Baby bats who are separated from their mothers, either by falling from the roost, or by otherwise appearing lost, will squeak continuously. The squeaking can be heard from a distance of more than 30 feet. This communication is important for the baby's survival as it may help the mother locate and return them to a safer place. Bats also make a number of audible sounds, they squeak and hiss at each other in the roost
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Big brown bats choose secluded roosts to protect themselves from many predators. Young are often taken from maternity roosts by snakes, raccoons, and cats if they fall. Flying bats are sometimes captured by owls and falcons as they leave their roosts.
Known Predators:
Total length is 110-130 mm of which the tail is about 38-50 mm. Forearm length is 41-50 mm; hindfoot length is 10-14 mm. Height of the ears from the notch is 16-20 mm (Kurta 1995). The wingspan is about 330 mm (13 inches) (Baker 1983). This species is sexually dimorphic in size, females being slightly larger than males (Kurta and Baker 1990)
The skull is comparatively large and contains 32 teeth. The teeth are sharp, heavy, and were described as capable of causing severe bites. The bat's nose is broad and the lips are fleshy; the eyes are large and bright. The ears are rounded and the tragus is broad with a rounded tip (Baker 1983)
The tail is less than half the total body length and the tip projects slightly beyond the uropatagium. This bat also has a cartilaginous calcar which articulates with the calacaneum, and has a keel-shaped extension (Baker 1983)
Pelage color depends on location and subspecies. Dorsally, it ranges from pinkish tans to rich chocolates. The ventral fur is lighter, being near pinkish to olive buff. Some have described it as being "oily" in texture. The bat's naked parts of the face, ears, wings, and tail membrane are all black (Kurta and Baker 1990). Occasionally, E. fuscus has been found with white blotches on the wings, and some albino specimens are known as well (Baker 1983).
Range length: 110.0 to 130.0 mm.
Average wingspan: 330.0 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Average mass: 23 g.
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.113 W.
Big brown bats can survive up to 19 years in the wild and males tend to live longer than females. Most big brown bats die in their first winter. If they do not store enough fat to make it through their entire hibernation period then they die in their winter roost.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 19.0 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 19.0 years.
The big brown bat inhabits cities, towns, and rural areas, but is least commonly found in heavily forested regions (Kurta 1995).
Some bats require stable, highly insulated environments in order to hibernate. Eptesicus fuscus has a more tolerant constitution so it can winter in less substantial structures. Besides human dwellings, it has been found to take up residence in barns, silos, and churches. Also, this bat has been found roosting in storm sewers, expansion joint spaces in concrete athletic stadiums, and copper mines (Baker 1983).
In presettlement times it is presumed the big brown bat roosted in tree hollows, natural caves, or openings in rock ledges. Occasionally groups of these bats are still found living in tree cavities (Baker 1983). Recently, some were found hibernating in caves in Minnesota (Knowles 1992).
The generic name Eptesicus is derived from the Greek, meaning "house flyer". All this bat needs is a small hole or warped, loose siding to gain entry into a home. Once inside, it prefers to roost in double walls or boxed-in eaves rather than attics. It is reasonable to speculate that populations of the big brown bat have increased with an increasing number of human habitations (Baker 1983).
Habitat Regions: temperate
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Eptesicus fuscus, also known as the Big Brown Bat, ranges from southern Canada, through temperate North America, down through Central America to extreme northern South America, and the West Indies (Nowak 1991).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Eptesicus fuscus is an insectivorous bat. It preys primarily on beetles using its robust skull and powerful jaws to chew through the beetles' hard chitinous exoskeleton. It also eats other flying insects including moths, flies, wasps, flying ants, lacewing flies, and dragonflies (Baker 1983). One study indicated that juvenile E. fuscus ate a greater range of softer food items in their diets, compared to adults. The same study also indicated that bats having survived their first winter (yearlings), did not differ significantly in diet from the adults (Hamilton and Barclay 1998).
The big brown bat must confine its feeding activity to warm months when prey insects are active. Therefore it has to accumulate enough fat reserves, as much as one third of its body weight, before entering hibernation. Some estimate that these bats catch at least 1.4 grams of insects per hour (Baker 1983). Another study identified a single adult which gorged on food at a rate of 2.7 grams per hour (Davis et al 1963).
Like most other bats, E. fuscus does not feed in heavy rain or when the air temperature dips below 10 degrees centigrade. In good weather they will begin foraging 20 minutes after sunset. They eat until full, and then often make use of a "night roost". This means the bat will hang under a porch or in a barn to rest while digesting its meal. It returns to its day roost before dawn (Kurta 1995).
Primary Diet: carnivore
Big brown bats are insectivorous. They consume many insect pests, including common threats to crop plants. They eat the corn root worm which may be the single most important agricultural pest in the United States (Whitaker 1995).
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Many people do not like sharing their homes with bats. The only way to keep them from entering homes or other buildings is to block the holes bats use as entryways.
People also have concerns regarding bats and the virus which causes rabies, all mammals are susceptible to the disease. However it is important to caution that people should not handle any obviously sick wild animal. Also, the risk of contracting rabies from bats is exaggerated.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease ; household pest
Conflicts with humans can occur when the bats enter dwellings. Bats can be kept from re-entering a home if the holes used as entrances are blocked. This is best done at night once the bats have left to hunt for food. It should not be done during June or July when there may be flightless young bats remaining in the home (Kurta 1995).
Since big brown bats are beneficial in consuming agricultural or nuisance pests, it has been suggested farmers should actually encourage the bats to form maternity colonies. A further suggestion would be to design bridges to encourage bats to use them as roosts (Whitaker 1995).
Big brown bats are fairly common and are not of any special conservation concern.
Temperate North American bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white-nose syndrome.” This disease has devastated eastern North American bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007. The fungus, Geomyces destructans, grows best in cold, humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula. The fungus grows on, and in some cases invades, the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation, causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths. Mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90%.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Eptesicus fuscus has a few predators, including owls, snakes, racoons, and even house cats (Kurta 1995). Also, man-made chemicals such as DDT and PCB can concentrate in milk, embryos, and adult tissue and may cause death. This bat can survive up to 19 years in the wild and males tend to live longer than females (Nowak 1991).
The heart rate of this bat shows some amazing range. For example, the heart rate can increase from 420-490 beats per minute (prior to flight), to 970-1097 beats per minute in flights of two to four seconds duration (Hill and Smith 1984).
The fossil record of the big brown bat is the most widespread Pleistocene bat in North America. Fossil records are known from more than 30 sites in the U.S. and Pleistocene fossils are also reported in Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas (Kurta and Baker 1990).
Eptesicus fuscus is a colonial species of bat that is commonly found in Michigan. In this area, the dorsal pelage of the big brown bat appears brown to reddish brown, being evenly colored across the surface (Kurta 1995). It is the second largest bat in Michigan, the largest being Lasiurus cinereus, the hoary bat (Baker 1983). It inhabits rural areas, cities, and towns, and has the widest distribution of all bat species in Michigan. It is expected that the big brown bat inhabits all counties. (Baker 1983).
Big brown bats tend to mate right before they go into hibernation, but the female does not become pregnant until the spring, in the beginning of April. 60 days after the female becomes pregnant, she gives birth to one or two babies. The average weight of a pup is 3.3g. The babies are born blind and with no fur, but they grow quickly and are able to fly by early July.
Eptesicus fuscus employs delayed fertilization as a reproductive strategy. In males, spermatazoa are produced beginning in October. This species mates just prior to entering winter hibernacula, however, copulation can take place if individuals wake during hibernation. Sperm is stored in the female tract until the beginning of April, at that time ovulation and fertilization take place (Baker 1983).
The female gives birth to one or two young after a 60-day gestation period. At birth, the young is blind, naked, has closed eyes, and weighs about 3.3 g (Kurta 1995). The young grow rapidly, their eyes opening after about seven days. Female big brown bats have two mammary glands to nurse the young which are then weaned and ready to fly by late June or early July. They may reach adult size in August (Baker 1983). Males are not involved in parenting.
Breeding season: Late fall
Range number of offspring: 1.0 to 2.0.
Average gestation period: 60.0 days.
Range weaning age: 18.0 to 35.0 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous ; sperm-storing
Average birth mass: 3.9 g.
Average gestation period: 35 days.
Average number of offspring: 2.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male: 730 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 547 days.
Females must eat at least their body weight in insects each night when they are nursing young. They leave the young in the roost while foraging.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care
Eptesicus fuscus és una espècie de quiròpter que viu des del sud de Canadà fins a Colòmbia i el nord de Sud-amèrica i a les Antilles, a menys de 2.700 m d'altitud. És molt freqüent en assentaments humans.[1]
La longitud del cos amb el cap arriba a ser entre 6,3 i 7,5 cm, la de la cua de 4 a 5,2 cm, el peu de 0,9 a 1,6 cm, l'orella d'1,2 a 1,9 cm. Té una envergadura entre 28 i 33 cm. Pesa entre 15 i 19 g. El pèl és llarg i brillant en el dors i ataronjat a ocre ppal·lid al ventre, però la pilositat és negra a la base.
Eptesicus fuscus és una espècie de quiròpter que viu des del sud de Canadà fins a Colòmbia i el nord de Sud-amèrica i a les Antilles, a menys de 2.700 m d'altitud. És molt freqüent en assentaments humans.
Die Große Braune Fledermaus (Eptesicus fuscus) ist eine Breitflügelfledermaus, welche in Nord-, Zentral- und Südamerika beheimatet ist.
Die Große Braune Fledermaus ist eine mittelgroße Fledermaus mit kräftigem Körper und großem Kopf, einer breiten Nase und fleischigen Lippen. Die Gesamtlänge beträgt 87–138 mm bei einem Gewicht von 11–23 g. Die Weibchen sind leicht größer als die Männchen (sexueller Dimorphismus). Die Ohren sind kurz und erreichen wenn man sie nach vorne klappt nur knapp die Spitze der Nase. Der Tragus ist breit und an der Spitze leicht nach vorne geneigt. Die Flügel sind kurz und breit. Das Fell ist weich und am Rücken meist über 10 mm lang. Die Farbe reicht von hellbraun über schokoladenbraun, wobei das Bauchfell heller ist als das Fell am Rücken. Eptesicus furinalis unterscheidet sich von anderen Glattnasen in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet durch den großen, breiten Kopf, dem stämmigen Körper, den runde Ohren und den kurzen, breiten Flügeln. Zudem besitzt die Art vier obere Schneidezähne. Sie ist die einzige Art der Breitflügelfledermäuse in Nordamerika, und die größte Art in Zentral- und Südamerika.
Die Große Braune Fledermaus ist wie die meisten Fledermäuse nachtaktiv und ernährt sich von Insekten. Sie besitzt ein großes Hörspektrum von 10–45 kHz und nutzt Echoortung zur Orientierung und zum Jagen. Jede Nacht jagen die Tiere für etwa 100 min und verbringen den Rest der Nacht in einem Unterschlupf, der nicht derselbe ist wie der Schlafplatz am Tag. Studien haben gezeigt, dass ausgewachsene Tiere bis zu 2,7 g Insekten pro Stunde fressen können. Die Fluggeschwindigkeit beträgt 13–18 km/h in geschlossenen Räumen, kann jedoch im offenen Flug bis zu 33 km/h erreichen. Dabei schlagen die Tiere über 9 Mal pro Sekunde mit den Flügeln. Ab November fangen die Tiere an, in den Winterschlaf zu gehen. Die Überwinterungsplätze sind kühl und trocken und befinden sich meistens in Gebäuden, Minen und Höhlen. Dabei verkriechen sich die Tiere meistens einzeln oder in kleinen Gruppen in enge Spalten. Vor dem Winterschlaf fressen sich Große Braune Fledermäuse Fettreserven an. Das Durchschnittsgewicht vor dem Winterschlaf beträgt 21 g, und bis zum April verlieren die Tiere um die 25 % dieses Gewichts. Tiere auf Kuba scheinen keinen Winterschlaf zu halten, können jedoch in kühleren Nächten in Kältestarre (Torpor) gehen.
Große Braune Fledermäuse können bis zu 19 Jahre alt werden. Zu den bekannten Räubern gehören Purpur-Grackel, Buntfalke, Wiesel, Ratten, Hauskatzen und Amerikanischer Ochsenfrosch.
Die Große Braune Fledermaus war 2006 die erste Fledermaus-Art, für deren Individuen Belege für einen Magnetsinn publiziert wurden.[1]
Nach der Zeit des Winterschlafs bilden die Weibchen Mutterkolonien von 5–700 Tieren, während die Männchen oft einzeln oder in reinen Männchen-Gruppen anzutreffen sind. Im Osten Nordamerikas findet man Mutterkolonien oft in Häusern, Ställen und Kirchen, wobei auch Kolonien bekannt sind, welche in hohlen Bäumen gefunden wurden. Mehr als 90 % der Weibchen einer Kolonie werden während der Paarungszeit trächtig. Während der ersten Schwangerschaftsphase setzen die Weibchen Fettreserven an, mit dem sie das Wachstum des Fötus während der späteren Schwangerschaftsphasen unterstützen. Die Tragezeit der Großen Braunen Fledermaus beträgt etwa 60 Tage. Jedes Weibchen bringt pro Wurf im Westen Nordamerika normalerweise nur ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt, im Osten und auf Kuba jedoch zwei. Die Geburt findet zwischen Mai und Juli statt. Jungtiere kommen nackt, aber mit offenen Augen und Ohren zur Welt und wiegen etwa 20 % eines ausgewachsenen Tieres. Die Jungtiere werden 32–40 Tage gesäugt und beginnen nach 18–35 Tagen zu fliegen. 7–10 % der Jungtiere sterben vor dem Ende der Stillzeit. Werden die Jungen von der Mutter getrennt, so stoßen sie sogenannte Isolationsrufe aus, auf welche das Muttertier mit einem Zwitschern im Ultraschallbereich reagiert. Muttertiere erkennen ihre eigenen Jungen und nehmen diese auch auf, sollten sie heruntergefallen sein.
Die Große Braune Fledermaus reicht von Kanada bis Panama kommt ebenso auf den Großen Antillen vor. In Südamerika kommt sie in Kolumbien, Venezuela und wahrscheinlich im Nordwesten Brasiliens vor. Auf den Bahamas ist die Art ausgestorben. Ihr Bestand wird von der IUCN dank der weiten Verbreitung als stabil und ungefährdet eingestuft.[2]
Die Große Braune Fledermaus (Eptesicus fuscus) ist eine Breitflügelfledermaus, welche in Nord-, Zentral- und Südamerika beheimatet ist.
ठूलो खैरो चमेरा चमेरा प्रजातिमा पर्ने एक ठूलो प्रजातिको चमेरा हो। यस प्रजातिको चमेराको एक पखेटा देखि अर्के पखेटाको लम्बाइ ३७ सेमी (१५ इञ्च) हुन्छ। यो चमेरा कहिलेकाँही भवनको माथिल्लो तल्लामा समूहमा वा एकलै उल्टो झुण्डिएर बसेको देखिन्छ। यस चमेराको वैज्ञानिक नाम ल्याटिन शब्दबाट उत्पत्ति भएको हो।
ठूलो खैरो चमेराको शरीरको माथिल्लो भागमा लामो तथा बाक्लो भुत्लाहरू हुन्छन् जुन खैरो रङ्गको हुन्छन्।[४] यस प्रजातिको चमेराको शरीरको तल्लो भाग हल्का पहेँलो तथा खैरो रङ्गको हुन्छ भने यसको नाकको आकार त्रिकोणात्मक हुन्छ जुन कालो रङ्गको हुन्छ। यस चमेराको पखेटामा रहेको पातलो झिल्लीको रङ्ग भने गाढा कालो तथा खैरो रङ्गको हुन्छ। युवा तथा साना चमेराहरूको वयस्कको भन्दा शरीरको रङ्ग कालो हुन्छ। ठूलो खैरो चमेरा उड्ने क्रममा ठूलो आकारको देखिने भएकाले यसलाई सहजै छुट्याउन सकिन्छ।[५] यसले उड्ने क्रममा पखेटालाई छिटोछिटो चलाउने गर्दछ। यस प्रजातिले प्रायः उड्ने क्रममा वा बसिरहेका समयमा साना कीरा तथा फटयाङ्ग्राको सिकार गर्ने गरेको पाइएको छ। पोथी चमेराले सामान्यतया गर्मीको अन्तमा एक बच्चालाई मात्र जन्म दिन्छ भने पोथीले बच्चालाई केही हप्ता सम्म अाफ्नो ढाडमा बोक्ने गर्दछ। युवा चमेराहरू प्रायः पहिलो उडानहरू लगभग तीन हप्ताको उमेरमा गर्दछन् र छ हप्तामा तिनीहरू सिकार गर्न सक्षम हुन्छन्।[६]
ठूलो खैरो चमेरा युरेसियाका भूभागमा ५८ देखि ३० डिग्रीमा भेटिन्छन्। यी प्रजातिहरू ग्रेट ब्रिटेनको दक्षिण देखि पश्चिम, पूर्वमा ताइवान र दक्षिण देखि उत्तरमा अफ्रिका सम्म भेटिन्छन् भने यी प्रजातिहरू मध्य पूर्वी, दक्षिणी र दक्षिण पूर्वी एसियामा पनि पाइन्छन्। यी प्रजातिहरू स्पेनको क्यानरी टापूमा पनि बसोबास गर्छन्। ठूलो खैरो चमेरा समशीतोष्ण र उपोष्णकटिबन्धीय सुख्खा जङ्गल, माकुइस , खेती गरेको जग्गा, अर्ध मरुभूमि तथा उपनगरीय क्षेत्रहरू सहित बस्तीहरूको विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा बसोबास गर्छन्।[७]
ठूलो खैरो चमेराको युरोपेली बासस्थान दायरामा मानव बस्तीको विकासका कारण यसको बासस्थान दायरा सिमित बन्न पुगेको छ आहार तथा सिकार क्षेत्रको गिरावट भएका कारण यसको सिकार क्षेत्रमा पनि गिरावट आएको छ। थप रूपमा यस प्रजातिको चमेरा प्रायः भवनहरूमा भुमिगत रूपमा तथा झिण्डिएर बस्ने गर्दछ। संयुक्त अधिराज्यमा ठूलो खैरो चमेरालाई कानूनी सुरक्षाको एकदम व्यापक रूपमा दिइएको छ भने युरोपको अन्य राज्यहरूमा पनि यसलाई सुरक्षा दिइएको छ।[८]
ठूलो खैरो चमेरा चमेरा प्रजातिमा पर्ने एक ठूलो प्रजातिको चमेरा हो। यस प्रजातिको चमेराको एक पखेटा देखि अर्के पखेटाको लम्बाइ ३७ सेमी (१५ इञ्च) हुन्छ। यो चमेरा कहिलेकाँही भवनको माथिल्लो तल्लामा समूहमा वा एकलै उल्टो झुण्डिएर बसेको देखिन्छ। यस चमेराको वैज्ञानिक नाम ल्याटिन शब्दबाट उत्पत्ति भएको हो।
The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is a species of vesper bat distributed widely throughout North America, the Caribbean, and the northern portion of South America. It was first described as a species in 1796. Compared to other microbats, the big brown bat is relatively large, weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz) and possessing a wingspan of 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in).
Big brown bats are insectivorous, consuming a diverse array of insects, particularly night-flying insects, but especially beetles.[4] Some of the beetles it consumes are serious agricultural pests, including cucumber beetles. They are nocturnal, foraging for prey at night and roosting in sheltered areas during the day such as caves, tunnels, tree cavities, and human structures. Their breeding season is in the fall, shortly before their annual hibernation. After hibernation ends in the spring, females form maternity colonies for giving birth to young. Oftentimes only one offspring is produced per litter, though twins are common in the Eastern US. Lifespans of 6.5 years are considered average.
The big brown bat occurs widely throughout the US, Canada, Central America, and the Caribbean. Its range extends into parts of South America, found as far south as Colombia and Venezuela. It is adaptable to many habitats and is considered a generalist species. The big brown bat is not considered at risk for extinction, and is evaluated as the lowest conservation priority by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
While some other bat species in its range have experienced dramatic population declines due to the fungal disease white-nose syndrome, the big brown bat is relatively resistant to the effects of the disease, and some populations have even increased since the syndrome arrived in North America. Like all bats in the US, the big brown bat can be impacted by rabies, though some individuals have immunity against the virus. Even though sick bats are more likely to be submitted for testing, in 2011, only 3.8%[5] of submitted big brown bats were positive for the rabies virus. Bat boxes are sometimes used to attract them as they are an agriculturally valuable species.
The big brown bat was described in 1796 by French naturalist Palisot de Beauvois. Palisot described the species based on specimens in the museum of Charles Willson Peale, an American naturalist, giving it the name Vespertila fuscus.[6][7] The genus name, Eptesicus, is likely derived from the Greek words ptetikos ("able to fly") or petomai ("house flier"), and the species name "fuscus" is Latin in origin, meaning "brown".[8] The big brown bat is the type species for the genus Eptesicus, which was established in 1820 by French-American naturalist Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. Though Rafinesque designated the type species as Eptesicus melanops, this was later determined to be a synonym of Eptesicus fuscus. The first use of the current name combination Eptesicus fuscus was in 1900 by Hungarian zoologist Lajos Méhelÿ.[9] Recognized subspecies number eleven[10] or twelve:[11]
E. f. lynni has sometimes been considered a full species,[22][23] though was listed as a subspecies by the American Society of Mammalogists and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) as of 2019.[24][25] In the US state of Colorado where two subspecies were hypothesized to overlap (E. f. fuscus and E. f. pallidus), morphological features did not agree with genetic lineages, and thus were not reliable in distinguishing the two subspecies. Individuals with eastern and western US genetic lineages co-occurred in the same colonies, however.[10]
As the genus Eptesicus is fairly speciose, it is further divided into morphologically similar "species-groups". The big brown bat belongs to the serotinus group, which is defined by having a large, elongate skull, flat braincase, and a long snout.[26] In a study of the evolutionary relationships of some Eptesicus species, the big brown bat was most closely related to the two other species from the Americas: the Argentine brown bat and the diminutive serotine.[27] The serotinus group also includes:[26]
It is a relatively large microbat, weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz). Adult body length is 110–130 mm (4.3–5.1 in).[28] Its forearm is usually longer than 48 mm (1.9 in).[29] Its wingspan is 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in). Its dorsal fur is reddish brown and glossy in appearance; its ventral fur is lighter brown. Its snout, uropatagium (flight membrane between the hind limbs), and wing membranes are black and hairless. Its ears are also black;[28] they are relatively short with rounded tips.[29] The tragi (cartilage flaps in front of the ear canal) also have rounded tips.[28]
It has a robust skull;[29] the greatest length of the skull is approximately 19.25 mm (0.758 in).[30] The snout has a rounded and somewhat flattened appearance.[29] The braincase has a breadth of approximately 8.6 mm (0.34 in) and the mandible (jawbone) has a length of approximately 14.5 mm (0.57 in).[30] The upper incisors are large, with the inner pair more prominent than the outer pair. The inner pair of upper incisors also has a distinctive secondary cusp. The crowns of the lower incisors are trifid, or have three cusps.[29] Its dental formula is 2.1.1.33.1.2.3, for a total of 32 teeth.[31]
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Big brown bats are insectivorous, eating many kinds of insects including beetles, flies, stone flies, mayflies, true bugs, net-winged insects, scorpionflies, caddisflies, and cockroaches.[32][31] It will forage in cities around street lamps. As the big brown bat is such a widespread species, it has regional variation in its diet, though it is generally considered a beetle specialist. Populations in Indiana and Illinois have particularly high consumption of scarab beetles, cucumber beetles, ground beetles and shield bugs. In Oregon, primary prey items include moths in addition to scarab beetles and ground beetles. In British Columbia, large proportions of caddisflies are consumed, with flies as a secondary prey source.[33] A study in Ontario compared fecal samples of big brown bats with the abundance of insects collected in passive traps. The result was a strong preference for beetles as prey. Lepidoptera were the most common insect order collected but beetles were present in 99.2% of fecal samples.[32] When being rehabilitated, big brown bats are often fed mealworms which have been supplemented with necessary vitamins and minerals.[34]
Big brown bats are significant predators of agricultural pests. A 1995 study found that, per year, a colony of 150 big brown bats in Indiana or Illinois consumes 600,000 cucumber beetles, 194,000 scarab beetles, 158,000 leafhoppers, and 335,000 shield bugs—all of which cause serious agricultural damage.[35]
The big brown bat is nocturnal, roosting in sheltered places during the day. It will utilize a wide variety of structures for roosts, including mines, caves, tunnels, buildings, bat boxes, tree cavities, storm drains, wood piles, and rock crevices.[33] They generally roost in cavities, though they can sometimes be found under exfoliating bark.[36][37] Both solitary males and solitary, non-pregnant/non-lactating females have been found roosting under bark.[38] In the summer, males are most often solitary, though they may form small, all-male colonies. Males will also sometimes roost with adult females. Females exhibit philopatry ("love of place"), with 10-30% of female offspring returning to their natal roost the following year and up to 72% of adult females using the same roost in subsequent years.[29]
Like many other species of microbats, the big brown bat often uses echolocation to navigate. This means that the species emits a call out into its environment and listens to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them.[39] Using echolocation, big brown bats can determine how far away an object is, the objects size, shape and density, and the direction (if any) that an object is moving. Their use of echolocation allows them to occupy a niche where there are often many insects (that come out at night since there are fewer predators then), less competition for food, and fewer species that may prey on the big brown bat itself.[40]
Big brown bat mating season is in the fall. After the breeding season, pregnant females separate into maternity colonies around April.[8][31] Maternity colonies range in size from 5-700 individuals, though in the eastern US and Canada, they are frequently 25-75 adults.[29] Historically, maternity colonies were probably in tree cavities. In modern, human-dominated landscapes, however, many maternity colonies are in buildings.[33] In the eastern United States, twins are commonly born sometime between May and July; in western North America, females give birth to only one pup each year.[29] A dissected female was once found with four embryos; had the female given birth, though, it is unlikely that all four would have survived.[31] Like most species of bat,[41] the big brown bat only has two nipples. At birth, pups are blind, helpless, and only 3 g (0.11 oz), though they grow quickly, gaining up to 0.5 g (0.018 oz) per day.[31] The pup nurses from its mother for approximately one month. Mothers leave their pups behind at the roost while they forage at night. Pups fledge, or begin flying, at three to five weeks old.[28]
A 2011 study of a population in Colorado found that their average life expectancy was a little over 6.5 years;[42] according to a 2008 report, some banded big brown bats have lived up to 20 years, although some experts have hypothesized that the bats might be "capable of living much longer."[43] In general, males live longer than females.[29]
Big brown bats enter into hibernation around November, often in a location less than 80 km (50 mi) away from their summer roosts.[44] Big brown bats often hibernate by themselves,[44][45][46] or in small groups.[44][46] While some big brown bats hibernate in subterranean locations such as caves and underground mines,[29] most can be found in warm man-made structures.[47][48] Big brown bats tolerate cold weather fairly well,[45] although they can be negatively affected by major changes in temperature.[44] It is fairly common for some hibernating big brown bats to awaken temporarily and seek warmer shelter, locate water, and even mate.[8][44] Big brown bats come out of hibernation in the spring.[49]
The big brown bat has few natural predators. Depredation occurs opportunistically, with common grackles, American kestrels, owls, long-tailed weasels, and American bullfrogs as known predators.[29] It is affected by a number of ectoparasites (external parasites) and endoparasites (internal parasites). Insect ectoparasites include Basilia (flies), Cimex (true bugs), and Myodopsylla (fleas). Several mites are ectoparasites as well, including Acanthopthirius, Cheletonella, Euschoengastia, Leptotrombidium, Macronyssus, Neospeleognathopsis, Neotrombicula, Olabidocarpus, Ornithodoros, Parasecia, Perissopalla, and Spinturnix. Endoparasites include nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes.[29]
Like all bats in the United States,[50] big brown bats can be affected by rabies. The incubation period for rabies in this species can exceed four weeks,[51] though the mean incubation period is 24 days.[50] Rabid big brown bats will bite each other, which is the primary method of transmission from individual to individual. However, not all individuals will develop rabies after exposure to the virus. Some individuals have been observed with a sufficiently high rabies antibody concentration to confer immunity. Rabies immunity can be passed from mother to pup via passive immunity or from exposure to the bite of a rabid individual. Overall, a low proportion of big brown bats become infected with rabies. Populations of big brown bats in the Eastern United States have a different strain of rabies than the populations in the Western United States.[51] In one study, only 10% of big brown bats were shedding the rabies virus through their saliva before exhibiting clinical symptoms of the disease; symptoms of rabies in big brown bats include acute weight loss, paralysis, ataxia (inability to coordinate muscle movement), paresis (weakness of voluntary movement), and unusual vocalizations.[50]
The big brown bat is encountered widely throughout North America in present times.[29] It is found from southern Canada and Alaska to as far south as Colombia and Venezuela. It has also been documented in the Caribbean in both the Greater and Lesser Antilles, including Cuba, Hispaniola, Dominica, Barbados, and the Bahamas. The big brown bat has been documented from 300–3,100 m (980–10,170 ft) above sea level.[1] It is a generalist, capable of living in urban, suburban, or rural environments.[33] It has been called "the most widespread Pleistocene bat in North America", as it is more represented in the fossil record of that time than any other bat species. Its extensive fossil record is known from more than thirty sites, including fourteen US states, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and the Bahamas.[29]
The big brown bat is evaluated at the lowest conservation priority by the IUCN—least concern. It meets the criteria for this designation because it has a wide geographic distribution, a large population size, occurrence in protected areas, and tolerance to habitat modification by humans.[1] While other bat species in the Eastern United States have experienced significant population declines (up to 98% loss) due to white-nose syndrome, the big brown bat is relatively resistant to its effects. Even in caves harboring Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome, big brown bats maintain normal torpor patterns. Unlike in other species more affected by white-nose syndrome, big brown bats are able to retain more of their body fat throughout hibernation. In fact, some regions of the eastern United States have seen an increase in big brown bat populations since the arrival of white-nose syndrome.[52]
Big brown bats are a species that will use bat houses for their roosts. Landowners will purchase or construct bat houses and install them, hoping to attract big brown bats, largely due to their being an "agriculturally valuable species".[53] In particular, the big brown bat feeds on cucumber beetles, which can decimate corn; this makes the species quite beneficial to farmers in the Corn Belt.[54]
Big brown bats can be of concern to public health as a rabies vector, as they commonly roost in buildings and thus have a higher chance of encountering humans.[51] Because they are often found in proximity to humans, the big brown bat and the not-closely related little brown bat are the two bat species most frequently submitted for rabies testing in the United States.[55] Big brown bats infrequently test positive for the rabies virus; of the 8,273 individuals submitted for testing across the United States in 2011, 314 (3.8%) tested positive for the virus.[5] There is a known bias in testing, however, as healthy bats rarely come into contact with humans, and therefore sick bats are more likely to be tested.[56] In the US, human rabies cases from exposure to bats more frequently come from other bat species. Of the twenty-four human rabies cases from bats from 1993 to 2000, seventeen cases (71%) were a rabies variant associated with the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) while one case (4%) was associated with the rabies variant found in big brown bats.[57]
Histoplasma capsulatum, the fungus that causes the disease histoplasmosis, is occasionally found in its guano. The big brown bat may also be a vector of the Saint Louis encephalitis virus, a mosquito-born virus that can affect humans.[29] Individuals have also tested positive for West Nile virus, which can also be transferred to humans via mosquitoes.[58]
The big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) is a species of vesper bat distributed widely throughout North America, the Caribbean, and the northern portion of South America. It was first described as a species in 1796. Compared to other microbats, the big brown bat is relatively large, weighing 15–26 g (0.53–0.92 oz) and possessing a wingspan of 32.5–35 cm (12.8–13.8 in).
Big brown bats are insectivorous, consuming a diverse array of insects, particularly night-flying insects, but especially beetles. Some of the beetles it consumes are serious agricultural pests, including cucumber beetles. They are nocturnal, foraging for prey at night and roosting in sheltered areas during the day such as caves, tunnels, tree cavities, and human structures. Their breeding season is in the fall, shortly before their annual hibernation. After hibernation ends in the spring, females form maternity colonies for giving birth to young. Oftentimes only one offspring is produced per litter, though twins are common in the Eastern US. Lifespans of 6.5 years are considered average.
The big brown bat occurs widely throughout the US, Canada, Central America, and the Caribbean. Its range extends into parts of South America, found as far south as Colombia and Venezuela. It is adaptable to many habitats and is considered a generalist species. The big brown bat is not considered at risk for extinction, and is evaluated as the lowest conservation priority by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
While some other bat species in its range have experienced dramatic population declines due to the fungal disease white-nose syndrome, the big brown bat is relatively resistant to the effects of the disease, and some populations have even increased since the syndrome arrived in North America. Like all bats in the US, the big brown bat can be impacted by rabies, though some individuals have immunity against the virus. Even though sick bats are more likely to be submitted for testing, in 2011, only 3.8% of submitted big brown bats were positive for the rabies virus. Bat boxes are sometimes used to attract them as they are an agriculturally valuable species.
El murciélago moreno (Eptesicus fuscus) es una especie de quiróptero que habita desde el sur de Canadá hasta Colombia y el norte de Sudamérica y en las Antillas, a menos de 2.700 m de altitud. Es muy frecuente en los asentamientos humanos.[1]
La longitud de la cabeza con el cuerpo alcanza entre 6,3 y 7,5 cm, la de la cola de 4 a 5,2 cm, el pie 0,9 a 1,6 cm, la oreja de 1,2 a 1,9 cm, la longitud del antebrazo 4,6 a 5,2 cm y una envergadura entre 28 y 33 cm. Pesa entre 15 y 19 g. El pelaje es moderadamente largo y brillante, marrón en el dorso y anaranjado a ocre pálido en el vientre, pero los pelos son negros en la base. Las membranas del ala, oídos, pies y la cara son de color negruzco.
Es nocturno y descansa durante el día, en huecos de árboles, en las grietas de las rocas o en estructuras artificiales como áticos, galpones, edificios antiguos, aleros y persianas. Navega por los cielos nocturnos mediante ecolocalización, produciendo sonidos ultrasónicos través de la boca o la nariz. Son conocidos también para producir sonido audible en vuelo, un clic que suena como el vapor que se escapa.
ES insectívoro, come muchos tipos de insectos voladores nocturnos, como mosquitos, polillas, escarabajos, avispas, que captura en vuelo. Esto hace que los cambios repentinos y frecuentes en la dirección
En Norteamérica hiberna durante el invierno, generalmente en lugares diferentes y hasta lejanos[1] de los refugios de verano. Los dormideros invernales tienden a ser lugares subterráneos como cuevas o minas, donde las temperaturas se mantienen estables, aunque aún se desconoce, dónde pasar el invierno la mayoría de los murciélagos morenos. Si el clima se calienta lo suficiente, puede despertar a buscar agua e incluso para aparearse.
Busca pareja en forma esporádica para aparearse desde noviembre hasta marzo. Después, las hembras preñadas se separan y conforman a colonias de maternidad que juntan entre 5 y 700. Los machos descansan aparte, solitarios o en grupos pequeños, durante ese tiempo.[1]
El murciélago moreno (Eptesicus fuscus) es una especie de quiróptero que habita desde el sur de Canadá hasta Colombia y el norte de Sudamérica y en las Antillas, a menos de 2.700 m de altitud. Es muy frecuente en los asentamientos humanos.
Eptesicus fuscus Eptesicus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Vespertilioninae azpifamilia eta Vespertilionidae familian sailkatuta dago
Eptesicus fuscus Eptesicus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Vespertilioninae azpifamilia eta Vespertilionidae familian sailkatuta dago
Eptesicus fuscus
La Sérotine brune (Eptesicus fuscus), aussi appelée « grande chauve-souris brune » (de l'anglais big brown bat), est une espèce de chauve-souris présente depuis le Nord de l'Amérique du Sud jusqu'au Sud du Canada.
Son nom myotis signifie oreilles de souris. Elle fait partie de l'ordre des chiroptères (Chiroptera), ce qui signifie en grec ancien "chiro", la main, et "ptère", qui vole.
Cette espèce est touchée par Syndrome du museau blanc mais n'est pas en danger (taux de mortalité de 40 %).
Cette chauve-souris a le dos de couleur brun foncé brillant et un ventre plus pâle. Son patagium est brun foncé ou noir et dépourvu de poil, ainsi que son museau et ses oreilles. Ses oreilles et ses tragus sont plutôt arrondis[1].
Ses mensurations sont de 96 à 134 mm de longueur totale et de 290 à 356 mm d'envergure[1].
Elle pèse entre 11 et 22 g. Les nouveau-nés pèsent de 2.5 à 4 g[1].
Cette chauve-souris est bien adaptée au milieu urbain où on la trouve en abondance. Elle chasse notamment autour des réverbères mais elle fréquente aussi les zones ouvertes comme les pâturages et les champs, les zones humides et les bordures de points d'eau ou les lisières de forêt[1],[2].
Cette espèce de chauve-souris est insectivore et elle se nourrit de coléoptères, fourmis ailées, diptère, éphémères, phryganes, libellules et autres insectes capturés en plein vol. Pour attraper ses proies, elle doit fréquemment changer de direction en vol. Grâce à l’écholocation, la Sérotine brune peut repérer ses proies de 19 mm à 5 m de distance. Elle est capable de distinguer les sons de basse fréquence émis par un essaim d'insectes à une distance de 600 m[1],[2].
Cette espèce de chauve-souris est résistante au froid, ce qui explique qu'elle n'entre en hibernation qu'en fin novembre au Canada. Elle passe l'hiver dans une mine, une grotte ou un grenier. Durant l'hiver, les cavités souterraines (grottes) sont mieux protégées et les températures y restent stables toute l'année[1].
L'accouplement a lieu en automne juste avant l'hibernation, mais les femelles n'ovule qu'en avril. Au printemps lors de la mise bas, la Sérotine brune forme des maternités pouvant dépasser les 200 individus. Ces maternités sont généralement placées dans des lieux chauds favorables aux nouveau-nés comme des greniers, des clochers, des granges ou des arbres creux. Les jeunes naissent de mi-mai à la fin juin et restent en intérieur pendant que les femelles chassent la nuit. Ils ne commencent à voler qu'à partir de 3 semaines, sont sevrés à environ 40 jours et sont autonomes à l'âge de 2 mois. Les mâles et les femelles deviennent mûrs dès leur premier automne[1],[3].
Cette espèce peut vivre jusqu'à 19 ans, mais sa longévité est en moyenne de 10 ans[1].
Espèce grégaire en période de mise bas, ce qui n'est pas le cas en période d'hibernation où les femelles hibernent souvent seules et les mâles en petits groupes de 3 ou 4 individus[1].
Peu de prédateurs s'attaquent à cette chauve-souris. Occasionnellement, elle peut être la proie des hiboux, de la crécerelle d'Amérique, la mouffette rayée ou le chat domestique[1].
De par sa présence dans les habitations, cette espèce fait l'objet de destruction à cause des préoccupations du public sur les risques de zoonose (rage et histoplasmose), du bruit et des odeurs occasionnés par leur présence, ce qui mène à des mesures d'extermination de colonies, de gites ou de maternités par des moyens physiques et chimiques. Ces pratiques sont de moins en moins courantes mais s'observent toujours.
Les changements de la structure des forêts, notamment avec les feux de forêt, l'exploitation forestière et la fragmentation avec les routes et les chemins forestiers, l'impact des éoliennes et les insecticides sont également des facteurs limitatifs et menaçants[1],[2].
Le Syndrome du nez blanc touche cette espèce à hauteur de 40 % mais ne la met actuellement pas en danger[2],[3].
Eptesicus fuscus
La Sérotine brune (Eptesicus fuscus), aussi appelée « grande chauve-souris brune » (de l'anglais big brown bat), est une espèce de chauve-souris présente depuis le Nord de l'Amérique du Sud jusqu'au Sud du Canada.
Son nom myotis signifie oreilles de souris. Elle fait partie de l'ordre des chiroptères (Chiroptera), ce qui signifie en grec ancien "chiro", la main, et "ptère", qui vole.
Cette espèce est touchée par Syndrome du museau blanc mais n'est pas en danger (taux de mortalité de 40 %).
Il serotino bruno (Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois, 1796) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Vespertilionidi diffuso nel Continente americano.[1][2]
Pipistrello di medie dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 63 e 75 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 46 e 52 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 40 e 52 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 9 e 16 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 12 e 19 mm e un peso fino a 17 g.[3]
La pelliccia è lunga, soffice e lucida. Le parti dorsali variano dal fulvo al bruno-grigiastro, mentre le parti ventrali sono più chiare e variano dal rosato al giallo-olivastro. Il muso è largo, con due masse ghiandolari sui lati. Gli occhi sono piccoli. Le orecchie sono nerastre, corte, carnose e arrotondate. Il trago è largo e curvato in avanti. Le membrane alari sono nerastre, corte e larghe. La punta della lunga coda si estende leggermente oltre l'ampio uropatagio. Il calcar è carenato. Il cariotipo è 2n=50 FNa=48.
Emette ultrasuoni sotto forma di impulsi di breve durata a banda stretta e frequenza modulata iniziale a 48 kHz e finale a 27 kHz.
Si rifugia in estate nelle cavità degli alberi e negli edifici mentre in inverno preferisce piccole grotte o strutture artificiali dove si aggrega in gruppi fino a 373 esemplari. Durante i periodi riproduttivi in estate forma vivai, formati da 20-600 femmine mentre i maschi tendono ad essere solitari. Tali colonie iniziano a disperdersi a settembre, con gli ultimi individui che le abbandonano i primi giorni di novembre. Dopo aver accumulato grasso corporeo sufficiente, circa un quarto del proprio peso, entra in uno stato di ibernazione tra novembre e fine marzo quando le temperature esterne variano tra 0 e 18 °C, solitamente insieme ad altri chirotteri, particolarmente con Parastrellus e Perimyotis. L'attività predatoria inizia prima del tramonto. Si tratta di una specie fortemente sedentaria con spostamenti che non superano i 50 km.
Si nutre di insetti non volanti, particolarmente scarafaggi e in misura minore di imenotteri, ditteri, plecotteri, efemeridi, emitteri, tricotteri, neurotteri, mecotteri ed ortotteri.
Gli accoppiamenti avvengono principalmente in autunno, ma anche in primavera ed inverno. Talvolta la fertilizzazione viene ritardata. Danno alla luce uno o due piccoli alla volta ad aprile o maggio. appena nati pesano 2,8-4 g ad hanno un'apertura alare di 18 mm. Vengono svezzati dopo quattro settimane e cominciano a volare dopo circa due mesi, quando hanno raggiunto le dimensioni adulte.
Questa specie è diffusa dal Canada meridionale, attraverso tutti gli Stati Uniti d'America e l'America centrale fino alla Colombia centrale. È presente anche nelle Grandi Antille, Bahamas e Dominica.
Vive nelle foreste umide e sempreverdi fino a 1.500 metri di altitudine.
Sono state riconosciute 12 sottospecie:
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, la popolazione presumibilmente numerosa, la presenza in diverse aree protette e la tolleranza alle modifiche ambientali, classifica E.fuscus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
Il serotino bruno (Eptesicus fuscus Beauvois, 1796) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Vespertilionidi diffuso nel Continente americano.
De grote bruine vleermuis (Eptesicus fuscus) is een vleermuis uit de familie der gladneuzen (Vespertilionidae). Het is één van de grotere vleermuizen in Noord-Amerika.
De vacht is aan de bovenzijde bruin. Aan de onderzijde is deze bleker. De vleugels, oren, poten en gezicht zijn donkerbruin tot zwart van kleur. De dieren in open gebieden als woestijnen zijn lichter gekleurd dan de dieren in dichte gebieden als bossen. De grote bruine vleermuis is 106 tot 127 millimeter lang en 13 tot 18 gram zwaar.
De vleermuis komt voor in bijna geheel zuidelijk Canada, de 48 aaneengesloten Verenigde Staten van Amerika (dus niet in Alaska en Hawaï), Midden-Amerika, Colombia, Venezuela, de Bahama's en Cuba. Op Jamaica komt de verwante Eptesicus lynni voor, die mogelijk slechts een ondersoort van de grote bruine vleermuis is. Hij leeft in een groot aantal verscheidene gebieden, zoals woestijnen, landbouwgebieden, steden, bossen en parken.
De zomerverblijven bevinden zich in gebouwen en soms in boomholten, onder de bast en in grotten. Het winterverblijf ligt meestal in een gebouw, maar ook bij de ingang van grotten, mijntunnels en dergelijke. Van alle Noord-Amerikaanse vleermuizen overwintert deze soort het meest in gebouwen. Hij gaat zelden op jacht in de winter, maar teert op zijn vetreserves. Als de temperatuur gunstig is, vliegt hij om te drinken of te paren.
De grote bruine vleermuis is een snelle vlieger, die snelheden van 65 kilometer per uur kan bereiken. Met echolocatie spoort hij zijn prooi op. Dit geluid is voor de mens hoorbaar. Hij jaagt vooral op kevers, maar ook sprinkhanen, wespen en mieren. Deze vangen ze in de vlucht.
De paartijd duurt van november tot maart. Hierna trekken de vrouwtjes in de kraamkolonies. Een kraamkolonie kan rond de zeshonderd vrouwtjes bevatten. Hier worden eind mei, begin juni twee jongen geboren. Als de moeder gaat jagen, laat ze de jongen achter in de kolonie. Als een jong naar beneden valt, klimt hij terug op de muur en maakt hij scherp piepende geluiden. De moeder vindt ze zo terug. Na twee tot vier weken verlaten de jongen voor het eerst het nest.
De grote bruine vleermuis wordt maximaal 18 jaar oud.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Mroczek brunatny[3] (Eptesicus fuscus) – gatunek nietoperzy z rodziny mroczkowatych.
Całe Stany Zjednoczone wraz z najdalej wysuniętą na południe częścią Alaski, część Kanady, Ameryka Środkowa i północna część Ameryki Północnej. Nietoperz ten nie występuje na Florydzie i w południowo-wschodnim Teksasie.
Mroczki brunatne dawniej żyły w lasach. Stopniowo przyzwyczajały się do obecności ludzi i dziś spędzają najczęściej lato w pobliżu ich siedzib. Sypiają najczęściej na strychach domów, lub w stodołach, choć również obecnie część z nich wykorzystuje kryjówki naturalne, głównie dziuple drzew.
Śpiące mroczki trzymają się podłoża nogami, w pozycji głową w dół. Niekiedy wiszą samotnie, kiedy indziej w niewielkich skupieniach. W ciągu dnia mogą zawieszać się na korze drzew lub, w regionach pustynnych, na wielkich kaktusach saguaro. Zimą spotkać je można w opuszczonych sztolniach lub tunelach.
Nietoperze te odpoczywają w ciemnych, chłodnych i niezbyt wilgotnych miejscach. Nie lubią mrozów ani temperatur przekraczających 33 °C.
Pokarm mroczka brunatnego składa się wyłącznie z owadów, chwytanych niemal wyłącznie w powietrzu.
Mroczek brunatny (Eptesicus fuscus) – gatunek nietoperzy z rodziny mroczkowatych.
Eptesicus fuscus é uma espécie de morcego da família Vespertilionidae. Ocorre do sul do Canadá através dos Estados Unidos da América, México (exceto a Península de Iucatã) e América Central ao norte da Colômbia, noroeste da Venezuela e norte do Brasil; Grandes Antilhas (Cuba, Jamaica, Hise Porto Rico); Bahamas; Dominica e Barbados (Antilhas Menores); e possivelmente no Alasca.
Eptesicus fuscus é uma espécie de morcego da família Vespertilionidae. Ocorre do sul do Canadá através dos Estados Unidos da América, México (exceto a Península de Iucatã) e América Central ao norte da Colômbia, noroeste da Venezuela e norte do Brasil; Grandes Antilhas (Cuba, Jamaica, Hise Porto Rico); Bahamas; Dominica e Barbados (Antilhas Menores); e possivelmente no Alasca.
Eptesicus fuscus[2][3][4][5][6] är en fladdermusart som först beskrevs av Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois 1796. Eptesicus fuscus ingår i släktet Eptesicus och familjen läderlappar.[7][8] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[7] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 12 underarter.
Denna fladdermus kännetecknas av ett stort huvud med tjocka avrundade öron. Arten har korta breda vingar. Den långa pälsen är på ovansidan ljusbrun till brun och på undersidan ännu ljusare. Eptesicus fuscus har dessutom en svartaktig flygmembran samt svarta öron, nos och fötter. På varje sida av överkäken förekommer två framtänder och fyra molarer. Antalet tänder är 32. Individerna blir med svans 102 till 156 mm långa och svanslängden är 35 till 54 mm. De har 38 till 50 mm långa underarmar, 12 till 20 mm långa öron och en vikt av 10 till 20 g.[9]
Denna fladdermus förekommer i stora delar av Nord- och Centralamerika samt i norra Sydamerika (se karta). Artens ursprungliga habitat är skogar men den vistas även i kultiverade landskap inklusive i städer.[1]
Individerna vilar bland annat i trädens håligheter, i grottor eller i bergssprickor. De sover gärna i gömställen som skapades av människor som byggnader, gruvor eller tunnlar. I norra delen av utbredningsområdet håller fladdermusen vinterdvala men den vaknar ibland och kan i så fall flyga till ett lämpligare gömställe. Eptesicus fuscus jagar flygande insekter som skalbaggar, flygande myror, getingar och trollsländor.[1]
Arten jagar med hjälp av ekolokalisering. Individerna lämnar gömstället redan under skymningen och de jagar på kvällen cirka 50 meter över marken. Senare under natten flyger de närmare marken. Eptesicus fuscus kan igenkänna en svärm med insekter från 600 meter avstånd. Exemplar från kalla trakter lagrar under hösten fett i kroppen.[9]
Parningen sker under hösten och sedan förvaras hannens sädesceller i honans könsorgan tills den egentliga dräktigheten börjar. I Nordamerika föds allmänt en unge per kull under senare våren eller tidiga sommaren. Honor bildar före ungarnas födelse egna kolonier som är skilda från hannarna. Ungen föds blind, naken och med slutna öron öppningar. Efter 18 till 35 dagar får ungen flygförmåga. Hannar kan vanligen para sig under första parningstiden efter födelsen och några honor först under andra parningstiden.[9]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Eptesicus fuscus.
Wikispecies har information om Eptesicus fuscus.
Eptesicus fuscus är en fladdermusart som först beskrevs av Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois 1796. Eptesicus fuscus ingår i släktet Eptesicus och familjen läderlappar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 12 underarter.
Країни проживання: Барбадос, Беліз, Бразилія, Канада, Колумбія, Коморські Острови, Коста-Рика, Куба, Домініка, Домініканська Республіка, Гватемала, Гаїті, Гондурас, Ямайка, Мексика, Нікарагуа, Панама, Пуерто-Рико, США, Венесуела. Мешкає містах і в сільській місцевості, а найменш часто зустрічаються в густих лісових регіонах. Це комахоїдний кажан, що веде нічний спосіб життя. Полює в основному на жуків, використовуючи міцний череп і потужні щелепи, щоб жувати жуків через жорсткий хітиновий екзоскелет. Він також їсть інших літаючих комах, у тому числі це молі, мухи, оси, мурашки що літають і бабки. Швидкість польоту на відкритому повітрі може розвиватися до 33 км/год. Тварина робить 9 махів крильми за секунду. Eptesicus fuscus використовує ехолокацію для орієнтації та полювання. З листопада тварини впадають в сплячку поодинці або невеликими групами. Перед сплячкою кажани наїдаються. Середня вага перед зимівлею становить 21 г, а до квітня, тварини втрачають близько 25% від цієї ваги. Ці кажани можуть жити до 19 років.
Це середніх розмірів кажан з сильним тілом, великою широкою головою і широким носом. Загальна довжина становить від 87 до 138 мм при вазі 11-23 гр. Самиці трохи більші, ніж самці. Вуха короткі, крила короткі та широкі. Шерсть м'яка і звернена назад, зазвичай близько 10 мм. Колір варіюється від світло-коричневого до темно-шоколадно-коричневого, хутро черева світліша, ніж хутро на спині.
Країни проживання: Барбадос, Беліз, Бразилія, Канада, Колумбія, Коморські Острови, Коста-Рика, Куба, Домініка, Домініканська Республіка, Гватемала, Гаїті, Гондурас, Ямайка, Мексика, Нікарагуа, Панама, Пуерто-Рико, США, Венесуела. Мешкає містах і в сільській місцевості, а найменш часто зустрічаються в густих лісових регіонах. Це комахоїдний кажан, що веде нічний спосіб життя. Полює в основному на жуків, використовуючи міцний череп і потужні щелепи, щоб жувати жуків через жорсткий хітиновий екзоскелет. Він також їсть інших літаючих комах, у тому числі це молі, мухи, оси, мурашки що літають і бабки. Швидкість польоту на відкритому повітрі може розвиватися до 33 км/год. Тварина робить 9 махів крильми за секунду. Eptesicus fuscus використовує ехолокацію для орієнтації та полювання. З листопада тварини впадають в сплячку поодинці або невеликими групами. Перед сплячкою кажани наїдаються. Середня вага перед зимівлею становить 21 г, а до квітня, тварини втрачають близько 25% від цієї ваги. Ці кажани можуть жити до 19 років.
Eptesicus fuscus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi muỗi, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Beauvois mô tả năm 1796.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Eptesicus fuscus tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi muỗi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Eptesicus fuscus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi muỗi, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Beauvois mô tả năm 1796.
큰갈색박쥐(Eptesicus fuscus)는 애기박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 북아메리카와 중앙아메리카, 카리브 해 그리고 남아메리카 북단에서 서식한다.[2]
중형 크기의 박쥐로 몸길이는 10~13cm, 날개폭은 28~33cm 그리고 몸무게는 14~16g 사이이다. 적당히 길고 윤이나는 갈색 털을 갖고 있다. 비막과 귀, 발, 얼굴은 진한 갈색부터 거무스름한 색을 띤다.
큰갈색박쥐는 야행성 동물로 낮 동안에 나무 구멍 속이나 헐거워진 나무 껍질 아래, 바위 틈 또는 더그매와 헛간, 오래된 건물, 처마 그리고 창 덧문과 같은 사람들이 만든 건축물 속에 매달려 지낸다. 입이나 코로 초음파를 발사하는 반향정위 사용을 통해 밤하늘을 비행한다. 비행하는 동안 들을 수 있는 짤까닥하거나 증기가 새는 것 같은 소리도 내는 것으로 알려져 있다.
큰갈색박쥐는 식충성 동물의 일종으로 밤에 나방과 딱정벌레와 말벌 등 포함한 비행하는 곤충을 날아서 잡고, 이 때문에 갑자기 방향을 자주 바꾼다.
큰갈색박쥐는 겨울 몇개월동안 여름 서식지와 다른 장소에서 겨울잠을 잔다. 겨울 서식지로 동굴과 지하 탄광처럼 온도가 일정하게 유지되는 천연의 지하 장소가 되는 경향이 있으며, 대다수의 많은 박쥐들이 어디에서 겨울을 보내는 지 아직 알려져 있지 않다. 날씨가 충분히 따뜻해지면 물을 찾아 잠에서 깨며, 번식을 시작한다.
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나무껍질 사이의 큰갈색박쥐(미네소타주)
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