Curimatella immaculata (Fernández-Yépez 1948)

Dorsal soft rays (total): 11 - 12; Analsoft rays: 9 - 10; Vertebrae: 31 - 33

Inhabits still waters along the margins of lagoons. Feeds on a variety of algae and fungi.

Inhabits still waters along the margins of lagoons. Feeds on a variety of algae and fungi.

Curimatella immaculata (Fernández-Yépez)

Figures 25–28; TABLE 2

Anodus alburnus.—Müller and Troschel, 1844:83 [Guiana (= Guyana); in part, paralectotype of Anodus alburnus]; 1845:26 [expansion of Müller and Troschel, 1844; Guiana (= Guyana), “See Amucu” (= Lake Amuku); in part, paralectotype of Anodus alburnus]; 1848:633 [based on Müller and Troschel, 1844 and 1845; in part, paralectotype of Anodus alburnus].

Curimatus alburnus.—Steindachner, 1879:153 [Venezuela: Ciudad Bolívar].—Pellegrin, 1899:157 [Venezuela: Río Apure].

Curimatus immaculatus.—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889b:418 [nomen nudem; cited in description of Curimatus serpae Eigenmann and Eigenmann, but no description of species provided].

Curimatella alburna.—Eigenmann, 1912:262 [references in part; specimens from Twoca Pan, British Guiana (= Guyana), not cited specimens from Rupununi, British Guiana (= Guyana)].—Galvis et al. 1989:39–41, 72, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 111, 114, 116, 117, 122, 125, 130, 135 [Colombia: Río Meta basin. Río Metica system, Laguna de Menegua; life history, food habits].

Lepipinna immaculata Fernández-Yépez, 1948:27, fig. 9 [type locality: Brazil: Obidos (= Óbidos); author cited as Eigenmann].—Vari, 1989a, tables 2, 3 [phylogenetic relationships].

Curimatella alburna.—Allen in Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:291 [Peru: Iquitos].—Mago-Leccia, 1967:254 [Venezuela: Llanos of Río Orinoco basin].

Curimatella alburna alburna.—Mago-Leccia, 1970:75 [Venezuela].

Bitricarinata aspera immaculata.—Fowler, 1975:366 [citation].

Curimata immaculata.—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peruvian Amazon].

DIAGNOSIS.—The 29 to 33 lateral-line scales to the hypural joint in Curimatella immaculata distinguish the species from C. lepidura and C. meyeri, which have 35 or more scales in that series. The 5 or 6 scales in a transverse series from the lateral line to the origin of the dorsal fin further separates C. immaculata from C. lepidura, which has 9 to 10 scales in that series. Curimatella immaculata can also be discriminated from C. meyeri in the number of vertebrae (31 to 33 versus 35 to 37, respectively). Curimatella immaculata lacks the dark spot on the mid-lateral surface of the caudal peduncle, which characterizes C. dorsalis. Finally C. immaculata differs from C. alburna in relative maximum interorbital width (0.38–0.45 of HL versus 0.45–0.50, respectively), relative gape width (0.24–0.29 of HL versus 0.28–0.33), relative length of the postorbital portion of the head (0.36–0.39 of HL versus 0.39–0.46), relative orbital diameter (0.33–0.39 of HL versus 0.27–0.32), and number of vertebrae (31 to 33, usually 32, rarely 33, versus 33 to 35, usually 34).

DESCRIPTION.—Body moderately elongate, somewhat compressed laterally, more so in specimens from the Río Orinoco basin. Dorsal profile of head rounded from upper lip to vertical line through region of nostrils, straight from that line to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body straight to convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to origin of dorsal fin; straight and slightly posteroventrally slanted at base of dorsal fin, gently convex from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body with indistinct median keel anterior to dorsal fin, keel more pronounced proximate to fin; dorsal surface of body smoothly rounded transversely posterior to fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region transversely flattened, more obviously so proximate to pelvic-fin origin, with one median series of scales; posterior scales in median series enlarged, anterior scales of median series approximately of same size as those on adjoining ventrolateral portions of body. Median-scale series flanked on each side by series of scales that conform in shape to lateral angles of body. Obtuse median keel present posterior to pelvic-fin insertion. Secondary obtuse keel on each side of postpelvic portion of body one scale row dorsal of ventral midline.

Greatest body depth at origin of dorsal fin, depth 0.36–0.43 [0.39]; snout tip to origin of dorsal fin 0.47–0.53 [0.49]; snout tip to origin of anal fin 0.82–0.88 [0.85]; snout tip to insertion of pelvic fin 0.51–0.59 [0.52]; snout tip to anus 0.77–0.83 [0.78]; origin of dorsal fin to hypural joint 0.55–0.61 [0.60]. Dorsal fin pointed in profile, less so with increasing age; last unbranched and first branched rays approximately three and one-half to four times length of ultimate ray. Pectoral-fin margin pointed in profile distally; length of pectoral fin 0.18–0.24, extends posteriorly about two-thirds distance to vertical line through insertion of pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin margin pointed in profile, length of pelvic fin 0.22–0.27 [0.23], reaches posteriorly about two-thirds distance to origin of anal fin. Caudal fin forked, rays variably covered with scales. Scale field less extensive on middle rays of caudal fin at all sizes. Proportion of caudal fin covered by scales increases ontogenetically, with basal two-thirds of rays, other than on central portions of fin, thickly covered by sheet of small scales in larger individuals. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays three to three and one-half times length of ultimate ray. Caudal-peduncle depth 0.13–0.15 [0.13].

Head obtusely pointed in profile, head length 0.27–0.32 [0.29]; upper and lower jaws equal, mouth terminal; snout length 0.25–0.31 [0.29]; nostrils of each side of head very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent-shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin separating nares; orbital diameter 0.33–0.39 [0.35]; adipose eyelid present, more developed anteriorly, particularly in larger specimens, with broad vertically ovoid opening over center of eye; length of postorbital portion of head 0.36–0.40 [0.39]; gape width 0.24–0.29 [0.26]; interorbital width 0.38–0.45 [0.43].

Pored lateral-line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 29 to 33 [32]; all scales of lateral line pored, canals in scales straight; 3 to 5 pored scales extend beyond hypural joint onto caudal-fin base; 5 to 6 [5] scales in transverse series from origin of dorsal fin to lateral line; 4 to 5 [5] scales in transverse series from lateral line to origin of anal fin. Caudal-fin rays variably covered with scales (see above).

Dorsal-fin rays ii,9 or iii,9 (iii,9 rare; when three unbranched rays present, first very small) [ii,9]; anal-fin rays ii,7 or 8 or iii,7 (iii,7 rare; when three unbranched rays present, first very short) [ii,7]; pectoral-fin rays 13 to 16 [13]; pelvic-fin rays i,8 or 9 (i,9 rare) [i,8].

Total vertebrae 31 (13), 32 (138), 33 (2).

COLOR IN ALCOHOL.—Overall coloration of specimens retaining guanine on scales silvery, darker on dorsal portions of head and body. Ground coloration of specimens lacking guanine on scales tan to light brown. Scales dorsal of lateral line with crescent-shaped field of dark chromatophores on exposed surface. Extent of field of dark pigmentation on scales varies within and between population samples (compare Figures 25 and 27). Middorsal region between tip of supraoccipital spine and dorsal fin and between dorsal and adipose fins darker than proximate portions of body. Obscure midlateral stripe extending from supracleithrum to caudal peduncle. Paired fins dusky. Median fins hyaline.

DISTRIBUTION.—Río Orinoco, Rio Amazonas, and Rio Tocantins basins and upper portion of Rupununi River of Essequibo River system (Figure 28).

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION.—Specimens of Curimatella immaculata from the Río Orinoco basin tend to be somewhat more compressed laterally than do individuals from the Amazon, although a wide degree of overlap occurs between the populations from the two basins. The most notable degree of intraspecific variation is demonstrated by the relative body depth, with population samples from the eastern Amazon basin often possessing shallower bodies than samples from the Río Orinoco and western Rio Amazonas basins (compare Figures 25 and 27). This pattern parallels that discussed previously for C. dorsalis. As in the latter species, C. immaculata shows much overlap among populations from different regions in the Amazon basin.

ECOLOGY.—The ecology of Curimatella immaculata was studied by Galvis et al. (1989) in a lagoon in the Río Meta basin of the western portions of the Río Orinoco system. The authors, who reported on the species as Curimatella alburna, found that it is an inhabitant of still waters along the margins of lagoons, breeds from April to June, and feeds on a variety of algae and fungi.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.—953 specimens (148, 41.7–93.0)

BRAZIL. No exact locality, CAS 11883, 1 (72.0). Pará: Rio Tocantins, Loquinho, near Tucuruí, MZUSP 21326, 22 (5, 66.6–90.6). Lagoon along margin of Rio Tocantins, near Tucuruí, MZUSP 21291, 4 (64.2–73.7); MZUSP 41678, 31. Igarapé Muru, Rio Tocantins, below Tucuruí, MZUSP 21282, 18 (5, 63.4–87.3). Rio Tocantins, lagoon near Jatobal, MZUSP 21308, 3 (1, 83.5). Rio Tocantins, near Baião, USNM 306021, 5. Rio Xingu, Belo Monte, USNM 268021, 1; USNM 268026, 1. Manaus, Lago Janauari, MZUSP 41676, 1. Rio Itacaiuna, Cachoeira do Caldeirão, USNM 268025, 9. Óbidos, CAS 60630, 1 (66.8, holotype of Lepipinna immaculata; formerly IU 4316; evidently originally part of MCZ 20201 or MCZ 20337, see next entry); MCZ 20201 and 20337, 14 (57.7–78.7, lots intermingled). Rio Tapajós, Itaituba, USNM 268030, 14 (1, 75.8). Mouth of Rio Tapajós, near São Luís, USNM 243232, 1 (53.8). Rio Tapajós, Pederneiras, USNM 268024, 31. Roraima: Rio Branco, Maraá, near mouth of Rio Branco, USNM 268047, 50. Goiás: Rio Araguaia, Aruanã, MZUSP 4852, 41 (10, 68.8–76.2). Tocantinia, MZUSP 20814, 18 (13, 51.8–54.4). Mato Grosso: Rio Araguaia, Santa Terezinha, MZUSP 20839, 2 (61.5–68.2). Amazonas: Lago Manacapuru, MZUSP 6520, 69 (18, 65.1–93.0). Lago Terra Preta, Janauari, USNM 229201, 3 (57.2–74.5). Lago Janauari, MZUSP uncat., 1 (84.8). Paraná de Janauacá, entry into Lago do Castanho, USNM 229172, 3. Rio Solimões, Coari, MZUSP 20921, 1 (75.1). Tefé, MZUSP 21044, 7 (3, 57.4–70.0). Rondonia: Rio Madeira, between mouth of Rio Candeias and Rio Machado, USNM 311158, 1 (59.0). Acre: Rio Tarauacá, Tarauacá, rainforest stream, USNM 269031, 11.

COLOMBIA. Guainia: Puerto Inirida, NRM 26453, 1. Puerto Inirida, flooded caño, NRM 26450, 4.

PERU. Ucayali: Utoquinia, Río Ucayali, USNM 261441, 2. Loreto: Iquitos, pond, USNM 167801, 5 (75.7–89.3, formerly IU 17848, in part). Quebrada Corrientillo, at Corrientillo, on road running west from Iquitos to Río Nanay, USNM 280402, 5.

BOLIVIA. Beni: Río Matos below road crossing, 48 km E of San Borja, USNM 305382, 3 (1, 60.5).

GUYANA. Rupununi: Puara River, USNM 224811, 48 (5, 56.8–79.3). “See Amucu” (= Lake Amucu), ZMB 3527, 1 (50.1, paralectotype of Anodus alburnus Müller and Troschel). South Savannahs, pond near Tukutu River, BMNH 1972.7.27:407–414, 5. Manari Creek (Amazon drainage), BMNH 1972.7.27:378–379, 1. Jacare, BMNH 1972.7.27:361, 5 (49.5–55.5). Savannah pond west of Dadanawa (Rupununi River system), AMNH 15714, 1 (69.8). Sand (Katiwau) River (Rupununi River system), BMNH 1972.7.27:380–396, 8.

VENEZUELA. Territorio Federal Delta Amacuro: Río Orinoco, Caño Araguero, USNM 235525, 5 (49.3–55.5). Caño Fiscal (08°32′N, 61°02′W), USNM 235529, 14 (5, 44.7–53.0). Vicinity of Caño Araguaito, USNM 235530, 1. Tucupita, MBUCV V-11964, 1. Caño Paloma, USNM 235527, 50. Monagas: Isla Cocos, opposite Los Castillos, USNM 235524, 14 (5, 47.0–50.0; 3 specimens cleared and counterstained for cartilage and bone); USNM 235523, 3. Isla Tapatapa, at Los Castillos, USNM 235507, 1. Caño Guarguapo, USNM 235534, 4. Isla Chivera, USNM 235531, 1. Bolívar: Río Orocopiche (08°03′N, 63°40′W), USNM 235536, 5 (41.7–52.3); USNM 235535, 5; USNM 235528, 2; USNM 235533, 1; USNM 235532, 2. Río Aro (08°00′N, 64°15′W), USNM 235448, 40. Caño draining into Río Orinoco at El Burro, USNM 269928, 14 (1, 54.8). Río Aro about 3 km downstream from bridge of route 19, about 85 km from Ciudad Bolívar, USNM 235444, 40. La Paragua, caño draining into Río Chiguao, MBUCV V-4223, 5. Río Paragua, Salto Auraima, MBUCV V–4205, 5. Guarico: Río Guariquito, E-SE of Calabozo, USNM 257565, 67 (15, 59.5–68.7; 2 specimens cleared and counterstained for cartilage and bone). Apure: Río Cunaviche, Cunaviche, USNM 258022, 110. Río Apure, San Fernando de Apure, USNM 258005, 1. Río Cantaro, where crossed by bridge on road from San Fernando de Apure to Cunaviche, USNM 258031, 107. Territorio Federal Amazonas: Río Orinoco, Raudales de Ature, USNM 269916, 1.

Summary Comments on the Curimatidae

This paper is the last of a series that began a decade ago (Vari, 1982a). The complexity of species-level problems in the Curimatidae and the associated uncertainty on the phylogenetic relationships in the family necessitated simultaneous phylogenetic and generic-level revisionary studies. With the completion of the series of papers cited in the “Introduction” it is now possible to propose a key to the genera of the Curimatidae that addresses the known variation in the family. All genera of curimatids with the exception of Cyphocharax are characterized by one or typically more derived features. Most of the synapomorphies for the members of the different genera are internal and often require that a specimen be cleared and counterstained for cartilage and bone to determine the condition of a character. Such features are thus of limited utility for identifying species of curimatids in most situations. The following key focuses on external features, some of which are synapomorphic for members of a genus, whereas others may represent primitive conditions or character states of more general occurrence within the family. The final couplet is based on geography for purposes of simplicity. Pseudocurimata, one of the two genera in that couplet, is limited to the western slopes of the Andes and defined by a series of internal characters only amenable to examination in specimens cleared and counterstained for cartilage and bone. No known external feature permits the ready discrimination of all members of Pseudocurimata from the species of Cyphocharax, a large assemblage whose species, with one exception, occur to the east of the Andean Cordilleras. The use of morphological features would consequently require multiple couplets to separate the numerous species of the two genera on the basis of external morphology, a much more tedious practice than the use of distributional information. The internal characters uniquely derived for Pseudocurimata were discussed in detail by Vari (1989d:3–9).

The key to the genera of the Curimatidae is followed by a key to the species of Curimatopsis, the only genus for which an additional species was described (Vari, 1982b) subsequent to the generic revision (Vari, 1982a). Range extensions in some species of Curimatopsis and Curimata are also discussed. This is followed by some summary comments on curimatid biogeography.

Curimatella immaculata és una espècie de peix de la família dels curimàtids i de l'ordre dels caraciformes.

Curimatella immaculata es una especie de peces de la familia Curimatidae en el orden de los Characiformes.

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Curimatella immaculata Curimatella generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Curimatidae familian sailkatzen da.

無斑小無齒脂鯉，為輻鰭魚綱脂鯉目脂鯉亞目無齒脂鯉科的其中一個種，分布於南美洲亞馬遜河、奧里諾科河、托坎廷斯河、埃塞奎博河流域，體長可達9.3公分，棲息在河川中底層水域，生活習性不明。