Rock bass are native to the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi Valley, and certain streams on the east side of the Alleghany Mountains. They were imported into Germany and other European countries in 1883.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Adult rock-bass usually weigh between 1/2 and 3/4 pounds, occasionally reaching 1 pound, and they have been recorded to weigh 3 pounds. The young grow slowly, averaging 2 inches in length during the first six months. Their dorsal fin is much larger than the anal, with 11 spines and 10 rays; the anal fin has 6 spines and 10 rays. Adults are olive-green on the top, greenish-silvery on the sides and white on the belly. Young are often blotched with black, while adults have a dark spot at the base of each scale, forming stripes. (Bowers, 1903).
Range mass: 0 to 1300 g.
Average mass: 0 g.
Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 7.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 12.0 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 18.0 years.
Rock bass occupy large lakes, reservoirs, and ponds in the midwest and Mississippi Valley, and they are also found in streams east of the Alleghany Mountains. Rock bass, in the winter months, can be found under ice, yet they can stand a summer temperature as high as 88 degrees F. Though sometimes found in muddy bayous and in waters with decaying vegetation, rock bass thrive best in clear, pure waters well stocked with aquatic plants and small crustacea. (Bowers, 1903).
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
The main source of food of this species is aquatic plants. They also feed on small crayfish, minnows, tadpoles, worms, and insects. The food of the young consists of minute animals, mainly crustacea and insects, and also vegetation. Some rock bass become cannibalistic in early life, with the larger eating the smaller. (Bergman, 1942).
All bass are fine game fishes, with tournaments being held regularly. Because there are so many bass fisherman their abundance is vital. The indirect value of bass fishing in rural districts, in the expenses of visiting sportsman is immense. Bass fisherman spend billions of dollars each year on guides, accommodations, gas, outdoor clothing, meals, tackle, bait, boats, motors, and permits. Their contribution to the economy is more than sportsmen spend on football and baseball combined. It is estimated that 85 percent of licensed anglers fish for bass. (Bauer, 1955)
There are 9 genera and 30 species in the bass and sunfish family. Rock bass are one of the most abundant fish in the United States. Their adaptability to extreme temperatures has made their introduction to new areas easier than most other fishes. They have been successfully introduced into the western states of California, Washington and Utah. They have also been transplanted into England, France, Germany, and Finland. The artificial breeding of rock bass, by taking and impregnating the eggs, has not been successful. The eggs can only be stripped with great difficulty, and it is necessary to kill the male to obtain the milt. Also, obtaining the eggs and milt at the same time is difficult. Interruption or handling, even during spawning, prevents the discharge of eggs or milt. Artificial ponds for bass are very common in the midwest and southern states. The water must be at least 6-10 feet deep. (Bowers, 1903).
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Spawning occurs in spring and early summer, requiring a temperature above 10 degrees celsius. Males make nests in the sand or gravel at a depth of about 1.8 meters. The male cleans the gravel with his caudal fin and tail until every particle is bright. The nest is usually 30 cm in diameter. In the act of spawning, the male and female cross the nest, their stomachs close together, the male a little behind the female, and simultaneously void the eggs and eject the milt. The real act of spawning takes a minute or less. After the female lays the eggs, the male guards the nest. The female may lay 2000 to 10,000 eggs depending on her size. The hatching period takes from one to three weeks. Upon emerging, the young rise in a school and hover over the nest for several days before scattering. The male continues to guard the young during this period. They become sexually mature between 3 and 5 years of age. (Bowers, 1903; Bergman, 1942).
Ambloplites rupestris és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels centràrquids.[5]
Té lloc durant la primavera i a principis de l'estiu (quan la temperatura de l'aigua és superior als 10 °C). Els mascles, amb llurs aletes caudals i cues, fan nius a la sorra o la grava a una fondària d'1,8 m i amb un diàmetre de 30 cm. La femella, depenent de la seua mida, és capaç de pondre entre 2.000 i 10.000 ous i el període d'incubació dura entre una i tres semanes. Durant tot aquest temps, és el mascle l'encarregat de vigilar la posta de l'assetjament dels depredadors. Les larves assoliran la maduresa sexual en arribar als 3-5 anys d'edat.[10]
Menja petits crustacis, insectes i peixos.[11][12]
Al Canadà és depredat per Amia calva.[13]
És un peix d'aigua dolça, demersal i de clima temperat (10 °C-29 °C; 54°N-34°N) que evita les aigües ràpides i prefereix els grans rius, llacs, estanys i canals.[6][14]
És originari de Nord-amèrica (incloent-hi el riu Sant Llorenç, la badia de Hudson, els Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord i la conca del riu Mississipí des del Quebec fins a Saskatchewan al Canadà,[15] el nord de Geòrgia, el nord d'Alabama i Missouri als Estats Units). Ha estat introduït a Europa (França -entre 1904 i 1910- i Gran Bretanya -1930-)[16][17][18] i Mèxic.[6][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
La seua esperança de vida és de 18 anys.[32][33]
És inofensiu per als humans.[6]
Ambloplites rupestris és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels centràrquids.
Der Steinbarsch (Ambloplites rupestris) ist ein Süßwasserfisch aus der Familie der Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae). Er ist im östlichen Nordamerika heimisch und in anderen Regionen der USA sowie Europa vom Menschen eingeführt.
Der Steinbarsch wird für gewöhnlich 15 cm bis 25 cm lang. Die Maximallänge liegt bei 43 cm bei einem Gewicht von 1,36 kg. Sein mit Kammschuppen bedeckter Körper ist hochrückig und seitlich abgeflacht. Die Grundfarbe ist graugrün bis bräunlich mit Reihen von dunklen Tüpfeln auf den Flanken. Die Kiemendeckel glänzen messingfarben und weisen in der hinteren Ecke einen schwarzen Fleck auf, der bei männlichen Steinbarschen gold umrandet ist. Die Augen sind rot bis orange, die unpaaren Flossen grünlich bis braungelb und oft mit einem dunklen Rand versehen.
Der Steinbarsch bewohnt vegetationsreiche Bäche, kleine bis mittlere Flüsse mit felsigem Grund und die bewachsenen Ufer von Seen. Er ernährt sich von kleinen Krebstieren, Insekten und Fischen.
Der Steinbarsch kommt ursprünglich in Nordamerika vor. Dort findet man ihn von Manitoba bis Québec (beide Kanada) und von dort das Mississippi Einzugsgebiet weiter nach Süden bis zur Mündung in Louisiana (USA) sowie bis zur Ostküste. Darüber hinaus ist er in den USA in Colorado und Wyoming eingebürgert. Im 19. Jahrhundert gelangte die Art nach Europa. Im Jahr 1877 wurde sie nach Frankreich importiert. Dort gelang jedoch keine Nachzucht der Tiere. 10 Jahre später erhielt Max von dem Borne in Deutschland 20 Individuen aus Virginia (USA). Von diesen konnte er 12 bis zur Geschlechtsreife aufziehen und mit diesen zahlreiche Nachzucht erzeugen. Das heutige Vorkommen in Europa gilt als unbeständig bis erloschen. Wenn es Populationen geben sollte, sind diese am wahrscheinlichsten im Südwesten Englands anzutreffen.
Der Steinbarsch (Ambloplites rupestris) ist ein Süßwasserfisch aus der Familie der Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae). Er ist im östlichen Nordamerika heimisch und in anderen Regionen der USA sowie Europa vom Menschen eingeführt.
The rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), also known as the rock perch, goggle-eye, red eye, and black perch, is a freshwater fish native to east-central North America. This red-eyed creature is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes and can be distinguished from other similar species by the six spines in the anal fin (other sunfish have only three anal fin spines).[3]
Rock bass are native to the St Lawrence River and Great Lakes system, the upper and middle Mississippi River basin in North America from Québec to Saskatchewan in the north down to Missouri and Arkansas, south to the Savannah River, and throughout the eastern U.S. from New York through Kentucky and Tennessee to the northern portions of Alabama and Georgia and Florida in the south. The rock bass has also been found in the Nueces River system in Texas.[4]
They are similar in appearance to smallmouth bass, but are usually quite a bit smaller. Identifying characteristics of rock bass are their two dorsal fins that have spinous and soft-rayed united portions, a large mouth, six anal spines, red eyes; rows of dark dots on their sides.[3] The mouth of a rock bass is located in the terminal position, below the snout, with small conical teeth to eat prey. The average rock bass is between 6 and 10 in, and they rarely weigh over a pound. Few rock bass live beyond 10 to 12 years. A. rupestris, the largest and most common of the Ambloplites species, has reached a maximum recorded length of 43 cm (17 in), and a maximum recorded weight of 1.4 kg (3.0 lb).[5] It can live as long as 10 years. These fish have body coloring from golden brown to olive with a white to silver colored belly and have the ability to rapidly change their color to match their surroundings. This chameleon-like trait allows them to thrive throughout their wide range.[6]
Rock bass prefer clear, rocky, and vegetated stream pools and lake margins. Rocky banks of northeastern lakes and reservoirs are a common habitat for rock bass. Their favorite habitat contains some vegetation with rocky bottoms and cool to warm waters.[6] Rock bass species are usually found near rocky shorelines. They can be surprisingly unflustered by the presence of human activity, living under lakeside docks and near swimming areas. Rock bass are frequently seen in groups, particularly near other sunfish.
Large bass, northern pike, muskie, and walleye prey on young rock bass. Rock bass compete with smallmouth bass for food. It is carnivorous, and its diet consists of smaller fish, including their own young at times, yellow perch, and minnows, as well as insects, and crustaceans. Rock bass are occasionally known to take food from the surface. Adult Rock bass may eat heavily, particularly in the evening and early in the morning.[6]
Rock bass are successfully surviving in their environments and are listed as a species of "least concern" on the IUCN Red List. Based on their population stability, rock bass do not require any special monitoring or conservation management plans. As a sport fish, rock bass are managed to some extent by regulations. There are slot limits for rock bass on some bodies of water. Artificial nesting habitat or ponds can be employed to improve rock bass populations.[7]
Rock bass are sexually mature at about 2 to 3 years of age. Rock bass are polygynandrous, in which both females and males have multiple mates during the breeding season. Spawning occurs from April to early June in warm waters ranging from 12 to 15 degrees Celsius, with females laying from 2,000 to 11,000 eggs.[6] Like other members of the sunfish family, the male will dig a nest near the lake shallows, and will aggressively guard it. A spawning area may be heavily used, with several other rock bass nests very close together.[8] As a result, males can become quite aggressive as they attempt to defend territory and attract and hold females. Rock bass lack courtship displays, so the female enters the nest and joins the male in his circular behavior. Both the female and male simultaneously release their sperm and eggs into the nest.[7] The male guards and fans the eggs, and later raises the young for a short time.[3] Rock bass are known to grow quickly.
Rock bass are considered game fish throughout much of their range, the IGFA all-tackle world record for the species is a tie between 1.36kg (3lb) fish caught in York River, Ontario, Canada and Lake Erie, Pennsylvania, USA in 1974 and 1998 respectively.[9]
Ambloplites constellatus (Ozark bass), a species of rock bass from the Ozark upland of Arkansas, and Ambloplites ariommus (shadow bass) are true rock bass, but regarded as separate species. Ambloplites rupestris is sometimes called the redeye or redeye bass in Canada, but this name refers more properly to Micropterus coosae, a distinct species of centrarchid native to parts of the American South. Rafinesque originally assigned the rock bass to Bodianus, a genus of marine wrasses (family Labridae).
Rock bass distribution in the United States 
Ambloplites rupestris 
Ambloplites rupestris in a Quebec aquarium The rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), also known as the rock perch, goggle-eye, red eye, and black perch, is a freshwater fish native to east-central North America. This red-eyed creature is a species of freshwater fish in the sunfish family (Centrarchidae) of order Perciformes and can be distinguished from other similar species by the six spines in the anal fin (other sunfish have only three anal fin spines).
Ambloplites rupestris Ambloplites generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrarchidae familian sailkatzen da.
Ambloplites rupestris Ambloplites generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrarchidae familian sailkatzen da.
Ambloplites rupestris
Le Crapet de roche (Ambloplites rupestris) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Centrarchidés.
C'est un poisson de forme apparentée à celle des autres crapets comme la perche soleil et les achigans. Mais sa robe est moins colorée. Ses yeux sont rougeâtres, ce qui permet de bien le distinguer de l'achigan à grande bouche, mais peut le faire confondre auprès des novices avec l'achigan à petite bouche, commun dans son aire d'origine dans les mêmes habitats et également introduit en Europe localement. Sa forme est cependant bien plus plate et plus haute avec une tête et une bouche plus petites et ses yeux sont plus gros et plus hauts, il est plus proche de la perche soleil. La longueur maximale est d'environ 40 cm, mais il mesure généralement bien moins, de 15 à 25 cm. Il pèse rarement plus d'1 kg.
Il est originaire d'une large partie du centre-est de l'Amérique du Nord : principalement à l'ouest des Appalaches dans les cours d'eau du bassin hydrographique des Grands Lacs et du fleuve Saint-Laurent, et quelques cours d'eau de la côte Est du Canada et du nord-est des États-Unis. Il est aussi présent dans une partie nord-est du bassin du Mississippi. Il est introduit ailleurs.
Introduit en Europe dans les années 1900, il est présent localement en France et en Angleterre. En France on le trouve dans la Saône et surtout dans la Loire, entre Roanne et Gien, ainsi que dans l'Arroux aval. Dans ces cours d'eau, cette espèce dont l'introduction est désormais ancienne n'est pas réputée envahissante à l'heure actuelle, et on n'a pas relevé d'impact important sur les autres espèces là où elle est présente, mais aucune étude spécifique n'a eu lieu.
Le crapet de roche vit dans les cours d'eau à courant moyen ou lent et les lacs qui disposent de zones rocheuses dans le lit ou sur les bordures, ou un fond composé de cailloux ou gravier. En outre il apprécie aussi la présence de végétation aquatique pour se cacher. Il a une préférence pour les eaux claires et oxygénées, qui peuvent être chaudes ou froides[1]. De tous les crapets il est celui qui affectionne le plus les habitats rupestres aquatiques, les anfractuosités rocheuses. On peut ainsi le rencontrer le long des piles des ponts et dans les enrochements des berges ou digues des lacs ou rivières aménagés par l'homme, ou encore dans les ports d'eau douce. Les parois naturellement rocheuses de certains lacs réservoirs lui conviennent également. De ce fait c'est souvent un poisson vivant près des berges. Il reste souvent caché par la roche et/ou la végétation. Il vit fréquemment en groupe et peut cohabiter avec d'autres espèces de crapets.
Le crapet de roche se nourrit principalement d'insectes aquatiques et de petits poissons, qu'il saisit lors de fulgurantes attaques. Dans son aire d'origine il est en compétition alimentaire partielle avec l'achigan à petite bouche qui est généralement présent dans les mêmes eaux.
En Amérique du Nord le crapet de roche, appelé rock bass, est une espèce abondante et très appréciée des pécheurs de loisir, qui l'ont introduit un peu partout et ont étendu son aire de distribution. Il est aussi considéré comme un très bon poisson pour sa chair, qui ressemble à celle des autres crapets et achigans. Ce sont ces raisons qui avaient motivé son introduction en Europe, comme pour les achigans.
Ambloplites rupestris
Le Crapet de roche (Ambloplites rupestris) est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Centrarchidés.
Raudonakis akmenyninis ešerys (lot. Ambloplites rupestris, angl. Rock bass, vok. Steinbarsch) - ausytųjų ešerių (Centrarchidae) šeimos gėlavandenė žuvis.
Savo išvaizda panašus į Micropterus dolomieui, bet yra mažesnis. Kūnas iki 43 cm ilgio. Svoris - iki 1,4 kg. Pasižymi slepiamąja spalva, todėl labai lengvai prisitaiko prie įvairių povandeninių objektų. Minta mažesnėmis žuvimis, vabzdžiais ir vėžiagyviais.
Paplitęs JAV Šv. Lauryno upėje, Misisipės baseine, Didžiųjų ežerų regione.
De steenbaars[2][3] (Ambloplites rupestris, synoniemen: Ambloplites ariommus, Ambloplites constellatus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes).
De steenbaars kan maximaal 43 centimeter lang en 1360 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 18 jaar.
De steenbaars komt voor in zoetwater. De vis prefereert een gematigd klimaat. Het natuurlijke verspreidingsgebied omvat het noorden van Noord-Amerika, en met name te vinden rond de grens van Canada en de Verenigde Staten, oostelijk van de Rocky Mountains en van Canada tot de Golf van Mexico.
De steenbaars is voor de visserij niet van groot commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er op de vis gejaagd. De soort kan worden bezichtigd in sommige openbare aquaria.
Ook andere baarsachtigen worden soms steenbaars genoemd of verkocht als steenbaars, zoals de groene zonnebaars (Lepomis cyanellus). Ook worden andere soorten soms verkort tot steenbaars, zoals de witte steenbaars (Lithognathus lithognathus) en soms wordt de wrakbaars (Polyprion americanus) verward met de steenbaars.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe steenbaars (Ambloplites rupestris, synoniemen: Ambloplites ariommus, Ambloplites constellatus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Bass czerwonooki[potrzebny przypis] (Ambloplites rupestris) – gatunek ryby z rodziny bassowatych.
Ameryka Północna od Rzeki Św. Wawrzyńca, Wielkich Jezior i stanu Saskatchewan w Kanadzie po stany Missouri, Alabama i Georgia w USA. Introdukowany w Europie.
Żyje w zarośniętych partiach mniejszych i większych rzek oraz wśród kamieni i roślinności w przybrzeżnych partiach jezior. W Europie powszechny w wodach stojących. Preferuje temperatury 10–29 °C.
Osiąga średnio 15 cm długości (maksymalnie 43 cm i 1,360 kg masy ciała). W kręgosłupie ma 29–32 kręgi. Wzdłuż linii bocznej 31–56 łusek. W płetwie grzbietowej 10–13 twardych i 11–13 miękkich promieni; w płetwie odbytowej 5–7 twardych i 9–11 miękkich promieni. W płetwach piersiowych 12–14 promieni; w płetwach brzusznych 1 twardy i 5 miękkich promieni.
Ubarwienie ciała oliwkowozielone. Tęczówka czerwona.
Zjada niewielkie skorupiaki, owady i ryby.
W Europie dojrzewa płciowo w wieku 2–3 lat i trze się od IV do VII. Samiec buduje gniazdo w postaci dołka w piasku bądź żwirze w płytkiej wodzie. Samiec morze kopulować z kilkoma samicami, które składają ikrę do jego gniazda. Samiec opiekuje się ikrą i wylęgiem. Żyje do 18 lat.
Łowiony przez wędkarzy; hodowany w akwariach.
Bass czerwonooki[potrzebny przypis] (Ambloplites rupestris) – gatunek ryby z rodziny bassowatych.
Klippabborre (Ambloplites rupestris) är en rovfisk i familjen solabborrfiskar som härstammar från östra Nordamerika men inplanterats i många länder i Europa.[2]
Klippabborren har en lång ryggfena med 11 taggar, medan den tydligt mindre analfenan har 6. De vuxna fiskarna har olivgrön rygg, silvrigt gröna sidor och vit buk.[3] Längs sidorna ovanför sidolinjen har den 4 till 7 oregelbundna, gulaktiga fläckar. Varje fjäll har en mörk markering, som tillsammans formar 8 till 10 längsstrimmor. Ögat är rött. Ungfiskarna är mörkare än de vuxnma, och med tydligare fläckar. Fisken har en kropp som är starkt ihoptryckt från sidorna, och en stor mun med lätt underbett.[4] Arten kan bli 43 cm lång och väga 1,36 kg, men är vanligtvis betydligt mindre.[5]
Fisken föredrar rena vattendrag och sjöar med kraftig växtlighet och gärna klippig botten. Den föredrar långsamma vattendrag framför mera strömmande.[5] Arten lever i stim under vintern, men övergår till solitärt levnadssätt på våren när parningstiden närmar sig. Basfödan utgörs av vattenväxter, men den tar också små kräftor, småfisk, grodyngel. maskar och insekter. Förutom vattenväxter lever ungarna främst på djurplankton som små kräftdjur. Vissa populationer av ungfiskar kan ägna sig åt kannibalism och ta mindre artfränder.[3]
Klippabborren blir könsmogen mellan 3 och 5 års ålder. Den leker på våren och försommaren när vattentemperaturen når över 10 °C, då hanen börjar bygga omkring 30 cm stora bon i grusbotten på knappt 2 meters djup. Honan och hanen simmar sida vid sida över boet, där honan lägger mellan 2 000 och 10 000 ägg som hanen befruktar och sedan vaktar. Äggen kläcks efter 1 till 3 veckor; efter den tiden stannar de nykläckta ungarna kvar över boet i flera dagar, under vilken tid de bevakas av fadern.[3]
Arten finns ursprungligen i den centrala delen av östra Nordamerika från södra Ontario, över de Stora sjöarna till Québec i Kanada[4], vidare söderöver längs Mississippifloden till Missouri, norra Georgia och norra Alabama i USA.[5] Den har införts till många länder i Europa med början till Tyskland 1883.[3] Arten är även införd till Mexiko.[5]
Klippabborren är en populär sportfisk, och i Nordamerika hålls stora tävlingar, ofta av stor betydelse för den lokala ekonomin.[3]
Klippabborre (Ambloplites rupestris) är en rovfisk i familjen solabborrfiskar som härstammar från östra Nordamerika men inplanterats i många länder i Europa.
Ambloplites rupestris là một loài cá nước ngọt thuộc họ cá thái dương (Centrarchidae) của Perciformes đặt hàng. Bề ngoài loài cá này tương tự loài cá vược miệng nhỏ, nhưng thường hơi nhỏ hơn một chút. Loài cá này có chiều dài từ 6 đến 10 inch, và hiếm khi nặng hơn một pound. Đây là loài bản địa hệ thống sông St Lawrence và Ngũ Đại Hồ, các lưu vực trung lưu và thượng lưu sông Mississippi trong Bắc Mỹ từ Québec đến Saskatchewan ở phía bắc xuống Missouri và Arkansas, và khắp miền đông Hoa Kỳ từ New York qua Kentucky và Tennessee đến các khu vực phía bắc Alabama và Georgia và Florida ở phía nam.
Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Ambloplites rupestris là một loài cá nước ngọt thuộc họ cá thái dương (Centrarchidae) của Perciformes đặt hàng. Bề ngoài loài cá này tương tự loài cá vược miệng nhỏ, nhưng thường hơi nhỏ hơn một chút. Loài cá này có chiều dài từ 6 đến 10 inch, và hiếm khi nặng hơn một pound. Đây là loài bản địa hệ thống sông St Lawrence và Ngũ Đại Hồ, các lưu vực trung lưu và thượng lưu sông Mississippi trong Bắc Mỹ từ Québec đến Saskatchewan ở phía bắc xuống Missouri và Arkansas, và khắp miền đông Hoa Kỳ từ New York qua Kentucky và Tennessee đến các khu vực phía bắc Alabama và Georgia và Florida ở phía nam.
岩鈍鱸為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目太陽魚科的其中一種，分布於北美洲美國及加拿大間的五大湖及聖羅倫斯河流域，體長可達43公分，棲息在岩石底質、植物生長的河流、湖泊、池塘，屬肉食性，以小型甲殼類、昆蟲等為食，可作為食用魚或觀賞魚。
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