Little information was found on their economic importance; however, this species could become problematic when they occupy plantations.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
To avoid being detected by predators, flying squirrels glide and immediately move to the other side of the tree on which they land. Their most common predators are large owls. Other predators include arboreal snakes, raccoons, martens, fishers, and domestic house cats, all of which prey mainly on juvenile flying squirrels. Black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) are a newly discovered predator. These endangered primates have been seen reaching into nests, pulling out juvenile flying squirrels and swinging them by the tail to kill them against trees and rocks. Once the gibbon kills the squirrel, the carcass is eaten and shared with the gibbon's offspring. Most predation occurs on juvenile squirrels; however, gibbons do attack adults, usually unsuccessfully.
Known Predators:
Indian giant flying squirrels have a patagium extending from their wrists to their ankles; similar to the well recognized northern flying squirrels, which help them glide on air currents from tree to tree. Even with amazing gliding abilities, they prefer short gliding distances because longer distances require broader landing platforms, which are not always available and the density of the forest may also prohibit lengthy glides. A wide range of pelage color can be seen between the sexes and the location of sightings. Most coloration includes a variation of dark maroon to black dorsal pelage with white tips, sometimes giving a grey hue and a lighter brown to white on their ventral side. At birth, Indian giant flying squirrels weigh approximately 56 grams; adults can weigh up to 1.65 kilograms. Males generally weigh about 1,260 grams and females weigh approximately 1,334 grams. In a study investigating sexual dimorphism, the skull of Indian giant flying squirrels showed little difference between the sexes.
Range mass: 0.056 to 1.65 kg.
Average mass: 1.65 kg.
Average length: 1 m.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
The lifespan of Indian giant flying squirrels has not yet been documented. However, the longest known living specimen was alive at age 11 in captivity. Other giant flying squirrels in Asia live an average of 6 years in the wild and 10 to 15 years in captivity. The difference between these rates is believed to represent the important role flying squirrels play as prey to other animals.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 6 years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 11 (high) years.
Indian giant flying squirrels are arboreal, nocturnal mammals that live in tree cavities and the tree canopy. They live in deciduous and evergreen forests of South Asia, hardwood forests of Taiwan, and large patches of forests on Hainan Island, where the species is currently thriving. This species can be found in elevations between 100 to 2,500 meters, which includes vegetation zones of: tropical rainforest or subtropical rainforest (0 to 500 m), temperate broad leafed forest (500 to 1,800 m), and temperate mixed forest (1,800 to 2,500 m). These creatures can most often be found on the edges of forests, or within plantations among their primary food source, fig trees.
Range elevation: 100 to 2,500 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
Indian giant flying squirrels (Petaurista philippensis) have a wide distribution in Asia. This species can be found in South Asia, the mainland of Southeast Asia, and central and southern China. In South Asia they have a patchy distribution in Sri Lanka and India, primarily concentrated in the Himalayan Mountains and northeast regions north of Bombay and Rajastan. They have a wide range on the mainland of Southeast Asia; however, they are not present on the Malay Peninsula. China has recorded sightings in Yunnan, Hainan Island, Sichuan, and Shaanxi. Indian giant flying squirrels can also be found on the island of Taiwan.
Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )
A diet typical of this species consists mostly of, but not limited to, fruits and leaves of ficus trees. Unlike other flying squirrels, they do not eat insects or other animal matter. Indian giant flying squirrels are folivorous, however, they will also eat bark, fruit, leaves, flowers, and sometimes lichens. Most frequently, they consume ficus fruits, which are an easily accessible source of energy. They are rich in calcium, minerals, low in fat content, and a possible source of animal protein, as provided by larvae of fig wasps. Indian giant flying squirrels prefer mature leaves to immature leaves. More mature leaves are consumed in February and December, when ficus trees do not have such a high abundance of fruit. Feeding is more common along the edge of the forest, where light affects plant physiology. A greater abundance of light results in greater leaf production. It is not yet known whether they consume more ficus fruits or mature leaves.
Indian giant flying squirrels can also be found within plantations, where two thirds of their diet consists of ficus and jackfruit. This species is also known to be opportunistic at exploiting food resources in disturbed areas where logging occurs. The ability to consume leaf material, bark, and even sap at impacted sites indicates that Indian giant flying squirrels are tolerant to habitat disturbances.
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; fruit; flowers; sap or other plant fluids; lichens
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )
Although they are primarily folivorous, they do consume other plant materials, which could contribute to seed dispersal. However, this species has been known to occupy plantations and could be a potential pest.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Species Used as Host:
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Little information was found on the economic importance of this species; however, this species may be a good seed disperser.
Currently, Petaurista philippensis is listed by the IUCN as a species of least concern. This is possibly due to their widespread distribution, common in Southeast Asia and Taiwan, as well as their adaptability to environments with human impacts, such as logging sites.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Little information has been found in regards to communication and perception of Indian giant flying squirrels. However, having larger eyes in relation to body size implies highly developed vision, which is used in their nocturnal activities. Similar flying squirrels also have well adapted hearing, touch, and smell, as many other arboreal nocturnal species. Other flying squirrel species have vibrissae on their chin, cheeks, and ankles that help them navigate at night. Many others communicate by auditory, visual, and chemical cues, such as for reproduction, although currently, there is no data available specific to Indian giant flying squirrels.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Little is known about the mating system of P. philippensis. Due to the location and home range size of the males, data suggests a polygynous or promiscuous mating system. During the mating season, the male may alter his diet and activities to cope with reproduction, by spending more time finding a mate and less time eating. Adult flying squirrels have two annual breeding seasons; one occurring from February to March and the second from July to August. Breeding lasts for two weeks, females mate with an average of 3 to 5 males.
Mating System: polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Breeding occurs in two seasons, February to March and July to August, each breeding cycle lasts two weeks. Females mate with several males and produce at least one offspring per season. A litter of two has been recorded; however, documentation is rare. After breeding, gestation occurs for approximately 46 days. Live young are born within the tree cavity the squirrel occupies and they are only raised by their biological mother. Offspring are completely weaned after three months and at 95 days old, male offspring become independent, while at 185 days old female offspring are independent.
Breeding interval: P. philippensis has two breeding seasons a year.
Breeding season: Breeding season occurs during February to March and July to August.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Average gestation period: 46 days.
Average weaning age: 3 months.
Range time to independence: 95 to 185 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Young flying squirrels are raised by their mother, only until they become independent at 95 to 185 days old.
Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care
Petaurista philippensis ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.
Alcuéntrase en China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwán y Tailandia.
L'esquirol volador de l'Índia (Petaurista philippensis) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a la Xina, l'Índia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. Es tracta d'un animal nocturn i arborícola. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos secs, ja siguin perennifolis o caducifolis. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]
L'esquirol volador de l'Índia (Petaurista philippensis) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu a la Xina, l'Índia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. Es tracta d'un animal nocturn i arborícola. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos secs, ja siguin perennifolis o caducifolis. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista philippensis) ist ein Gleithörnchen aus der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista). Es ist von der zentralen und südlichen Volksrepublik China sowie Indien bis Sri Lanka und über weite Teile Südostasiens verbreitet.
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 41 bis 61 Zentimetern sowie eine Schwanzlänge von 55 bis 69 Zentimetern. Die Hinterfußlänge beträgt 65 bis 90 Millimeter, die Ohrlänge 45 bis 47 Millimeter.[1] Das Gewicht liegt bei etwa 2,2 Kilogramm.[2] Es gehört damit nach dem Rot-Weißen Riesengleithörnchen (P. alborufus) und dem Bhutan-Riesengleithörnchen (P. nobilis) zu den größten Arten der Gattung und ist zugleich eine der größten Arten der Hörnchen weltweit.[1]
Der Rücken und die Gleithäute sind kastanienbraun bis schwarz gefärbt. Die Haare weisen weiße Spitzen auf, die das Rückenfell grau schimmernd erscheinen lassen. Die Bauchseite ist rötlich braun bis sandbraun. Der schwarze Schwanz ohne helle Spitze ist vergleichsweise lang. Die Ohren sind auf der Oberseite ebenfalls schwarz, auf der Vorderseite rötlich.[1][2]
Wie alle Riesengleithörnchen hat es eine große und behaarte Flughaut, die Hand- und Fußgelenke miteinander verbindet und durch eine Hautfalte zwischen den Hinterbeinen und dem Schwanzansatz vergrößert wird. Die Flughaut ist muskulös und am Rand verstärkt, sie kann entsprechend angespannt und erschlafft werden, um die Richtung des Gleitflugs zu kontrollieren.
Die Gesamtlänge des Schädels beträgt 65 bis 82 Millimeter.[1]
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen verfügt über ein sehr großes Verbreitungsgebiet, das von der zentralen und südlichen Volksrepublik China sowie Indien bis Sri Lanka und über weite Teile Südostasiens mit Myanmar, Laos, Kambodscha, Thailand und Vietnam reicht. Es kommt zudem auf Taiwan vor.[3][2] In China kommt es in mehreren Unterarten auf der Insel Hainan sowie in den Provinzen Yunnan, Sichuan und Shaanxi vor.[1]
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen lebt in subtropischen Laub- und Nadelwäldern sowie teilweise in Baumplantagen,[3] wobei eine wahrscheinliche Bevorzugung von Nadelwäldern zumindest aus Taiwan bekannt ist.[1] In den Westghats in Indien leben die Tiere vor allem an den Waldrändern und in offeneren Waldbereichen sowohl in kleinräumigen wie auch in größeren Waldbereichen, womit sie sich auch als relativ anpassungsfähig gegenüber Holzeinschlägen und Lebensraumveränderungen zeigen.[2] Auf Hainan kommt die Art dagegen nur in großräumigen Waldgebieten vor[1] und in China kommt die Art in fünf der vorhandenen 12 zoogeographischen Regionen vor.[2]
Es ist strikt baumlebend und ernährt sich fast ausschließlich von Blättern. Auf Taiwan machen Blätter von insgesamt etwa 30 Pflanzenarten etwa 74 % der Nahrung der Tiere aus. Hinzu kommen Knospen und Früchte, die vor allem im Frühjahr, Sommer und Herbst konsumiert werden.[1][2] In anderen Regionen kann der Blätteranteil zwischen 34 und 61 % der Gesamtnahrung ausmachen, in den Westghats ernähren sich die Tiere vor allem von den Früchten von Ficus racemosa, einer Feigenart, gefolgt von Blättern. Hier wird die Nahrung ergänzt durch Blüten, Rinden und Flechten.[2] Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen ist zudem wie die meisten Arten der Gattung weitgehend nachtaktiv.[2] Wie alle anderen Flughörnchen ist auch diese Art in der Lage, weite Strecken gleitend zurückzulegen, indem sie von einem Baum abspringt.
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen baut Nester in Baumhöhlen oder im Geäst höherer Bäume. Über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten liegen nur wenige Daten vor. Die Art bekommt ihre Jungen im Frühjahr und Herbst, wobei die Weibchen in der Regel eines und selten zwei Jungtiere werfen. Etwa die Hälfte aller weiblichen Tiere werden in jeder Fortpflanzungssaison trächtig.[1]
Unter den Fressfeinden spielen wahrscheinlich größere Eulen eine zentrale Rolle, worüber jedoch nur Unzureichendes bekannt ist. Die Hörnchen reagieren auf die Anwesenheit von Eulen und auf Eulenrufe mit einem spezifischen Warnruf. Auch vom Westlichen Schwarzen Schopfgibbon (Nomascus concolor) ist bekannt, dass er Gleithörnchen erbeutet.[2]
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista) eingeordnet, die insgesamt acht[4] bis neun Arten[2] enthält. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von Daniel Giraud Elliot aus dem Jahr 1839 anhand von Individuen aus dem zentralen und nördlichen Nepal.[4] Ursprünglich beinhaltete die Art auch das Bhutan-Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista nobilis), das allerdings mittlerweile als eigene Art anerkannt wird.[4]
Innerhalb der Art werden je nach Systematik fünf[5], sieben[4] oder bis zu zehn Unterarten unterschieden:[2] Aktuell werden folgende Unterarten als valide betrachtet:[5]
Bei einigen Formen werden ein eigenständiger Artstatus oder eine alternative Zuordnung diskutiert. So werden das Hainan-Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista hainana) und das Yunnan-Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista yunanensis) mittlerweile als eigenständige Arten betrachtet.[5] Das ehemals in diese Gattung eingeordnete Petaurista philippensis grandis wird heute als Petaurista petaurista grandis des Taguan zugeordnet und die bei Thorington et al. 2012 als Unterarten betrachteten Petaurista philippensis nigra und Petaurista philippensis rubicundus werden aktuell nicht mehr als Unterarten geführt.[5] Nach Molekularbiologischen Studien ist Petaurista grandis eine Schwesterart des Taguan und Petaurista hainana und Petaurista yunanensis befinden sich zwar in der näheren Verwandtschaft zum Indischen Riesengleithörnchen, das allerdings als Schwesterart des Rot-Weißen Riesengleithörnchens (Petaurista alborufus) zu betrachten ist.[6]
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund seines großen Verbreitungsgebietes und seiner angenommen großen Bestände sowie seiner guten Anpassungsfähigkeit an veränderte Ökosysteme als nicht gefährdet (least concern) eingestuft.[3]
Die Art kommt in weiten Teilen des Verbreitungsgebiet in vergleichsweise großen Beständen vor, in einigen Teilen sind die Bestände dagegen teilweise stark rückläufig. In Teilen Indiens werden die Tiere als Fleischlieferanten bejagt und stehen unter einem hohen Jagddruck. Vor allem in den Westghats und im Nordosten Indiens sind die Bestände wahrscheinlich rückläufig.[3] Eine generelle Gefährdung und potenzielle Bedrohungen für den Gesamtbestand existieren nicht. Trotz ihrer Anpassungsfähigkeit können die Bestände durch den Verlust von Waldlebensräumen und die Umwandlung in landwirtschaftliche und Siedlungsflächen betroffen sein. In Teilen Südasiens und Chinas stellt die Bejagung als Fleischlieferant sowie für medizinische Anwendung eine potenzielle Bedrohung dar.[3]
Das Indische Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista philippensis) ist ein Gleithörnchen aus der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista). Es ist von der zentralen und südlichen Volksrepublik China sowie Indien bis Sri Lanka und über weite Teile Südostasiens verbreitet.
ઉડતી ખિસકોલી (Indian giant flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis, સિંહાલા: මහ හම්බාවා), એ ખિસકોલીની એક જાતિ છે. તે ભારત, ચીન, ઇન્ડોનેશિયા, મ્યાનમાર, શ્રીલંકા, તાઈવાન, વિયેતનામ તેમજ થાઇલેન્ડમાં મળી આવે છે.
માથું અને શરીરની લંબાઇ સામાન્ય રીતે ૪૩ સેમી હોય છે. પૂંછડીની લંબાઇ નરમાં ૫૦ સેમી અને માદામાં ૫૨ સેમી હોય છે.
રંગ કાળા થી ભૂખરો છીંકણી અને આછો-ઘાટો હોય છે. વૃક્ષો વચ્ચે હવામાં કૂદકો મારવા માટે પીઠના આગલા ભાગથી પાછલા ભાગમાં પડદો હોય છે, જે આછા છીંકણી રંગનો હોય છે. પગ કાળા હોય છે. નાક આછું ગુલાબી રંગનું હોય છે. પૂંછડી વાળ ધરાવતી અને કાળાશ પડતી છીંકણી હોય છે. ઉપરના ભાગમાં રુંવાટી લાંબી અને મુલાયમ અને અંદરના ભાગમાં ધીમે-ધીમે ઓછી થયેલી હોય છે.[૧]
તેઓ ૪૦૦-૧૦૦૦ મીટરની ઊંચાઇ પર જોવા મળે છે.
આ ખિસકોલી નિશાચર છે અને સૂકાં અને લીલાં જંગલોમાં જોવા મળે છે. તે ખેતરોમાં પણ જોવા મળે છે. વૃક્ષોમાં તે ડાળીઓ અને બખોલમાં રહે છે.[૨]
આ ખિસકોલી ખોરાક ન મળે ત્યારે વધુ સામાજીક બને છે. તેનો અવાજ એક પ્રકારના ગરુડ તેમજ ઘુવડ જેવો હોય છે.[૧]
તેઓ મુખ્યત્વે ફળાહારી છે, પરંતુ પાંદડાઓ, જીવ-જંતુઓ તેમજ લાર્વા પણ ખોરાકમાં લે છે. સંશોધન મુજબ, તેમને અંજીર, ફણસ વગેરે પસંદ હોય છે. તેમનાં ખોરાકમાં પાંદડાઓ અગત્યના હોય છે. ખાસ કરીને અંજીરના પાંદડાઓ તેમને અત્યંત પસંદ છે. ઉડતી ખિસકોલી વિવિધ પ્રકારની વનસ્પતિઓ ખોરાકમાં લે છે. ખોરાકમાં તેઓ અન્ય જાતિઓ કરતાં વધુ વિવિધતા ધરાવે છે.[૩]
જૂન મહિનામાં માદા એક બચ્ચાને જન્મ આપે છે. બચ્ચું જન્મ સમયે દેખતું હોતું નથી અને સસ્તન પ્રાણીઓ કરતાં તેની આ અવસ્થા લાંબી ચાલે છે. તેનું માથું શરીર કરતાં પ્રમાણમાં મોટું હોય છે.[૧]
|author૨= ignored (મદદ); Check date values in: |year= (મદદ) ઉડતી ખિસકોલી (Indian giant flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis, સિંહાલા: මහ හම්බාවා), એ ખિસકોલીની એક જાતિ છે. તે ભારત, ચીન, ઇન્ડોનેશિયા, મ્યાનમાર, શ્રીલંકા, તાઈવાન, વિયેતનામ તેમજ થાઇલેન્ડમાં મળી આવે છે.
The Indian giant flying squirrel (Petaurista philippensis), also called the large brown flying squirrel or the common giant flying squirrel, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is capable of gliding flight using a skin membrane stretched between front and hind legs. It is found in mainland Southeast and South Asia, and southern and central China.
This is a large species, with a head and body length of about 43 cm and a tail of 50–52 cm. It has black to gray-brown fur, long and soft on the upper parts and somewhat shorter underneath the body, with a grizzled appearance. A wing membrane between the forelimb and hindlimb, paler coloured underneath, allows gliding between trees. The tail is hairy and blackish to gray-brown, the feet are black, and the nose is pale pink with black vibrissae.[2]
Its taxonomy is very complex and not fully resolved. Up until the 1980s, some authorities even listed the Indian giant flying squirrel itself as a subspecies of the red giant flying squirrel (P. petaurista).[3] In 2005, Mammal Species of the World included grandis, yunanensis, hainana, nigra, rubicundus and rufipes (last four as synonyms of yunanensis) in the Indian giant flying squirrel.[4] Later studies have confirmed that all these are distinct and not closely related to the Indian giant flying squirrel; placing them together would result in a strongly polyphyletic "species".[5][6][7][8] As a consequence, recent authorities have generally recognized them as part of the red giant flying squirrel or as their own species; the Formosan giant flying squirrel (P. grandis) of Taiwan, Hainan giant flying squirrel (P. hainana) of Hainan, and Yunnan giant flying squirrel (P. yunanensis) in northeastern India, south-central China, Myanmar, northern Laos and northern Vietnam (the extent of its range in the last three countries is labelled with considerable uncertainty).[3][9][10] The Formosan and Hainan giant flying squirrels have fully separate ranges, but the Yunnan giant flying squirrel is sympatric with the Indian giant flying squirrel.[6][9]
The species is native to China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It inhabits dry deciduous and evergreen forest, usually at higher elevations from 500–2,000 m (1,600–6,600 ft) and has been recorded on plantations.[1]
The Indian giant flying squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal, spending most of its life in the canopy. Nests are made in tree hollows lined with bark, fur, moss, and leaves. The species is sociable when food is abundant, but intraspecies attacks increase with food scarcity. Vocalizations are similar to those of the spot-bellied eagle-owl.[2]
The species is mainly frugivorous, preferring the fruits of Ficus racemosa, followed by Cullenia and Artocarpus heterophyllus. It also takes bark, tree resins, shoots, leaves (particularly of F. racemosa), insects, and larvae. Squirrels were shown to be somewhat tolerant of disturbance when foraging, and to exploit food resources at the forest edge, including exotic planted species.[11]
Female gives birth to a single offspring during mid June. Pups born blind, with a head that is disproportionately large when compared with the body.[2]
The Indian giant flying squirrel (Petaurista philippensis), also called the large brown flying squirrel or the common giant flying squirrel, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is capable of gliding flight using a skin membrane stretched between front and hind legs. It is found in mainland Southeast and South Asia, and southern and central China.
Petaurista philippensis es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.
Se encuentran en Bangladés, India, Sri Lanka, China, Birmania, Camboya, Laos, Taiwán, Tailandia y Vietnam.
Petaurista philippensis es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.
Petaurista philippensis Petaurista generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.
Petaurista philippensis Petaurista generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.
Il petaurista indiano (Petaurista philippensis Elliot, 1839), noto in cinese come Shuangbei Dawushu, è uno scoiattolo volante originario del Sud-est asiatico.
Attualmente, gli studiosi riconoscono sette sottospecie di petaurista indiano[1]:
Con una lunghezza testa-corpo di 41–61 cm e una coda di 55-69,1 cm, il petaurista indiano è la seconda specie più grande del genere Petaurista. La colorazione del dorso varia dal bordeaux scuro al nero, ma le estremità dei peli, di colore bianco, fanno spesso assumere alle regioni superiori una tinta grigiastra; sul ventre la pelliccia, relativamente rada, varia dal rossiccio al camoscio. La coda, molto lunga, è interamente nera, così come le orecchie, che però presentano la superficie frontale di un caratteristico colore rosso.
Questa specie, molto diffusa, vive nell'Asia meridionale, nelle regioni meridionali e centrali della Cina e in Indocina. Nell'Asia meridionale, occupa un areale discontinuo esteso sia all'India che allo Sri Lanka. In Cina, è presente sull'isola di Hainan e in Yunnan, Sichuan e Shaanxi. Vive anche sull'isola di Taiwan. Nel Sud-est asiatico, occupa quasi tutta l'Indocina, a eccezione della penisola malese. È specie propria delle foreste pluviali tropicali di montagna.
Ad Hainan il petaurista indiano vive solamente all'interno delle foreste, ove è considerato piuttosto abbondante. A Taiwan è più numeroso nelle foreste di latifoglie, piuttosto che in quelle di conifere, ed è più comune tra i 500 e i 2500 m di quota. Sempre sulla stessa isola, la dieta di questo animale comprende ben 30 specie di vegetali. Gran parte della dieta (circa il 74%) è costituita da foglie, sia giovani che mature. A Taiwan la riproduzione è stagionale, con picchi delle nascite in primavera e autunno. Circa la metà delle femmine dell'isola si riproduce in entrambe le stagioni. Generalmente nasce un unico piccolo, ma anche i parti gemellari non sono rari.
Attualmente il petaurista indiano non corre alcun pericolo, sebbene in alcune aree la popolazione sia diminuita in seguito alla deforestazione e, in Asia meridionale e Cina, alla caccia, sia per scopo alimentare che per presunti poteri curativi di alcune parti del corpo. La IUCN lo classifica tra le specie a rischio minimo.
Il petaurista indiano (Petaurista philippensis Elliot, 1839), noto in cinese come Shuangbei Dawushu, è uno scoiattolo volante originario del Sud-est asiatico.
Petaurista philippensis is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Elliot in 1839.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Petaurista philippensis[2][3] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Elliot 1839. Petaurista philippensis ingår i släktet jätteflygekorrar, och familjen ekorrar.[4][5]
Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 7 underarter,[2] medan Catalogue of Life listar följande 10 underarter:[4]
Arten har en varierande pälsfärg, som vanligen varierar mellan mörkt vinröd till gråsvart på ovansidan, och vitakrigt över grått till ljusbrunt på buken. Mellan fram- och bakfötterna har arten en flyghud, som den använder för att glidflyga mellan träden. Medelvikten för en vuxen hane är 1,26 kg, och för en vuxen hona 1,334 kg; arten kan emellertid som mest nå en vikt på 1,65 kg. Längden är omkring 1 m.[6]
Petaurista philippensis är en nattaktiv art som förekommer i både lövfällande och städsegröna skogar. Främst lövskogar, men på höjder över 1 800 m förekommer den även i blandskog. Höjdmässigt lever den från 100 till 2 500 m. Den förekommer främst i skogsbryn eller i trädodlingar, framför allt av fikonträd. Den håller framför allt till i trädkronorna och i håligheter i träden. Arten hävdar revir: En hanes revir är i genomsnitt 4 ha, en honas 2,2 ha.[6]
Petaurista philippensis kan glidflyga, men på grund av artens liv i trädkronorna, där de flesta mål för en glidflykt är påtagligt små, gör de så främst på kortade distanser.[6]
Artens livslängd i det fria är inte säkert känd, men jämförelse med andra, liknande arter ger uppskattningen omkring 6 år. I fångenskap kan den bli över 11 år gammal.[6]
Till skillnad från många andra flygekorrar är arten uteslutande växtätare. Främsta födan är blad och frukter från fikonträdet. Den tar också gärna jackfrukt, och kan vid behov även äta löv av andra växter, bark, lavar och när tillfälle bjudes sav från skadade träd.[6]
Själv utgör arten föda åt många djur, främst ugglor. Andra viktiga predatorer är trädlevande ormar, tvättbjörnar, mårdar, framför allt fiskmårdar, katter och gibboner. På grund av att de vuxna djuren lätt kan fly genom att glidflyga tar de flesta predatorer främst ungar. Gibboner försöker dock även ta vuxna individer, oftast dock utan framgång.[6]
Litet är känt om artens fortplantning. På grundval av vad man vet om hanarnas revirhävdande, antar man att arten är polygynandrisk (båda könen har flera sexualpartners). Arten har två parningssäsonger per år: En under februari till mars, och en i juli till augusti. Båda säsongerna varar i två veckor; under dessa parar honorna sig med 3 till 5 hanar. Efter omkring 46 dygns dräktighet föder honan en kull på en till två ungar (uppgifterna är osäkra) i en hålighet i något träd. De tas endast om hand av modern. Ungarna är avvanda vid tre månaders ålder. Hanungar blir självständiga inte mycket senare; honungar blir det först vid omkring ett halvårs ålder.[6]
Denna flygekorre har flera från varandra skilda populationer i östra Asien. Den största finns från östra Kina och från Burma till norra Malackahalvön. Mindre populationer förekommer i Indien, Sri Lanka, på Hainan och Taiwan. Trots det vetenskapliga artnamnet saknas arten i Filippinerna.[1]
IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Populationen minskar dock. Möjliga orsaker är habitatförlust i Sydasien till följd av skogsavverkning, skogsbränder och byggnation. Visst jakttryck i delar av Indien, Sydasien och Kina spelar också in.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Petaurista philippensis.
Wikispecies har information om Petaurista philippensis.
Petaurista philippensis är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Elliot 1839. Petaurista philippensis ingår i släktet jätteflygekorrar, och familjen ekorrar.
Sóc bay khổng lồ Ấn Độ, tên khoa học Petaurista philippensis tiếng Gujarat: ઉડતી ખિસકોલી), là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Elliot mô tả năm 1839.[2] Chúng được tìm thấy ở Ấn Độ, Đài Loan, Indonesia, Myanma, Sri Lanka, Thái Lan và Trung Quốc.
Sóc bay khổng lồ Ấn Độ, tên khoa học Petaurista philippensis tiếng Gujarat: ઉડતી ખિસકોલી), là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Sóc, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Elliot mô tả năm 1839. Chúng được tìm thấy ở Ấn Độ, Đài Loan, Indonesia, Myanma, Sri Lanka, Thái Lan và Trung Quốc.
Petaurista philippensis Elliot, 1839
Охранный статус
Индийская гигантская летяга (лат. Petaurista philippensis) — грызун из рода гигантских летяг семейства беличьих. Обитает в центральном и южном Китае[1][2], Индии[3], Индонезии[4], Мьянме[5], Вьетнаме[6] и Таиланде[7], на Шри-Ланке[8] и Тайване[9].
Длина животного (тело+голова) составляет около 43 сантиметров, хвост: у самцов — около 50 сантиметров, у самок — около 52 сантиметров; взрослые особи достигают веса 1,65 килограммов, хотя обычный вес: самца — 1,26 килограммов, самки — 1,334 килограммов; половой диморфизм выражен слабо. Окрас — от тёмно-коричневого до чёрного, нос — бледно-розовый. Обитают на высотах от 100 до 2500 метров над уровнем моря[1].
Ведут древесный ночной образ жизни, обитают как в лиственных, так и вечнозелёных лесах. Гнездуются в дуплах и других пустотах деревьев (чаще в мадуке длиннолистной[10]), выкладывая гнездо корой, шерстью, мхом и листьями. При изобилии пищи летяги достаточно коммуникабельны друг с другом, при её недостатке агрессивность летяг по отношению друг к другу заметно возрастает. Голос индийских летяг напоминает голос «чёртовой птицы» — непальского филина. Длина полёта в среднем составляет около 20 метров со скоростью около 7,5 м/с[11].
Сезон размножения — дважды в год: в феврале-марте и июле-августе, каждый длится по две недели, за сезон каждая самка спаривается с 3—5 самцами. В помёте бывает один детёныш, который рождается спустя 1,5 месяца после зачатия. Детёныш при рождении слеп и имеет непропорционально крупную голову, его вес составляет около 56 граммов. Воспитанием детёныша занимается только мать, детёныш-самец обретает самостоятельность через 3 месяца после рождения, детёныш-самка — через полгода[1].
Индийская гигантская летяга питается в основном плодами, но также употребляют в пищу кору, древесную смолу, листья (особенно фикуса кистевидного[12]), насекомых и личинок.
Индийская гигантская летяга (лат. Petaurista philippensis) — грызун из рода гигантских летяг семейства беличьих. Обитает в центральном и южном Китае, Индии, Индонезии, Мьянме, Вьетнаме и Таиланде, на Шри-Ланке и Тайване.
Длина животного (тело+голова) составляет около 43 сантиметров, хвост: у самцов — около 50 сантиметров, у самок — около 52 сантиметров; взрослые особи достигают веса 1,65 килограммов, хотя обычный вес: самца — 1,26 килограммов, самки — 1,334 килограммов; половой диморфизм выражен слабо. Окрас — от тёмно-коричневого до чёрного, нос — бледно-розовый. Обитают на высотах от 100 до 2500 метров над уровнем моря.
Ведут древесный ночной образ жизни, обитают как в лиственных, так и вечнозелёных лесах. Гнездуются в дуплах и других пустотах деревьев (чаще в мадуке длиннолистной), выкладывая гнездо корой, шерстью, мхом и листьями. При изобилии пищи летяги достаточно коммуникабельны друг с другом, при её недостатке агрессивность летяг по отношению друг к другу заметно возрастает. Голос индийских летяг напоминает голос «чёртовой птицы» — непальского филина. Длина полёта в среднем составляет около 20 метров со скоростью около 7,5 м/с.
Сезон размножения — дважды в год: в феврале-марте и июле-августе, каждый длится по две недели, за сезон каждая самка спаривается с 3—5 самцами. В помёте бывает один детёныш, который рождается спустя 1,5 месяца после зачатия. Детёныш при рождении слеп и имеет непропорционально крупную голову, его вес составляет около 56 граммов. Воспитанием детёныша занимается только мать, детёныш-самец обретает самостоятельность через 3 месяца после рождения, детёныш-самка — через полгода.
Индийская гигантская летяга питается в основном плодами, но также употребляют в пищу кору, древесную смолу, листья (особенно фикуса кистевидного), насекомых и личинок.
인도자이언트날다람쥐(Petaurista philippensis)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 큰갈색날다람쥐 또는 커먼자이언트날다람쥐로도 불린다. 앞다리와 뒷다리 사이에 뻗어 있는 피부 비막을 사용하여 활공 비행을 할 수 있다. 동남아시아 대륙과 남아시아, 중국 남부와 중부 지역에서 발견된다.
7종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]
대형 종으로 머리부터 몸까지 길이가 약 43cm, 꼬리 길이가 50~52cm이다. 털은 검거나 회색과 갈색을 띠고, 상체는 털이 길고 부드러우며 하체는 약간 짧고 희끗희끗 하게 회색이 섞여 있다. 앞다리와 뒷다리 사이의 연한 색 비막을 사용하여 나무 사이를 활공 비행한다. 꼬리는 검거나 회색 또는 갈색 털로 덮여 있으며, 발은 검고 코는 연한 핑크색이고 검은 콧털을 갖고 있다.[3]
중국과 인도, 라오스, 미얀마, 스리랑카, 타이완, 태국, 베트남에서 발견된다. 보통 500~2000m의 고지대 건조 활엽수림과 상록수림에서 서식하며, 플랜테이션에서 발견된 기록도 있다.[1]
인도자이언트날다람쥐는 야행성 동물이고, 나무 위에서 대부분의 시간을 보내는 수상성 동물이다. 둥지는 나무 구멍 속에 나무껍질과 털, 이끼, 잎 등으로 만든다. 먹이가 풍부할 때는 군거 생활을 하지만 먹이가 부족하면 종끼리 서로 공격한다. 반점배수리부엉이가 내는 소리와 유사한 소리를 낸다.[3]
과식성 동물로 주로 우담화와 쿨레니아속 열매, 잭프루트 등을 좋아한다. 나무껍질과 새싹, 잎(특히 우담화), 곤충, 유충 등도 먹는다. 먹이를 찾거나 숲 가장자리에서 외래 식물 종을 포함한 먹이를 구할 때, 약간의 교란에 대해 내성을 보여주는 것으로 나타난다.[4]
6월 중순경에 한 마리의 새끼를 낳는다. 새끼는 눈을 뜨지 못한 상태로 몸에 비해 머리가 비정상적으로 크게 태어난다.[3]
인도 구자라트 중부 다호드 라탄마할 오소리 보존 구역의 인도날다람쥐
아종 포르모사붉은자이언트날다람쥐(P. p. grandis)
