocell de la família dels caràdrids (Charadriidae) que habita platges dels llacs interiors de la zona central del sud de Canadà i del nord dels Estats Units, i platges de la costa del sud-est de Canadà i el nord-est dels Estats Units. En hivern fan movimentes cap al sud.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Corriol xiulador Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Corriol xiulador: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El corriol xiulador (Charadrius melodus) és un ocell de la família dels caràdrids (Charadriidae) que habita platges dels llacs interiors de la zona central del sud de Canadà i del nord dels Estats Units, i platges de la costa del sud-est de Canadà i el nord-est dels Estats Units. En hivern fan movimentes cap al sud.

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Cwtiad chwibanol ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwtiad chwibanol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwtiaid chwibanol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Charadrius melodus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Piping plover. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. melodus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r cwtiad chwibanol yn perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corgwtiad Aur Pluvialis dominica Corgwtiad aur y Môr Tawel Pluvialis fulva
Pluvialis fulva -Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, Alaska, USA-8.jpg
Cwtiad aur Pluvialis apricaria
Rohkunborri Pluvialis Apricaria.jpg
Cwtiad Caint Charadrius alexandrinus
Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus, India.jpg
Cwtiad gwargoch Charadrius ruficapillus
Charadrius ruficapillus Breeding Plumage.jpg
Cwtiad Llwyd Pluvialis squatarola
Pluvialis squatarola (summer plumage).jpg
Cwtiad Malaysia Charadrius peronii
Charadrius peronii - Laem Pak Bia.jpg
Cwtiad teirtorch Charadrius tricollaris
Charadrius tricollaris -near Sand River Selous, Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania-8.jpg
Cwtiad torchog Charadrius hiaticula
Charadrius hiaticula tundrae Varanger.jpg
Cwtiad torchog bach Charadrius dubius
Charadrius dubius - Laem Pak Bia.jpg
Cwtiad tywod mawr Charadrius leschenaultii
Greater Sand Plover.jpg
Hutan mynydd Charadrius morinellus
Charadrius morinellus male.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Cwtiad chwibanol: Brief Summary ( велшки )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwtiad chwibanol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwtiaid chwibanol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Charadrius melodus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Piping plover. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. melodus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer ( германски )

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Der Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer (Charadrius melodus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Regenpfeifer (Charadriidae).

Beschreibung

Der Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer ist ein sandfarbener Küstenvogel. Der ausgewachsene Vogel hat gelb-orange Füße, einen schwarzen Streifen am Vorderkopf zwischen den Augen und einen schwarzen Ring um den Hals. Wie bei den meisten Regenpfeifern erfolgt die Nahrungsaufnahme in einem Rhythmus, der aus einem schnellen Laufen, einem abrupten Abstoppen und einem Picken besteht. Wenn er still steht, ist es schwer ihn zu erkennen, da sein Gefieder sich farblich kaum von seinem Lebensraum unterscheidet.

Lebensraum

Der Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer lebt an Sand- und Kiesstränden des Atlantik und an den Ufern der Großen Seen im mittleren Westen von Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten. Von November bis März (Winterzeit) hat der Zugvogel sein Winterquartier am Golf von Mexiko, der Südküste der USA bis zu den Westindischen Inseln.

Ernährung

Auf dem Speiseplan des Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer stehen Würmer, Insekten, Larven und Krebstiere.

Sonstiges

Der Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer ist durch den Verlust seiner Lebensräume und menschlicher Aktivitäten in deren Nähe bedroht[1]. Einige besonders bedrohte Nistplätze an der Ostküste Kanadas sind nun geschützt. Seit 1985 zählt er zur bedrohten Tierarten in Kanada.

Quellen

  1. Ashleigh McKenna: Piping plover could use a little help. (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) In: The Chronicle Herald. Ehemals im Original; abgerufen am 13. Juni 2006.@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.herald.ns.ca (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.

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Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Der Gelbfuß-Regenpfeifer (Charadrius melodus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Regenpfeifer (Charadriidae).

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ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವ ( канадски )

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ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವ ( ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಹೆಸರು: Piping Plover, ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರು: Charadrius melodus), ಮೈನ ಘಾತ್ರದ ಒಂದು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಹಕ್ಕಿ. ಇದು ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಖಂಡದ ಸಮುದ್ರ ಹಾಗು ಪಂಚ ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗಳ ತೀರ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿನ ಮರಳು ಹಾಗು ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಲ್ಲುಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಗೂಡು ಮಾಡಿ, ತೀರದಲ್ಲೇ ನಡೆದಾಡುತ್ತ ಕೀಟಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಅಕಶೇರುಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇವಿಸಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕತ್ತಿನ ಸುತ್ತ ಹಾರದಂತಹ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ಪಟ್ಟೆ, ಹಣೆಯಮೇಲಿಂದ, ಕಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಕಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಹರಡಿರುವ ನೀಳವಾದ ಕಪ್ಪು ಕಿರು ಪಟ್ಟೆ, ಹಳದಿ-ಕೇಸರ ಬಣ್ಣದ ನೀಳವಾದ ಕಾಲುಗಳುಳ್ಳ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಯ ಗಂಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ, ಸಂತಾನ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊರಳ ಕಪ್ಪು ಪಟ್ಟೆ ಎದೆಯ ವರೆಗೂ ಹರಡುತ್ತದೆ - ಇದೊಂದೇ ಗಂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಮೇಲ್ಮೈನಲ್ಲಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ.

ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಚಲವಾಗಿ ನಿಂತಾಗ ಈ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ತೀರದ ಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳಲ್ಲೊಂದಾಗಿ ಮಾಯವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಬಣ್ಣ ತೀರದ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಎಷ್ಟರಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಲುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದರೆ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇವುಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾನ ನೋಟಕ್ಕೆ ಸಿಲುಕುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಕರೆಯ ಅಲನೆ ಇಂದ ಗುರುತಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ತುಸು ದೂರ ಓಡಿ, ತುಸುಕಾಲ ನಿಲ್ಲುವ ತೆರದಿ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಮರಳು/ಕಲ್ಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಹಾರವನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕುತ್ತಾ ಸಂಚರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಇವುಗಳು ಹಾರುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ನಡೆಯುವ ಅಥವ ಓಡುವ ಪ್ರವೃತಿ ಹೊಂದಿವೆ.

ಇವುಗಳ ಒಟ್ಟು ಸಂತತಿ ಕೇವಲ ೬೫೦೦ ರಷ್ಟು. ೨೦೦೩ ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಗಣನೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಅಮೇರಿಕಾ ಖಂಡದ ಆಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ೩೩೫೦ ಅಂದರೆ ಒಟ್ಟು ಸಂತತಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ೫೨% ರಷ್ಟು ಇವೆ . [೧].

ಕಡಲ ಹಾಗು ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗ ಮರಳಿನ ಹಾಗು ನುಣುಪು ಕಿರುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ತೀರಗಳು ಇವುಗಳ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಸಂತಾನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳು. ನೀರಿನ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿನ ಕೀಟಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕಡಲ ಅಕಶೇರುಕಗಳೇ ಇದರ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಆಹಾರ.

ವಿವರ

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ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಆಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೀರ, ಕೇಪ್ ಮೇ, ನ್ಯೂಜರ್ಸಿ

ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವದ ಘಾತ್ರ ಮೈನ ಹಕ್ಕಿಯಷ್ಟೇ ಇದ್ದರೂ ಅದರ ದೇಹ, ಕುತ್ತಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಕೊಕ್ಕುಗಳು ದಪ್ಪವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ. ತೀರದ ಮರಳು ( ಮಂದ ತಿಳಿ- ಕಂದು)ಬಣ್ಣದ ದೇಹ, ನೀಳ ಕಾಲುಗಳು, ಕಪ್ಪು ತುದಿಯ ಹಳದಿ ಕೊಕ್ಕು, ಕಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಕಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ನೆತ್ತಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಾದು ಹೋಗುವ ಕಪ್ಪು ಪಟ್ಟೆ. ಸಂತಾನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸುವ ಕೊರಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಪ್ಪು ಹಾರ, ಅನ್ಯ ಕಾಲಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಮುಖವಾಗಿ ತೋರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. [೨] Its bill is orange with a black tip. It ranges from 15–19 cm (5.9–7.5 in) in length, with a wingspan of 35–41 cm (14–16 in) and a mass of 42–64 g (1.5–2.3 oz).[೩]

ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಉಪ-ಪ್ರಜಾತಿಗಳಿವೆ. ಖಂಡದ ಪೂರ್ವ ಸಂತತಿಗಳನ್ನು ‘ಚಾರ್ಡ್ರಿಯಸ್ ಮೆಲೋಡಸ್ ಮೆಲೋಡಸ್’ (Charadrius melodus melodus) ಮತ್ತು ಖಂಡದ ಮಧ್ಯ (mid-west) ಭಾಗದ ಸಂತತಿಯನ್ನು ‘ಚಾರ್ಡ್ರಿಯಸ್ ಮೆಲೋಡಸ್ ಸರ್ಕಂಸಿನಿಸ್ಟಸ್` (Charadrius melodus circumcinctus). ಸರ್ಕಂಸಿನಿಸ್ಟಸ್ ಉಪ-ಪ್ರಜಾತಿಯ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳ ಬಣ್ಣ ಮೆಲೋಡಸ್ ಗಳಿಗಿಂತಲು ತುಸು ಘಾಡ. ಸರ್ಕಂಸಿನಿಸ್ಟಸ್ ಉಪ-ಪ್ರಜಾತಿಯ ಗಂಡಿನ ನೆತ್ತಿ ಹಾಗು ಕೊರಳಿನ ಕಪ್ಪು ಪಟ್ಟೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನ ಬುಡದ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ವೃದ್ಧಿ ಸಂತಾನಾಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾಗಿ ತೋರುತ್ತದೆ.

ಉಪ-ಪ್ರಜಾತಿಗಳ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮೆಲೋಡಿಯಸ್ ಎಂಬಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂಲ ಇವುಗಳ ಕಿರು ಘಂಟಾ ನಾದದ ಕೂಗು.

“ಪೀ ಪೀ” ಎಂಬ ಓಟ ಕಿತ್ತುಲು ತಗ್ಗು ಧ್ವನಿಯ ಕರೆ ಇವುಗಳು ಹಾರುವಾಗ ಮತ್ತು ನಿಂತು ಗಮನಿಸುವಾಗ ಕೊಡುವು ಕರೆಯಾದರೆ. “ಪೀ ವೆರ್ಪ್” ಎಂಬುದನ್ನು ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಯ ಕರೆಯಾಗಿ ಬಳಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ಮರಳು ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ನುಣುಪು ಜಲ್ಲಿ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಲ್ಲದೆ ಮಿಕ್ಕಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ತೋರದಿರುವ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಗೂಡುಗಳನ್ನು ತೀರದ ಎತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ ಹುಲ್ಲಿನ ಗುಚ್ಛ ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ನುಣುಪಾದ ಜಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲ್ಲುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲ್ಲುಗಳನ್ನು ಸರಿರಿ, ತಗ್ಗುಗೊಳಿಸಿ ಗೂಡು ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ.

ವಲಸೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸಂತಾನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ

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೨ ದಿನದ ಮರಿ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವ.

ಅಮೇರಿಕಾ ಖಂಡದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ, ಅಂದರೆ ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿ (Gulf of Mexico), ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಅಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೀರ, ಮತ್ತು ಕೆರೆಬಿಯನ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳ ( Caribbean) ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳು, ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ (ನಡು ಮಾರ್ಚ್ ತಿಂಗಳಲ್ಲಿ) ಉತ್ತರಕ್ಕೂ ಮತ್ತು ಚಳಿಗಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ದಕ್ಷಿಣಕ್ಕೂ ವಲಸೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಕೆನಡಾದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ನ್ಯೂ-ಫೌಂಡ್- ಲ್ಯಾಂಡ್ (Newfoundland) ನಿಂದ ಅಮೇರಿಕಾದ, ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕ್ಯಾರೊಲೈನ ರಾಜ್ಯದ (South Carolina) ಉತ್ತರ ತೀರಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳ ವರೆಗೂ ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ವಿಸ್ಥರಿಸಿದೆ. [೪] ನಡು ಎಪ್ರಿಲ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೈಥುನ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಗೂಡು ಕಟ್ಟುವ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗೆಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗುತ್ತವೆ.

ಗಂಡು ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳು ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಾಧಿಪತ್ಯವನ್ನು ಸಾಧಿಸ ತೊಡಗಿ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿಯೊಂದಿಗೆ ಒಡಗೂಡಳು ಸರಸದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಡಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಕೊಕ್ಕಿನಿಂದ ಕಲ್ಲನ್ನು ಮೇಲೆಸೆಯುವುದು, ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಏರಿ ಧುಮುಕುವುದು .[೨] - ಇಂತಹ ಆಟದ ನಂತರ ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿಯ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ನಂತರ, ಗಂಡು ತನ್ನ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಎತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿನ ಹುಲ್ಲು ಕುರುಚಲುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ, ಹಲವು ಪತಿಯಂತಹ ಹಳ್ಳಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಲಿನಿಂದ ಕೆತ್ತ ತೋಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಇವುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದನ್ನು ಆರಿಸಿ ತೀರದ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಂದುವಂತೆ ಅಲ್ಲಿಯ ಕಲ್ಲು, ಚಿಪ್ಪುಗಳಿಂದ ಗೂದನ್ನು ಮರೆಮಾಚುವಂತೆ ( camouflage) ಸಿಂಗರಿಸುತ್ತವೇ. ಹೀಗೆ ಸಿಂಗರಿಸಿದ ನಂತರ ಗಂಡು ಹಾಗು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಮೈತುನ್ಯ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಮೈತುನ್ಯಕ್ಕೂ ಮುನ್ನ ಗಂಡು ತನ್ನ ಪರಾಕ್ರಮ ಪ್ರದರ್ಶನ ನಡೆಸುವಂತೆ ನೀಳವಾಗಿ ನಿಂತು, ನಂತರ ಗಮ್ಮತ್ತಿನಿಂದ ಹೆಣ್ಣಿನೆಡೆಗೆ ನಡೆದು, ಎದೆಯುಬ್ಬಿಸಿ, ಕಾಲನ್ನು ಬಡೆದು ಹೆಣ್ಣನ್ನು ಒಡಗೂಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿ ಒಂದೊಂದು ದಿನದ ಅಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಇಡುತ್ತದೆ.

ಸಂತಾನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೋಡಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ಎರಡು ಇಲ್ಲವೇ ಮೂರು, ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಬಾರಿ ಸಂಸಾರ ಹೂಡಬಹುದು. ಪ್ರತೀ ವರ್ಷದ ಮೊದಲ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನದ ಗೂಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ೪ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಇಡುವುದು ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ. ನಂತರದ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ೨ ಅಥವಾ ೩ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳನ್ನು ಇಡುತ್ತವೆ. ತಂದೆ ಹಾಗು ತಾಯಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳೆರಡೂ ಕಾವಿಡುವ ಕಾರ್ಯವನ್ನು ವಹಿಸುತ್ತವೆ, ೨೭ ದಿನಗಳ ನಂತರ ಕಾವಿಟ್ಟ ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಗಳು ಮರಿಯಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.

ಮೊಟ್ಟೆಯಿಂದ ಹೊರಬಿದ್ದ ಮರಿ ಕೆಲವೇ ಘಂಟೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಹಾರವನ್ನು ಹುಡಿಕಿ ತಿನ್ನುವ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಈಗ ಮರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಪಾದುವುದಷ್ಟೇ ಪೋಷಕರ ಕೆಲಸ. ಅಪಾಯ ಕಂಡೊಡನೆ ಕರೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟು ಮರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕರೆದು ಅವುಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಲನಡುವೆ ಬರಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡು ಅವುಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಕೂರುವ ತೆರದಲ್ಲಿ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಯವನ್ನು ನಿಭಾಯಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಮೊಟ್ಟೆ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಹಂತಕರ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ಬೇರೆಡೆ ಸೆಳೆಯಲು ತಾಯಿ ಮತ್ತು ತಂದೆ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು ರೆಕ್ಕೆ ಮುರಿದಂತೆ ನಾಟಕವಾಡಿ ಹಂತಕರ ಮುಂದೆ ಓಡಾಡಿ ಹಂತಕರ ಗಮನವನ್ನು ತಮ್ಮೆಡೆಗೆ ಸೆಳೆಯುವುದೂ ಒಂದು ವಿಧಾನ. [೨] ಮರಿಗಳ ಮೈಬಣ್ಣ ತೀರದ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ ಹೋಲುವುದರಿಂದ ಆಪತ್ತಿನ ಸುಳಿವಾಗುತ್ತಿದಂತೆ ಸ್ಥಿರವಾಗಿ ನಿಂತು ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಬೆರೆಯುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕವೂ ಮರಿಗಳು ಆಪತ್ತಿನಿಂದ ಪಾರಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಮರಿಗಳು ೩೦ ದಿನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಾರಲು ಸಮರ್ಥವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ.

ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತತಿ ಆತಂಕದಲ್ಲಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಪರಿಸರ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಕರು ಪರಭಕ್ಷಕರಿಂದ ಇವುಗಳ ಗೂದನ್ನು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಗೂಡಿನ ಸುತ್ತಲೂ ಬಲೆಯಂತಹ ಬೇಲಿಯನ್ನು ಇಡುತ್ತರೆ. ಇದರಿಂದ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪ್ರಾಣಿ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳಾವುವೂ ಬೇಲಿ ತೂರಿ ಒಳಬರಲಾಗುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತತಿಗೆ ಮಾನವನಲ್ಲದೆ, ಬೆಕ್ಕು, ರಾಕೂನ್, ನರಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾಗೆಗಳೇ ಮೊದಲಾದ ಪರಭಕ್ಷಕರಿಂದ ಆಪತ್ತು. ಚಂಡ ಮಾರುತಗಳು, ಬಿರುಗಾಳಿ, ಏರುವ ಅಲೆಗಳು ಮೊದಲಾದವೇ ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತಿತಿಗೆ ಪರಿಸರ ಒಡ್ಡಬಹುದಾದ ಆಪತ್ತು. ಮಾನವನು ಒಡ್ಡುವ ಉದ್ದೇಶ/ಅನುದ್ದೇಶ ತೊಂದರೆಗಳಿಂದ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಗೂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳನ್ನು ತೊರೆಯುವುದುಂಟು ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಇವುಗಳ ಗೂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿಗಳಿಂದ ಮಾನವರು ದೂರವಿರುವುದೇ ಒಳಿತು.

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ಜಾಡುಂಗರವನ್ನು ಕಾಲಿಗೆ ತೊಟ್ಟಿರುವ ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವದ ೨ ವಾರದ ಮರಿ.

ಚಳಿಗಾಲಕ್ಕೆ ಮುನ್ನ, ಆಗಷ್ಟ್ ನಿಂದ ನಡು-ಸೆಪ್ಟೆಂಬರ ವರೆಗೆ ಇವು ದಕ್ಷಿಣಕ್ಕೆ ವಲಸೆ ಪ್ರಾರಂಭಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ನಡತೆ

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ಪೋಷಕ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಿ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳು - ಅಮೇರಿಕದ ಆಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೀರ, ಕೇಪ್ ಮೇ, ನ್ಯೂಜರ್ಸಿ

ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳು ತೀರ ಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಲುವ ಬಣ್ಣ ಹೊಂದಿರುವುದರಿಂದ ಒಮ್ಮೆಲೇ ನೋಟಕ್ಕೆ ತೋರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಮರಳು ಮತ್ತು ನುಣುಪು ಜಲ್ಲಿ ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ತೀರಗಳಲ್ಲದೆ ಬೇರೆಡೆ ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಕಾಣುವುದು ವಿರಳ.

ಆಹಾರ ಗುರುತಿಸಲು ನೋಟವನ್ನವಲಂಭಿಸಿರುವ ಇವು ಆಹಾರ ಹುಡುಕುವಾಗ ಓಡು-ನಿಲ್ಲು-ಅರಸು-ಮೆಲ್ಲು ಎಂಬ ಸೂತ್ರವನ್ನು ಬಳಸುತ್ತವಂತೆ ತೋರುತ್ತದೆ. ಇವು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗುಂಪುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು ವಿರಳ ಆದರೂ ಚಳಿಗಾಲದ ವಲಸಯ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಶ್ರಾಂತಿಗೆ ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಸುಮಾರು ೧೦೦ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ಒಂದೆಡೆ ಸೇರುತ್ತವೆ. ೨-೪ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳ ಗುಂಪು ಸಹಜವು. ತೀರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಸಮೀಪಿಸಿದಾಗ ಹಾರುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ಓದುವುದರ ಮೂಲಕ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತವೆ. [೫] ಇವು ಸಂತಾನ ಪಾಲನಾ ಕ್ರಿಯೇಯನ್ನು ನಿಭಾಯಿಸುವಾಗ ಉಗ್ರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಪ್ರದರ್ಶಿಸುತ್ತವೆ.

ಸಂತತಿ - ಸ್ಥಿತಿ

ವಿಶ್ವಾದ್ಯಂತ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವದ ಸಂತತಿ ಅಪತ್ತಿನ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. ತನ್ನ ಸಹಜ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯಿಂದಲೂ ಕಣ್ಮರೆಯಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳನ್ನು ಅಮೇರಿಕಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಳಿವಿನಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. [೬] ಕೆನಡಾ ದೇಶದ ಆಂಟಾರಿಯೊ ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರದ ತೀರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಅಪಾರವಾಗಿದ್ದ ಇದರ ಸಂತತಿ ಈಗ ಪೂರ್ತಿಯಾಗಿ ಕಣ್ಮರೆಯಾಗಿರುವ[೭]

ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಈಗ ಪೂರ್ವ ಕೆನಡಾದ ಸಾಗರದ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಷ್ಟೇ ಕಣಬಹುದಾಗಿದ್ದು ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ಈ ದೇಶದಲ್ಲೂ ಆಳಿವಿನಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಪರಿಗಣಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ .[೮]

ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಮತ್ತು ಈಗಿನ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನಗಳು

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ಅಮೇರಿಕಾದ ಡೆಲವೇರ್ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತಾನ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ
ಚಿತ್ರ:Piping plover.JPG
ಕೆನಡಾದ ಪ್ರೆನ್ಸ್-ಎಡ್ವರ್ಡ್-ದ್ವೀಪದ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತಾನ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರದ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣಾ ಸೂಚಕ ಪಾಲಕ

೧೯ ಮತ್ತು ೨೦ ನೇ ಶತಮಾನದ ಪ್ರಾಂಭದ ವರೆಗೆ ಕೊಳವಿಗೊರವಗಳ ಪುಕ್ಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸಮಾಜದ ಉನ್ನತ ಸ್ಥಾನದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯರು ತಮ್ಮ ಟೋಪಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸಿಂಗರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಬಳಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದುದ್ದರಿಂದ ಇವುಗಳ ಸಂತತಿಗೆ ಮೊದಲ ಹೊಡೆತ ಬಿತ್ತು. 1918 ರಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾರಿಗೆ ಬಂದ ‘ವಲಸೆ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ’ ದಿಂದ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಿಗಳ ಸಂತತಿ ೧೯೩೦ ರ ವರೆಗೂ ಚೇತರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು.[೯] ನಂತರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರಗತಿಯ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಅದ ಸರೋವರ-ತೀರದ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಇವುಗಳ ಅವಾಸಗಳು ಮಾಯವಾಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ತೀರಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಮಾನವನ ದಾಳಿಯಿಂದಾಗಿ ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳು ಪಂಚ ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗ ತೀರಗಳಿಂದ ಮಾಯವಾಗ ತೊಡಗಿದವು.[೧೦] [೯] ಈಗ ಪಂಚ ಮಹಾ ಸಾಗರಗಳ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಮಾರು ೨೪ ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳಷ್ಟೆ ಗೂಡು ಮಾಡುತ್ತವೆ .[೭]

ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವಗಳ ಸಂತತಿಯನ್ನು ಅವನತಿಯ ದವಡೆಯಿಂದ ರಕ್ಷಿಸಲು ಇವುಗಳ ಸಂತಾನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ, ಪೂರ್ವ ಕೆನಡಾ ಹಾಗು ಅಮೇರಿಕಾದ ಕಡಲ ತೀರ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಕೆಲವು ಜಾಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾನವನ ಪ್ರವೇಶವನ್ನು ನಿಷೇಧಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ. [೧೧]

ಮೂಲಗಳು

  1. BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Charadrius melodus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/12/2008 [೧]
  2. ೨.೦ ೨.೧ ೨.೨ "Piping Plover Fact Sheet, Lincoln Park Zoo"
  3. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585.
  4. Fish and Wildlife Service Piping Plover
  5. The Shorebird Guide, 2006, O'Brien, Michael, Richard Crossley, and Kenvin Karlson. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York
  6. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
  7. ೭.೦ ೭.೧ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1992). Birds in Jeopardy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8047-1967-5.
  8. "Species at Risk - Piping Plover melodus subspecies". Environment Canada. 2006-05-08.
  9. ೯.೦ ೯.೧ New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife
  10. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Atlantic Coast Population Piping Plover Recovery Plan [೨]
  11. Plymouth Beach Town Beach By-laws

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ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವ: Brief Summary ( канадски )

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ಕೊಳವಿ ಗೊರವ ( ಆಂಗ್ಲ ಹೆಸರು: Piping Plover, ವೈಜ್ಞಾನಿಕ ಹೆಸರು: Charadrius melodus), ಮೈನ ಘಾತ್ರದ ಒಂದು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಹಕ್ಕಿ. ಇದು ಉತ್ತರ ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಖಂಡದ ಸಮುದ್ರ ಹಾಗು ಪಂಚ ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗಳ ತೀರ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿನ ಮರಳು ಹಾಗು ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಲ್ಲುಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಗೂಡು ಮಾಡಿ, ತೀರದಲ್ಲೇ ನಡೆದಾಡುತ್ತ ಕೀಟಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಅಕಶೇರುಕಗಳನ್ನು ಸೇವಿಸಿ ಜೀವಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಕತ್ತಿನ ಸುತ್ತ ಹಾರದಂತಹ ಕಪ್ಪು ಬಣ್ಣದ ಪಟ್ಟೆ, ಹಣೆಯಮೇಲಿಂದ, ಕಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಕಣ್ಣಿಗೆ ಹರಡಿರುವ ನೀಳವಾದ ಕಪ್ಪು ಕಿರು ಪಟ್ಟೆ, ಹಳದಿ-ಕೇಸರ ಬಣ್ಣದ ನೀಳವಾದ ಕಾಲುಗಳುಳ್ಳ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿಯ ಗಂಡುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತ್ರ, ಸಂತಾನ ಪ್ರಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೊರಳ ಕಪ್ಪು ಪಟ್ಟೆ ಎದೆಯ ವರೆಗೂ ಹರಡುತ್ತದೆ - ಇದೊಂದೇ ಗಂಡು ಮತ್ತು ಹೆಣ್ಣು ಹಕ್ಕಿಗಳ ಮೇಲ್ಮೈನಲ್ಲಿನ ವ್ಯತ್ಯಾಸ.

ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಚಲವಾಗಿ ನಿಂತಾಗ ಈ ಪಕ್ಷಿಗಳು ತೀರದ ಮಣ್ಣು ಮತ್ತು ಕಲ್ಲಿನ ಬಣ್ಣಗಳಲ್ಲೊಂದಾಗಿ ಮಾಯವಾಗುತ್ತವೆ. ಇವುಗಳ ಬಣ್ಣ ತೀರದ ಪರಿಸರಕ್ಕೆ ಎಷ್ಟರಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಹೋಲುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದರೆ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಇವುಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾನ ನೋಟಕ್ಕೆ ಸಿಲುಕುವ ಮುನ್ನ ಕರೆಯ ಅಲನೆ ಇಂದ ಗುರುತಿಸಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ.

ತುಸು ದೂರ ಓಡಿ, ತುಸುಕಾಲ ನಿಲ್ಲುವ ತೆರದಿ ಈ ಹಕ್ಕಿ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿನ ಮರಳು/ಕಲ್ಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಹಾರವನ್ನು ಹುಡುಕುತ್ತಾ ಸಂಚರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ.

ಇವುಗಳು ಹಾರುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ನಡೆಯುವ ಅಥವ ಓಡುವ ಪ್ರವೃತಿ ಹೊಂದಿವೆ.

ಇವುಗಳ ಒಟ್ಟು ಸಂತತಿ ಕೇವಲ ೬೫೦೦ ರಷ್ಟು. ೨೦೦೩ ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಸಿದ ಗಣನೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಅಮೇರಿಕಾ ಖಂಡದ ಆಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ತೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ೩೩೫೦ ಅಂದರೆ ಒಟ್ಟು ಸಂತತಿಯಲ್ಲಿನ ೫೨% ರಷ್ಟು ಇವೆ . .

ಕಡಲ ಹಾಗು ಮಹಾ ಸರೋವರಗ ಮರಳಿನ ಹಾಗು ನುಣುಪು ಕಿರುಗಲ್ಲಿನ ತೀರಗಳು ಇವುಗಳ ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಸಂತಾನ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರಗಳು. ನೀರಿನ ಅಂಚಿನಲ್ಲಿನ ಕೀಟಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಕಡಲ ಅಕಶೇರುಕಗಳೇ ಇದರ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಆಹಾರ.

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Piping plover ( англиски )

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The piping plover (Charadrius melodus) is a small sand-colored, sparrow-sized shorebird that nests and feeds along coastal sand and gravel beaches in North America. The adult has yellow-orange-red legs, a black band across the forehead from eye to eye, and a black stripe running along the breast line. This chest band is usually thicker in males during the breeding season, and it is the only reliable way to tell the sexes apart. The bird is difficult to see when it is standing still, as it blends well with open, sandy beach habitats. It typically runs in short, quick spurts and then stops.

There are two subspecies of piping plovers: the eastern population is known as Charadrius melodus melodus and the mid-west population is known as C. m. circumcinctus. The bird's name is derived from its plaintive bell-like whistles which are often heard before the bird is visible.

Total population is currently estimated to be between 7600 - 8400 individuals. Intensive conservation efforts have yielded slow population growth, but it is expected that this trend would reverse if conservation efforts were stopped.[3] As of 1986, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service lists the Great Lakes population as endangered and the Northern Great Plains and Atlantic populations as threatened.[4]

Their breeding habitat includes beaches and sand flats on the Atlantic coast, the shores of the Great Lakes, and in the mid-west of Canada and the United States. They nest on sandy or gravel beaches or shoals. These shorebirds forage for food on beaches, usually by sight, moving across the beaches in short bursts. Generally, piping plovers will forage for food around the high tide wrack zone and along the water's edge. They eat mainly insects, marine worms, and crustaceans.

Taxonomy

American naturalist George Ord described the piping plover in 1824. Two subspecies are recognized, including nominate C. m. melodus of the Atlantic Coast and C. m. circumcinctus of the Great Plains. On average, circumcinctus is darker overall with more contrastingly dark cheeks and lores. Breeding circumcinctus males show more extensive black on forehead and bill-base and more often shows complete breast-bands. Some overlap exists.

Description

A plover on sand

The piping plover is a stout bird with a large rounded head, a short thick neck, and a stubby bill. It is a sand-colored, dull gray/khaki, sparrow-sized shorebird. The adult has yellow-orange legs, the male has a prominent black band across the forehead from eye to eye, and a black ring around the neck during the breeding season. The band on the female's brow is much fainter. During nonbreeding season, the black bands become less pronounced.[5] Its bill is orange with a black tip. It ranges from 15–19 cm (5.9–7.5 in) in length, with a wingspan of 35–41 cm (14–16 in) and a mass of 42–64 g (1.5–2.3 oz).[6]

Vocalizations

The piping plover's light call is a soft, whistled peep peep given by standing and flying birds. Its frequently heard alarm call is a soft pee-werp, which the second syllable lower pitched.

Distribution and habitat

The piping plover lives the majority of its life on open sandy beaches or rocky shores, often in high, dry sections away from water. They can be found on the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and Canada on the ocean or bay beaches and on the Great Lakes shores. It builds its nests higher on the shore near beach grass and other objects. It is very rare to see a piping plover anywhere outside of sand or rocky beaches/shores while not migrating. Piping plovers are often found to migrate south to The Bahamas during winter months.[7] They have also been recorded across Cuba, with rarer occurrences elsewhere throughout the West Indies, and even Ecuador and Venezuela.[8]

Piping plovers migrate from their northern range in the summer to the south in the winter months, migrating to the Gulf of Mexico, the southern Atlantic coast of the United States and the Caribbean. They begin migrating north in mid-March. Their breeding grounds extend from southern Newfoundland south to the northern parts of South Carolina.[9] Migration south begins in August for some adults and fledglings, and by mid-September most piping plovers have headed south for winter.

Behavior

Parent and chick on the Atlantic coast, Cape May, New Jersey, USA

Breeding

Piping plover chick on a beach in Queens, New York
Piping plover chick with band at two weeks old.

The piping plover usually arrives at sandy beaches to breed in mid to late April.[10]

Males will begin claiming territories and pairing up in late March. When pairs are formed, the male begins digging out several scrapes (nests) along the high shore near the beach-grass line. The males also perform elaborate courtship ceremonies, including stone tossing and courtship flights featuring repeated dives.[5] Scrapes, small depressions in the sand dug by kicking the sand, are often in the same area that least terns choose to colonize. Females will sit and evaluate the scrapes, then choose a good scrape and decorate the nest with shells and debris to camouflage it. Once a scrape is seen as sufficient, the female will allow the male to copulate with her. The male begins a mating ritual of standing upright and "marching" towards the female, puffing himself up and quickly stomping his legs. If the female had seen the scrape as adequate, she will allow the male to stand on her back and copulation occurs within a few minutes.

Most first-time nest attempts in each breeding season are four-egg nests which appear as early as mid-to-late April. Females lay one egg every other day. Second, third and sometimes fourth nesting attempts may have only three or two eggs. Incubation of the nest is shared by both the male and the female. Incubation is generally 27 days and eggs usually all hatch on the same day.

After chicks hatch, they are able to feed within hours. The adults' role is then to protect them from the elements by brooding them. They also alert them to any danger. Like many other species of plovers, adult piping plovers will often feign a "broken wing display", drawing attention to themselves and away from the chicks when a predator may be threatening the chicks' safety. The broken wing display is also used during the nesting period to distract predators from the nest.[5] A major defense mechanism of the chicks is their ability to blend in with the sand. It takes about 30 days before chicks achieve flight capability. They must be able to fly at least 50 yd (46 m) before they can be considered fledglings.

To protect the nests from predators during incubation, many conservationists use exclosures, such as round turkey-wire cages with screened tops. These allow the adults to move in and out but stop predators from getting to the eggs. After the chicks hatch, many areas will put up snow fencing to restrict driving and pets for the safety of the chicks. Threats to nests include crows, cats, raccoons, and foxes, among others. Exclosures are not always used, as they occasionally draw more attention to the nest than would occur without the exclosure. Natural hazards to eggs or chicks include storms, high winds, and abnormal high tides; human disturbances can cause the abandonment of nests and chicks as well. It is best to stay away from any bird that appears distressed to prevent any unintended consequences.

Status and conservation

The piping plover is globally threatened and endangered; it is uncommon and local within its range, and has been listed by the United States as "endangered" in the Great Lakes region and "threatened" in the remainder of its range.[11][12] While it is federally threatened, the piping plover has been listed as state endangered in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The Parker River Refuge on Plum Island, Massachusetts is a national network of lands and rivers dedicated to the safety of its native wildlife and specifically the piping plover. Protecting the Piper with full beach closures, the Refuge now "has the second largest plover population on the [Massachusetts] North Shore".[13]

In eastern Canada, the piping plover is found only on coastal beaches. In 1985, it was declared an endangered species by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.[14] A large population in Ontario has disappeared entirely.[15] In 2008, however, piping plover nests were found at Wasaga Beach and near Sauble Beach, Ontario, along the Ontario Great Lakes shores.[16] There is also some evidence of nesting at other sites in Ontario, including Port Elgin, Ontario in 2014.[17][18]

In the 19th century and early 20th century, the piping plover was utilized for its feathers, as were many other birds at the time, as decorations for women's hats. These decorations, called plumes, became a symbol of high society, especially those from larger rare birds. This practice led to its initial population decline. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 helped the population recover through the 1930s.[19] The second decline in the piping plover's population and range has been attributed to increased development, shoreline stabilization efforts,[20] habitat loss and human activity near nesting sites in the decades following World War II.[19] The Great Lakes populations eventually shrank to only around two dozen.[15] On the Missouri River sandbars, the number of breeding individuals varied, with the population increasing from 2012 to 2017 following a major habitat creation event.[21]

Critical nesting habitats are now being protected to help the population during its breeding season. Populations have seen significant increases since the protection programs began, but the species remains in serious danger. Current conservation strategies include identification and preservation of known nesting sites; public education; limiting or preventing pedestrian and/or off-road vehicle (ORV) traffic near nests and hatched chicks; limiting predation of free-ranging cats, dogs and other pets on breeding pairs, eggs and chicks;[22] and removal of foxes, raccoons, skunks, and other predators.[23]

In coastal areas such as Plymouth,[24] Cape Cod, Long Island, Sandy Hook,[25] Cape Henlopen State Park in Delaware, North Manitou Island in Lake Michigan, and most recently, Cape Hatteras National Seashore on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, beach access to pedestrians and off-road vehicles has been limited to protect piping plovers and their chicks at critical times of the breeding season.

Various environmental organizations are involved in aiding restoration efforts. The Goldenrod Foundation unsuccessfully filed suit against the Town of Plymouth in 2010 and 2015 to restrict offroad vehicle access to breeding habitat.[26][27]

In 2019, the first documented pair of piping plovers in Chicago nested at Montrose Beach. The pair, named Monty and Rose by locals, hatched three chicks in July, becoming the first within Cook County in 60 years. Threats to the nest and chicks included a planned music festival that was canceled to ensure the birds were protected.[28] Monty and Rose returned to the area in 2020 and 2021, again laying eggs and hatching chicks, although some eggs and chicks were lost to natural predators.[29] In May 2022, the male shorebird, Monty, died after returning to Montrose Beach.[30] Rose did not return in 2022. In late April 2023, Monty and Rose's offspring Imani was spotted at Montrose Beach along with an unbanded male and an unbanded female.[31]

Climate change

As shorebirds, piping plovers may be highly impacted by climate change, as it affects their aquatic and their terrestrial habitats.

Inland habitat water level rise

A main part of the piping plover’s range is in the Prairie Pothole Region of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Canada.[32] The shallow wetlands of this region fluctuate water surface area in response to wet-dry periods. Piping plovers who breed in this region depend on the decreased water levels to reveal shorelines that they use for nesting.[32] Climate change, along with consolidation drainage, drainage of smaller wetlands into another wetland to create fewer, larger wetlands, has begun to create fuller wetlands, reducing shoreline nesting habitat.[32] Research of 32 piping plover wetland habitats in this region found that wetlands with risen water levels had lower chances of piping plover presence. This suggests that the warming climate and increased water levels and precipitation will degrade piping plover breeding habitats in the Prairie Pothole Region.[32]

Coastal habitat sea level rise

Climate change is also causing sea level rise, which may affect the piping plover's other main habitat, the Atlantic Coast of the U.S. and Canada. Research has assessed sea level rise’s threat to the piping plover habitat on barrier islands in Long Island, New York, finding that sea level rise will reduce piping plover breeding areas.[33] Breeding habitats have the potential to migrate inland, but would still be reduced as a result of human development, which would reduce the migrated habitat 5-12%.[33] This may lead to conflict between piping plover habitat conservation and human recreation because sea level rise will make the habitats take up a larger proportion of the islands. Research also shows that a large hurricane with the risen sea levels could flood up to 95% of piping plover habitat, so increased coastal storms induced by climate change, combined with rising sea level, could be very damaging.[33]

Similar research has been conducted on the Florida coastline, part of the piping plovers’s Atlantic coast habitat, to evaluate the habitat’s sensitivity to sea level rise caused by climate change. Florida coastline species are at particular risk to climate change because of not just sea level rise, but also increased tropical storms. The piping plover depends on this habitat because it migrates south from its breeding habitats to winter in Florida for about three months.[34] It is predicted that there will be a 16% loss of coastal landforms from inundation by the year 2100.[34] Further, the sea level rise may make the coastline more complex, which may produce more habitat fragmentation. Thus, the changing landforms of the Florida coastline will likely affect piping plover ecology.[34] Research also shows that of the shorebird species affected by the Florida coastline transformation, piping plovers are at high risk of decline.[34]

Increased sand temperatures

Higher sand temperatures also directly affect piping plovers. Piping plovers nest on the ground in open areas, which regularly subjects them to high temperatures. Because of these high temperatures, piping plovers (along with other ground-nesting bird species) have specific strategies and behaviors for thermal regulation of their nests and themselves.[35] Research has been conducted to evaluate how sand temperature affects piping plover nesting behaviors in a population of piping plovers in North Dakota during the 2014-2015 breeding seasons. As sand temperatures increased, piping plover nest attendance decreased and the frequency and duration of daily shading behaviors increased. Rising ground temperatures will likely have significant effects on piping plovers' ground-nesting behavior.[35]

In popular culture

In 2023, the piping plover will be featured on a United States Postal Service Forever stamp as part of the Endangered Species set, based on a photograph from Joel Sartore's Photo Ark. The stamp will be dedicated at a ceremony at the National Grasslands Visitor Center in Wall, South Dakota.[36]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Charadrius melodus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22693811A182083944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22693811A182083944.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ NatureServe (5 May 2023). "Charadrius melodus". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  3. ^ "Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  4. ^ "USFWS: Piping Plover Fact Sheet". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  5. ^ a b c "Piping Plover Fact Sheet". Lincoln Park Zoo.
  6. ^ Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0849342585.
  7. ^ "Solving the Piping Plover Puzzle". audubon.org. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  8. ^ Sharpe, Christopher (22 June 2020). "First records of Piping Plover Charadrius melodus for Venezuela, with a revision of its non-breeding distribution". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 140 (2): 164–169. doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i2.2020.a7.
  9. ^ "Fish and Wildlife Service Piping Plover". Archived from the original on 10 March 2010.
  10. ^ Cairns, Winifred E. (1982). "Biology and behavior of breeding piping plovers". The Wilson Bulletin. 94 (4): 531–545.
  11. ^ 50 FR 50726
  12. ^ "Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  13. ^ "The Piping Plover and Beach Closures at Parker River National Wildlife Refuge" (PDF). Fws.gov. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  14. ^ "Species at Risk - Piping Plover melodus subspecies". Species at Risk Public Registry. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  15. ^ a b Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl (1992). Birds in Jeopardy. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 21. ISBN 0-8047-1967-5.
  16. ^ "Piping Plover". Royal Ontario Museum.
  17. ^ "Piping Plover breeding map". Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Ontario. Retrieved 15 November 2014. (Select Piping Plover from the species list to view the map)
  18. ^ "Piping plover". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
  19. ^ a b "Piping Plover - July 2003 Species of the Month". New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish and Wildlife.
  20. ^ "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Atlantic Coast Population Piping Plover Recovery Plan". Archived from the original on 8 May 2009.
  21. ^ Hunt, Kelsi L.; Gibson, Daniel; Friedrich, Meryl J.; Huber, Coral J.; Fraser, James D.; Karpanty, Sarah M.; Catlin, Daniel H. (2020). "Using nest captures and video cameras to estimate survival and abundance of breeding Piping Plovers Charadrius melodus". Ibis. 162 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/ibi.12726. ISSN 1474-919X.
  22. ^ "The Nature Conservancy's Species Profile: Piping Plover". Nature.org.
  23. ^ "U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Atlantic Coast Population Piping Plover Recovery Plan". Archived from the original on 18 November 2008.
  24. ^ "Plymouth Beach Town Beach By-laws" (PDF). Town of Plymouth, Massachusetts.
  25. ^ "Why Piping Plovers Come to Gateway". US National Park Service.
  26. ^ "Magistrate rules against Goldenrod Foundation on ORV ban". Wicked Local Plymouth. 21 December 2010.
  27. ^ "Court says cars and birds can coexist on Plymouth Long Beach". Wicked Local Plymouth. 21 March 2015.
  28. ^ Borrelli, Christopher (19 July 2019). "The race to save the endangered piping plover from tourists and a music festival escalates". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  29. ^ "Chicago Piping Plovers". Chicago Audubon Society, Chicago Ornithological Society, and Illinois Ornithological Society. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
  30. ^ "Chicago's Beloved Piping Plover Monty Dies Unexpectedly". Block Club Chicago. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  31. ^ "Is Plover Mania Back? More Piping Plovers Spotted At Montrose Beach After Imani's Return". Block Club Chicago. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  32. ^ a b c d McCauley, Lisa A.; Anteau, Michael J.; van der Burg, Max Post (2016-06-01). "Consolidation Drainage and Climate Change May Reduce Piping Plover Habitat in the Great Plains". Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 7 (1): 4–13. doi:10.3996/072015-JFWM-068. ISSN 1944-687X.
  33. ^ a b c Seavey, Jennifer R.; Gilmer, Ben; McGarigal, Kevin M. (January 2011). "Effect of sea-level rise on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) breeding habitat". Biological Conservation. 144 (1): 393–401. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.017.
  34. ^ a b c d Convertino, Matteo; Bockelie, Adam; Kiker, Gregory A; Muñoz-Carpena, Rafael; Linkov, Igor (2012-10-30). "Shorebird patches as fingerprints of fractal coastline fluctuations due to climate change". Ecological Processes. 1 (1). doi:10.1186/2192-1709-1-9. ISSN 2192-1709.
  35. ^ a b Andes, Alicia K.; Sherfy, Mark H.; Shaffer, Terry L.; Ellis-Felege, Susan N. (July 2020). "Plasticity of Least Tern and Piping Plover nesting behaviors in response to sand temperature". Journal of Thermal Biology. 91: 102579. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102579. PMID 32716890.
  36. ^ "Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species". United States Postal Service. April 19, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.

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Piping plover: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The piping plover (Charadrius melodus) is a small sand-colored, sparrow-sized shorebird that nests and feeds along coastal sand and gravel beaches in North America. The adult has yellow-orange-red legs, a black band across the forehead from eye to eye, and a black stripe running along the breast line. This chest band is usually thicker in males during the breeding season, and it is the only reliable way to tell the sexes apart. The bird is difficult to see when it is standing still, as it blends well with open, sandy beach habitats. It typically runs in short, quick spurts and then stops.

There are two subspecies of piping plovers: the eastern population is known as Charadrius melodus melodus and the mid-west population is known as C. m. circumcinctus. The bird's name is derived from its plaintive bell-like whistles which are often heard before the bird is visible.

Total population is currently estimated to be between 7600 - 8400 individuals. Intensive conservation efforts have yielded slow population growth, but it is expected that this trend would reverse if conservation efforts were stopped. As of 1986, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service lists the Great Lakes population as endangered and the Northern Great Plains and Atlantic populations as threatened.

Their breeding habitat includes beaches and sand flats on the Atlantic coast, the shores of the Great Lakes, and in the mid-west of Canada and the United States. They nest on sandy or gravel beaches or shoals. These shorebirds forage for food on beaches, usually by sight, moving across the beaches in short bursts. Generally, piping plovers will forage for food around the high tide wrack zone and along the water's edge. They eat mainly insects, marine worms, and crustaceans.

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Charadrius melodus ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El frailecillo silbador, también conocido como chorlitejo silbador,[2]playerito, playero melódico o chorlitejo picocorto (Charadrius melodus), es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae propia del norte y del este de América del Norte.

Características

El adulto tiene patas amarillo-anaranjadas, una banda negra alrededor de la frente de ojo a ojo y un collar negro alrededor del cuello. Esta última es normalmente más gruesa en los machos durante la estación de apareamiento, y es el único método fiable de diferencias ambos sexos visualmente. Es difícil de observar, ya que suele pasar desapercibido en los ambientes de playas arenosas en los que habita. Habitualmente se desplaza en saltos cortos.

Dieta

Estas aves buscan su alimento en las playas, normalmente mediante la vista, por lo general en torno al espacio entre las líneas de mareas. Se alimentan principalmente de insectos, gusanos marinos y crustáceos.

Distribución y población

Se reproduce en el norte y el este de Norteamérica, criando en las playas y dunas arenosas marinas de la costa atlántica, pero también en aguas interiores, llegando hasta la costa de los Grandes Lagos y el medio oeste de Canadá y los estados Unidos. Hiberna en el sudeste de Estados Unidos y en Bahamas y en las Grandes Antillas.

La población actual se estima en torno a unos 6410 ejemplares. Un estudio preliminar realizado en el año 2003 en la costa atlántica de Norteamérica registró unas 3350 aves, un 52 % del total. La población muestra tendencia ascendente desde 1991.

Taxonomía

Se reconocen las siguientes subespecies:[3][4]

  • Charadrius melodus circumcinctus (Ridgway, 1874) - crían en el sur y centro de Canadá y norte y centro de USA
  • Charadrius melodus melodus Ord, 1824 - crían en el este de Canadá y nordeste de USA

Véase también

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Charadrius melodus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 22 de enero de 2014.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (1996). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Tercera parte: Opisthocomiformes, Gruiformes y Charadriiformes)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 43 (2): 231-238. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 23 de septiembre de 2015.
  3. GILL, F.; DONSKER, D. (Eds.) (2014). Shorebirds & allies. IOC World Bird List (v.4.1).
  4. Zoonomen. «Birds of the World -- current valid scientific avian names.» (en inglés). Archivado desde el original el 14 de enero de 2014. Consultado el 22 de enero de 2014.

Bibliografía

  • Garrido, O. H. & Kirkconnell, A. 2000. Birds of Cuba. Helm Field Guides, Londres. 253 pp.

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Charadrius melodus: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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El frailecillo silbador, también conocido como chorlitejo silbador,​ playerito, playero melódico o chorlitejo picocorto (Charadrius melodus), es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae propia del norte y del este de América del Norte.

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Charadrius melodus ( баскиски )

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Charadrius melodus Charadrius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Charadriidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Charadrius melodus: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Charadrius melodus Charadrius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Charadriidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Huilutylli ( фински )

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Huilutylli (Charadrius melodus) on pohjoisamerikkalainen kahlaaja. Sen elinympäristö käsittää Kanadan ja Yhdysvaltain keskilännen, Suurten järvien alueen ja Atlantin rannikon Newfoundlandista Pohjois-Carolinaan. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili George Ord Great Egg Harborista New Jerseystä 1824.[2]

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Charadrius melodus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 23.5.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. IBC (englanniksi)
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Huilutyllin kahden päivän ikäinen poikanen
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Huilutylli: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Huilutylli (Charadrius melodus) on pohjoisamerikkalainen kahlaaja. Sen elinympäristö käsittää Kanadan ja Yhdysvaltain keskilännen, Suurten järvien alueen ja Atlantin rannikon Newfoundlandista Pohjois-Carolinaan. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili George Ord Great Egg Harborista New Jerseystä 1824.

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Pluvier siffleur ( француски )

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Charadrius melodus

Le Pluvier siffleur (Charadrius melodus) est une espèce de petits oiseaux limicoles de la famille des Charadriidae. De la taille d'un moineau et de couleur sable, il niche et se nourrit sur les plages de sable et de gravier. L'adulte a les jambes jaune-orange, une bande noire traversant le front de l'œil à l'œil et un anneau noir autour du cou pendant la saison de reproduction qui est souvent plus grand chez le mâle et qui sert à essayer d'attirer les femelles. Il court sur une courte distance puis s'arrête. Il est difficile à voir quand il est immobile car son plumage se marie bien avec le sable de la plage. Mâles et femelles sont difficiles, voire impossibles à distinguer. Simplement, au cours de la saison de reproduction les mâles ont généralement une large bande noire autour du cou alors que les femelles en ont une étroite.

Sous-espèces

 src=
Carte de répartition
  • Aire de nidification
  • Aire d'hivernage

D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des deux sous-espèces suivantes :

  • Charadrius melodus circumcinctus (Ridgway) 1874 ; présente dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord ;
  • Charadrius melodus melodus Ord 1824 ; présente à l'est de l'Amérique du Nord.

Étymologie

Son nom vient des petits sifflets plaintifs souvent entendus avant que l'oiseau ne soit visible.

Population

Sa population totale est actuellement estimée à environ 6 410 individus en 2003 dont 3 350 sur la côte atlantique à elle seule, soit 52 % du total. La population est en augmentation depuis 1991.

Habitat et reproduction

Son habitat de reproduction est les plages ou les zones de sable sur la côte Atlantique, les rives des Grands Lacs et le centre-ouest du Canada et des États-Unis. Il niche directement sur les plages de sable ou de gravier.

Alimentation

Il recherche sa nourriture sur les plages, le plus souvent par la vue, se déplaçant rapidement sur la plage sur de courtes distances. En règle générale, le Pluvier siffleur cherche sa nourriture dans la zone de marée haute et au bord de l'eau. Il mange principalement des insectes, des vers marins et des crustacés.

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Pluvier siffleur: Brief Summary ( француски )

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Charadrius melodus

Le Pluvier siffleur (Charadrius melodus) est une espèce de petits oiseaux limicoles de la famille des Charadriidae. De la taille d'un moineau et de couleur sable, il niche et se nourrit sur les plages de sable et de gravier. L'adulte a les jambes jaune-orange, une bande noire traversant le front de l'œil à l'œil et un anneau noir autour du cou pendant la saison de reproduction qui est souvent plus grand chez le mâle et qui sert à essayer d'attirer les femelles. Il court sur une courte distance puis s'arrête. Il est difficile à voir quand il est immobile car son plumage se marie bien avec le sable de la plage. Mâles et femelles sont difficiles, voire impossibles à distinguer. Simplement, au cours de la saison de reproduction les mâles ont généralement une large bande noire autour du cou alors que les femelles en ont une étroite.

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Charadrius melodus ( италијански )

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Il corriere canoro (Charadrius melodus, Ord 1824) è un uccello della famiglia dei Charadriidae.

Sistematica

Charadrius melodus ha due sottospecie:

  • Charadrius melodus circumcinctus
  • Charadrius melodus melodus

Distribuzione e habitat

Questo uccello nidifica in Canada e Stati Uniti d'America, in particolare lungo la costa atlantica, nelle Grandi Pianure, nella regione dei Grandi Laghi e su Saint-Pierre e Miquelon. In inverno si sposta a sud, dalla zona della Carolina del Nord - Carolina del Sud allo stato di Tamaulipas in Messico, e nei Caraibi (Cuba, Bahamas, Turks e Caicos). Si sono avuti altri avvistamenti anche su molte isole caribiche e nello stato di Sonora. È di passo su Antigua e Barbuda, Saint Kitts e Nevis, Saint Vincent e Grenadine e in Ecuador.

Bibliografia

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Charadrius melodus: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il corriere canoro (Charadrius melodus, Ord 1824) è un uccello della famiglia dei Charadriidae.

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Dwergplevier ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

Vogels

De dwergplevier (Charadrius melodus) is een vogel van Noord-Amerika, die broedt in het binnenland en overwintert langs de kusten van de Verenigde Staten en Mexico. Het is een voor uitsterven gevoelige diersoort.

Kenmerken

De vogel is 17 tot 18 cm lang en (ondanks zijn naam) gemiddeld iets groter dan een strandplevier. De volwassen vogel heeft relatief korte, helder geel-oranje poten, een zwarte streep over het voorhoofd die van het oog tot oog loopt en een zwarte ring rond de nek. In de broedtijd is de snavel geel. Het vrouwtje heeft een meer bruin gekleurde borstband. Buiten de broedtijd zijn de vogels doffer, minder contrastrijk en is de snavel zwart. De vogel loopt schokkerig en is moeilijk te zien in rust vanwege een goede camouflage.[2]

Verspreiding en broedplaatsen

Tijdens het broedseizoen is de dwergplevier te vinden rond de Atlantische kust, het zuiden van de Grote Meren, het midwesten van Canada en de Verenigde Staten. De vogel nestelt en leeft rond de zand- en steenstranden met weinig vegetatie.De vogel overwintert in de Golf van Mexico en de zuidelijke Atlantische kust van de Verenigde Staten. Dan foerageert de vogel langs beschutte baaien aan de kust en moddervlakten in riviermondingen.

De soort telt 2 ondersoorten:

  • C. m. circumcinctus: het zuidelijke deel van Centraal-Canada en de noordelijk-centrale Verenigde Staten.
  • C. m. melodus: oostelijk Canada en de noordoostelijke Verenigde Staten.

Status

De grootte van de populatie werd in 2012 door BirdLife International geschat op.12.000 tot 13.000 individuen en de populatie-aantallen nemen toe. Het overwinteringsgebied wordt echter aangetast door verdroging en verstoring op de stranden en de aanleg van infrastructuur. Om deze redenen staat deze soort als gevoelig op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

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Dwergplevier: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De dwergplevier (Charadrius melodus) is een vogel van Noord-Amerika, die broedt in het binnenland en overwintert langs de kusten van de Verenigde Staten en Mexico. Het is een voor uitsterven gevoelige diersoort.

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Sieweczka blada ( полски )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Sieweczka blada (Charadrius melodus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sieweczkowatych (Charadriidae).

Morfologia

Mały ptak wielkości wróbla, o upierzeniu w kolorze piaskowym. Dorosłe osobniki mają nóżki w kolorze żółto-pomarańczowym, dziób pomarańczowy z czarną końcówką, na głowie czarny pasek oraz czarną obwódkę wokół szyi (szczególnie widoczną w sezonie lęgowym). Długość wynosi ok. 17-18 cm, rozpiętości skrzydeł 45-47 cm, a masa 43-47 g.

Zasięg, środowisko

 src=
Dwudniowe pisklę sieweczki bladej

Sieweczka blada gnieździ się na otwartych piaszczystych plażach, skalistych wybrzeżach lub w wyżej położonych, suchych miejscach z dala od wody. Można je znaleźć na wybrzeżu Atlantyku w USA i Kanadzie przy oceanie lub zatokach szczególnie na brzegach Wielkich Jezior. Sieweczka blada buduje swoje gniazda w małych zagłębieniach w piasku na wyższym brzegu, w pobliżu miejsc porośniętej trawą, w miejscach osłoniętych przez inne rośliny lub przedmioty. Jest to ptak nie migrujący z tego powodu bardzo rzadko można zobaczyć sieweczkę bladą poza terenem jej gniazdowania.

Przypisy

  1. Charadrius melodus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Charadrius melodus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).

Linki zewnętrzne

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Sieweczka blada: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Sieweczka blada (Charadrius melodus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sieweczkowatych (Charadriidae).

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Batuíra-melodiosa ( португалски )

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Batuíra-melodiosa (nome científico: Charadrius melodus) é um espécie de maçarico da família dos caradriídeos que habita regiões litorâneas na América do Norte.[1] Ocorre no Brasil como espécie vagante.

Referências

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Batuíra-melodiosa: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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Batuíra-melodiosa (nome científico: Charadrius melodus) é um espécie de maçarico da família dos caradriídeos que habita regiões litorâneas na América do Norte. Ocorre no Brasil como espécie vagante.

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Flöjtstrandpipare ( шведски )

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Flöjtstrandpipare[2] (Charadrius melodus) är en amerikansk fågelart som tillhör familjen pipare.[3]

Utseende och läte

Flöjtsandpiparen är en liten men robust byggd vadare med en gråaktigt sandfärgad fjäderdräkt med ljusare undersida. De adulta fåglarna har gulorange ben, ett svart band som löper över pannan från öga till öga och svart halsband. Näbben är orange med svart spets. Den är cirka 17–18 centimeter lång, har ett vingspann på 18–19 centimeter och en vikt på 43–48 gram.

I sin naturliga miljö är fågeln mycket väl kamouflerad och svår att få syn på, speciellt när den står stilla. Dess karakteristiska rörelsemönster på marken utgörs också av korta förflyttningssträckor med vaksamma stopp däremellan. Fågeln har något olika läten beroende på syftet, men dess typiska läte är ett mjuk visslande.

Utbredning och systematik

Flöjtsandpiparen häckar i USA och Kanada, längs kusten till Atlanten och på stränderna till de Stora sjöarna. Övervintringen sker längs kusten till Mexikanska golfen i södra USA och Västindien. Vissa behandlar arten som monotypisk[3] medan andra delar in den i två underarter:[4]

  • Charadrius melodus circumcinctus – sydcentrala Kanada och nordcentrala USA
  • Charadrius melodus melodus – östra Kanada och nordöstra USA

Tillfälligt har den påträffats på Anguilla, Antigua, Barbuda, i Saint Vincent och Grenadinerna samt i Ecuador.[1]

Levnadssätt

 src=
Flöjtstrandpipare, unge två dagar gammal.

Flöjtsandpiparen söker vanligen efter föda längs strändernas högvattenlinje och i vattenbrynet. Insekter, olika maskar och kräftdjur utgör en stor del av dieten. Ett enkelt bo byggs längre upp på stranden, ofta bland gräsklädda sanddyner och äggen, som i den första kullen kan vara upp till fyra stycken, ruvas omväxlande av både hanen och honan.

Det tar ungefär 27 dagar till kläckningen och de små ungarna behöver cirka 30 dagar på sig innan de är flygfärdiga. Under denna tid är de utsatta för många faror och föräldrarna vakar noga över ungarna och lockar ofta bort eventuella hot mot ungarna, som kråkor, katter, tvättbjörnar och rävar, genom att själva låtsas vara skadade.

Status

Flöjtstrandpiparen betraktas som missgynnad (NT) av IUCN. De största hoten mot arten är föroreningar och habitatförlust, exempelvis genom att de stränder där den lever bebyggs eller på något annat sätt tas i anspråk och förändras av människan. Även om arten de senaste 40 åren har minskat har den ökat sedan 1991.[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till cirka 8.100 häckande par, varav 41% på Atlantkusten, 58% i prärieområden och Great Plains samt ett hundratal par vid Stora sjöarna.[1]

Referenser

  • Denna text är baserad på en översättning från engelskspråkiga Wikipedias artikel Piping Plover, läst 2009-06-08

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] BirdLife International 2012 Charadrius melodus Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 6 januari 2014.
  2. ^ BirdLife Sverige (2019) Officiella listan över svenska namn på alla världens fågelarter
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2017. IOC World Bird List (v 7.3). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.7.3.

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Flöjtstrandpipare: Brief Summary ( шведски )

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Flöjtstrandpipare (Charadrius melodus) är en amerikansk fågelart som tillhör familjen pipare.

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Choi choi chân vàng ( виетнамски )

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Chim choi choi chân vàng (danh pháp hai phần: Charadrius melodus) là một loài chim nhỏ sống ở bờ biển có màu cát, làm tổ và kiếm ăn dọc theo cát ven biển và những bãi biển sỏi ở Bắc Mỹ và Bahamas. Chim trưởng thành có cặp chân màu vàng cam, dải màu đen qua trán mắt đối mắt, và một vòng màu đen xung quanh cổ. Dải ngực ở con trống thường dày hơn trong mùa sinh sản, và đó là cách duy nhất đáng tin cậy để phân biệt giới tính. Thật là khó để nhìn thấy khi đứng yên vì nó kết hợp với mở, môi trường sống bãi biển cát. Nó thường chạy trong ngắn hạn bắt đầu và dừng lại.

Có 2 phân loài của chim choi choi: dân số đông được biết đến như Charadrius melodus melodus và dân số giữa tây được biết đến như Charadrius melodus circumcinctus. Tên của con chim có nguồn gốc từ giống như chuông còi oán của nó thường được nghe nói trước khi con chim có thể nhìn thấy.

Tổng dân số được ước tính vào khoảng 6.410 cá thể. Một ước tính sơ bộ cho thấy 3.350 con chim trong năm 2003 trên bờ biển Đại Tây Dương một mình, 52% của tổng số dân số[2]. Số lượng đã được ngày càng tăng kể từ năm 1991.

Môi trường sống sinh sản của họ bao gồm những bãi biển hoặc các bãi cát trên bờ biển Đại Tây Dương, các bờ của Ngũ Đại Hồ, và ở giữa phía tây của Canada và Hoa Kỳ. Chúng làm tổ trên bãi biển, cát, sỏi hoặc các bãi cát ngầm. Chùng tìm thức ăn trên các bãi biển, thường là bằng cách nhìn, di chuyển trên những bãi biển trong các đợt ngắn. Nói chung, chim choi choi tìm thức ăn xung quanh các triều cao rong biển khu vực và dọc theo mép nước. Chúng chủ yếu ăn côn trùng, sâu biển, và động vật giáp xác.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Charadrius melodus. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2008) Species factsheet: Charadrius melodus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 24/12/2008 [1]

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Choi choi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Choi choi chân vàng: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Chim choi choi chân vàng (danh pháp hai phần: Charadrius melodus) là một loài chim nhỏ sống ở bờ biển có màu cát, làm tổ và kiếm ăn dọc theo cát ven biển và những bãi biển sỏi ở Bắc Mỹ và Bahamas. Chim trưởng thành có cặp chân màu vàng cam, dải màu đen qua trán mắt đối mắt, và một vòng màu đen xung quanh cổ. Dải ngực ở con trống thường dày hơn trong mùa sinh sản, và đó là cách duy nhất đáng tin cậy để phân biệt giới tính. Thật là khó để nhìn thấy khi đứng yên vì nó kết hợp với mở, môi trường sống bãi biển cát. Nó thường chạy trong ngắn hạn bắt đầu và dừng lại.

Có 2 phân loài của chim choi choi: dân số đông được biết đến như Charadrius melodus melodus và dân số giữa tây được biết đến như Charadrius melodus circumcinctus. Tên của con chim có nguồn gốc từ giống như chuông còi oán của nó thường được nghe nói trước khi con chim có thể nhìn thấy.

Tổng dân số được ước tính vào khoảng 6.410 cá thể. Một ước tính sơ bộ cho thấy 3.350 con chim trong năm 2003 trên bờ biển Đại Tây Dương một mình, 52% của tổng số dân số. Số lượng đã được ngày càng tăng kể từ năm 1991.

Môi trường sống sinh sản của họ bao gồm những bãi biển hoặc các bãi cát trên bờ biển Đại Tây Dương, các bờ của Ngũ Đại Hồ, và ở giữa phía tây của Canada và Hoa Kỳ. Chúng làm tổ trên bãi biển, cát, sỏi hoặc các bãi cát ngầm. Chùng tìm thức ăn trên các bãi biển, thường là bằng cách nhìn, di chuyển trên những bãi biển trong các đợt ngắn. Nói chung, chim choi choi tìm thức ăn xung quanh các triều cao rong biển khu vực và dọc theo mép nước. Chúng chủ yếu ăn côn trùng, sâu biển, và động vật giáp xác.

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Желтоногий зуёк ( руски )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Семейство: Ржанковые
Подсемейство: Ржанки
Род: Зуйки
Вид: Желтоногий зуёк
Международное научное название

Charadrius melodus Ord, 1824

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ITIS 176507NCBI 279942EOL 1049343

Желтоногий зуёк[1] (лат. Charadrius melodus) — вид птиц из семейства ржанковых.

Описание

Желтоногий зуёк имеет оперение песочного цвета. У взрослой птицы жёлто-оранжевые ноги, чёрная полоса между глазами на голове и чёрное кольцо вокруг шеи. Как и у большинства зуйков приём пищи происходит в последовательности, которая состоит из быстрого бега, внезапной остановки и одного клевания. Если птица стоит, её сложно узнавать, так как оперение едва ли отличается по цвету от окружающего ландшафта.

Распространение

Желтоногий зуёк живет на песчаных пляжах и пляжах с галькой Атлантики и на берегах Великих озёр на среднем западе Канады и Соединенных Штатов. С ноября по март перелётные птицы зимуют в Мексиканском заливе, на южном побережье США до Карибских островов.

Питание

Питается червями, насекомыми и их личинками и ракообразными.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 80. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Желтоногий зуёк: Brief Summary ( руски )

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Желтоногий зуёк (лат. Charadrius melodus) — вид птиц из семейства ржанковых.

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笛鸻 ( кинески )

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二名法 Charadrius melodus
(Ord, 1824) 亞種
  • C. m. melodus
  • C. m. circumcinctus

笛鴴学名Charadrius melodus)是一種候鳥,呈沙色。大小如麻雀,棲息在近海岸邊的沙灘或石灘。成年的笛鴴腳部呈橙黃色,前額上兩眼間有一道黑間,在繁殖期頸上會出現一道黑環。雄鳥與雌鳥很難分辨,於繁殖期是雄鳥頸上的黑環較粗。

笛鴴有兩個亞種,東部的稱為Charadrius melodus melodus,而中西部的為Charadrius melodus circumcinctus。笛鴴的叫聲清脆像鐘聲,往往先聞其聲,後再現身。現時世界上約有57000隻笛鴴存留。

笛鴴分佈在大西洋海岸上的沙灘、五大湖的湖邊及美國加拿大的中西部。牠們在沙灘上覓食,主要吃昆蟲、水中的蟲及甲殼類

特徵

笛鴴長約17-18厘米,雙翼展開達45-47厘米,重43-63克。牠們的頭大而且圓,頸短厚,鳥喙短小。

保育狀況

現時整體上笛鴴並非瀕危物種,但卻在五大湖被列為澦危,其餘的地方則被列為近危。牠們減少的原因是棲息地的消失及人類活動的影響,一些高危的棲息地因而關閉。雖然自此後數量上有明顯增長,但仍不能免除於近危的狀況。現時保護笛鴴的方法有保存其棲息地及巢穴、教育及限制貓狗進入繁殖區域。[2]加拿大方面,笛鴴亦被列為瀕危物種。[3].

遷徙及繁殖

笛鴴是一種北方的候鳥,冬天的時候會遷徙至墨西哥灣美國的南大西洋海岸及西印度群島,在每年的三月則會回歸北方。牠們的繁殖地由加拿大紐芬蘭省南部至南卡羅萊納州北部。[4]牠們於每年的四月中旬會開始在沙灘交配,並在沙灘或石灘上生蛋。大部份笛鴴都會在第一次時生4隻蛋,每隔1天左右生一隻蛋。第二或第三次時則會生2或3隻蛋。雄鳥及雌鳥會一同孵化,一般約需時27天,很多時所有蛋都會在同一時間孵化。

 src=
出生後兩個星期的笛鴴。

雛鳥出生後數小時內便可覓食。雙親會保護牠們,並警告牠們有關危險,會扮作折翼來吸引及引開獵食者。雛鳥會以沙來偽裝,故很多時候意外被車碾死。雛鳥需要30天時間才學懂飛行。牠們在換羽前最少能夠飛行50碼。

行為

笛鴴會停下來覓食,並會俯身向前捕捉食物。牠們由朝到晚都會覓食。牠們吃水中的蟲、昆蟲軟體動物甲殼類。牠們很少聚居,一般只有3或4隻,但在冬天覓食的時候,可以甚至多達100隻。當有人接近時,牠們都會奔跑及飛走。[5]

參考文献

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Charadrius melodus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016 [2018-7-17]. 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  2. ^ The Nature Conservancy's Species Profile: Piping Plover[1]
  3. ^ Species at Risk - Piping Plover melodus subspecies. Environment Canada. 2006-05-08. (原始内容存档于2005-08-03).
  4. ^ Fish and Wildlife Service Piping Plover.
  5. ^ O'Brien, Michael, Richard Crossley, and Kenvin Karlson. The Shorebird Guide. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006.

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:笛鸻  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:笛鸻
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笛鸻: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

笛鴴 (学名:Charadrius melodus)是一種候鳥,呈沙色。大小如麻雀,棲息在近海岸邊的沙灘或石灘。成年的笛鴴腳部呈橙黃色,前額上兩眼間有一道黑間,在繁殖期頸上會出現一道黑環。雄鳥與雌鳥很難分辨,於繁殖期是雄鳥頸上的黑環較粗。

笛鴴有兩個亞種,東部的稱為Charadrius melodus melodus,而中西部的為Charadrius melodus circumcinctus。笛鴴的叫聲清脆像鐘聲,往往先聞其聲,後再現身。現時世界上約有57000隻笛鴴存留。

笛鴴分佈在大西洋海岸上的沙灘、五大湖的湖邊及美國加拿大的中西部。牠們在沙灘上覓食,主要吃昆蟲、水中的蟲及甲殼類

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Distribution ( англиски )

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Caribbean, North America; Southern Canada to northeastern and central U.S.

Навод

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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