Minimal research has been conducted on Semipalmated plovers during their migratory and wintering periods. Due to the inadequate morphometric data and incomplete molt data, little is known about the transition between the dimorphic appearances of breeding and non-breeding birds. Even less is known about the presence of sexual dimorphism in migratory and wintering birds. Much research still needs to be conducted on these relatively rare shorebirds.
Males communicate with other members of their flock with their most common call, which consists of a soft and clear whistle. A quickened version of this common call is used for the purpose of courtship. During courtship, males also perform “butterfly flights” in which they slowly and deliberately beat their wings while flying 50 meters above the ground, around their territory. These flights are used to attract female mates, but are also used to delineate the boundaries of the male’s territory. If there is a threat present, the male will charge towards the object with his head down and wings slightly outwards. Parents communicate the presence of predators to their young with loud, rapid and repeated chutterings, which signal anxiety or nervousness.
Since semipalmated plovers communicate with others through acoustic sounds, they have well developed hearing. They also have very developed visual senses for detecting threats in the area and for capturing food. Like all birds, semipalmated plovers perceive their environment through visual, tactile, auditory and chemical stimuli.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Semipalmated plovers are not threatened or endangered in any area. There are however, current efforts to maintain the major migratory stop sites of the birds across North America. Since semipalmated plovers are long distance migrants, one of the primary objectives is to keep key resting and feeding stops free from human disturbance. These stops are also kept free of contaminants (such as an oil spill) in order to promote the health of these small plovers.
Furthermore, efforts are being taken to minimize human disturbance during breeding seasons. All terrain vehicle (ATV) activity has caused damage to nests in northwestern British Columbia. Vehicles that pull off road onto the roadside gravel habitats have negatively impacted nesting plovers and should be prohibited during the breeding months from May to September.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse affects of Charadrius semipalmatus on humans.
There has been limited research conducted on the economic importance of semipalmated plovers. However, the importance of other similar shorebirds of the Charadrius genus suggests that semipalmated plovers may be good indicator species of the health of an ecosystem. A change in the plover population signals an imbalance in the ecosystem and can serve as a warning to monitoring biologists.
Semipalmated plovers are opportunistic feeders and offer biological control on the small marine freshwater mollusks, worms, crustaceans and insects that they feed on. During the severe locust grasshopper outbreak in the United States between 1873 and 1876, these plovers lived entirely on a diet of these insects and played a big role in keeping the population under control.
Semipalmated plovers are also hosts to a variety of parasites including feather lice, feather mites, cestodes, nematodes, digeneans, and acanthcephalans. These plovers are also food sources for large mammals such as fox and weasels.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
The diet of Charadrius semipalmatus individuals living near the coast consists of benthic invertebrates from freshwater and marine environments. These include the larvae of long-legged and beach flies, polychaete worms, crustaceans, isopods, decapods, and copepods. They also consume small mollusks including bivalves and gastropods as well as snails such as coffee bean snails (Melampus coffeus) and Odostomia laevigata.
Charadrius semipalmatus that are more inland prefer terrestrial invertebrates such as mosquitoes, grasshoppers, beetles of the genus Ochtebius, spiders, and the larvae of soldier flies and shore flies. On land, these opportunistic feeders also feed on berries or seeds from grasslands or cultivated fields.
When semipalmated plovers feed, they search for prey visually, run several steps, and stop. When they stop, they stare, peck and quickly snatch at the prey. Their bills are small but powerful and thus are suitable for snatching prey from the surface as well as hammering hard objects. Semipalmated plovers display foot-trembling behavior while foraging. The tapping or trembling movements of one leg exposes or incites movement of cryptic invertebrates in intertidal zones and grasslands. The vibrations often startle the invertebrate to move on the surface and allow these visual foragers to capture their prey.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts
Primary Diet: carnivore (Molluscivore )
During the breeding season (early May to late August), semipalmated plover adults occupy Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of North America. During this period, these birds breed in areas ranging from Alaska to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
In order to escape the harsh winters of the sub-Arctic regions, semipalmated plovers undergo a seasonal migration and fly to the southern and western borders of North, Central and South America. Between the months of September to late April, they live along the Pacific coasts of southern California, Mexico, Columbia and Chile. They also inhabit the Atlantic coast from southern Virginia to southern Florida. Semipalmated plovers also inhabit regions along the Gulf Coast from southern Florida to southern Texas. They are occasionally found in the Western Caribbean. Seasonal migratory routes are consistent every year for semipalmated plovers.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
For spring breeding grounds, these shorebirds prefer flat, open areas on sandy or mossy terrain. They are found on sandy and gravel shorelines, grassy borders of rivers and ponds, wet meadows on fallow croplands, high rocky beaches, as well as sand dunes. They inhabit elevations from sea level to 1525 m above sea level. Semipalmated plovers migrate across the United States and will stopover on lake shores, ponds, or flooded fields. Their nonbreeding, winter habitats include open areas near water such as mudflats, salt marshes, sandy and muddy beaches, lagoons, salt ponds, soft tidal pools, coastal estuaries, lakes, and bays.
Range elevation: sea level to 1525 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; desert or dune ; savanna or grassland
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water
Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; riparian ; estuarine
The oldest known semipalmated plover in the wild was a banded individual, recovered at 9 years old. About 15% of breeding populations consist of 5 to 6 year old individuals. The lifespan of semipalmated plovers is often limited by the parasites harbored in their bodies. Of 5 shorebird species studied in Churchill, Manitoba, semipalmated plovers contained the most internal parasites, with 99.2% of the examined birds being infected.
Other possible causes of mortality are low temperatures during incubation, which cause parents to abandon eggs and leave them exposed to the freezing temperatures. Birds that continue to incubate in this type of environment usually suffer from low body weights.
Semipalmated plovers also suffer from predators who prey on eggs, chicks and adults. Another limiting factor is competition with other species in the area. For example, competition with killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) arises due to similar nesting habitats and as a result, interspecific aggression may occur on breeding grounds.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 9.2 (high) years.
Semipalmated plovers are vulnerable to predation by large mammals such as Arctic foxes, red foxes, and weasels. They are also vulnerable to larger avian predators such as peregrine falcons, merlins, prairie falcons, common ravens, rough-legged hawks, herring gulls, and parasitic jaegers. These predators usually prey on the eggs, chicks, and adult semipalmated plovers. Charadrius semipalmatus inhabits areas of sparse vegetation covered with clay, loose stones, pebbles, or sand and rely on their cryptic plumage and the coloration of their eggs as concealment from these predators.
Upon encounter with predators, semipalmated plovers demonstrate a variety of aggressive or passive anti-predator tactics. Semipalmated plovers use an aggressive “mobbing display” with other shorebirds in the vicinity to intimidate or discourage the approach of a potential predator. This defense may be costly to these plovers because it can risk injury or death by the predators. Another, luring defense is demonstrated by parents who stay within sight of predators when predators are near the chicks, and will attempt to distract predators away from the chicks. Incubating semipalmated plovers may employ more passive nest defense behaviors. They use distraction displays in which the plovers run and fly away from the nest. Once they are a certain distance from their eggs, they vocalize loudly to lure the predators away from the nest. The intensity of these calls increases as the eggs near hatching. Other parents go into a crouched position and wait for the threat to pass, relying on their highly cryptic plumage to avoid detection.
One particularly interesting passive defense mechanism demonstrated by semipalmated plovers is “feigning injury." When approached by potential threats, especially humans, these plovers feign injury by fanning out and depressing their tails. In addition, they fake a broken wing, by partly opening and stretching the wings downwards. The bird then skulks off the nest towards the observer and tries to lure it away from the nest. Once the threat is no longer in the vicinity of the nest, the parent takes off and returns to its young.
Different semipalmated plovers also prefer different nesting locations for protection. Most plovers nest in open sites with little vegetation and minimal concealment. They rely on their cryptic plumage for protection and benefit from the site’s good visibility and the early detection of predators. Recent studies have also demonstrated success in plovers that build nests in dense vegetation. Although the visibility around the nest may be compromised, such sites provide microclimates that reduce thermoregulatory costs and provide concealment from some predators.
Furthermore, semipalmated plovers may seek protection from predation by either clumping their nests with other birds in high densities, or by seeking solitary nesting sites. Semipalmated plovers that clump with other birds benefit by communally acting against the threat of a predator and increasing the efficiency of the “mobbing display." Plovers that seek solitary nesting favor optimal spacing between nesting populations in order to avoid detection.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Semipalmated plovers are small plovers measuring 18.4 cm in length. They weigh 45 g on average and have wingspans of 48.3 cm.
Semipalmated plover adults have dark-brown upperparts and white underparts in both breeding and nonbreeding plumage. While in breeding plumage males feature a black breastband, a black "mask" over the eyes and across the forecrown, and a small white patch just above the bill. Above the black breastband there is a band of white which also extends across the throat. They feature short, black-tipped, orange bills and orange legs. Female breeding plumage is similar, but overall drabber. Non-breeding plumage is the same for males and females, and is very similar to breeding plumage. Notable differences include a reduction of the black "mask" to surround only the eyes and auriculars, a narrow white supercillium that connects with the white patch above the bill, and a darker bill.
Semipalmated plover chicks have darker downy feathers on their heads and backs. Their forecrowns and wings are mostly white and their bills are almost all black. Their gray feathers are speckled with black spots and their breast bands are narrower than the adults'. As they age, juvenile plovers resemble adults in non-breeding plumage but have yellowish legs.
Slight dimorphism is also present between the two sexes of semipalmated plovers though these differences are hard to distinguish in the field. Females are slightly heavier and have longer wings than males, whereas males have longer toes and bills. These mixed traits are most likely due to variable ecological and sexual selection pressures acting on different characteristics.
There are differences among similar plover species across the world. Semipalmated plovers are almost identical with their European counterparts, ringed plovers (Charadrius hiaticula), except ringed plovers exhibit a few distinguishing traits: 2 partly webbed front toes, shorter and thinner white stripes around the eye region, less black coloration on the head, and a shorter bill. There are also differences among the plover species in North and Central America. For example, a closely related species known as Wilson's plovers (Charadrius wilsonia) have a much larger head, along with a thicker and longer bill than semipalmated plovers. Snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus) have an incomplete breast band, paler upperparts, and black legs. Collared plovers (Charadrius collaris) have narrower and longer bills, reddish upperparts, and flesh-colored legs.
Average mass: 45 g.
Average length: 18.4 cm.
Average wingspan: 48.3 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; female larger; male more colorful
Semipalmated plovers are socially monogamous birds during their breeding season. They pair up on their breeding grounds. Males arrive at their potential nesting sites and perform a fluttering courtship flight, which is accompanied by courtship display calls. This distinctive, slow-flap, deep wing-beat flight takes place at more than 50 meters above the ground and serves to delineate the boundaries of the male’s territory as well as to attract females. On the ground, the male then spreads and depresses his tail feathers, slightly opens his wings, and puffs his feathers while continuously calling.
Once the female has chosen a male’s territory, the male follows the female, appearing to defend her and the territory. The male displays threatening behavior to other male birds by moving toward them with his head down, and wings held slightly out from his body. The male meets the female with somewhat aggressive behavior, in which he chases her with his tail cocked and fanned while making a "chuttering" vocalization. This aggressive behavior declines as the courtship proceeds. The male makes scrapes on the ground with his feet, and the female will assist. While sitting in this new scrape, the female may also perform a tail-fanning display, indicating her decision to choose her mate and his nesting territory.
Copulation then usually occurs after the female’s tail display. The male swings his leg onto the female’s crouched back, the female raises her tail, and the cloacae touch. After copulation, both male and female peck at the ground or preen. It is usually within this scrape that the nest is built. Both sexes incubate and care for the chicks. The pair remains together until the nest is lost or the chick dies; it has been shown that pairs also stay together in subsequent seasons.
The male assures the paternity of his offspring and the monogamy of his paired mate in several ways. When he is not mating with his female he guards her by physically attacking her, which is presumably meant to discourage her from cheating with other males. This is more commonly seen in areas where there is a high likelihood of potential extra-pair partners. Physical attacks may make it more costly for the female to reject a mate's copulation, and may also be used to expel an uncooperative female from a defended territory to vacate space for other potential females.
Mating System: monogamous
Semipalmated plovers are socially monogamous birds that breed seasonally from May to August. The male arrives before the female to the mating grounds and establishes the nesting territory. The male chooses a patch of dry ground, usually on sandy or gravely substrates with relatively sparse vegetation. Then the male scrapes the boundaries of the nest on the ground with his feet, and lines the nest with material collected nearby, such as leaves and pebbles. When the female arrives to the mating grounds, the male courts her with a slow-flapping, butterfly-like flight.
Once copulation has occurred, the females begin laying their eggs, with the clutch completed within 5 days. There is an interval of 24 to 30 hours between the laying of each egg, with a complete clutch usually contains 4 eggs. For the next 23 to 25 days, both male and female equally contribute to the incubation of the eggs.
The eggs are smooth, glossy, and short with a pear-like shape. They are between 32.4 and 33.1 mm long, and 22.8 to 24.1 mm in width. The average mass of the egg ranges from 8.7 to 9.4 grams. The colors range from light brown to pale, olive buff, with small blotches of black to brownish black. Some eggs are blotched with chestnut brown or sepia color, with a few underlying spots of pale gray.
Hatching of the full clutch can last from 2 to 5 days. Once the chick has broken through the shell, it usually completes its hatching within 12 hours, but can take up to 4 days. Chicks weigh an average 6.6 grams upon hatching. The male takes the hatched chicks a short distance away from the nest in order to brood and feed them, while the mother continues to incubate the unhatched eggs of the nest. Semipalmated plover chicks are precocial and can walk and feed within hours after hatching, but are brooded by their parents up to their fifth day of age. About 15 days after the eggs hatch, the mother abandons her mate and brood, leaving the father as the sole guardian of the nest.
The chicks fully fledge between 22 to 30 days after they have hatched. Semipalmated plovers become sexually mature when they are 2 to 3 years old, and continue to breed yearly after their first breeding experience.
Breeding interval: Semipalmated plovers breed once once every year.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs from early May to late August
Range eggs per season: 2 to 5.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Range time to hatching: 24 to 25 days.
Range fledging age: 22 to 30 days.
Range time to independence: 5 to 15 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 3 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 3 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Prior to copulation on the breeding grounds, adult males invest time and energy in finding a suitable site for establishing their nests. Nest site selection plays a very important role on the reproductive success and survival of the offspring. Birds who select nest sites with more pebbles, less vegetative cover, and a smaller percentage of bare mud have greater hatching success than birds who select other kinds of nest sites.
Once the nest is built and eggs have been laid, males appear to be in attendance most of the time, while females are foraging nearby. Once the clutch is completed, males and females equally attend the nest and incubate throughout the day. The males usually incubate during the darkest hours, and switch off with the females every 2 to 5 hours throughout incubation. The incubation period lasts between 23 to 25 days
When the eggs are hatched, the parents brood the chicks immediately. The chicks are precocial and able to find their own food. Young may be led to nearby water areas to feed. When the chicks are about 3 days old, males and females continue to switch off attending the nest but the non-attending adult flies further away. Females abandon their mates and nests 15 days after the eggs have hatched and leave the males as the sole guardians of the brood. As the chicks get older, the adults spend greater amounts of time foraging, and males often leave the nest unattended in order to pursue invading species. The young fledge about 22 to 30 days after they hatch, but the father generally departs before this stage. Juveniles usually flock together before they migrate during the fall.
Parental Investment: precocial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Male)
The stereotypical winter plover in many coastal regions of the southern United States, the Semipalmated Plover is most easily identified by its small size (6 ½ to 7 ½ inches), yellow eye-ring, and thin bill. In summer, this species has a broad black collar, black-tipped orange bill, black face mask, and white forehead. In winter, this species loses much of the black on its upper body and becomes duller brown overall. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Semipalmated Plover breeds across northern Canada and Alaska. This species migrates south in winter, when it may be found on the coast of California and in the coastal southeastern U.S. Semipalmated Plovers also winter in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies. Semipalmated Plovers breed on rocky or gravelly beaches, as well on dry tundra further inland. On migration or in winter, this species may be found on sandy beaches, mudflats, riverbanks, and in salt marshes. The Semipalmated Sandpiper primarily eats insects, insect larvae, and other small invertebrates. Semipalmated Plovers are most easily observed along the water’s edge, probing the mud for food with their bills. They may also be seen in small flocks flying above the surf, frequently mingling with other species of waders. This species is most active during the day.
The stereotypical winter plover in many coastal regions of the southern United States, the Semipalmated Plover is most easily identified by its small size (6 ½ to 7 ½ inches), yellow eye-ring, and thin bill. In summer, this species has a broad black collar, black-tipped orange bill, black face mask, and white forehead. In winter, this species loses much of the black on its upper body and becomes duller brown overall. Males and females are similar to one another in all seasons. The Semipalmated Plover breeds across northern Canada and Alaska. This species migrates south in winter, when it may be found on the coast of California and in the coastal southeastern U.S. Semipalmated Plovers also winter in Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies. Semipalmated Plovers breed on rocky or gravelly beaches, as well on dry tundra further inland. On migration or in winter, this species may be found on sandy beaches, mudflats, riverbanks, and in salt marshes. The Semipalmated Sandpiper primarily eats insects, insect larvae, and other small invertebrates. Semipalmated Plovers are most easily observed along the water’s edge, probing the mud for food with their bills. They may also be seen in small flocks flying above the surf, frequently mingling with other species of waders. This species is most active during the day.
Distribucion General: Se reproduce en Alaska y el norte de Canadá. Invierna a lo largo de las costas desde el sureste y suroeste de E.U.A. hasta la parte central de Chile y el sur de Argentina.
An nouelig dambalvezek a zo un evn bihan, Charadrius semipalmatus e anv skiantel.
El corriol semipalmat[1] (Charadrius semipalmatus) és un ocell de la família dels caràdrids (Charadriidae) que en estiu habita platges i tundres d'Alaska i nord de Canadà (incloent l'illa Baffin), península del Labrador, illes Aleutianes, Haida Gwaii i Sant Llorenç; en hivern habita platges del Pacífic des del nord d'Oregon, cap al sud fins al nord de Xile, i a la costa de l'Atlàntic des de Maryland, als Estats Units, cap al sud fins a la Província de Santa Cruz en Argentina, i a les Bahames i Antilles.
El corriol semipalmat (Charadrius semipalmatus) és un ocell de la família dels caràdrids (Charadriidae) que en estiu habita platges i tundres d'Alaska i nord de Canadà (incloent l'illa Baffin), península del Labrador, illes Aleutianes, Haida Gwaii i Sant Llorenç; en hivern habita platges del Pacífic des del nord d'Oregon, cap al sud fins al nord de Xile, i a la costa de l'Atlàntic des de Maryland, als Estats Units, cap al sud fins a la Província de Santa Cruz en Argentina, i a les Bahames i Antilles.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwtiad torchog America (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwtiaid torchog America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Charadrius semipalmatus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Semi-palmated plover. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. semipalmatus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r cwtiad torchog America yn perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Corgwtiad Aur Pluvialis dominica Corgwtiad aur y Môr Tawel Pluvialis fulva
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cwtiad torchog America (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cwtiaid torchog America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Charadrius semipalmatus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Semi-palmated plover. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwtiaid (Lladin: Charadriidae) sydd yn urdd y Charadriiformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. semipalmatus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer (Charadrius semipalmatus) ist eine monotypische Art aus der Familie der Regenpfeifer. Es handelt sich um einen nearktischen Vogel, der im Norden Nordamerikas brütet.
Die IUCN stuft den Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer als nicht gefährdet (least concern) ein, da sein Verbreitungsgebiet sehr groß ist und der Bestand stabil zu sein scheint. Der weltweite Bestand wird auf 150.000 geschlechtsreife Individuen geschätzt.[1]
Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer erreicht eine Körperlänge zwischen 17 und 19 Zentimeter. Die Flügelspannweite beträgt 43 bis 52 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht variiert zwischen 45 und 65 Gramm.[2]
Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer ist vom Sandregenpfeifer äußerlich kaum zu unterscheiden. Wie dieser hat er einen graubraunen Rücken und eine weiße Körperunterseite. Die Stirn ist weiß und von einer schwarzen Gesichtsmaske umgeben, die bis zu den Ohrflecken reicht. Der Oberkopf und der hintere Nacken sind graubraun. Ein weißes Nackenband trennt sich auf der Körpervorderseite bis zur unteren Schnabelbasis aus. Ein zweites, schwarzes Band geht vorne in die schwarze Vorderbrust über. Der Schnabel ist kurz. Die Schnabelspitze ist schwarz, der übrige Schnabel orangegelb.
Dem Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer fehlt der auffällige halbmondförmige weiße Fleck hinter den Augen, der für Sandregenpfeifer charakteristisch ist. Sie weisen hier nur einige wenige hellere Federn auf und bei vielen Individuen fehlen diese vollständig.
Die Stimme des Amerika-Sandregenpfeifers unterscheidet sich deutlich vom Sandregenpfeifer und ist häufig die einzige Methode, die beiden Arten bei Feldbeobachtungen auseinanderzuhalten. Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer hat einen pfeift ansteigend chee-wee, dabei ist der Ruf höher und schärfer als beim Sandregenpfeifer.
Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer brütet im gesamten Alaska, im Yukon und den Northwest Territories sowie im Süden von Nunavut. Sein Lebensraum ist die Tundra. Er ist ein Zugvogel, der im Winterhalbjahr nach Süden zieht und im Süden der Vereinigten Staaten, auf den Karibischen Inseln sowie an der Küste Zentral- und Südamerikas überwintert. In der Regel halten sich Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer an ihren Überwinterungsplätzen im Küstenbereich auf, gelegentlich werden sie jedoch auch im Binnenland an Flüssen und Seen beobachtet.[3]
Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer frisst während der Fortpflanzungszeit bevorzugt Insekten und deren Larven, an den Überwinterungsplätzen spielen Muscheln eine erhebliche Rolle in seiner Ernährung. Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer gehen eine monogame Saisonehe ein. Das Gelege besteht aus drei bis vier cremefarbenen Eiern, die dunkelbraun gefleckt sind. Die Brutzeit beträgt 23 bis 26 Tage und beide Elternvögel sind an der Brut beteiligt. Die Jungvögel sind nach 22 bis 26 Tagen flügge. Sie brüten bereits im nächsten Jahr.
Der Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer (Charadrius semipalmatus) ist eine monotypische Art aus der Familie der Regenpfeifer. Es handelt sich um einen nearktischen Vogel, der im Norden Nordamerikas brütet.
Die IUCN stuft den Amerika-Sandregenpfeifer als nicht gefährdet (least concern) ein, da sein Verbreitungsgebiet sehr groß ist und der Bestand stabil zu sein scheint. Der weltweite Bestand wird auf 150.000 geschlechtsreife Individuen geschätzt.
The semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) is a small plover. Charadrius is a Late Latin word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century Vulgate. It derives from Ancient Greek kharadrios a bird found in ravines and river valleys (kharadra, "ravine"). The specific semipalmatus is Latin and comes from semi, "half" and palma, "palm". Like the English name, this refers to its only partially webbed feet.[2]
This species weighs 22–63 g (0.78–2.22 oz) and measures 14–20 cm (5.5–7.9 in) in length and 35–56 cm (14–22 in) across the wings.[3] Adults have a grey-brown back and wings, a white belly, and a white breast with one black neckband. They have a brown cap, a white forehead, a black mask around the eyes and a short orange and black bill.
Their breeding habitat is open ground on beaches or flats across northern Canada and Alaska. They nest on the ground in an open area with little or no plant growth.
They are migratory and winter in coastal areas of the southern United States, the Caribbean and much of South America. They are extremely rare vagrants to western Europe, and have been found in Tierra del Fuego and the Isles of Scilly.[4] Their true status may be obscured by the difficulty in identifying them from the very similar ringed plover of Eurasia, of which it was formerly considered a subspecies.
Semipalmated plovers forage for food on beaches, tidal flats and fields, usually by sight. They eat insects (such as the larvae of long-legged and beach flies, larvae of soldier flies and shore flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers and Ochtebius beetles), spiders,[5] crustaceans (such as isopods, decapods and copepods)[6] and worms (such as polychaetes).[7] They also consume small molluscs including bivalves and gastropods, including snails such as coffee bean snails and Odostomia laevigata.[8] These opportunistic feeders also feed on berries or seeds from grasslands or cultivated fields.[9] This bird resembles the killdeer but is much smaller and has only one band.[10] Since the semipalmated plover nests on the ground, it uses a "broken-wing" display to lure intruders away from the nest, in a display similar to the related killdeer.[11]
Galápagos Islands
"Broken wing" display
Juvenile
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Illustration (John James Audubon)
The semipalmated plover (Charadrius semipalmatus) is a small plover. Charadrius is a Late Latin word for a yellowish bird mentioned in the fourth-century Vulgate. It derives from Ancient Greek kharadrios a bird found in ravines and river valleys (kharadra, "ravine"). The specific semipalmatus is Latin and comes from semi, "half" and palma, "palm". Like the English name, this refers to its only partially webbed feet.
La Duonreta pluvio (Charadrius semipalmatus) estas eta kaj vigla pluvio, tio estas vadbirdo de la familio de ĥaradriedoj kaj genro Charadrius kiu enhavas multajn aliajn speciojn.
Plenkreskuloj havas grisbrunajn dorson kaj flugilojn, blankajn ventron kaj bruston kun nigra kolstrio. Ili havas brunan kapon, blankan fronton kaj nigran okulmaskon kiu ĉirkaŭas tiun. Ankaŭ la gorĝo estas blanka kaj sekvas per ringostrio super la nigra. La beko estas dika, mallonga, oranĝa ĉebaze kaj nigra ĉepinte. La kruroj estas ruĝoranĝaj.
Ties reprodukta medio estas malfermaj ebenaĵoj kaj strandoj en norda Kanado kaj Alasko. Ili faras neston surplanke en malferma senplanta areo.
Ili estas migrantaj birdoj kiuj vintras en marbordo el suda Usono ĝis la Patagonio. Ili estas tre raraj vagantoj ĝis okcidenta Eŭropo, sed tiu aspekto estas malfacile klarigebla ĉar estas malfacile diferencigi ilin disde la tre simila Granda pluvio de Eŭrazio. Tiu ĉi birdo similas ankaŭ kun la Kripluvio sed ĝi estas multe pli malgranda (17 cm longaj) kaj havas nur unu strion. La vorto "duonreta" kiu estas ankaŭ en la scienca nomo rilatas ties parte retecajn piedojn.
Tiuj birdoj manĝas en strandoj, tajdaj ebenaĵoj, kotejoj kaj kamparo, kutime per rigardo kaj tekniko de kurado plus halto. Ili manĝas insektojn, krustulojn kaj vermojn. Dum altaj tajdoj ariĝas samspecie kaj kun aliaj vadbirdoj.
La Duonreta pluvio (Charadrius semipalmatus) estas eta kaj vigla pluvio, tio estas vadbirdo de la familio de ĥaradriedoj kaj genro Charadrius kiu enhavas multajn aliajn speciojn.
Plenkreskuloj havas grisbrunajn dorson kaj flugilojn, blankajn ventron kaj bruston kun nigra kolstrio. Ili havas brunan kapon, blankan fronton kaj nigran okulmaskon kiu ĉirkaŭas tiun. Ankaŭ la gorĝo estas blanka kaj sekvas per ringostrio super la nigra. La beko estas dika, mallonga, oranĝa ĉebaze kaj nigra ĉepinte. La kruroj estas ruĝoranĝaj.
Ties reprodukta medio estas malfermaj ebenaĵoj kaj strandoj en norda Kanado kaj Alasko. Ili faras neston surplanke en malferma senplanta areo.
Ili estas migrantaj birdoj kiuj vintras en marbordo el suda Usono ĝis la Patagonio. Ili estas tre raraj vagantoj ĝis okcidenta Eŭropo, sed tiu aspekto estas malfacile klarigebla ĉar estas malfacile diferencigi ilin disde la tre simila Granda pluvio de Eŭrazio. Tiu ĉi birdo similas ankaŭ kun la Kripluvio sed ĝi estas multe pli malgranda (17 cm longaj) kaj havas nur unu strion. La vorto "duonreta" kiu estas ankaŭ en la scienca nomo rilatas ties parte retecajn piedojn.
Tiuj birdoj manĝas en strandoj, tajdaj ebenaĵoj, kotejoj kaj kamparo, kutime per rigardo kaj tekniko de kurado plus halto. Ili manĝas insektojn, krustulojn kaj vermojn. Dum altaj tajdoj ariĝas samspecie kaj kun aliaj vadbirdoj.
El chorlo semipalmado, chorlitejo semipalmeado[1] o chorlito semipalmado (Charadrius semipalmatus), es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae. Es una pequeña ave limícola, que está extensamente distribuida.
Cría en el suelo de playas del norte de Canadá y Alaska. Es migratorio e invernante en áreas costeras desde los Estados Unidos a Patagonia. En Europa es divagante y extremadamente raro, aunque es difícil de precisar debido a la dificultad de diferenciarlo del chorlitejo grande.
Datos: Q468009
Multimedia:
Especies: Charadrius semipalmatus
El chorlo semipalmado, chorlitejo semipalmeado o chorlito semipalmado (Charadrius semipalmatus), es una especie de ave Charadriiforme de la familia Charadriidae. Es una pequeña ave limícola, que está extensamente distribuida.
Cría en el suelo de playas del norte de Canadá y Alaska. Es migratorio e invernante en áreas costeras desde los Estados Unidos a Patagonia. En Europa es divagante y extremadamente raro, aunque es difícil de precisar debido a la dificultad de diferenciarlo del chorlitejo grande.
Charadrius semipalmatus Charadrius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Charadriidae familian sailkatua dago.
Charadrius semipalmatus Charadrius generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Charadriidae familian sailkatua dago.
Kanadantylli (Charadrius semipalmatus) on pohjoisamerikkalainen kahlaaja. Lajin nimesi Charles Lucien Bonaparte 1825.
Linnun pituus on 17–19 senttimetriä, siipien kärkiväli 43–52 senttimetriä ja paino 31–69 grammaa. Naaras on hieman suurempi kuin koiras. Muistuttaa suuresti tylliä, josta se poikkeaa hiukan pienemmän koon ja hennomman rakenteen takia. Värityksen pienistä eroista mainittakoon vaaleammat koivet ja vähemmän silmäänpistävä siipijuova lentävällä linnulla. Sukupuolet ovat samanvärisiä. Nuorta lintua on hyvin vaikea erottaa nuoresta tyllistä.
Pesimäalue ulottuu Alaskasta Pohjois-Kanadaan. Maailman populaation koko on noin 150 000 yksilöä. Lajin kanta on elinvoimainen. Muuttolintu, joka talvehtii Atlantin ja Tyynenmeren rannikoilla Etelä-Carolinasta Patagoniaan, myös vyöhykkeen kaikilla suurilla saarilla. Hyvin harvinainen vierailija Länsi-Euroopassa, eikä sitä ole tavattu Suomessa.
Pesimäaikana makean ja suolaisen veden muta- ja hiekkarannat sekä jokien, järvien ja lampien avoimet rannat. Muutto- ja talvehtimisalueilla hiekka- ja mutarannat sekä laguunit, harvoin sisämaassa.
Pesä on avoimesti maassa. Munia on 4, uusintapesissä 3. Pesintä touko-kesäkuussa.
Maassa ja mudassa elävät hyönteiset, nilviäiset ja madot.
Kanadantylli (Charadrius semipalmatus) on pohjoisamerikkalainen kahlaaja. Lajin nimesi Charles Lucien Bonaparte 1825.
Charadrius semipalmatus
Le Pluvier semipalmé (Charadrius semipalmatus) est une espèce de petits oiseaux limicoles de la famille des Charadriidae.
A píllara semipalmada (Charadrius semipalmatus) é unha pequena ave carádrida. Ten os pés parcialmente palmados, como indica o seu nome.[2]
Esta especie pesa de 22 a 63 g e mide de 14 a 20 cm de lonxitude e de 35 a 56 cm de envergadura alar.[3] Os adultos teñen o dorso e as ás maróns agrisados, un ventre branco e un peito branco cunha banda negra. Ten a parte superior da cabeza negra, fronte branca e unha máscara negra arredor dos ollos e un bico curto laranxa con punta negra.
O seu hábitat reprodutor son os chans abertos de praias ou chairas do norte de Canadá e Alasca. Aniñan no chan con pouca ou nula vexetación.
Son migratorias e invernan en áreas costeiras do sur de Estados Unidos, o Caribe e gran parte de Suramérica. Son aves errantes extremadamente raras en Europa occidental, e atopáronse en Terra de Fogo e as illas de Scilly británicas.[4] O seu verdadeiro status pode quedar escurecido pola dificultade de identificalo sen confundilo coa moi similar píllara real de Eurasia, da cal anteriormente era considerada unha subespecie.
Aliméntase nas praias, chairas mareais e campos utilizando a vista. Come insectos, crustáceos e vermes. Lembra unha píllara rabirrubia (Charadrius vociferus) pero é moito menor e ten só unha banda no peito.[5] Como aniña no chan, usa unha exhibición de "á rota" para intentar enganar os intrusos e afastalos do niño, que é unha exhibición similar á que fai a emparentada píllara rabirrubia.[6]
Nas Illas Galápagos
Exhibición de "á rota"
Individuo xuvenil
Ilustración (de John James Audubon)
A píllara semipalmada (Charadrius semipalmatus) é unha pequena ave carádrida. Ten os pés parcialmente palmados, como indica o seu nome.
Il corriere semipalmato (Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonaparte 1825) è un uccello della famiglia dei Charadriidae.
Charadrius semipalmatus non ha sottospecie, è monotipico.
Questo uccello vive in Nord, Centro e Sud America, compresi i Caraibi. È di passo in Groenlandia, Spagna, Portogallo, Regno Unito e su alcune isole del Pacifico.
Il corriere semipalmato (Charadrius semipalmatus, Bonaparte 1825) è un uccello della famiglia dei Charadriidae.
De Amerikaanse bontbekplevier (Charadrius semipalmatus) is een waadvogel uit de familie van plevieren (Charadriidae).
Deze soort komt voor in de toendra's van Alaska, in Yukon en de noordwestelijke gebieden, zuidelijk van Nunavut (Canada). In de winter trekt deze vogel naar het zuiden van de Verenigde Staten, de Caribische eilanden en aan de kust van Midden- en Zuid-Amerika.
De Amerikaanse bontbekplevier (Charadrius semipalmatus) is een waadvogel uit de familie van plevieren (Charadriidae).
Amerikasandlo (vitenskapelig navn Charadrius semipalmatus) er en vadefugl.
Voksne har en grå-brun rygg og vinger, en hvit buk, og et hvit bryst med et svart nakkebånd. De har en brun isse, ett hvitt forhode, og en svart maske rundt øynene og et kort oransje og svart nebb.
Hekkeområdene er åpne flater på strender og flater over nordlige Canada og Alaska. Reiret er plassert på bakken i åpent lende uten eller med svært lite vegetasjon.
Amerikasandlo er trekkfugl, og overvintrer i kystområdene fra USA til Patagonia. De er ekstremt sjeldne gjester i Europa, men det fins ikke eksakte data siden de er svært lik sandlo.
De livnærer seg av mat de finner på strendene, som regel uten å grave. De eter insekter, krepsdyr og makk.
Amerikasandlo ligner tobeltelo, men er mye mindre og har bare ett bånd.
Amerikasandlo (vitenskapelig navn Charadrius semipalmatus) er en vadefugl.
Voksne har en grå-brun rygg og vinger, en hvit buk, og et hvit bryst med et svart nakkebånd. De har en brun isse, ett hvitt forhode, og en svart maske rundt øynene og et kort oransje og svart nebb.
Hekkeområdene er åpne flater på strender og flater over nordlige Canada og Alaska. Reiret er plassert på bakken i åpent lende uten eller med svært lite vegetasjon.
Amerikasandlo er trekkfugl, og overvintrer i kystområdene fra USA til Patagonia. De er ekstremt sjeldne gjester i Europa, men det fins ikke eksakte data siden de er svært lik sandlo.
De livnærer seg av mat de finner på strendene, som regel uten å grave. De eter insekter, krepsdyr og makk.
Amerikasandlo ligner tobeltelo, men er mye mindre og har bare ett bånd.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Sieweczka skąpopłetwa (Charadrius semipalmatus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sieweczkowatych (Charadriidae).
Sieweczka skąpopłetwa (Charadrius semipalmatus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny sieweczkowatych (Charadriidae).
Wygląd Długość ciała 16,5-19 cm. Pojedyncza czarna przepaska na piersi, pomarańczowo-czarny dziób. Biały pasek na czarnym czole, wierzch głowy, plecy oraz skrzydła brązowe. Na szyi widoczna biała obroża, spód ciała biały. Nogi pomarańczowe, w locie widać na skrzydłach białe paski. Upierzenie zimowe - brązowa przepaska na piersi, dziób oraz nogi ciemne. Obie płci podobne. Zasięg, środowisko Tundra w Ameryce Północnej.A batuíra-de-bando (Charadrius semipalmatus) é uma espécie de maçarico da família dos caradriídeos habitante da costa leste do Brasil até a Argentina. Tais aves chegam a medir até 18 cm de comprimento, com o alto da cabeça e partes superiores marrons, fronte, garganta, partes inferiores e colar nucal brancos. Além disso, possuem o bico curto de base amarelada e pernas amarelas.
Também são chamadas de batuíra-norte-americana, maçarico-semipalmado e pinga-pinga.
A batuíra-de-bando (Charadrius semipalmatus) é uma espécie de maçarico da família dos caradriídeos habitante da costa leste do Brasil até a Argentina. Tais aves chegam a medir até 18 cm de comprimento, com o alto da cabeça e partes superiores marrons, fronte, garganta, partes inferiores e colar nucal brancos. Além disso, possuem o bico curto de base amarelada e pernas amarelas.
Também são chamadas de batuíra-norte-americana, maçarico-semipalmado e pinga-pinga.
Flikstrandpipare[2] (Charadrius semipalmatus) är en nordamerikansk vadarfågel i familjen pipare.[3]
Flikstrandpiparen är en liten pipare (16-17,5 centimeter) som är mycket lik den något större större strandpipare med sin otecknade gråbruna rygg, svartvita huvudteckning, svarta bröstband och gulfärgade näbb med svart spets. Den mest karakteristiska men också svårobserverade egenskapen hos arten är artens tydliga simhud mellan alla tår, därav namnet. Näbben är också kortare, kroppsformen slankare och bröstbandet smalare. Hanen saknar vanligen också större strandpipare-hanens vita ögonbryn bakom ögat.[4]
Lätena skiljer sig tydligt, dels en snabb uppåtgående vissling med betoning på andra stavelsen tjuvi, dels ett utdraget tjy-viih.[4]
Fågeln är en flyttfågel som häckar i norra Nordamerika och övervintrar så långt som till södra Sydamerika och på Hawaii.[3] Den är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa, med fynd främst från Storbritannien och Irland, men också Norge, Färöarna, Spanien och Island.[5] Den har ännu ej påträffats i Sverige.
Flikstrandpipare häckar på stränder, på en öppen yta med lite eller ingen växtlighet. De födosöker på sandiga och dyiga stränder men även fält efter insekter, maskar och kräftdjur. Liksom många pipararter använder den en avledningsmanöver för att lura potentiella predatorer bort från boet genom att låtsas vara skada.[6]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till fler än 150.000 individer.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör flikstrandpipare.
Wikispecies har information om Charadrius semipalmatus.
Flikstrandpipare (Charadrius semipalmatus) är en nordamerikansk vadarfågel i familjen pipare.
Charadrius semipalmatus là một loài chim trong họ Charadriidae.[2] Loài chim này có trọng lượng 22–63 g (0,78–2,22 oz) và dài 14–20 cm (5,5–7,9 in) và chiều dài qua hai cánh là 35–56 cm (14–22 in).[3] Chim trưởng thành có cánh và lưng màu nâu xám, bụng trắng và ngực trắng với dải cổ đen. Nơi sinh sản là các mặt đất mở trên các bãi biển hay bãi đất bằng phẳng khắp bắc Canada và Alaska. Chúng đẻ trên mặt đất ở nơi có ít hoặc không có cây cối.
Bài viết Bộ Choi choi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Charadrius semipalmatus là một loài chim trong họ Charadriidae. Loài chim này có trọng lượng 22–63 g (0,78–2,22 oz) và dài 14–20 cm (5,5–7,9 in) và chiều dài qua hai cánh là 35–56 cm (14–22 in). Chim trưởng thành có cánh và lưng màu nâu xám, bụng trắng và ngực trắng với dải cổ đen. Nơi sinh sản là các mặt đất mở trên các bãi biển hay bãi đất bằng phẳng khắp bắc Canada và Alaska. Chúng đẻ trên mặt đất ở nơi có ít hoặc không có cây cối.
Charadrius semipalmatus (Bonaparte, 1825)
Охранный статус
Перепончатопалый галстучник[1] (лат. Charadrius semipalmatus) — птица из семейства ржанковых.
Перепончатопалый галстучник достигает длины от 17 до 19 см. Размах крыльев составляет от 43 до 52 см. Вес варьирует от 45 до 65 г[2].
Перепончатопалый галстучник внешне едва отличим от галстучника. У него такая же бурая спина и белая нижняя часть тела. Лоб белый, окружён чёрной маской, которая тянется до пятен уха. Верх головы и затылок бурые. Вторая, чёрная полоса переходит спереди в чёрную переднюю часть груди. Клюв короткий. Вершина клюва чёрная, остальная часть оранжево-жёлтая.
У перепончатопалого галстучника отсутствует характерное для галстучника выделяющееся белое пятно в форме полумесяца за глазами. У него более светлые перья, а у многих особей они и вовсе отсутствуют.
Голос перепончатопалого галстучника чётко отличается от голоса галстучника и - это часто единственный метод, чтобы отличить оба вида в условиях полевых наблюдений. У перепончатопалого галстучника призыв звучит как свистящее поднимающееся «хе-ве», при этом он выше и более резкий, чем у галстучника.
Перепончатопалый галстучник гнездится на всей Аляске, в Юконе и Северо-Западных территориях, а также на юге Нунавута. Среда обитания — это тундра. Это перелётная птица, которая мигрирует зимой на юг Соединённых Штатов, на Карибские острова, а также на побережье Центральной и Южной Америки. Как правило, он держится в прибрежной области, но иногда его можно наблюдать также на реках и озёрах в центре материка[2].
Перепончатопалый галстучник предпочитает питаться в период размножения насекомыми и их личинками, в регионах зимовки двустворчатые играют значительную роль в его питании.
Птицы моногамны. В кладке от 3 до 4 кремового цвета яиц с тёмно-коричневыми крапинами. Период инкубации составляет от 23 до 26 дней и обе родительских птицы участвуют в высиживании кладки. Молодые птицы становятся самостоятельными через 22—26 дней. Они гнездятся уже на следующий год.
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : チドリ目 Charadriiformes 科 : チドリ科 Charadriidae 属 : チドリ属 Charadrius 種 : ミズカキチドリ C. semipalmatus 学名 Charadrius semipalmatusミズカキチドリ (Charadrius semipalmatus) は、チドリ目チドリ科の小形の鳥類である。
「ミズカキ」 (Semipalmated) の名は、足の一部に蹼（みずかき）があることにより名づけられた。
全長18cm[1] (17-19cm[2])、翼開長は約48cm[3] (43-52cm[2])、体重45g[3] (28-69g[2])。成鳥は、背と翼が灰褐色、腹は白色、白い胸の襟首に1本の黒帯がある。頭は褐色で、前額は白色、目の周りは黒く、嘴は橙色と黒色で短い。
フタオビチドリ (Charadrius vociferus) に似るが、かなり小さく、黒帯は1本だけである[4]。
カナダ北部やアラスカで繁殖し、冬には沿岸地域をアメリカからパタゴニアまで渡る。
西ヨーロッパでは非常にまれな迷鳥であるが、以前は亜種と考えられていたユーラシア産のよく似たハジロコチドリとの識別が困難なことから、本来の分布状態が明らかになっていないとも考えられる。
通常、海岸、干潟や野辺で餌を探し回り、虫、甲殻類、蠕虫を食べる。
繁殖場所は、海辺か低地の広々とした土地で、植物がほとんど、もしくはまったく生えていない開けた場所の地面を巣とする。
巣が地面にあることから、自ら囮となって侵入者を巣から引き離すために「翼が折れた」ように振舞う偽傷行動をとる習性を持つ。
ミズカキチドリ (Charadrius semipalmatus) は、チドリ目チドリ科の小形の鳥類である。
「ミズカキ」 (Semipalmated) の名は、足の一部に蹼（みずかき）があることにより名づけられた。
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