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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 13.9 years (captivity)
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Chinese water deer are relatively small in size, ranging in length from 775-1,000 mm. They have a short tail, 60-75 mm length. The hair is generally thick and harsh. It is longest on the flanks and rump, with a maximium length of 40 mm in the winter coat. The top of the face is grayish and reddish brown, the chin and upper throat are whitish, and the back and sides are usually a uniform yellowish brown, finely striped with black. The underparts are white. Both sexes lack antlers, but the upper canine teeth, especially in the males, are enlarged, forming fairly long, slightly curved tusks. These saber-like upper canines are the most conspicuous feature of the bucks. Theyprotude up to about 52 mm from the upper jaw and constitute sharp, dangerous weapons. The canines of the female are much smaller, scarcely 5 mm on the inner side. A dark spot on the sides of the lower lip behind the upper canines makes the canines more conspicuous. A small scent gland is present on the face in front of the eyes on both sexes; this is the only known case of such glands in the Cervidae (Nowak, 1991; Butzler, 1990; Allen, 1940; Brown, 1991).

Range mass: 12 to 18.5 kg.

Average mass: 12.9 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Katopodes, D. 1999. "Hydropotes inermis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydropotes_inermis.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
12.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
11.5 years.

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Katopodes, D. 1999. "Hydropotes inermis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydropotes_inermis.html
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Chinese water deer live among tall reeds, rushes along rivers, and in tall grass on mountains and cultivated fields. They also inhabit swampy regions and open grasslands. They are adept at hiding, and any cover seems sufficient to give them shelter. Although not adverse to water and swamps, they prefer drier land. When the the cultivated fields that they occupy are cut, they may be found lying in the furrows and hollows of open fields (Butzler, 1990; Allen, 1940; Wilson, 1993; Brown, 1991).

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

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Katopodes, D. 1999. "Hydropotes inermis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydropotes_inermis.html
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Distribution ( англиски )

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The Chinese water deer is found in the lower Yangtze Basin of east-central China and in Korea. The species was also introduced and became wild in England and France (Butzler, 1990; Allen, 1940).

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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The diet of the Chinese water deer includes reeds, coarse grasses, vegetables, and beets. The Chinese water deer has a four chambered stomach, but the rumen pillars are poorly developed. Because of this the deer cannot digest the carbohydrates from plant material very efficiently. Thus the deer must select foods low in fiber but high in soluble carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Chinese water deer are highly selective feeders, taking herbs, forbs, and young sweet grasses, rather than the coarser and more fibrous vegetation of mature grasses (Nowak, 1991; Allen, 1940; MacDonald, 1987; Putnam, 1988).

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Katopodes, D. 1999. "Hydropotes inermis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydropotes_inermis.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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In the wild, the Chinese water deer is heavily hunted in order to obtain colostrum, which is sold for use in folk medicine. Colostrum, milk characterized by high protein and antibody content, is secreted for a few days after the deer gives birth. Also, thousands of Chinese water deer are sold as food each year in Europe (Allen, 1940; Webster, 1994).

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Benefits ( англиски )

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The Chinese water deer often comes into conflict with man when they eat his crops. They may also be pests of commercial forrestry (Putnam, 1988; MacDonald, 1987).

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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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In the wild, the Chinese water deer is heavily hunted. Although it is not classified as an endangered species, there recently were estimated to be only 10,000 individuals remaining in the wild in China (Butzler, 1990). IUCN -- Rare.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Katopodes, D. 1999. "Hydropotes inermis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydropotes_inermis.html
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Без наслов ( англиски )

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The Chinese water deer has been bred extensively in captivity. Many individuals escaped from the Duke of Bedford's Woburn Park in England and established a feral population (Butzler, 1990)

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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The mating of the Chinese water deer is seasonal. In China mating occurs from November to January, and most young are born in late May and June. In the European zoos, mating usually occurs in May. Estimates of the gestation period range from about 170 to 210 days. Females are said sometimes to give birth to up to eight young at a time, more than are produced by any other kind of deer. In a survey of zoos, however, it was found that there were usually only two offspring per birth or occasionally three. After gestation, the female gives birth, often leaving her normal range and becoming solitary. The calf remains concealed for the first few weeks, emerging only when the mother visits to suckle it. Like many deer, the young animals have a camouflaged coat with light spots in parallel longitudinal lines. This pattern disappears with age. Lactation lasts several months, and thus the female deer are occupied with one or another aspect of reproduction for most of the year. In contrast, males contribute nothing to the rearing of their offspring. For a few weeks prior to the mating season the males compete for access to receptive females.

Males reach sexual maturity at 5-6 months, and females at 7-8 months. The lifespan of the Chinese water deer is about 10-12 years (Butzler, 1990; Allen, 1940; Nowak, 1991; Wilson, 1993; Ohtaish and Sheng, 1993; Brown, 1991; Putnam. 1988; MacDonald, 1987).

Range number of offspring: 6 (high) .

Range gestation period: 6 (low) months.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 1042 g.

Average number of offspring: 2.7.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
183 days.

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Associations ( англиски )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
adult of Lipoptena cervi ectoparasitises Hydropotes inermis

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Waterhert ( африканс )

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Die waterhert (Hydropotes inermis) is ’n klein hert wat oppervlakkig beskou meer soos ’n muskushert lyk as soos ’n ware hert. Dit is inheems aan China en Korea en daar is twee subspesies: die Chinese waterhert (Hydropotes inermis inermis) en die Koreaanse waterhert (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Ondanks sy gebrek aan gewei (horings) en sekere ander anatomiese verskille – onder meer sy prominente slagtande – word dit as ’n takbok geklassifiseer. Sy unieke karaktertrekke het meegebring dat dit al in sy eie genus (Hydropotes) en selfs in sy eie subfamilie (Hydropotinae) geklassifiseer is.[2] ’n Studie van sy DNS plaas dit egter naby Capreolus in die "ouwêreldse" subfamilie Capreolinae.[3] Sy lang slagtande het hom onder andere die naam "vampierhert" besorg.

Habitat

 src=
Die slagtande van ’n waterhert.

Waterherte is inheems aan die laer gebiede van die Yangtzerivier, die kus van die Jiangsuprovinsie en die eilande van Zhejiang van Oossentrale China, en in Korea. Hulle kom langs riviere voor waar hoë riete hulle beskerm. Hulle kom ook in berge, moerasse, graslande en selfs oop landerye voor. Hulle kan goed swem en kan na verafgeleë riviereilande swem. Die Chinese waterhert kom nou ook in Brittanje, Frankryk en Argentinië voor, en selfs in die VSA.[4][5]

Beskrywing

Die waterhert het lang bene en ’n lang, grasieuse nek. Die kragtige agterbene is langer as die voorstes sodat die heupe hoër is as die skouers. Hulle gee haasagtige spronge. Die stert is kort en amper onsigbaar, behalwe wanneer ramme dit in die paarseisoen orent hou. Die ore is kort en rond, en nie een van die geslagte het gewei nie.

Die pels is ’n goudbruin kleur en kan ook swart hare bevat, terwyl die onderkant van die lyf wit is. In die herfs word die pels geleidelik vervang deur ’n dikker, growwer winterlaag wat wissel van ligbruin tot grysbruin.

Die waterhert het lang slagtande wat vanaf die boonste kaak uitsteek. Veral ramme se slagtande is lank en kan wissel van 5,5 tot 8 cm. As die hert eet, kan hy die tande uit die pad hou omdat hy dit nie vir eetdoeleindes gebruik nie, maar as hy aggressief raak, stoot hy die tande uit en trek sy onderlip in om die tande verder te ontbloot. Dit is ’n gedugte wapen teen ander ramme en het hom die naam "vampierhert" besorg.[6]

Buite die paarseisoen is die ramme alleenlopend en hoogs territoriaal. Elke ram merk sy gebied met urine en ontlasting. Hy sal ook sy reukkliere aan voorwerpe vryf. Ooie hou buite die paarseisoen in onverwante klein groepe en sal uiteenspat as gevaar dreig.

Verwysings

  1. Harris, R.B. & Duckworth, J.W. (2008). Hydropotes inermis. 2008 IUBN Rooi Lys van bedreigde spesies. Internasionale Unie vir die Bewaring van die Natuur 2008. Verkry op 8 April 2009.
  2. Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3de uitg.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC 62265494
  3. Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; Pierpaoli, M.; Douzery, E. (1998). "New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 265 (1398): 793. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0362
  4. http://prezi.com/w7oqdthnkkll/hydropotes-inermis/
  5. http://www.hows.org.uk/inter/birds/exotics/emam.htm
  6. Paine DE (2012-04-28). "World's deadliest golf course boasts land mines, vampire deer". Dateline Zero. Besoek op 2012-05-27.

Eksterne skakels

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Waterhert: Brief Summary ( африканс )

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Die waterhert (Hydropotes inermis) is ’n klein hert wat oppervlakkig beskou meer soos ’n muskushert lyk as soos ’n ware hert. Dit is inheems aan China en Korea en daar is twee subspesies: die Chinese waterhert (Hydropotes inermis inermis) en die Koreaanse waterhert (Hydropotes inermis argyropus). Ondanks sy gebrek aan gewei (horings) en sekere ander anatomiese verskille – onder meer sy prominente slagtande – word dit as ’n takbok geklassifiseer. Sy unieke karaktertrekke het meegebring dat dit al in sy eie genus (Hydropotes) en selfs in sy eie subfamilie (Hydropotinae) geklassifiseer is. ’n Studie van sy DNS plaas dit egter naby Capreolus in die "ouwêreldse" subfamilie Capreolinae. Sy lang slagtande het hom onder andere die naam "vampierhert" besorg.

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Su maralı ( азерски )

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Hydropotes inermis (lat. Hydropotes inermis) - su maralı cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

İstinadlar

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Su maralı: Brief Summary ( азерски )

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Hydropotes inermis (lat. Hydropotes inermis) - su maralı cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Karv-dour ( бретонски )

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Ar c'harv-dour (Hydropotes inermis) a zo ur c'harv bihan eus Azia ar reter.

Daou isspesad a zo:

  • Hydropotes i. inermis (e Sina)
  • Hydropotes i. argyropus (e Korea).

Liammoù diavaez


Commons
Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

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Karv-dour: Brief Summary ( бретонски )

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Ar c'harv-dour (Hydropotes inermis) a zo ur c'harv bihan eus Azia ar reter.

Daou isspesad a zo:

Hydropotes i. inermis (e Sina) Hydropotes i. argyropus (e Korea).
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Cérvol aquàtic ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El cérvol aquàtic (Hydropotes inermis) és una espècie de cérvol. Superficialment és més similar als cérvols mesquers que als autèntics cérvols (cèrvids), però se'l classifica com a cèrvid tot i tenir ullals en lloc de banyes, així com altres anomalies anatòmiques. Aquestes característiques úniques han fet que sigui classificat dins el seu propi gènere (Hydropotes) i la seva pròpia subfamília (Hydropotinae). És originari de la Xina i de Corea i n'hi ha dues subespècies: el cérvol aquàtic xinès (Hydropotes inermis inermis) i el cérvol aquàtic coreà (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Hàbitat i distribució

Els cérvols aquàtics són natius dels trams inferiors del riu Iang-Tsé, zona costanera de la província de Jiangsu i les Illes de Zhejiang (a la Xina Central i Oriental) i a Corea, la zona desmilitaritzada ha proporcionat un hàbitat protegit per a un bon nombre d'individus.[1] Freqüenten els alts canyars, jonqueres a la vora dels rius, herba alta de les muntanyes i camps de conreu; també zones pantanoses i pastius oberts.

Eficient nedador, pot desplaçar-se alguns quilòmetres per l'aigua per arribar fins illes fluvials.

Cérvols aquàtics de la subespècie xinesa van ser introduïts a Gran Bretanya vers 1870. Avui hi ha diverses poblacions salvatges al comtat de Bedfordshire i altres indrets. També a França hi ha petites poblacions introduïdes.


Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cérvol aquàtic Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Harris, R.B. i Duckworth, J.W. Hydropotes inermis. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 8 abril 2009.


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Cérvol aquàtic: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El cérvol aquàtic (Hydropotes inermis) és una espècie de cérvol. Superficialment és més similar als cérvols mesquers que als autèntics cérvols (cèrvids), però se'l classifica com a cèrvid tot i tenir ullals en lloc de banyes, així com altres anomalies anatòmiques. Aquestes característiques úniques han fet que sigui classificat dins el seu propi gènere (Hydropotes) i la seva pròpia subfamília (Hydropotinae). És originari de la Xina i de Corea i n'hi ha dues subespècies: el cérvol aquàtic xinès (Hydropotes inermis inermis) i el cérvol aquàtic coreà (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

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Srnčík čínský ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ
 src=
Z očí do očí

Srnčík čínský (Hydropotes inermis) je malým přežvýkavým bezparožnatým sudokopytníkem z čeledě jelenovitých, kde je řazen do podčeledě jelenci.

Výskyt

Tito drobní příbuzní jelenů žijí ve vlhkých oblastech střední a východní Číny a v Koreji. Vyskytují se okolo údolních řek, v horách i blízko obhospodařovaných polí. Žijí v bažinatých oblastech i na otevřených planinách, úkryt hledají nejčastěji ve vysokém rákosí a vzrostlé trávě.

Popis

Jsou to poměrně drobní jeleni, jejich délka nepřevyšuje 1 m a výška 55 cm. Samci váží nejvýše 14 kg a samice 11 kg, mají kratičký ocas, ne delší než 7 cm. Hustá a drsná srst, nejdelší je na bocích a zádech (až 4 cm), je ze svrchní strany a na bocích nažloutle hnědá, na spodních částech těla bělavá. Silně zúžená tlama je červenohnědá nebo šedivá a spodní čelist a krk jsou někdy krémové. Uši mají krátké a silně zaoblené. Zadní končetiny jsou mnohem mohutnější než přední. Nemají parohy, zato mají téměř 8 cm dlouhé šavlovitě zahnuté horní špičáky na způsob sloních klů vystupující po stranách z tlamy, špičáky samic jsou mnohem menší. Okolo očí mají pachové žlázy.

Chování

Tichá, nenápadná zvířata, která lze jen velmi těžko vystopovat v husté vegetaci, ve které se přes den skrývají, aktivní jsou jen zrána a večer. Jsou samotáři, do stád se neshlukují, nejvýše lze spatřit dvojici samce se samicí. Svá území hájí proti ostatním samcům, při zápasech se často zraní zahnutými špičáky na šíji nebo na krku, pokud poražený neuprchne, je i zabit. Pravidelně si označují své okrsky třením pachových žláz na čele o kmeny stromů. Další své pachové stopy zanechávají na zemi ze žláz mezi kopýtky, močí a trusem. Při zpozorování nebezpečí své případné partnery v okolí upozorňují hlasitým štěkáním. Při ohrožení se nahrbí a prchají sérii dlouhých skoků. Dobře plavou, i několik kilometrů mezi ostrůvky při hledání potravy.

Strava spočívá v mladém rákosu, travinách, bylinách a koříncích rostlin. Mají čtyřdílný žaludek, ale jejich bachor je špatně vyvinut, proto tráví sacharidy z rostlinstva velmi neefektivně. Volí potravu s nízkým obsahem vlákniny, ale s lehce rozložitelnými sacharidy, bílkovinami i tuky. Žerou jen úzce vybrané druhy rostlinstva, mladé a sladké.

Rozmnožování

Srnčíci čínští se páří obvykle od listopadu do ledna a mláďata se rodí v květnu a červnu. Samice po 180 až 210 dnech březosti porodí 1 až 3, občas 4 a někdy až 8 mláďat. Zvířata žijící v evropských zoo se páří obvykle v květnu a rodí dvě, výjimečně tři mladé. Matka mláďata po vrhu opouští a ta leží několik týdnů různě ukrytá v trávě a čekají, až je přijde nakojit. Mají srst s maskovacím vzorem s bílými kroužky a pásky, vzor časem vylíná. Kojení trvá několik měsíců, samci se na výchově nepodílí. Samci dosahují sexuální zralosti v 5. až 6. měsíci, samice v 7. až 8. Dožívají se průměrného věku 10 až 12 let.

Klasifikace

Srnčík čínský se vyskytuje ve dvou poddruzích:

Ohrožení

Jsou lovení hlavně pro získání mleziva, které má v čínské lidové medicíně veliký význam. Mnoho jich je pytláky chycenu a snědeno. Jsou také likvidováni majiteli polí, kterým spásají úrodu. V Číně žijí ve větších počtech hlavně na souostroví Zhoushan Islands, v přírodní rezervaci u jezera Poyang a v rezervacích v prefekturách Yancheng a Anhui.

Jejich počty se za poslední léta silně snížily, odhaduje se, že ve volné přírodě žije jen asi 10 000 zvířat. V klasifikaci IUCN jsou hodnoceni jako zranitelný druh. Jsou zvláště citliví na změny životního prostředí plynoucí ze zabírání území pro zemědělské účely, které jim snižují možnost obživy a klidu k vyvádění potomků.

Zajímavost

Srnčíci čínští byli dovezeni do Británie, kde dlouho žili v oboře, pak utekli a založili divokou populaci, volně žijí také ve Francii.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Literatura

  • KATOPODES, Demetra. Animal Diversity Web: Hydropotes inermis [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 1999 [cit. 2013-01-24]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  • Ungulates of the World: Hydropotes inermis [online]. Brent Huffman, www.ultimateungulate.com, rev. 28.04.2011 [cit. 2013-01-24]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  • CHEN, Min. ARKive: Hydropotes inermis [online]. ARKive, Wildscreen Trading Ltd., Bristol, UK, rev. 25.02.2011 [cit. 2013-01-24]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Srnčík čínský: Brief Summary ( чешки )

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 src= Z očí do očí

Srnčík čínský (Hydropotes inermis) je malým přežvýkavým bezparožnatým sudokopytníkem z čeledě jelenovitých, kde je řazen do podčeledě jelenci.

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Wasserreh ( германски )

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Das Wasserreh (Hydropotes inermis) ist eine in Ostasien verbreitete Art der Hirsche. Es zeigt zwar trotz seines Namens weniger Gemeinsamkeiten mit einem Reh als mit einem Moschustier, ist aber dennoch mit ersterem näher verwandt.

Merkmale

 src=
Junges Wasserreh

Mit einer Kopf-Rumpflänge zwischen 77,5 und 100 Zentimetern, einer Körperhöhe zwischen 45 und 55 Zentimetern und einem Gewicht von 11 bis 14 Kilogramm sind Wasserrehe sehr zierliche Hirsche.[1] Sie gehören zu den sehr wenigen Hirscharten, bei denen die Männchen keine Geweihe entwickeln. Beim Männchen sind wie bei Moschustieren jedoch die oberen Eckzähne zu Hauern verlängert, die bis zu 6,4 Zentimeter lang werden können und deutlich sichtbar aus dem Maul ragen.[2] Bei Weibchen sind die Eckzähne ebenfalls verlängert, jedoch ragen sie bei diesen nicht aus dem Maul. Das Fell des Wasserrehs ist dick und rau. Es weist eine gelbbraune Farbe auf, nur Kinn und Kehle sind weißlich davon abgesetzt. Wasserrehe haben zwei Duftdrüsen in der Leistengegend. Anders als bei vielen anderen Hirscharten fehlt das Tarsal- und das Metatarsalorgan.[3]

Als eine in Gewässernähe lebende Tierart sind Wasserrehe gute Schwimmer. Flüchtende Wasserrehe suchen häufig das Wasser auf, sie sind auch in der Lage, größere Gewässer zu durchqueren und besiedeln daher auch Inseln in größeren Süßgewässern. Wie das Europäische Reh wird das Wasserreh eher dem Schlüpfertypus zugerechnet. Es ist physisch nicht in der Lage, über größere Distanzen zu fliehen und sucht bei der Flucht in der Regel mit wenigen Sprüngen die Deckung auf. Der Schrecklaut des Wasserrehes ist ein harsches Bellen.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst den unteren Teil des Jangtsekiang-Beckens in Ost-Zentral-China sowie die Koreanische Halbinsel. Das Koreanische Wasserreh wird als Unterart Hydropotes inermis argyropus vom Chinesischen Wasserreh abgetrennt. Da es heute fast ausschließlich im schwer zugänglichen Nordkorea vorkommt, ist fast nichts über diese Unterart bekannt. Der Lebensraum sind Sümpfe und Ufer von Flüssen und Seen, wo sich die Wasserrehe in hohem Schilf und anderer Ufervegetation verbergen.

Lebensweise

Chinese water deer Stuffed specimen.jpg

Wasserrehe sind einzelgängerische Tiere. Manchmal dulden Böcke die Gesellschaft eines Weibchens, zeigen sich aber stets gegenüber Geschlechtsgenossen aggressiv. Ihr Revier markieren sie mit den Sekreten der Duftdrüsen sowie mit Kot.[4] Im Kampf fügen sich die Tiere mit den Eckzähnen schwere Wunden zu. Sie stehen sich dabei nicht frontal gegenüber wie dies beispielsweise bei Rot- oder Damhirschen der Fall ist, sondern seitlich Schulter an Schulter. Die Kämpfe enden, wenn eines der Tiere als Demutsgeste Kopf und Hals auf den Boden presst. Anschließend flieht der Unterlegene aus dem Territorium.

Nach einer Tragzeit von 200 Tagen bringt das Weibchen zwei Junge zur Welt. Frühere Berichte, nach denen ein Wurf bis zu acht Junge umfasst, haben sich als Irrtümer herausgestellt. Neugeborene wiegen durchschnittlich ein Kilogramm, das Fell der Kitze weist weiße Flecken und Längsstreifen auf. Sie werden sehr schnell geschlechtsreif. Männchen können sich bereits in einem Alter von sechs Monaten fortpflanzen, die Weibchen sind mit acht Monaten empfängnisbereit.[5] Die Lebenserwartung in freier Wildbahn ist nicht bekannt. In Gefangenschaft gehaltene Wasserrehe erreichten ein Lebensalter von 13 Jahren und elf Monaten.[6]

Die Nahrung besteht aus Gräsern und Wasserpflanzen, vor allem aus Schilf. Manchmal suchen Wasserrehe nachts Getreide- und Gemüsefelder auf und fressen dort, weshalb sie in China als Schädlinge angesehen werden.

Systematik

Das Wasserreh ist eine Art aus der Gattung Hydropotes und deren einziges Mitglied. Sie gehört zur Familie der Hirsche (Cervidae). Die systematische Stellung des Wasserrehs war lange umstritten, häufig bildete es die eigene Unterfamilie Hydropotinae mit einer sehr basalen Stellung innerhalb der Hirsche.[7][8] Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen ergaben aber eine nahe Verwandtschaft mit den Rehen (Capreolus), gemeinsam formen sie nun die Tribus Capreolini.[9][10]

Sonstiges

Einführung in Europa

Wasserrehe wurden durch den Herzog von Bedford 1929 zusammen mit dem Chinesischen Muntjak auf seinem Gut Woburn Abbey eingeführt und haben sich von dort ausgebreitet. Heute finden sie sich in Sümpfen und Flussniederungen in den Norfolk Broads (Hickling Broad Naturschutzgebiet), Bedfordshire und Cambridgeshire. Ihre Zahl wird auf 1500 geschätzt, was ungefähr 10 % des weltweiten Bestandes ausmacht. Eine weitere verwilderte Population lebt im Département Haute-Vienne in Frankreich.

Verwendung in der Volksmedizin

In der Traditionellen Chinesischen Medizin findet das Kolostrum des Weibchens Verwendung, weshalb die Tiere verfolgt und gejagt werden. Die Bestandszahl wird heute auf 10.000 in China geschätzt; die IUCN stuft die Art insgesamt als „gefährdet“ ein. Über den Bestand des Koreanischen Wasserrehs ist nichts bekannt. Zusätzlich ist das Fleisch des Wasserrehs eine Grundzutat der traditionellen "acht Schätze" (ba zhen) der altchinesischen Küche. Wasserrehfleisch gilt langsam gedünstet als klassische Delikatesse – gelangt heute allerdings nur noch sehr selten auf den chinesischen Esstisch.

Literatur

  • Leonard Lee Rue III: The Encyclopedia of Deer. Voyageur Press, Stillwater 2003, ISBN 0-89658-590-5

Einzelbelege

  1. Rue, S. 32
  2. Rue, S. 32
  3. Rue, S. 32
  4. Rue, S. 32
  5. Rue, S. 32
  6. Rue, S. 32
  7. George Gaylord Simpson: The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 85, 1945, S. 1–350 (S. 270–272)
  8. Colin Peter Groves: A note on the systematic position of the Muntjac (Artiodactyla, Cervidae). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 39, 1974, S. 369–372
  9. M. V. Kuznetsova, M. V. Kholodova und A. A. Danilkin: Molecular Phylogeny of Deer (Cervidae: Artiodactyla). Russian Journal of Genetics 41 (7), 2005, S. 742–749
  10. Clément Gilbert, Anne Ropiquet und Alexandre Hassanin: Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40, 2006, S. 101–117
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Wasserreh: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Das Wasserreh (Hydropotes inermis) ist eine in Ostasien verbreitete Art der Hirsche. Es zeigt zwar trotz seines Namens weniger Gemeinsamkeiten mit einem Reh als mit einem Moschustier, ist aber dennoch mit ersterem näher verwandt.

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Hydropotes inermis ( оскитански (по 1500 г.) )

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L'idropòt (Hydropotes inermis), tanben apelat Cèrvi d'aiga o Cabiròl de las sanhas es un pichon cervid d'Asia.

Caracteristicas

Aqueste cervid pichon es fòrça crentós. Lo mascle, un pauc mai grand que la femèla, a de grandas caninas aparentas, utilizadas pendent los combats entre mascles. Los pichons, pòdon aver un pelatge leugièrament pigalhat, alara que los parents an un pelatge unit.

Hydropotes inermis stuffed.JPG

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Hydropotes inermis: Brief Summary ( оскитански (по 1500 г.) )

добавил wikipedia emerging languages

L'idropòt (Hydropotes inermis), tanben apelat Cèrvi d'aiga o Cabiròl de las sanhas es un pichon cervid d'Asia.

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நீர் மான் ( тамилски )

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நீர் மான் (Hydropotes inermis) என்பது உருவத்தில் கஸ்தூரி மான் இனத்தைப் போன்று சிறியாதாக இருக்கும் ஒரு மான் இனம்.அதே வேளை கிளை மானுக்கும் நீர் மானுக்கும் ஒரு ஒற்றுமை இருக்கிறது. கிளை மான் இனத்தில் ஆண் மான்களுக்கு கொம்புகள் இருப்பதுப் போன்று நீர் மான் இனத்தில் ஆண் மான்களுக்கு வாயின் இரண்டு பக்கவாட்டிலும் கூரிய கோரை பற்கள்(தந்தம்) இருக்கின்றன. மற்ற எந்த மான் இனங்களிடம் காணப்படாத இந்த உருவமைப்பு தான் இந்த மான் இனத்தைத் தனியொரு இனமாக எடுத்துக் காட்டுகின்றது. நீர் மான் இனங்களில் இரண்டு வகை உண்டு.ஒன்று சீன நீர் மான் (Hydropotes inermis inermis). மற்றொன்று கொரிய நீர் மான் (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

படங்கள்

மேற்கோள்கள்

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நீர் மான்: Brief Summary ( тамилски )

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நீர் மான் (Hydropotes inermis) என்பது உருவத்தில் கஸ்தூரி மான் இனத்தைப் போன்று சிறியாதாக இருக்கும் ஒரு மான் இனம்.அதே வேளை கிளை மானுக்கும் நீர் மானுக்கும் ஒரு ஒற்றுமை இருக்கிறது. கிளை மான் இனத்தில் ஆண் மான்களுக்கு கொம்புகள் இருப்பதுப் போன்று நீர் மான் இனத்தில் ஆண் மான்களுக்கு வாயின் இரண்டு பக்கவாட்டிலும் கூரிய கோரை பற்கள்(தந்தம்) இருக்கின்றன. மற்ற எந்த மான் இனங்களிடம் காணப்படாத இந்த உருவமைப்பு தான் இந்த மான் இனத்தைத் தனியொரு இனமாக எடுத்துக் காட்டுகின்றது. நீர் மான் இனங்களில் இரண்டு வகை உண்டு.ஒன்று சீன நீர் மான் (Hydropotes inermis inermis). மற்றொன்று கொரிய நீர் மான் (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

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Water deer ( англиски )

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The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is a small deer species native to China and Korea. Its prominent tusks, similar to those of musk deer, have led to both subspecies being colloquially named vampire deer in English-speaking areas to which they have been imported. It was first described to the Western world by Robert Swinhoe in 1870.[2]

Taxonomy

There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (H. i. inermis) and the Korean water deer (H. i. argyropus). The water deer is superficially more similar to a musk deer than a true deer; despite anatomical peculiarities, including a pair of prominent tusks (downward-pointing canine teeth), and its lack of antlers, it is classified as a cervid. Yet, its unique anatomical characteristics have caused it to be classified in its own genus (Hydropotes) as well as historically its own subfamily (Hydropotinae).[3] However, studies of mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b DNA sequences placed it near Capreolus within an Old World section of the subfamily Capreolinae,[4][5] and all later molecular analysis show that Hydropotes is a sister taxon of Capreolus.[6][7][8][9][10]

Etymology

The genus name Hydropotes derives from the two ancient Greek words ὕδωρ (húdōr), meaning "water", and πότης (potḗs), meaning "drinker",[11][12] and refers to the preference of this cervid for rivers and swamps.

The etymology of the species name corresponds to the Latin word inermis meaning unarmed, defenceless—itself constructed from the prefix in- meaning without and the stem arma meaning defensive arms, armor—,[13] and refers to the water deer's lack of antlers.

Habitat and distribution

Korean water deer

Archeological studies indicate water deer was once distributed among much broader range than currently during the Pleistocene and the Holocene periods; records have been obtained from eastern Tibet in west, Inner Mongolia and northeastern China in north, southeastern Korean Peninsula (Holocene) and Japanese archipelago (Pleistocene) in east, southern China and northern Vietnam in south.[14] Water deer also inhabited Taiwan historically, however this population presumably became extinct as late as the early 19th century.[15]

Water deer are indigenous to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, coastal Jiangsu province (Yancheng Coastal Wetlands), and islands of Zhejiang of east-central China, and in Korea, where the demilitarized zone has provided a protected habitat for a large number. The Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) is one of the two subspecies of water deer. While the population of Chinese subspecies is critically endangered in China, the Korean subspecies are known to inhabit 700,000 throughout South Korea.[16] In China, water deer are found in Zhoushan Islands in the Zhejiang (600~800), Jiangsu (500~1,000), Hubei, Henan, Anhui (500), Guangdong, Fujian, Poyang Lake in Jiangxi (1,000), Shanghai, and Guangxi. They are now extinct in southern and western China.[1] Since 2006, water deer has been reintroduced in Shanghai, with population increased from 21 individuals in 2007 to 227~299 individuals in 2013.[17] In Korea, water deer are found nationwide and are known as gorani (고라니).[18]

Water deer inhabit the land alongside rivers, where they are protected from sight by the tall reeds and rushes. They are also seen on mountains, swamps, grasslands, and even open cultivated fields. Water deer are proficient swimmers, and can swim several miles to reach remote river islands. An introduced population of Chinese water deer exists in the United Kingdom and another was extirpated from France.[19][20]

South Korea

Despite a listing of 'vulnerable' by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in South Korea, the animal is thriving due to the extinction of natural predators such as Korean tigers and leopards. Since 1994, Korean water deer have been designated as "harmful wildlife", a term given by the Ministry of Environment to wild creatures that can cause harm to humans or their property. Currently, certain local governments offer bounties from 30,000 won($30) to 50,000 won($50) during the farming season. However, the hunting of water deer is not restricted to the warm season, as 18 hunting grounds were currently in operation in the winter of 2018.[21][22]

Britain

Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis inermis) at the Whipsnade Zoo

Chinese water deer were first introduced into Great Britain in the 1870s. The animals were kept in the London Zoo until 1896, when the Duke of Bedford oversaw their transfer to Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. More of the animals were imported and added to the herd over the next three decades. In 1929 and 1930, 32 deer were transferred from Woburn to Whipsnade, also in Bedfordshire, and released into the park. The current population of Chinese water deer at Whipsnade is currently estimated to be more than 600, while the population at Woburn is probably more than 250.

The majority of the current population of Chinese water deer in Britain derives from escapees, with the remainder being descended from many deliberate releases. Most of these animals still reside close to Woburn Abbey. It appears that the deer's strong preference for a particular habitat – tall reed and grass areas in rich alluvial deltas - has restricted its potential to colonize further afield. The main area of distribution is from Woburn east into Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and North Essex, and south towards Whipsnade. There have been small colonies reported in other areas.

The British Deer Society coordinated a survey of wild deer in the United Kingdom between 2005 and 2007 and noted the Chinese water deer as "notably increasing its range" since the last census in 2000.[27]

France

A small population existed in France originating from animals that had escaped an enclosure in 1960 in western France (Haute-Vienne, near Poitiers). The population was reinforced in 1965 and 1970 and the species has been protected since 1973. Despite efforts to locate the animals with the help of local hunters, there have been no sightings since 2000, and the population is assumed to be extinct.[28]

Russia

On April 1, 2019, a water deer was spotted using a photo trap in the "Land of the Leopard" national park in the Khasan district of Primorsky Krai, Russia, 4.5 km from the border with China. In 2022, the population of water deer in Primorsky Krai was about 170 individuals. Thus, the water reindeer became the new, 327th, mammal species in the fauna of Russia.[29]

Morphology

Physical attributes

The skeleton of a water deer at the Royal Veterinary College.

The water deer has narrow pectoral and pelvic girdles, long legs, and a long neck. The powerful hind legs are longer than the front legs so that the haunches are carried higher than the shoulders. They run with rabbit-like jumps. In the groin of each leg is an inguinal gland used for scent marking;[32] this deer is the only member of the Cervidae to possess such glands. The short tail is no more than 5–10 cm / 1.9–3.8 in. in length and is almost invisible, except when it is held raised by the male during the rut. The ears are short and very rounded, and both sexes lack antlers.

The coat is an overall golden brown color and may be interspersed with black hairs, while the undersides are white. The strongly tapered face is reddish-brown or gray, and the chin and upper throat are cream-colored. The hair is longest on the flanks and rump. In the fall, the summer coat is gradually replaced by a thicker, coarse-haired winter coat that varies from light brown to grayish brown. Neither the head nor the tail poles are well differentiated as in gregarious deer; consequently, this deer's coat is little differentiated. Young are born dark brown with white stripes and spots along their upper torso.

Teeth

A stuffed specimen of H. inermis at the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Japan.

The water deer have developed long canine teeth which protrude from the upper jaw like the canines of musk deer. The canines are fairly large in the bucks, ranging in length from 5.5 cm (2.2 in) on average to as long as 8 cm (3.1 in). Does, in comparison, have tiny canines that are an average of 0.5 cm (0.2 in) in length.[33]

The teeth usually erupt in the autumn of the deer's first year at approximately 6–7 months of age. By early spring, the recently erupted tusks reach approximately 50% of their final length. As the tusks develop, the root remains open until the deer is about eighteen months to two years old. When fully grown, only about 60% of the tusk is visible below the gum.

These canines are held loosely in their sockets, with their movements controlled by facial muscles. The buck can draw them backwards out of the way when eating. In aggressive encounters, he thrusts his canines out and draws in his lower lip to pull his teeth closer together. He then presents an impressive two-pronged weapon to rival males. It is due to these teeth that this animal is often referred to as a "vampire deer".[34]

Genetic diversity

The mitochondrial DNA of samples from the native Chinese population and the introduced UK population was analysed to infer each population's genetic structure and genetic diversity. It was found that the UK population displays lower levels of genetic diversity, and that there is genetic differentiation between the native and introduced population.[35] It was also found that the source population of the British deer is likely to be extinct.[35] This has implications for the conservation of the different populations, especially as Hydropotes inermis is classified as Vulnerable in its native range according to the IUCN Red List.

Behaviour

Apart from mating during the rutting season, water deer are solitary animals, and males are highly territorial. Each buck marks out his territory with urine and feces. Sometimes a small pit is dug and it is possible that in digging, the male releases scent from the interdigital glands on its feet. The male also scent-marks by holding a thin tree in his mouth behind the upper canines and rubbing his preorbital glands against it. Males may also bite off vegetation to delineate territorial boundaries.[36]

Water deer use their tusks for territorial fights and are not related to carnivores. Confrontations between males begin with the animals walking slowly and stiffly towards each other, before turning to walk in parallel 10–20 m (32–64 ft) apart, to assess one another. At this point, one male may succeed in chasing off his rival, making clicking noises during the pursuit. However, if the conflict is not resolved at the early stage, the bucks will fight. Each would try to wound the other on the head, shoulders, or back, by stabbing or tearing with his upper canines. The fight is ended by the loser, who either lays his head and neck flat on the ground or turns tail and is chased out of the territory. Numerous long scars and torn ears seen on males indicate that fighting is frequent. The fights are seldom fatal but may leave the loser considerably debilitated. Tufts of hair are most commonly found on the ground in November and December, showing that encounters are heavily concentrated around the rut.[36]

Females do not seem to be territorial outside the breeding season and can be seen in small groups, although individual deer do not appear to be associated; they will disperse separately at any sign of danger. Females show aggression towards each other immediately before and after the birth of their young and will chase other females from their birth territories.

Communication

Water deer are capable of emitting several sounds. The main call is a bark, and this has more of a growling tone when compared with the sharper yap of a muntjac. The bark is used as an alarm, and water deer will bark repeatedly at people and each other for reasons unknown. If challenged during the rut, a buck will emit a clicking sound. It is uncertain how this unique sound is generated, although it is possibly by using its molar teeth. During the rut, a buck following a doe will make a weak whistle or squeak. The does emit a soft pheep to call to their fawns, whilst an injured deer will emit a screaming wail.

Reproduction

During the annual rut in November and December, the male will seek out and follow females, giving soft squeaking contact calls and checking for signs of estrus by lowering his neck and rotating his head with ears flapping. Scent plays an important part in courtship, with both animals sniffing each other. Mating among water deer is polygynous, with most females being mated inside the buck's territory. After repeated mountings, copulation is brief.[37]

Water deer have been known to produce up to seven young, but two to three is normal for this species, the most prolific of all deer. The doe often gives birth to her spotted young in the open, but they are quickly taken to concealing vegetation, where they will remain most of the time for up to a month. During these first few weeks, fawns come out to play. Once driven from the natal territory in late summer, young deer sometimes continue to associate with each other, later separating to begin their solitary existence. Young water deer are also known to grow faster and be more precocious in comparison to other similar species.[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Harris, R.B.; Duckworth, J.W. (2015). "Hydropotes inermis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10329A22163569. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10329A22163569.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Water Deer Taxonomy - Discovery & Naming | Wildlife Online". www.wildlifeonline.me.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  3. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Douzery, E.; Randi, E. (November 1997). "The mitochondrial control region of Cervidae: evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic content". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (11): 1154–1166. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025725. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 9364773.
  5. ^ Randi, E.; Mucci, N.; Pierpaoli, M.; Douzery, E. (1998). "New phylogenetic perspectives on the Cervidae (Artiodactyla) are provided by the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1398): 793–801. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0362. PMC 1689037. PMID 9628037.
  6. ^ Christian Pitra; Joerns Fickel; Eric Meijaard; Colin grooves (2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 880–895. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013. PMID 15522810.
  7. ^ Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006). "Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
  8. ^ Hassanin, A., Delsuc, F., Ropiquet, A., Hammer, C., van Vuuren, B. J., Matthee, C., Ruiz-Garcia, M., Catzeflis, F., Areskoug, V., Nguyen, T. T., & Couloux, A. (2012). Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes. Comptes Rendus Biologies, 335(1), 32–50.
  9. ^ Heckeberg, N. S., Erpenbeck, D., Wörheide, G., & Rössner, G. E. (2016). Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species. PeerJ, 4, e2307.
  10. ^ Heckeberg, N. S. (2020). The systematics of the Cervidae: A total evidence approach. PeerJ, 8, e8114.
  11. ^ Bailly, Anatole (1 January 1981). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285.
  12. ^ Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  13. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (1934). Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette. p. 810. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  14. ^ C. M. Stimpson, S. O'Donnell, N. T. M. Huong, R. Holmes, B. Utting, T. Kahlert, R. J. Rabett, 2021, Confirmed archaeological evidence of water deer in Vietnam: relics of the Pleistocene or a shifting baseline?, Royal Society Open Science, Vol. 8, Issue 6
  15. ^ Yen-Jean Chen, Ke-Hung Liu, Whei-Lee Chu, 2017, New Record of Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis) from Iron Age Archeological Sites in Central Taiwan (pdf), Collection and Research (2017) 30, pp.23-31
  16. ^ Park, H., Woo, D., Choi, T. and Hong, S., 2021. Assessment of the Behavioural Response of Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) to Different Fence Heights. [online] Available at: <https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/4/938/htm> [Accessed 26 March 2021]
  17. ^ "The efforts to re-establish the Chinese water deer population in Shanghai, China". Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  18. ^ "Water Deer - Etymology | Wildlife Online". www.wildlifeonline.me.uk. Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  19. ^ "Hydropotes inermis by Trevon Jones on Prezi". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  20. ^ "European Mammals - Non native and Introduced Species". Hows.org.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  21. ^ "국제 멸종위기종 고라니, 국내선 왜 민폐동물 됐을까". news.joins.com. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  22. ^ "17만 마리씩 죽는 고라니…어쩌다 '민폐 동물'이 됐나". news.joins.com. 21 January 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  23. ^ "2017 Wildlife Survey" (PDF). me.go.kr. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  24. ^ "'농가피해' 야생동물 포획 급증…"사체 처리는 제각각"". yonhapnews.co.kr. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  25. ^ "야생동물 포획수 정리". 4 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  26. ^ "차로 치고 새끼 유괴하고…고라니의 잔인한 봄". ecotopia.hani.co.kr. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  27. ^ "Deer distribution Chinese water deer 2000—2007" (PDF). bds.org.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
  28. ^ Apollonio, Marco; Andersen, Reidar; Putman, Rory, eds. (2010). "20 - Ungulates and their management in France". European ungulates and their management in the 21st century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-521-76061-4.
  29. ^ Новости, Р. И. А. (2020-04-06). "Ученые впервые подсчитали численность нового для России водяного оленя". РИА Новости (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  30. ^ a b c d e "Hydropotes inermis (Chinese water deer)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Species – Chinese Water Deer". The Mammal Society. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  32. ^ Sun, Lixing, Bing Xiao, and Nianhua Dai. "Scent marking behaviour in the male Chinese water deer." Acta theriologica 39.2 (1994): 177-184.
  33. ^ Geist, Valerius (30 June 2013). "Chinese water deer | mammal". Britannica.com. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  34. ^ Liz Langley (25 December 2014). "Krampus's Sidekick? Fanged "Vampire Deer" Explained". National Geographic. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
  35. ^ a b Rory Putman; Nicholas Dunn; Endi Zhang; Min Chen; Christian Miquel; Vincent Savolainen (2021). "Conservation genetics of native and European-introduced Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1181–1191. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa076.
  36. ^ a b Cooke, Arnold. Chinese water deer. Lynne Farrell, Mammal Society, British Deer Society. ISBN 0-906282-38-1. OCLC 59362218.
  37. ^ Cooke, Arnold S. (2019). Muntjac and water deer : natural history, environmental impact and management. Exeter, UK. ISBN 978-1-78427-192-3. OCLC 1110122665.
  38. ^ Dubost, G., Charron, F., Courcoul, A., & Rodier, A. (2011). The Chinese water deer, Hydropotes inermis — a fast-growing and productive ruminant. Mammalian Biology, 76(2), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2010.04.001

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Water deer: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is a small deer species native to China and Korea. Its prominent tusks, similar to those of musk deer, have led to both subspecies being colloquially named vampire deer in English-speaking areas to which they have been imported. It was first described to the Western world by Robert Swinhoe in 1870.

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Rivera cervo ( есперанто )

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La rivera cervo (Hydropotes inermis) el la ordo de parhufuloj kaj familio de cervedoj vivas en la Jangzi-rivera baseno de Ĉinio kaj Koreio.

Ĝi estas speco de malgranda cervo, kun korpolongo de 77-100 centimetroj, vostolongo de 6-7,5 centimetroj, pezo de 9-11 kilogramoj kaj alto de 45-55 centimetroj. Ĝiaj dorso kaj korpoflankoj estas blondaj kaj la abdomeno blanka. La maskla kaj femala cervoj ambaŭ ne portas kornojn. La maskla cervo havas sur la supra makzelo hone kreskantajn kaninojn ĉirkaŭ 7 centimetrojn longajn, kurbajn kaj elmontriĝantajn eksteren. Sed tiuj de la femala estas mallongaj.

Hydropotes inermis stuffed.JPG

La cervoj emas loĝi ĉe rivero, lago kaj marĉo, kie kreskas fragmitoj, kaj ankaŭ en montregiono, ĉirkaŭ kulturitaj kampoj kaj en herbejo. Tage ili vagadas ĉien por serĉi manĝajon kaj nokte ripozas en herbaro aŭ fragmitaro. Ili nutras sin per herboj, fragmitoj k.a. Ili agas unuope aŭ pare, malofte en grupoj. Ili estas rapidmovaj kaj mildaj, ŝatas akvon, povas naĝi sufiĉe longan distancon. Ili posedas sensorganoin sentemajn kaj sin kaŝas ofte en fragmitaro, alta herbaro, kavoj kaj kavernoj. Printempe ili forlasas la prifalĉitan herbejon kaj transloĝiĝas en arbaron, kaj revenas al sia antaŭa kaŝejo en aŭtuno, kiam herboj denove elkreskas. Surprizite, la rivera cervo kurbigas sian dorson kaj forkuras, saltante kiel leporo. Ĝi evitas malamikon ĉefe per lerta sinkaŝado, sed ne per sia kur-rapideco.

La riveraj cervoj pariĝas en vintro kaj naskas idojn en la sekvanta malfrua printempo. Ili estas unu el la plej generemaj specioj de la cervoj. La femala cervo havas nur kvar mampintojn, tamen ĝi naskas ĉiufoje 4-7 idojn. La idoj ne sekvas sian patrinon. La lasta kaŝas ilin aparte en herbaroj kaj faras at ili mamnutradon laŭvice. La korpo de ĵus naskita cervido surhavas blankajn makulojn vicigitajn horizontale.

Vidu ankaŭ: akvocervo

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Hydropotes inermis ( шпански; кастиљски )

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 src=
Ejemplar disecado mostrando los característicos colmillos de la especie. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Instituto Smithsoniano, EE. UU.

El ciervo o venado acuático chino (Hydropotes inermis) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae, es la única especie de su género y subfamilia.

Descripción

Alcanza entre 75 y 100 cm de longitud, con una altura a la cruz de 45-55 cm. Su peso alcanza de 9 a 14 kg.

La cola mide entre 6 y 7,5 cm.

Reproducción

Con una esperanza de vida de 10 a 12 años, las hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual a los 7 u 8 meses y los machos entre los 5 y los 6 meses de edad.

Tras una gestación de 180-210 días, las hembras paren de 2 a 5 crías (excepcionalmente una sola o hasta 7).

Subespecies

Se han descrito las siguientes subespecies:[2]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Harris, R.B. & Duckworth, J.W. (2008). «Hydropotes inermis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el septiembre de 2010.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Hydropotes inermis: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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 src= Ejemplar disecado mostrando los característicos colmillos de la especie. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Instituto Smithsoniano, EE. UU.

El ciervo o venado acuático chino (Hydropotes inermis) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Cervidae, es la única especie de su género y subfamilia.

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Ur-orein ( баскиски )

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Ur-oreina edo txinatar ur-oreina (Hydropotes inermis) Hydropotes generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Hydropotinae azpifamilia eta Cervidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Orein bitxia da, adarrak baino letaginak dituelako.

Azpiespezieak

Txinatar ur-oreinak bi azpiespezie ditu:

  • Hydropotes inermis inermis, Txinan bizi dena.
  • Hydropotes inermis argyropus, Korean bizi dena.

Erreferentziak

  1. Swinhoe (1870) 2208 Athenaeum 264. or..
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Ur-orein: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Ur-oreina edo txinatar ur-oreina (Hydropotes inermis) Hydropotes generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Hydropotinae azpifamilia eta Cervidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Orein bitxia da, adarrak baino letaginak dituelako.

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Vesikauris ( фински )

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Vesikauris eli kiinanvesikauris (Hydropotes inermis)[2] on pienikokoinen hirvieläin, joka esiintyy alkuperäisenä itäisessä Aasiassa - Kiinassa ja Korean niemimaalla.[1] Se on vesikauriiden alaheimon (Hydropotinae) ainoa laji,[2][6] ja jaetaan kahteen alalajiin.[5]

Ulkonäkö

 src=
Täytetty vesikaurisuros. Huomaa yläleuan pitkät kulmahampaat.

Vesikauriilla ei ole sarvia ja se on siten ainoa hirvieläinlaji, jonka uroksilla ei ole sarvia aseinaan.[2] Niiden sijasta uroksen yläkulmahampaat ovat kehittyneet noin seitsemän senttimetrin pituisiksi torahampaiksi, joita se käyttää tappeluissa muita uroksia vastaan.[2] Hirvieläimistä vesikauriin lisäksi vain muntjakeilla ja tupsuhirvellä on vastaavanlaiset torahampaat.[2] Vesikauriin turkki on väriltään kesällä punaruskea ja talvella himmeän ruskea.[2] Vasoilla on kyljissään vaaleita täpliä.[2] Vahvat takaraajat ovat eturaajoja pidemmät. Korvat ovat lyhyet ja pyöreähköt.

Vesikauriin säkäkorkeus on täysikasvuisella uroksella 52 cm ja naaraalla 48 cm.[2] Uros voi painaa 14 kg, naaras on sitä pari kiloa kevyempi.[2]

Elintavat

Vesikauriin elinympäristöä ovat suot, ruovikot ja matalaa ruohoa kasvavat alueet.[2] Vesikauris elää pääosan elämästään yksin. Jokaisella uroksella on oma reviirinsä. Lajin tiineysaika kestää keskimäärin 176 vuorokautta, ja vasoja syntyy usein kolme kerrallaan[2].

Erityistä

Vesikauriin ternimaitoa käytetään kiinalaisessa lääketieteessä ja sen vuoksi lajia metsästetään Kiinassa. Vesikauriita on istutettu Isoon-Britanniaan ja Ranskaan.[1]

Vesikauris ei nimestään huolimatta ole sukua kääpiövesikauriille (Hyemoschus aquaticus), joka kuuluu kääpiökauriiden (Tragulidae) heimoon.

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Harris, R.B. & Duckworth, J.W.: Hydropotes inermis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. 2015. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 15.12.2017. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Maailman eläimet: Nisäkkäät 2, s. 80–81, 84 ja 88. Helsinki: Tammi, 1987. ISBN 951-30-6531-6.
  3. ITIS: Hydropotes inermis
  4. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 1. Aarnikotka–Iibikset, s. 362. Helsinki: Otava, 1974. ISBN 951-1-01065-4.
  5. a b Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (toim.): Hydropotes inermis Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed). 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press. Viitattu 20.2.2011. (englanniksi)
  6. Subfamily Hydropotinae UltimateUngulate.com

Aiheesta muualla

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Vesikauris: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Vesikauris eli kiinanvesikauris (Hydropotes inermis) on pienikokoinen hirvieläin, joka esiintyy alkuperäisenä itäisessä Aasiassa - Kiinassa ja Korean niemimaalla. Se on vesikauriiden alaheimon (Hydropotinae) ainoa laji, ja jaetaan kahteen alalajiin.

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Hydropotes inermis ( француски )

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L’hydropote (Hydropotes inermis), cerf d'eau, chevreuil des marais ou cerf vampire est un petit cervidé d'Asie de l'Est. Il n'est pas classé parmi les chevrotains porte-musc, malgré plusieurs de ses caractéristiques apparentes.

Caractéristiques

Ce petit cervidé est très craintif. Le mâle, un peu plus grand que la femelle, possède de grandes canines apparentes, utilisées pendant les combats entre mâles. Les petits peuvent posséder un pelage légèrement tacheté, alors que les parents ont un pelage uni.

Une de ses caractéristiques notables est qu'il est le seul membre de la famille des cervidés à ne pas posséder de bois, par contre ses canines descendantes forment des défenses (qu'on retrouve aussi dans la famille des Moschidae).

 src=
Cerf vampire de Chine mâle, Musée national de la nature et de la science, Tokyo, Japon

Ces canines sont tenues librement dans leur cavité, leurs mouvements étant contrôlés par les muscles faciaux. Le mâle peut les tirer vers l'arrière lorsqu'il mange. En cas de danger, il fait sortir ses canines et rentre sa lèvre inférieure pour rapprocher ses dents. Il présente alors une impressionnante arme à deux dents mesurant jusqu'à 8 cm[1] à ses rivaux mâles. C'est à cause de ces dents développées en crocs que cet animal est souvent appelé « cerf vampire »[2].

Selon MSW :

En Russie

L'espèce avait été observée plusieurs fois depuis 2015 au sud du raïon de Khassan (ru), dans le kraï du Primorié par des gardes de réserve naturelle. En 2019, un piège photographique a permis de prouver sa présence dans le parc national de la Terre du Léopard, alors qu'il n'était pas considéré comme présent dans le pays. Il devient ainsi la 327e espèce de mammifères de Russie, et la huitième espèce de la famille des cervidés[3].

En France

En France, une petite population férale serait présente au sud de Limoges par suite de l'abandon d'un parc privé[4],[5].

Galeries d'images

Notes et références

  1. Collectif, Histoire naturelle, Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), Hydropote de Chine page 598
  2. (en) Liz Langley, « Krampus's Sidekick? Fanged "Vampire Deer" Explained », National Geographic,‎ 25 décembre 2014 (lire en ligne, consulté le 8 avril 2016).
  3. (en) Communiqué de l'Agence Tass : New species of deer caught by camera trap in Russia’s Far East nature reserve ; A water deer was for the first time ever recorded on the territory Russia and within the borders of the former Soviet Union, publié le 15 août 2019.
  4. Groupe mammalogique et herpétologique du Limousin, Mammifères, reptiles et amphibiens du Limousin, Limoges, Groupe mammalogique et herpétologique du Limousin, 2000, 215 p. (ISBN 2-9513670-0-7, OCLC , BNF , SUDOC ).
  5. Groupe mammalogique et herpétologique du Limousin, « ATLAS_GMHL_1998.pdf » [PDF], sur gmhl.asso.fr, 2016.

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Hydropotes inermis: Brief Summary ( француски )

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L’hydropote (Hydropotes inermis), cerf d'eau, chevreuil des marais ou cerf vampire est un petit cervidé d'Asie de l'Est. Il n'est pas classé parmi les chevrotains porte-musc, malgré plusieurs de ses caractéristiques apparentes.

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Dobharfhia Síneach ( ирски )

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Fia atá dúchasach don tSín is an Chóiré, ach tugtha isteach don Eoraip. An t-aon fhíorfhia gan bheanna. Déanann na géaráin sa bhfireannach starrfhiacla fada atá dírithe síos. Áitríonn sé corcacha, agus itheann plandaí uisciúla. Tugtar an fia uisce Síneach air freisin.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Dobharfhia Síneach: Brief Summary ( ирски )

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Ainmhí Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Hydropotes inermis ( италијански )

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Il capriolo d'acqua (Hydropotes inermis) è un mammifero artiodattilo appartenente alla famiglia dei Cervidae. È l'unica specie del genere Hydropotes e della sottofamiglia Hydropotinae.

Descrizione

Lunghezza 100 cm, altezza alla spalla 50 cm, coda 5 cm. La groppa è situata più in alto rispetto al garrese, a causa delle potenti zampe posteriori visibilmente più lunghe di quelle anteriori. L'andatura in corsa è a salti, simile a quella dei conigli. È l'unico rappresentante della famiglia dei Cervidae ad essere dotato di ghiandole odorifere inguinali. La corta coda è praticamente invisibile, tranne che nella stagione degli amori, in cui viene spesso mantenuta eretta dal maschio. Le orecchie sono molto corte e arrotondate. Entrambi i sessi sono privi di palchi, anche in età adulta.

La pelliccia è di colore biondo-bruno, con sparute macchie più scure, talvolta addirittura nere. Di un uniforme color avorio nella zona ventrale.

Distribuzione e habitat

Lo si ritrova in Cina e in Corea.

Sottospecie

Ne sono note due sottospecie[1]:

  • Hydropotes inermis inermis
  • Hydropotes inermis argyropus

Note

  1. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Hydropotes inermis, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

Bibliografia

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Hydropotes inermis: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il capriolo d'acqua (Hydropotes inermis) è un mammifero artiodattilo appartenente alla famiglia dei Cervidae. È l'unica specie del genere Hydropotes e della sottofamiglia Hydropotinae.

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Vandeninė stirna ( литвански )

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Vandeninė stirna (lot. Hydropotes inermis) – elninių (Cervidae) šeimos žinduolių rūšis, paplitusi Rytų Azijoje (įvairiuose rytų Kinijos regionuose, Korėjos demilitarizuotoje zonoje). Yra įveistų Britanijoje, Prancūzijoje.

Vandeninė stirna turi daug bruožų, nebūdingų kitiems elniams. Aukštis ties pečiais 45-55 cm, kūno ilgis 75-100 cm, svoris 9-14 kg. Kailis rudas. Užpakalinės kojos ilgesnės už priekines, todėl gyvūnas juda šuoliuodamas. Vandeninė stirna vienintelė iš elninių gyvūnų turi kanopines liaukas. Uodega 5-10 cm ilgio. Ausys apvalios, trumpos. Vandenininė stirna kaip ir kabargos neturi ragų, bet turi ilgus iltinius dantis.

Minta žolėmis, kitais augalais. Gyvena nedidelėmis bandomis pelkių, pakrančių žolynuose. Labai baikšti, skleidžia įvairius signalinius garsus.

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Chinese waterree ( холандски; фламански )

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De Chinese waterree (Hydropotes inermis) is de enige soort uit de onderfamilie der waterreeën (Hydropotinae) van de familie der hertachtigen (Cervidae). Hij komt voor in China en Korea. Het dier werd eind 19e eeuw in Groot-Brittannië geïntroduceerd. Een populatie komt daar nog steeds voor in East Anglia.

Kenmerken

Het is een primitieve hertachtige, waarbij het gewei ontbreekt. Het mannetje heeft wel twee kleine slagtanden (ongeveer acht centimeter lang).[2] De oren zijn opvallend groot. De snuit en de ogen zijn donker van kleur. Hij heeft een roodbruine zomervacht, die 's winters wordt vervangen door een dikke grijzig bruine vacht.

De waterree wordt ongeveer 100 cm lang, 50 tot 60 cm hoog en weegt tussen de 9 en 15 kg. De staartlengte is 6 tot 7,5 cm. Mannetjes worden groter dan vrouwtjes: mannetjes wegen tussen de 11 en de 14 kg, vrouwtjes tussen de 9 en de 11½ kg.

Leefwijze

Ze laten zich meestal in de schemering zien. Ze eten dan voornamelijk gras, zegge, wortelen, wilgenbladeren en -twijgen en gewassen. Het mannetje is territoriaal in de bronsttijd. Bij territoriale gevechten gebruikt hij zijn slagtanden. De waterree leeft solitair. Meerdere reeën kunnen zich wel verzamelen in voedselrijke gebieden.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De waterree leeft in moerassen, met riet begroeide rivieroevers, graslanden en weides.

Voortplanting

De bronsttijd valt in december. De jongen worden tussen mei en juli geboren, na een draagtijd van ongeveer 176 dagen. Het vrouwtje krijgt 2 tot 4 (in China tot 6) kalveren per worp. Deze wegen bij de geboorte 800 gram. Bij de geboorte hebben de kalveren een lichtgevlekte vacht. De vlekken verdwijnen na een maand of twee. Ze worden na twee maanden gespeend en zijn na zes maanden geslachtsrijp. De Chinese waterree wordt maximaal elf jaar oud.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Chinese waterree op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Caitlind L. Alexander 14 Fun Facts About Animal Teeth: A 15-Minute Book, LearningIsland.com, 2011, ASIN: B005YN71LO
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Chinese waterree: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De Chinese waterree (Hydropotes inermis) is de enige soort uit de onderfamilie der waterreeën (Hydropotinae) van de familie der hertachtigen (Cervidae). Hij komt voor in China en Korea. Het dier werd eind 19e eeuw in Groot-Brittannië geïntroduceerd. Een populatie komt daar nog steeds voor in East Anglia.

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Vannrådyr ( норвешки )

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Vannrådyr (Hydropotes inermis) er det eneste medlemmet i hjortefamilien (Cervidae) der ingen av kjønnene bærer gevir, men hannene har derimot hoggtenner som tjener en tilsvarende funksjon. Den naturlige arten finnes kun i Kina og Korea, der den trives i våtmarksområder.

Inndeling

 src=
Hos vannrådyrene har hannene lange hoggtenner, men mangler gevir

Hernandez-Fernandez og Vrba (2005) regner vannrådyret som eneste nålevende art i slekten vannhjorter (Hydropotes), og plasserer slekten i den selvstendige underfamilien Hydropotinae.[1] Dette er imidlertid omdiskutert og trolig ikke riktig. Gilbert et al. (2006) plasserer nemlig Hydropotes som søstergruppen til eurasiske rådyr (Capreolus), under tribuset Capreolini i underfamilien andre hjortedyr (Capreolinae).[2] Denne plasseringen støttes blant annet av Groves (2016).[3] Det hersker imidlertid fortsatt stor usikkerhet omkring inndelingen av hjortedyrene, så endringer må påregnes.

Beskrivelse

Vannrådyr er små hjortedyr. Kroppen blir omkring 75–100 cm lang og skulderhøyden er cirka 45–55 cm. Halen måler cirka 6–7,5 cm. Arten veier rundt 9–14 kg, avhengig av kjønn. Hunnene er noe mindre en hannene. Arten er således et av de minste hjortedyrene i verden. Øynene og ørene er store i forhold til hodet, og dyret har en smidig kropp med rødbrun pels som blir gråbrun om vinteren. Kalven har hvite flekker på ryggen.

Utbredelse og habitat

Arten har sin naturlige utbredelse i Korea og i Kina, der den regnes som utrydningstruet. Den er spesielt knyttet til våtmarksområder. I Kina spesielt til de nedre områdene av Chang Jiang (Yangtzeelven) og våtmarksområdene i kystsonen av Jiangsu og øyene utenfor Zhejiang. I Korea har spesielt den demilitariserte sonen og øyene utenfor vist seg som et godt habitat for arten.

Arten er også innført til land som Storbritannia, Frankrike, Argentina og USA. På grunn av den begrensende størrelsen og de uvanlige støttennene er arten populær i flere dyreparker verden over. I Storbritannia ble arten først introdusert til London Zoo i 1873 og siden til Whipsnade Zoo i 1929, men fra sistnevnte lyktes den i å rømme. Arten klarte å etablere seg og lever nå vilt i Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire og Norfolk, om enn i begrenset omfang.

Atferd

Vannrådyret holder sammen i små grupper, og er for det meste aktive om dagen. Gruppene består av både hanndyr og hunndyr, og også unger. Dyrene er svært sky, og gjemmer seg i høyt siv og gress. Siden de er kun litt større enn harer, forsvinner de lett i landskapet. Vannrådyret har utmerkede sanser, og kan oppdage farer på lang avstand.

I visse deler av verden, spesielt Kina og India, blir vannrådyret sett på som et hellig dyr fordi man tror det har hellige evner. Siden det er så lite og har evnen til å gjemme seg så det nesten blir umulig å finne den, påstås det at vannrådyret tryller seg bort når den oppdager farer.

Forplantning

Paringstiden varer fra høst til tidlig vinter, og i denne perioden blir vannrådyrgruppene brutt opp på grunn av aggressive hanner. Hanndyrene flyr på hverandre og konkurrerer om å få pare seg med hunnene, og kampene er ofte både lange og blodige. Vannrådyrets støttenner – som egentlig er forlengede hjørnetenner – kan rive opp dype sår. Det er allikevel sjeldent at et hanndyr dør som følge av kamp over et hunndyr.

Vannrådyret har mye større kull enn andre medlemmer av hjortedyrene, og får fra to til syv kalver hvert år. Hunndyret er drektig i litt over fire måneder, og ungdyrene følger flokken i flere år. Det er derimot vanlig at kalver dør før de når voksen alder.

Referanser

  1. ^ Hernandez-Fernandez, M., and E. S. Vrba. 2005. A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants. Biological Review; 80: 269-302.
  2. ^ Gilbert, C.; Ropiquet, A.; Hassanin, A. (2006). Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 101–17. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.017. PMID 16584894.
  3. ^ Colin Groves (2016). Systematics of the Artiodactyla of China in the 21st century. Zoological Research 37(3): 119-125, 2016. DOI:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.3.119

Eksterne lenker

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Vannrådyr: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Vannrådyr (Hydropotes inermis) er det eneste medlemmet i hjortefamilien (Cervidae) der ingen av kjønnene bærer gevir, men hannene har derimot hoggtenner som tjener en tilsvarende funksjon. Den naturlige arten finnes kun i Kina og Korea, der den trives i våtmarksområder.

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Jelonkowiec błotny ( полски )

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Jelonkowiec błotny[3], jelonek błotny[4], sarenka wodna[potrzebny przypis] (Hydropotes inermis) – gatunek ssaków parzystokopytnych z rodziny jeleniowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Hydropotes Swinhoe, 1870.

Systematyka

Taksonomia

Rodzaj i gatunek po raz pierwszy opisany naukowo przez R. Swinhoe'a[5]. Opis ukazał się w czasopiśmie Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London w 1870 roku[5]. Wprawdzie Swinhoe opis oparł na okazie zakupionym w Szanghaju, ale w oparciu o miejsce w którym autor zobaczył gatunek w środowisku naturalnym, miejsce typowe ogranicza się do Deer Island, nad rzeką Jangcy, w prefekturze Zhenjiang, w prowincji Jiangsu w Chinach[6]. Jedyny przedstawiciel podrodziny jelonkowców[3] (Hydropotinae) utworzonego przez É. L. Trouessarta w 1898 roku[7] oraz rodzaju jelonkowiec[3] (Hydropotes).

Gatunek typowy

Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe, 1870

Podgatunki

Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki H. inermis[8][3][2]:

  • H. inermis argyropus
  • H. inermis inermis

Występowanie

Chiny i Korea, podgatunek chiński został z powodzeniem introdukowany w parkach w Europie (Anglia i Francja).

Wygląd zewnętrzny

Osiąga około 75-100 cm długości ciała, ok. 50 cm wysokości w kłębie i waży 10-15 kg. U obu płci nie występuje poroże. Jego silnie rozwinięte, lekko zakrzywione górne kły wystają spod warg. Szorstka, gęsta sierść ubarwiona jest na grzbiecie i bokach jasnobrązowo z czarnymi plamkami, a na brzuchu biało.

Środowisko życia

Żyje zwykle samotnie lub w parach, w nadrzecznych błotach i trzcinowiskach. Czasami na polach i stokach górskich. Gody odbywają się jesienią. Samica rodzi wiosną 4-7 młodych. Jest najpierwotniejszym gatunkiem rodziny jeleniowatych.

Przypisy

  1. Hydropotes inermis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Harris, R.B. & Duckworth, J.W. 2015, Hydropotes inermis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-09-06] (ang.).
  3. a b c d Nazwa polska za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 176. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 118, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  5. a b R. Swinhoe. On a new Deer from China. „Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London”. 1870, s. 90, 1870 (ang.).
  6. J. R. Ellerman, T. C. S. Morisson-Scott: Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Londyn: The Trustees, 1951, s. 354. (ang.)
  7. É. L. Trouessart: Catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium. Wyd. Nova editio. T. 2. Berlin: R. Friedländer & sohn, 1898, s. 865. (łac.)
  8. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Hydropotes inermis. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2015-09-06]

Bibliografia

  1. Komosińska Halina, Podsiadło Elżbieta: Ssaki kopytne. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2002. ISBN 83-01-13806-8.
  2. Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005.: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press (ang.). [dostęp 3 grudnia 2007].
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Jelonkowiec błotny: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Jelonkowiec błotny, jelonek błotny, sarenka wodna[potrzebny przypis] (Hydropotes inermis) – gatunek ssaków parzystokopytnych z rodziny jeleniowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel rodzaju Hydropotes Swinhoe, 1870.

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Hydropotes inermis ( португалски )

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O Hydropotes inermis, comummente conhecido como hidrópote[2] ou veado-d'água-chinês[3], é um pequeno veado asiático, natural da China e da Coreia, que se destaca dos demais veados porque o macho dispõe de presas superiores compridas e recurvas e porque, tal como as fêmeas, não tem chifres.

Etimologia

Do que toca ao nome genérico, Hydropotes, este termo provém do grego antigo, que signfica «bebedor de água»[2], resultando da aglutinação dos étimos ὕδωρ (hydro), que significa «água»[4], e ποτής (potḗs), que significa «beber»[5]. Este nome existe em alusão à preferência deste animal por habitats higrófilos.[2]

Quanto ao epíteto específico, inermis, vem do latim e significa «indefeso; sem armas»[6], em alusão à falta de hastes característica desta espécie de veado.

Distribuição

O veado-d'água-chinês é natural da região da bacia do Baixo Rio Amarelo, no Leste-central da China, e da Coreia.[7] Esta espécie foi introduzida no Reino Unido e na França, onde se assilvestrou.[7][8]

Habitat

O veado-d'água-chinês tanto pode viver em zonas pantanosas, como em pradarias relvosas.[7] Com efeito, privilegia os territórios junto aos canaviais e às junqueiras das orlas fluviais, bem como os prados de ervas altas junto às montanhas e ainda as courelas agricultadas.[8]

Trata-se de uma espécie fugidia, com boa aptidão para se acaçapar entre a vegetação, pelo que tendem a assentar em espaços que lhe ofereçam refúgios naturais, onde se possam esconder.[9] [10]

Descrição

Os veados-d'água-chineses são relativamente pequenos, medindo entre 77 centímetros e meio a um metro de comprimento.[11] São rabicurtos, ostentando caudas que rondam os 6 a 7 centímetros e meio de comprimento.[8]

Têm uma pelagem de tonalidade castanho-clara, de tacto crespo e ralo, sendo que os pêlos mais compridos se encontram junto ao flanco e aos quadris, especialmente durante o Inverno, altura em que podem medir até 4 centímetros de comprimento.[7] Têm um focinho acinzentado, com matizes castanhos-avermelhados, com orlas esbranquiçadas a circundar os olhos e o nariz.[10] O queixo e o pescoço também exibem uma coloração alvadia, ao passo que o cachaço, por seu turno, exibe uma tonalidade trigueira de castanho-dourado.[11]

O ventre, para contraste, também é de coloração esbranquiçada.[8]

Ambos os sexos são desprovidos de hastes, sendo certo que, em contrapartida, contam com um par de caninos superiores especialmente desenvolvidos.[7] Com efeito, estas presas, à guisa de dentes-de-sabre, são sobremaneira evidentes nos machos, podendo medir até 5,2 centímetros de comprimento, ultrapassando-lhes o queixo.[10] Os machos chegam a valer-se destes colmilhos, na época de acasalamento, quando competem uns com os outros.[12] Sendo que podem sair gravemente feridos dessas lutas que travam entre si.[12]

Quanto às fêmeas, por seu turno, as dimensões dos colmilhos são mais reduzidas, ostentando cerca de 5 milímetros de comprimento.[11] Ambos os sexos contam, ainda, com uma mancha negra de cada lado do lábio inferior, sob os caninos superiores, que os põe em maior evidência.[11]

Esta espécie dispõe, ainda de uma glândula odorífera de pequenas dimensões, perto dos olhos.[8] Esta característica, aliada à ausência de hastes nos machos e os caninos especialmente desenvolvidos, fazem sobressair os veados-d'água-chineses, dentre o rol dos cervídeos.[8]

Os veados-d'água-chineses adultos podem pesar entre 12 a 18.5 kg, sendo que, em média, pesam cerca de 13 kg.[10]

Reprodução

Hydropotes inermis stuffed.JPG

Os veados-d'água-chineses acasalam sazonalmente.[9] Em território chinês, a época de acasalamento costuma ocorrer entre Novembro e Janeiro, pelo que as ninhadas costumam aparecer por volta de finais de Maio e princípios a meados de Junho.[13] Contudo, é comum ver-se a época de acasalamento já desde o início de Maio, quando se encontram no cativeiro.[14]

O período de gestação ronda entre 170 a 210 dias, sendo que as fêmeas, em estado selvagem, se estima que são capazes de parir ninhadas de até 8 filhotes, o que é uma característica que as distingue notavelmente das demais fêmeas das outras espécies de cervídeos[11]. Sem embargo, em cativeiro, não há relatos de ninhadas tão numerosas, geralmente resumindo-se a dois ou três filhotes. [8]

Depois da gestação e do parto, a fêmea tende a afastar-se do seu território habitual. [7]As crias permanecem escondidas, durante as primeiras semanas de vida, só emergindo quando a mãe aparece para as aleitar.[9] À guisa de outros cervídeos, os cervatos de veado-d'água-chinês têm uma pelagem, dotada de padrões com ocelos e riscos longitudinais, que as ajudam a camuflar-se.[15] Com a idade, estes padrões tendem a esmaecer até desaparecerem de todo.[16] A aleitação dura vários meses, ocupando as fêmeas até ao desmame.[15] Por contraponto, os machos não cuidam das crias.[10]

Dieta

O veado-d'água-chinês alimenta-se de ervas, juncos e raízes.[11] Dispõe de um sistema digestivo ruminante, composto por quatro compartimentos estomacais.[7] No entanto, o primeiro desses compartimentos, a pança, encontra-se subdesenvolvido, o que, depois, se traduz em maiores dificuldades na digestão de hidratos de carbono de origem vegetal.[16] Por conseguinte, o veado-d'água-chinês tende a privilegiar uma dieta à base de vegetais com pouca fibra e com alto teor de hidratos de carbono solúveis.[14] Dessarte, o veado-d'água-chinês é muito selectivo ao comer, preferindo as ervas e os rebentos ainda tenros e preterindo a vegetação mais adulta e ressequida.[15]

Comportamento

 src=
Veado-d'água-chinês (Hydropotes inermis inermis) no jardim zoológico de Whipsnade.

O veado-d'água-chinês não é uma espécie particularmente gregária, pelo que geralmente não se costuma agrupar em manadas.[8] Normalmente, quando muito, pode encontrar-se em aos pares, sendo certo que o mais comum é ser solitário.[9]

Pouco dado a bulícios, o veado-d'água-chinês tende a passar despercebido, oculto sob a vegetação, resguardado dos predadores.[7] Os machos, com efeito, raramente toleram a presença de outros indivíduos do mesmo sexo, nas imediações do seu território, defendendo-o ciosamente contra quaisquer rivais que se lhe apresentem.[11] Por outro lado, já costumam tolerar melhor a presença de uma ou duas fêmeas, dentro do seu território[11]. Não é incomum as fêmeas acompanharem os machos, na busca de alimento ou permanecerem dentro do território de determinado macho.[11]

Quando se defrontam em combate, os machos ladeiam-se, com as cabeças ao nível dos ombros, cabeceando um contra o outro, de feição a ferir o adversário no cachaço ou nos ombros com os seus caninos de grandes dimensões.[15] Amiúde ferem-se gravemente, especialmente quando os combates ocorrem durante a época de acasalamento. Quando um adversário é derrotado, o vencedor escorraça-o para fora do seu território.[15]

Embora não sejam uma espécie particularmente social, os veados-d'água-chineses costumam alertar-se uns aos outros, da aproximação do perigo, por meio de bramidos curtos e estridentes.[10] O veado-d'água-chinês é capaz de nadar vários quilómetros, podem fazer várias travessias por entre as margens rios e ínsuas, em busca de comida ou refúgio.[10]

Os veados-d'água-chineses marcam o território roçando a cabeça contra os troncos de árvores, por molde a sinalizá-las com o seu almíscar.[10] Também deixam sinais odoríferos, no chão, por via das glândulas interdigitais dos cascos e de depósitos de excrementos.[7]

Têm uma esperança de vida média que ronda os 12 anos, tanto em cativeiro[17], como em estado selvagem, sendo certo que costumam viver sensivelmente mais tempo em estado selvagem.[15]

Referências

  1. Harris, R. B. & Duckworth (17 de novembro de 2014). «IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hydropotes inermis». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2021
  2. a b c Infopédia. «hidrópote | Definição ou significado de hidrópote no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2021
  3. Infopédia. «veado-d'água-chinês | Definição ou significado de veado-d'água-chinês no Dicionário Infopédia da Língua Portuguesa». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2021
  4. Bailly, Anatole (1981). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010035283. OCLC 461974285
  5. Bailly, Anatole. «Greek-french dictionary online». www.tabularium.be. Consultado em 31 de Dezembro de 2017
  6. «Inermis - ONLINE LATIN DICTIONARY - Latin - English». www.online-latin-dictionary.com. Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2021
  7. a b c d e f g h i Allen, Glover M.; Expeditions (1921-1930), Central Asiatic (1938). The mammals of China and Mongolia. New York, USA: American Museum of Natural History,. 620 páginas. OCLC 766997. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.12195
  8. a b c d e f g h Grzimek, Bernhard (1990). Grzimek's encyclopedia of mammals, vol. 5 (em English). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 643 páginas. ASIN B00CKBRRJO. ISBN 9780079095084. OCLC 20014856 !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
  9. a b c d Wilson, D.E. (1 de fevereiro de 1994). «MAMMAL SPECIES OF THE WORLD: A TAXONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCE». Smithsonian Institution Press. Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (1): 236–239. ISBN 1-56098-217-9. doi:10.2307/1382262
  10. a b c d e f g h Brown, R. E. (1992). 1991. The Biology of Deer. Berlin, Deustchland: Springer-Verlag. 596 páginas. ISBN 978-1-4612-2782-3
  11. a b c d e f g h i Nowak, Ronald M. (1991). Walker's Mammals of the World; Fifth Edition - Volume I & Volume II (em English) 5th edition ed. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: John Hopkins Press. pp. 643–1629. ISBN 0-8018-3970-X !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
  12. a b «Hydropotes inermis - Chinese Water Deer (Species)». wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org. Consultado em 18 de novembro de 2010. Arquivado do original em 23 de julho de 2011
  13. Ohtaish, N. (1993). Deer of China: biology and management : Proceedings of the international symposium on deer of China held in Shangai, China, 21-23 November 1992 (em English). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 418 páginas. OCLC 875495933 !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
  14. a b Putnam, Rory (1989). The Natural History of Deer (The Natural History of Mammals). Ithaca, New York, USA: Comstock Publishing Associates. 224 páginas. ISBN 0801422833
  15. a b c d e f Katopodes, Demetra. «Hydropotes inermis (Chinese water deer)». Animal Diversity Web (em inglês). Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2021
  16. a b Macdonald, David W (1984). The Encyclopedia of mammals (em English). New York, USA: Facts on File. 895 páginas. OCLC 10403800 !CS1 manut: Língua não reconhecida (link)
  17. Jones, M.L. (2005). Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the Living Collections of the world - A list of mammalian longevity in captivity. Senckenberg: Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe. p. 113-128. 214 páginas. ISBN 978-3-510-61379-3
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Hydropotes inermis: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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O Hydropotes inermis, comummente conhecido como hidrópote ou veado-d'água-chinês, é um pequeno veado asiático, natural da China e da Coreia, que se destaca dos demais veados porque o macho dispõe de presas superiores compridas e recurvas e porque, tal como as fêmeas, não tem chifres.

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Vattenrådjur ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV
 src=
Vuxen hona.
 src=
Unge.

Vattenrådjur (Hydropotes inermis) är en art i familjen hjortdjur (Cervidae) och den enda arten i sitt släkte.[2] Djuret lever i östra Asien och liknar, trots namnet mer myskhjortar än rådjur. Arten är dock inte närmare släkt med någon av de nämnda djurgrupperna.

Det vetenskapliga namnet är sammansatt av Hydropotes (vattendrickare) och inermis (utan vapen, som syftar på avsaknaden av horn).[3]

Utseende

Vattenrådjuret når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 77 till 100 cm lång, har en mankhöjd av 45 till 55 cm och en vikt av 11 till 14 kg. Svansen är 6 till 7,5 cm lång.[3] Det är hornlöst och den enda arten i familjen hjortdjur där hanarna saknar horn på huvudet. Hanarna har istället (liksom myskhjortar) förlängda hörntänder som blir upp till 5 cm långa och är tydligt synliga utanför munnen. Vattenrådjurets päls är gulbrun med några inblandade svarta hår. Ett undantag är hakan och halsen som är vit. I motsats till andra hjortdjur har arten körtlar vid ljumsken. Körtlarna framför ögonen som är typiska för hela familjen förekommer även hos vattenrådjuret. Honor har fyra spenar.[3]

Ungarnas päls har vita prickar och ljusa strimmor och de väger vid födelsen cirka en kilogram.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Den förekommer endast på kustnära lågland, vid floden Yangtze i östra Kina och på den koreanska halvön. Populationen i Korea urskiljs vanligtvis som underarten Hydropotes inermis argyropus. På grund av att den huvudsakligen förekommer i det svårtillgängliga Nordkorea är inte mycket känt om underarten.

Hertigen av Bedfordshire i England hade under 1800-talet vattenrådjur på sitt gods nära Woburn. Dessa rymde och bildade grunden till en förvildad population som idag förekommer i Bedfordshire och Cambridgeshire. Dessutom finns en förvildad population i departementet Haute-Vienne i Frankrike.

Ekologi

Vattenrådjurets habitat utgörs av träskmark och strandområden vid floder och sjöar, där vattenrådjuret gömmer sig bland bladvass och annan vegetation. När individerna upptäcker en fiende springer de iväg med flera skutt.[3]

Vattenrådjur lever huvudsakligen ensamma. Ibland har hanar utanför parningstiden sällskap av en hona men de är aggressiva mot artfränder av samma kön. När hanar strider orsakar de djupa sår med sina hörntänder. Striden slutar när ett djur visar sin underlägsenhet genom att pressa huvudet och halsen mot marken. Sedan flyttar den besegrade hanen bort från territoriet.

Efter dräktigheten som varar i cirka 200 dagar föder honan två ungar. Påståenden om kullar med åtta ungdjur har visat sig vara felaktiga. Könsmognaden infaller efter 5 till 6 månader för hannar samt efter 7 till 8 månader för honor. I fångenskap kan vattenrådjuret leva nästan 14 år.[3]

Vattenrådjurets föda utgörs huvudsakligen av bladvass men den äter även gräs, spannmål och grönsaker.[3]

Status och hot

IUCN listar arten som nära hotad (NT). Beståndet i Kina uppskattas till 10 000 individer. Beståndet av den koreanska underarten är okänt. Ibland födosöker de på odlingsmark med sädesslag eller grönsaker varför den i Kina betraktas som ett skadedjur. Utöver detta används honornas råmjölk (colostrum) inom Traditionell kinesisk medicin varför arten även jagas på grund av detta.

Noter

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia
  1. ^ Harris, R.B. & Duckworth, J.W. 2015 Hydropotes inermis . Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018.1. Läst 2018-10-29.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Hydropotes (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ [a b c d e f g] Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Hydropotes inermis” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 1093-1094. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Externa länkar

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Vattenrådjur: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV
 src= Vuxen hona.  src= Unge.

Vattenrådjur (Hydropotes inermis) är en art i familjen hjortdjur (Cervidae) och den enda arten i sitt släkte. Djuret lever i östra Asien och liknar, trots namnet mer myskhjortar än rådjur. Arten är dock inte närmare släkt med någon av de nämnda djurgrupperna.

Det vetenskapliga namnet är sammansatt av Hydropotes (vattendrickare) och inermis (utan vapen, som syftar på avsaknaden av horn).

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Su geyiği ( турски )

добавил wikipedia TR

Su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis), geyikgiller (Cervidae) familyasından bir geyik türü. Yüzeysel özellikleriyle daha çok bir misk geyiğine benzer. Boynuzlar yerine aşağı doğru uzamış olan köpekdişleri olmasına ve diğer anatomik anormalliklerine rağmen geyikgiller familyasında sınıflanmıştır. Bu eşsiz özellikleri nedeniyle kendine ait bir cins (Hydropotes) ve kendine ait bir alt familyada (Hydropotinae) sınıflanmıştır. Çin ve Kore'ye özgü olan su geyiğinin iki alt türü bulunmaktadır:

  • Çin su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis inermis),
  • Kore su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Kızgınlık zamanında oluşturdukları küçük grupların dışında su geyiği yalnız dolaşır. Omuz yüksekliği 50 cm. olan oldukça küçük bu geyikler aynı zamanda iyi bir yüzücüdür. Bataklıkların sık bitki örtüsünde yaşayan bu hayvanları aynı zamanda çekingen olmaları da üzerlerinde araştırma yapılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Yalnız başına tarlaları ve dağeteklerini de dolaşır. Korktuğunda aynı bir tavşan gibi zıplayarak kaçar. Üstü sarımsı kahve renginde, altı beyaz olan kaba ve kalın bir postu vardır. Erkeklerde boynuz yoktur ama köpekdişleri fildişi gibi uzamıştır.

Bir batında dört ile beş yavru doğar. Bu sayı diğer geyiklerle karşılaştırıldığında oldukça yüksektir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons'ta Su geyiği ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. Wikispecies-logo.svg Wikispecies'te Su geyiği ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Stub icon Çift toynaklılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Su geyiği: Brief Summary ( турски )

добавил wikipedia TR

Su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis), geyikgiller (Cervidae) familyasından bir geyik türü. Yüzeysel özellikleriyle daha çok bir misk geyiğine benzer. Boynuzlar yerine aşağı doğru uzamış olan köpekdişleri olmasına ve diğer anatomik anormalliklerine rağmen geyikgiller familyasında sınıflanmıştır. Bu eşsiz özellikleri nedeniyle kendine ait bir cins (Hydropotes) ve kendine ait bir alt familyada (Hydropotinae) sınıflanmıştır. Çin ve Kore'ye özgü olan su geyiğinin iki alt türü bulunmaktadır:

Çin su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis inermis), Kore su geyiği (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Kızgınlık zamanında oluşturdukları küçük grupların dışında su geyiği yalnız dolaşır. Omuz yüksekliği 50 cm. olan oldukça küçük bu geyikler aynı zamanda iyi bir yüzücüdür. Bataklıkların sık bitki örtüsünde yaşayan bu hayvanları aynı zamanda çekingen olmaları da üzerlerinde araştırma yapılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Yalnız başına tarlaları ve dağeteklerini de dolaşır. Korktuğunda aynı bir tavşan gibi zıplayarak kaçar. Üstü sarımsı kahve renginde, altı beyaz olan kaba ve kalın bir postu vardır. Erkeklerde boynuz yoktur ama köpekdişleri fildişi gibi uzamıştır.

Bir batında dört ile beş yavru doğar. Bu sayı diğer geyiklerle karşılaştırıldığında oldukça yüksektir.

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Hydropotes inermis ( украински )

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Hydropotes inermis inermis Whipsnade Zoo (crop).jpg

Hydropotes inermis (Водяний олень) — єдиний представник роду водяних оленів (Hydropotes), парнокопитний ссавець родини оленевих (Cervidae).

Поширення

Країни поширення: Китай, Корея, КНДР; введений: Франція, Сполучене Королівство.

Стиль життя

Полюбляють чагарники та невеликі дерева у прибережних рівнинах, солончаках і прибережних район, негативно ставляться до людської присутності. Солітарний вид, окрім шлюбного сезону. Якщо їх потурбувати тікають за допомогою серії великих стрибків, таких як у Lepus та Sylvilagus. Може плавати на кілька кілометрів і часто рухається між острівцями відповідно до наявності укриття та продуктів харчування. Раціон включає очерети, грубі трави та овочі.

Морфологія

Морфометрія

Висота в холці: 450-550 мм, довжина голови й тіла: 775-1000 мм, довжина хвоста: 60-75 мм, вага: 11-14 кг.

Опис

Волосся загалом густе і грубе і є найдовшим на боках і крупу. Верхня частина обличчя від сірувато до червонувато-коричневого кольору, підборіддя і верх горла білуваті, а спина і боки, як правило, однорідні жовтувато-коричневі, тонко посмуговані чорним. Низ тіла білий. Представники обох статей не мають рогів, але верхні ікла, особливо у самців, збільшені, утворюючи досить довгі, злегка зігнуті бивні. Невеликі пахові залози є в обох статей, це єдиний відомий випадок таких залоз у Cervidae. Є також передочні залози, які є в більшості Cervidae, але не в Moschidae. Самиці мають чотири молочні залози.

Життєвий цикл

З травня по липень самиці народжують до шести телят, хоча найпоширеніший показник становить всього від одного до трьох). Період вагітності становить від 170 до 210 днів. Молодь має білі плями і смужки. Новонароджені важать близько 1 кг. Самці досягають статевої зрілості в 5-6 місяців, а самиці в 7-8 місяців. Зафіксований випадок коли особина Hydropotes inermis жила в неволі 13 років і 11 місяців.

Підвиди

Є два підвиди:

  • H. i. argyropus (Heude, 1884)
  • H. i. inermis (Swinhoe, 1870)

Джерела

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Hydropotes inermis: Brief Summary ( украински )

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Hydropotes inermis inermis Whipsnade Zoo (crop).jpg

Hydropotes inermis (Водяний олень) — єдиний представник роду водяних оленів (Hydropotes), парнокопитний ссавець родини оленевих (Cervidae).

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Hươu nước ( виетнамски )

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Hươu nước, tên khoa học Hydropotes inermis, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hươu nai, bộ Guốc chẵn. Loài này được Swinhoe mô tả năm 1870.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Harris, R.B. & Duckworth, J.W. (2008). Hydropotes inermis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 4 năm 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Hydropotes inermis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Hươu nước: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Hươu nước, tên khoa học Hydropotes inermis, là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Hươu nai, bộ Guốc chẵn. Loài này được Swinhoe mô tả năm 1870.

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Водяной олень ( руски )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Жвачные
Семейство: Оленевые
Подсемейство: Водяные олени (Hydropotinae Trouessart, 1898)
Род: Водяные олени (Hydropotes Swinhoe, 1870)
Вид: Водяной олень
Международное научное название

Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe, 1870

Синонимы
  • Hydropotes affinis Brooke, 1872
  • Hydropotes argyropus Heude, 1884
  • Hydropotes kreyenbergi Hilzheimer, 1905
Дочерние таксоны
  • H. i. argyropus Heude, 1884
  • H. i. inermis Swinhoe, 1870
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 625054NCBI 9883EOL 308404FW 42676

Водяно́й оле́нь[1] (лат. Hydropotes inermis) — вид безрогих оленей, единственный представитель рода Водяные олени (Hydropotes) семейства Оленевые.

Внешний вид

Длина тела 75—100 см, высота — 45—55 см, масса — 9—15 кг. Рога отсутствуют, у самцов мощные верхние саблевидно изогнутые клыки на 5—6 см выступают из-под верхней губы. Небольшой хвост (5—8 см) едва заметен. Общая окраска буровато-коричневая, верхняя губа и кольца вокруг глаз белые. Летняя шерсть короткая, зимняя пушистая, но подшерсток редкий.

Образ жизни

Образ жизни малоизучен. Живёт поодиночке или парами. Ведёт в основном дневной образ жизни и очень осторожен.

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Среда обитания

Обитает в травянистых зарослях по берегам рек и озёр и по болотам.

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Питание

Преимущественно трава, а также листья, грибы и молодые побеги.

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Размножение

Гон бывает в декабре, и в это время самцы дерутся клыками, пытаясь разрезать противнику шею. После гона часто встречаются самцы с большими шрамами на морде и шее. Во время драк самцы издают громкие дребезжащие звуки. Беременность продолжается около 6 месяцев, и в июне — июле родится один или два, редко три пятнистых оленёнка. Новорождённые несколько дней лежат затаившись в густых зарослях и не раньше чем через неделю начинают сопровождать мать.

Распространение

Распространён к северу от долины Янцзы в Восточном Китае (подвид Hydropotes inermis inermis), и в Корее (подвид Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Акклиматизирован во Франции и Великобритании.

Разводится во многих зоопарках мира.

Охрана

Китайская популяция стабильна, но этот вид оленей встречается на небольшой территории, и поэтому находится под охраной.

Фотографии

  • Hydropotes inermis stuffed.JPG
  • Sumphjort.jpg
  • Shammy.jpg

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 126. — 10 000 экз.
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Водяной олень: Brief Summary ( руски )

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Водяно́й оле́нь (лат. Hydropotes inermis) — вид безрогих оленей, единственный представитель рода Водяные олени (Hydropotes) семейства Оленевые.

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( кинески )

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二名法 Hydropotes inermis
(Swinhoe, 1870)

,亦作,又名河麂、牙獐水鹿吸血鬼鹿,被认为是最原始的鹿科动物,原产地在中国东部和朝鲜半岛,1870年代被引入英国,其特色为具有獠牙,无鹿角。獐在台灣已滅絕,只存在在遺址中[2] ; 中国境内則属于濒危动物,目前主要分布在舟山群岛洪泽湖洞庭湖周边等湿地

由於其牙齒外觀,獐又被稱作吸血鬼鹿,但牠們其實不吸血。[3]

形态

獐是一种小型的鹿科动物。四肢与脖子较长,后腿较前腿长,所以经常用兔子一般的跳跃方式前进。耳朵短小而圆。 毛皮为棕黄色,幼鹿毛色较成年鹿深,为深棕色。

身长(包括头部): 77 - 100 厘米

肩高: 45 - 55 厘米

尾长: 6 - 7.5 厘米

雄性平均体重: 11 - 14 公斤

雌性平均体重: 8 - 11 公斤

獐的獠牙是加长版的犬齿,雄性的獠牙较雌性的长平均长度约8厘米,雌性的獠牙平均长度为0.5厘米左右。獐和其他鹿科动物不同的是不论雌雄都终生不长鹿角。

习性

雄性獐是领地性很强的动物,会用尿液和粪便来标记自己的领地。当别的雄性入侵时,如果威胁无效领地内的雄獐会向对方发起进攻。争斗中双方都会使用自己的獠牙来试图刺伤对方的头部,颈部或者背部。打斗通常在其中一方低头认输或者逃跑的情况下结束。雌性獐在繁殖季节以外不具有很强的领地性,但是在小鹿出生的前后这段时间母鹿会显示出攻击性,把靠近小獐的其他母獐驱赶走。

繁殖

獐的发情期为每年11月到12月,此时雄性会跟踪雌性,根据气味判断雌性是否发情。多数交配会发生在雄性的领地内。雌獐的怀孕周期通常为170到210天,每年5月到7月为产仔高峰期。雌獐会选择开阔地带分娩,然后把小獐带到植被茂密的区域隐藏起来。一头雌獐平均一胎会产下1-3头小獐。相较别的鹿类动物而言算是比较多产的。

獐在中国

獐原产于中国且有少部分生存在朝鲜半岛。在中国曾经广泛分布在长江下游江苏浙江上海等地区。獐喜欢在河流两岸的茂密芦苇丛中栖息来隐藏和保护自己,同时在沼泽湿地草原山地甚至经人类开垦的田地中都能找到它们的身影。獐擅长游泳经常可以游数公里往返于岛屿之间寻找食物和藏身处。

如今在上海野外消失了百年之久的獐现在已经在滨江森林公园重新出现,2009年12只被散养的獐数量大幅增加。不少游客把拍摄到的獐的照片以及视频上传到网络上分享,唤起大家保护大自然爱护珍稀动物的意识。希望这种回家的动物不要再遭到被驱赶的命运[4]

在中国獐的保护形势依然严峻,栖息地破坏和非法捕猎依然是对这种对于环境极度敏感的小动物的最大威胁。

相册

  •  src=

    英国动物园里的獐

  •  src=

    雄性守望

  •  src=

    博物馆里的展示


 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:  src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:

参考文献

 title=
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獐: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

獐,亦作麞、麕,又名河麂、牙獐、水鹿、吸血鬼鹿,被认为是最原始的鹿科动物,原产地在中国东部和朝鲜半岛,1870年代被引入英国,其特色为具有獠牙,无鹿角。獐在台灣已滅絕,只存在在遺址中 ; 中国境内則属于濒危动物,目前主要分布在舟山群岛洪泽湖洞庭湖周边等湿地

由於其牙齒外觀,獐又被稱作吸血鬼鹿,但牠們其實不吸血。

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고라니 ( корејски )

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 src= 다른 뜻에 대해서는 고라니 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.

고라니(학명: Hydropotes inermis, water deer)는 한국·중국 동부에 분포하는 사슴 중 하나로, 소목 사슴과에 속한다.

몸 길이 약 90cm, 어깨 높이 약 50cm, 꼬리 길이 4–8cm, 몸무게는 평균 9-11kg이다. 암수 모두 뿔이 없으며 위턱의 송곳니가 엄니 모양으로 발달하였다. 수컷의 송곳니는 약 6cm나 되어 입 밖으로 내밀어 번식기에 수컷끼리 싸울 때 쓰인다. 털은 거칠고 몸의 위쪽은 황갈색, 아랫면은 담황색, 앞다리는 붉은색을 띤다. 젖꼭지가 네 개 있으며 초식성으로 갈대밭이나 무성한 관목림에 살며 건조한 곳을 좋아한다.

생활

채소·거친 풀·갈대 등을 먹는다. 갈대밭이나 관목이 우거진 곳에서 서식한다. 보통 2-4마리씩 지내지만 드물게 무리를 이룬다. 5월경에 한배에 1-3마리의 새끼를 낳으며 새끼는 흰 점과 줄무늬가 있다. 한국중국 동북부 등지에 분포하며, 한국고라니(Hydropotes inermis argyropus)와 중국고라니(Hydropotes inermis inermis)의 두 아종이 있다.

중국에서는 멸종 위기종이지만 전 세계 개체수중 60%가 서식하는 한국에서는 수렵 대상으로 지정되어 있다.

현재는 한반도에서는 천적인 시베리아호랑이아무르표범, 한국늑대 등이 멸종되면서 멧돼지, 청설모, 너구리와 더불어 수가 증가하고 있다.

아종

계통 분류

다음은 2012년 핫사닌(Hassanin) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[2]

사슴과 노루아과말코손바닥사슴족

말코손바닥사슴속

노루족

고라니속

   

노루속

      흰꼬리사슴족

순록속

       

남방푸두 (푸두속)

       

팜파스사슴속

     

회색마자마사슴 (마자마사슴속)

   

안데스사슴속

         

늪사슴속

   

아마존갈색마자마사슴 (마자마사슴속)

             

에콰도르붉은마자마사슴 (마자마사슴속)

   

북방푸두 (푸두속)

       

흰꼬리사슴속

   

마자마사슴속

            사슴아과 문착족

솔기머리사슴속

   

문착속

    사슴족    

바라싱가속

   

액시스사슴속

       

다마사슴속

       

사불상속

   

엘드사슴속

     

사슴속

           

각주

  1. “Hydropotes inermis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 4월 8일에 확인함. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
  2. Alexandre Hassanin, Frédéric Delsuc, Anne Ropiquet, Catrin Hammer, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Conrad Matthee, Manuel Ruiz-Garcia, François Catzeflis, Veronika Areskoug, Trung Thanh Nguyen und Arnaud Couloux: Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes. Comptes Rendus Palevol 335, 2012, S. 32–50
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