Ariopsis felis és una espècie de peix de la família dels àrids i de l'ordre dels siluriformes.
Als Estats Units és depredat pel tauró camús (Carcharhinus leucas).[9][10]
És un peix de clima subtropical i associat als esculls de corall.[8]
Es troba a l'Atlàntic occidental: des de Massachusetts i el nord del Golf de Mèxic fins al sud de Florida i Mèxic.[8][11][12][13][14][15]
És comestible, però, generalment, no és consumit.[16]
The hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis) is a species of sea catfish from the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and similar to the gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus). It is one of four species in the genus Ariopsis.[3] The common name, hardhead catfish, is derived from the presence of a hard, bony plate extending rearward toward the dorsal fin from a line between the catfish's eyes.[4] It is an elongated marine catfish that reaches up to 28 in (70 cm) in length and 12 lb (5.5 kg) in weight.[5] Their typical weight is less than 1 lb (450 g), but they commonly reach up to 3 lb (1.4 kg). They are often a dirty gray color on top, with white undersides.
Hardhead catfish are found mostly in the near-shore waters of the Western Atlantic Ocean, around the southeast coast of the United States, around the Florida Keys and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.[4][5] Hardhead catfish are also found in brackish estuaries and river mouths where the bottom is sandy or muddy,[6] but only occasionally enter freshwater.[1] It tends to move from shallower to deeper waters in the winter months.[7] The species is generally common to abundant within its range.[1]
The hardhead catfish has four barbels under the chin, with two more at the corners of the mouth.[8] These barbels help the catfish find crabs, fish, and shrimp in the muddy bays where they live. The dorsal and pectoral fins each are supported by a sharp, slime-covered, barbed spine. The dorsal spine is normally erect when the fish is excited and a tennis shoe or even a leather-soled shoe offers little protection. The gafftopsail catfish looks similar to the hardhead catfish, but its dorsal and pectoral spines have a distinctive fleshy extension (like the fore-and-aft topsail of a ship).
A. felis consumes a wide range of food. It is an opportunistic consumer that uses mud and sand flats as hunting grounds.[8] It is also mainly a secondary consumer, ingesting primarily detritus, meio-, and macrobenthic fauna, and fish. Its diet primarily consists of algae, seagrasses, cnidarians, sea cucumbers, gastropods, polychaetes, shrimp, and crabs. It can occasionally be a tertiary consumer.[8]
Its diet depends on its size and location. Younger hardhead catfish tend to eat small crustaceans, like amphipods, shrimp, blue crabs, mollusks, and annelids.[9] Juveniles that are still under the protection of the male mouthbrooder feed predominately on planktonic crustaceans close by to the mouth of the parent.[8] The adults primarily consume larger fish.[9]
Significant evidence suggests correlation between the fish's activity patterns and seasonal changes. Under controlled conditions of photoperiod, temperature, and water quality, hardhead catfish display nonrandom oscillations in angular orientation of locomotive activity. There appears to be annual, bimodal cycles for all three of these variables. The cycles match with the seasonal inshore-offshore migrations of hardhead catfish. Photoperiod appears to be the exogenous cue that triggers the cyclic changes in behavior. The presence of this seasonal behavior indicates that a circadian neural mechanism may exist in hardhead catfish.[10]
Hardhead catfish respond to chemicals released by injured individuals with increased activity, illustrating communication among catfish. Their activity level was highest right after the onset of the chemical stimulus. They also respond to chemical cues from injured sailfin mollies, but this response was weaker than that of the response from their own species. After examining the epidermis of the hardhead catfish, the alarm substance cells apparently were similar to those of freshwater catfish. These chemical responses had only been seen in freshwater ostariophysans. Hardhead catfish are the first marine ostariophysans found to elicit this type of alarm reaction.[11]
Furthermore, hardhead catfish are the first indicator that Osteichthyes possibly could use directional hearing to detect obstacles. Emissions of low-frequency sounds were related to the detection and avoidance of close obstacles. Individuals within the group that produced sound avoided obstacles, whereas silent individuals crashed into obstacles frequently. Many fish have been associated with sound production for alarm, territorial, and courtship purposes, but sound probing of surroundings seems to be only be seen in hardhead catfish. So far, no evidence exists for far-field echolocation, such as seen in bats or toothed whales. The signal parameters have low frequency and amplitude, so far-field reverberations are unlikely to be useful. If echolocation exists, it is likely only useful in the near field by the catfish.[12]
Some evidence indicates sound production in hardhead catfish is differentiated both mechanistically and contextually. Mechanistically, sound can be produced in different ways. Thin bones by the swim bladder can be vibrated by specialized sonic muscles. Also, grinding of the pharyngeal teeth and rubbing of the pectoral spines against the pectoral girdle can produce sound. These two mechanisms appear to be evolved fright responses by the hardhead catfish. Some argue that hardhead catfish use an unrefined form of sonar as a means of echolocation, which also implies some directional hearing ability. It is possible, but is so far unproven, that sound is used in courtship and spawning.[13]
The hardhead catfish has a reproductive season from around May to September.[14] Males and females reach sexual maturity before age 2.[8][14] Females at maturity are around 12.6–26.5 cm (5.0–10.4 in), and males typically are slightly larger, around 25 cm (9.8 in). At maturity, females develop flap-like fatty tissue by their pelvic fins, which results in them having larger pelvic fins than males. These enhanced pelvic fins may be the site of fertilization and play a part in moving the fertilized eggs to the male mouthbrooder for incubation. Another possibility is that males pick up eggs from depressions in the sand, as eggs tend to be demersal.[8] They also die after 4 years.
Like other members of the Ariidae, hardhead catfish are paternal mouthbrooders. After spawning, the male carries the eggs in his mouth until they hatch. Several nonfunctioning eggs within the brood attach to the larger, viable eggs. These nonfunctioning eggs may be used as food for the male mouthbrooder, since mouthbrooders do not feed while they are taking care of the brood.[8] Oral incubations continue through the yolk-sac larval state, for a total length around 8–11 weeks.[15] Under laboratory conditions, offspring can hatch in roughly 30 days.[8] The offspring are roughly 6–8 cm long and slowly adapt to adult behavior, such as opportunistic bottom-feeding and scavenging.[15] At absorption of the yolk sac, juveniles begin to show adult characteristics.[8] The parental male can choose to carry the young after they have hatched until they are larger and capable of surviving on their own.[16]
Many advantages to mouthbrooding exist as opposed to other forms of parental care, such as bubble nesting. Mouthbrooders are able to freely move with the eggs in their mouths, thus can move as necessary to protect both themselves and the broods. Though mouthbrooding requires more energy by the male, the chance of his young surviving to adulthood is greater, thus reproducing and continuing his genes; the eggs are not defenseless while in their father's mouth.[17] Mouthbrooding by males counters the relatively low fecundity of females, which only have 20-65 eggs per spawning episode.[8] Finally, through breathing, the male is able to keep the brood well oxygenated, which also increases brood survival.[17]
Hardhead catfish are voracious feeders and will bite on almost any natural bait. Hardhead catfish are also known to steal bait. Shrimp is a particularly effective bait to use. When fishing for this species in fresh water, assorted meats tend to work best as bait. For example: bacon, chicken, cuts of steak, and smaller fish. Hardhead catfish are generally regarded as an undesirable catch by most anglers, largely due to the risk associated with handling the venomous fish, as well as its 'fishy' taste as opposed to desirable game fish. Hardhead catfish are edible, but like all catfish, require some effort to clean. It is one of the 30 most recreationally harvested species in the five-county area (Volusia, Brevard, Indian River, St. Lucie, Martin) encompassing the Indian River Lagoon in central Florida.[8] From 1997 to 2001, 361,022 hardhead catfish were harvested within 200 miles of the shore in the IRL region.
Hardheads are also harvested for industrial purposes in commercial bottom-trawling operations. Annual harvests vary greatly, but from 1987 to 2001, 1.04 million pounds of marine catfishes (including both the hardhead catfish and the gafftopsail catfish) were harvested in the IRL region. The harvest was valued at $777,497.[8]
Hardhead catfish weigh around 1 lb (0.45 kg) and measure 10 to 12 in (25–30 cm) long.
As hardhead catfish grow longer, they increase in weight. The relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between total length (L, in inches) and total weight (W, in pounds) for nearly all species of fish can be expressed by an equation of the form:
Invariably, b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant that varies among species. The relationship described in this section suggests that a 20 in (51 cm) hardhead catfish will weigh about 3 lb (1.4 kg), while a 25 in (64 cm) hardhead catfish will likely weigh at least 6 lb (2.7 kg).
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) The hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis) is a species of sea catfish from the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, and similar to the gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus). It is one of four species in the genus Ariopsis. The common name, hardhead catfish, is derived from the presence of a hard, bony plate extending rearward toward the dorsal fin from a line between the catfish's eyes. It is an elongated marine catfish that reaches up to 28 in (70 cm) in length and 12 lb (5.5 kg) in weight. Their typical weight is less than 1 lb (450 g), but they commonly reach up to 3 lb (1.4 kg). They are often a dirty gray color on top, with white undersides.
Ariopsis felis es una especie de peces de la familia Ariidae en el orden de los Siluriformes.
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 70 cm de longitud total[3] y 5500 g de peso.[4][5]
En los Estados Unidos es depredado por Carcharhinus leucas.
Es un pez de clima subtropical y asociado a los arrecifes de coral.
Se encuentra en el Atlántico occidental: desde Massachusetts y el norte del Golfo de México hasta el sur de Florida y México.
Es comestible, pero, generalmente, no es consumido.
Ariopsis felis Ariopsis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Ariidae familian.
Ariopsis felis Ariopsis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Actinopterygii klasean sailkatzen da, Ariidae familian.
Ariopsis felis is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van christusvissen (Ariidae), orde meervalachtigen (Siluriformes), die voorkomt in de Golf van Mexico en langs de Atlantische kust van Noord-Amerika, noordelijk tot Massachusetts. De taxonomie van de familie waar deze soort toe behoort is nog niet duidelijk.
Ariopsis felis kan maximaal 70 centimeter lang en 5500 gram zwaar worden. Het lichaam van de vis heeft een langgerekte vorm.
Ariopsis felis is een zout- en brakwatervis die voorkomt in subtropische wateren. De soort is voornamelijk te vinden in kustwateren en is geassocieerd met riffen.
Het dieet van de vis bestaat hoofdzakelijk uit macrofauna en vis.
Ariopsis felis is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. Wel wordt er op de vis gejaagd in de hengelsport.
De soort staat niet op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.
Ariopsis felis is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van christusvissen (Ariidae), orde meervalachtigen (Siluriformes), die voorkomt in de Golf van Mexico en langs de Atlantische kust van Noord-Amerika, noordelijk tot Massachusetts. De taxonomie van de familie waar deze soort toe behoort is nog niet duidelijk.
Arius felis ou Galeichthys felis (Linnaeus, 1766) ou Ariopsis felis (Linnaeus, 1766) é um peixe subtropical da família dos peixes-gato. Caracterizam-se por seis barbilhos que ajudam o peixe a encontrar caranguejos, peixes e camarões nos locais lamacentos onde habita. A barbatana dorsal e as barbatanas peitorais são suportadas por um espinho pontegudo. O espinho dorsal, na sua posição erecta (quando o peixe está excitado), pode ser perigoso e perfurar quem o pisar, mesmo com sapatos. Alimentam-se de pequenos crustáceos nas fases iniciais da sua vida, seguindo-se uma maior diversificação da sua dieta. No estádio adulto, alimenta-se de outros peixes. Esta espécie é de água salgada ou salobra (poderá fazer investida a estuários) e está normalmente associada a recifes. Pode ser encontrada na área oeste do Oceano Atlântico, em zonas com fundos lodosos.
Arius felis ou Galeichthys felis (Linnaeus, 1766) ou Ariopsis felis (Linnaeus, 1766) é um peixe subtropical da família dos peixes-gato. Caracterizam-se por seis barbilhos que ajudam o peixe a encontrar caranguejos, peixes e camarões nos locais lamacentos onde habita. A barbatana dorsal e as barbatanas peitorais são suportadas por um espinho pontegudo. O espinho dorsal, na sua posição erecta (quando o peixe está excitado), pode ser perigoso e perfurar quem o pisar, mesmo com sapatos. Alimentam-se de pequenos crustáceos nas fases iniciais da sua vida, seguindo-se uma maior diversificação da sua dieta. No estádio adulto, alimenta-se de outros peixes. Esta espécie é de água salgada ou salobra (poderá fazer investida a estuários) e está normalmente associada a recifes. Pode ser encontrada na área oeste do Oceano Atlântico, em zonas com fundos lodosos.
Ariopsis felis är en saltvattensart i ordningen malartade fiskar som liknar bagre marinus. Det är en av tretton arter i släktet Ariopsis. Dess engelska namn, hardhead catfish, kommer från den hårda, beniga platta som riktar sig bakåt mot den dorsala fenan från en linje mellan fiskens ögon.[1] Det är en långsmal malartad fisk som kan bli upp till 49,5 centimeter lång. Den genomsnittliga vikten är ungefär mindre än ett halvt kilo, men de kan bli upp emot 1,5 kg. De är ofta smutsgråa på ovansidan, med vita undersidor.
Fisken lägger rom under sommarens tidigare skede i flodmynningar och närkustliga vattendrag längs kusten. De stora (8-12 mm) fertiliserade äggen samlas ihop av hanen, och hålls i hans mun tills de kläcks. Hanarna äter inte under den en månad långa period som han skyddar larverna och de juvenila individerna på detta sätt.[1]
Ariopsis felis finns mestadels i vattendrag nära kusten i västra Atlanten, runt USA:s sydöstkust, runt Florida Keys samt runt Mexikanska golfen.[1][2] Fisken finns även i bräckta estuarium och flodmynningar där botten är sandig eller lerig.[3] Den tenderar att flytta från de grundare områdena till de mer djupa under vintermånaderna.
Fisken har fyra skäggtömmar under hakan, med ytterligare två vid munnens hörn.[4] Skäggtömmarna hjälper fisken att hitta krabbor, fiskar och räkor i de leriga vikar där den finns. De dorsala och bröstsittande fenorna stöds båda av en vass, slemtäckt tagg. Den dorsala fenan hålls vanligtvis upprest när fisken är upphetsad, och en tennissko eller till och med en lädersulad sko är genomträngliga för taggen. "Barge marinus" är mycket lik fisken, men dess dorsala fena har en utmärkande köttig förlängning.
Fisken är glupska ätare och biter på nästan alla naturliga beten. Den är även känd för att stjäla beten. Räkor är speciellt effektivt att använda. Sportfiskare använder ofta lättviktiga tackel om de fiskar efter arten, men andra använder ofta mer tungviktiga då fisken verkar bita lika bra på båda. Man måste vara försiktig när man hanterar fisken, då slemmet på deras taggar är milt giftiga.[5] Om huden punkteras, kommer den att svälla och smärta kommer kännas, samt att infektioner kan fås. Taggen är försedd med hullingar, vilket gör det väldigt svårt att få ut taggen.
Fisken är ätbar, men likt alla andra malartade fiskar, kräver den en del arbete att få ren. Den är en av de trettio mest rekreationellt fiskade arterna i området kring Indian River Lagoon i Florida.[6] Från 1997 till 2001, skördades 361 022 individer inom en sträcka på 320 km längs kusten i regionen.
Fisken skördas även för industriella syften i kommersiella bottentrålande verksamheter. Den årliga skörden varierar mycket, men mellan 1987 och 2001 skördades runt en halv miljon kg av ariopsis felis och bagre marinus i regionen. Den värderades till 777 497 dollar.[6]
Fisken väger i genomsnitt 0.454 kg och mäter mellan 25 och 30 centimeter.
När arten blir längre, ökar den i vikt. Relationen mellan längd och vikt är inte linjär. Relationen mellan total längd (L, i tum), och total vikt (W, i pund), för nästan alla fiskarter kan uttryckas med en ekvation enligt formen:
För alla arter är b nära 3.0, och c är en konstant som varierar mellan arter. Relationen som beskrivs i detta avsnitt menar att en tjugo tum (50 cm) lång fisk väger runt 3 pund (1,3 kg), medan en 25 tum (63 cm) stor fisk väger knappt 3 kg (2,7).
Ariopsis felis är en saltvattensart i ordningen malartade fiskar som liknar bagre marinus. Det är en av tretton arter i släktet Ariopsis. Dess engelska namn, hardhead catfish, kommer från den hårda, beniga platta som riktar sig bakåt mot den dorsala fenan från en linje mellan fiskens ögon. Det är en långsmal malartad fisk som kan bli upp till 49,5 centimeter lång. Den genomsnittliga vikten är ungefär mindre än ett halvt kilo, men de kan bli upp emot 1,5 kg. De är ofta smutsgråa på ovansidan, med vita undersidor.
Fisken lägger rom under sommarens tidigare skede i flodmynningar och närkustliga vattendrag längs kusten. De stora (8-12 mm) fertiliserade äggen samlas ihop av hanen, och hålls i hans mun tills de kläcks. Hanarna äter inte under den en månad långa period som han skyddar larverna och de juvenila individerna på detta sätt.
墨西哥擬海鯰為輻鰭魚綱鯰形目海鯰科的其中一種，分布於西大西洋區，從美國麻州至墨西哥灣的半鹹水域，體長可達70公分，棲息在沿岸泥底質半鹹水域，為底棲性魚類，屬肉食性，雄魚會用口孵卵，可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。
