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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 7.6 years (captivity) Observations: One specimen lived 7.6 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Maximum longevity could still be underestimated, though.
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Morphology ( англиски )

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The forearm length for M.tuberculata ranges in length from 40 to 45 mm. They are small bats, reaching head-body lengths of 6 to 8 cm. M. tuberculata has thick fur, actually thicker than that found on other species of bats. The upper portion of its body is gray brown, while the underparts are paler. The claws are needle sharp. The wings are unique in their thick and leathery membranes, and because they can be rolled under when the bat is not flying, enabling it to use its arms as forelegs when on the ground. The first phalanx of each digit folds to the outer side of the metacarpal when the wing is folded, unlike in other species of bat, in which the phalanx folds in. The thumb is also unique in that it has a large claw with a small talon projecting from it, a feature lacking in other microchiropterans. The claws of the feet also display talons. The tail perforates the dorsal surface of the tail membrane, which is thick and wrinkled at the base of the tail. M. tuberculata have an obliquely truncated muzzle, primitive nostril patterns, and a scattering of stiff bristles with spoon-shaped tips on their snout. The nostrils are oblong and vertical. The ears have a long, pointed tragus. The feet are short and broad and the sole of the foot has a grooved covering, as do the short, thick legs. A well developed calcar is present. The cheekteeth are tritubercular, and the upper molars are very well developed. M. tuberculata do not have a postorbital process. The tongue is partly extensible, with papillae at its tip. (Nowak, 1994; Macdonald, 1984; Lawlor,1979)

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 23.5 g.

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Ivaldi, F. 1999. "Mystacina tuberculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mystacina_tuberculata.html
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Life Expectancy ( англиски )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
7.6 years.

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Habitat ( англиски )

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These bats mostly live in the forests of New Zealand and its neighboring islands. (Nowak, 1994)

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Distribution ( англиски )

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M. tuberculata lives only on New Zealand and the islands immediately adjacent to it. These islands include North Island, South Island, Little Barrier Island, and several smaller islands off of Stewart Island. (Macdonald, 1984; Nowak, 1994)

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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M. tuberculata are omnivorous, eating fruit, nectar, and pollen, as well as insects and other arthropods, and they have been seen to dine on carrion. (Macdonald,1984; Stoddart, 1979)

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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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The IUNC regards M.tuberculata ans vulnerable. It is thought that this species declined through destruction of forest habitat, predation by introduced rats and other non-native mammals, accidental poisoning, and human disturbance of roosts. (Nowak, 1994)

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Reproduction ( англиски )

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M. tuberculata are polyestrous. Births occur at any time, with the single young being born between spring and autumn. (Nowak,1994)

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 3.2 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

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Biology ( англиски )

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Very little is know about the fascinating lesser short-tailed bat. Small groups occupy hollow trees and caves to roost and it is thought that bats may use their teeth and claws to excavate burrows in a manner similar to rodents (2). Agile on the ground, short-tailed bats spend large amounts of time of the forest floor, feeding on insects, fruit and nectar (3). It is thought that this species is an important pollinator of the endangered woodrose (Dactylanthus spp.), a parasitic plant of roots on the forest floor (3). During the breeding season, males are thought to compete for females via a lek mating system in which they 'sing' from important positions to attract mates (3).
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Conservation ( англиски )

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The lesser short-tailed bat is fully protected within New Zealand and is listed as a Species of Highest Conservation Priority by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (3). The Department of Conservation Bat Recovery Plan aims to conserve all bat subspecies throughout their present range and to establish new populations where possible. Research into the complex social behaviour of this little-known mammal is also being conducted (3).
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Description ( англиски )

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The New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat is remarkable for the fact that it is the most terrestrial bat in the world; more at home on the forest floor than flying through the treetops (4). The tail is free of the wing membrane, and the wings can be folded beneath a leathery membrane when not in use so that the forearms act as front legs (4). The thumb has a large claw with a small talon, a feature unique amongst the smaller bats; the claws of the feet also have talons, to enable this bat to be agile on the ground and in the trees (2). The tiny lesser short-tailed bat is extremely furry and is a greyish brown colour on the upper surface whilst the underparts are paler (2). The muzzle is very short and the nostrils are oblong and vertically aligned (2). It is thought that the lesser short-tailed bat is the sole survivor of an ancient lineage; the greater short-tailed bat (Mystacina robusta) was last sighted in 1967 and is now believed to be Extinct (3).
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Habitat ( англиски )

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These bats are found in heavily forested areas; usually associated with native trees such as totara, kauri and beech (4).
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Range ( англиски )

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Endemic to New Zealand, the lesser short-tailed bat is found on the North and South Islands as well as Little Barrier Island and smaller islands in the Stewart group (2). Three subspecies are currently recognised in different areas of the range: the kauri forest short-tailed bat, the volcanic plateau short-tailed bat, and the southern short-tailed bat (3).
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Status ( англиски )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU – A2c, C2a) on the IUCN Red List 2002 (1).
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Threats ( англиски )

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The lesser short-tailed bat is under threat from habitat destruction of the native forests within which it is found; 66% of New Zealand's lowland forest has been cleared to make way for development, farming and for timber extraction (4). The only native terrestrial mammal in New Zealand, these bats evolved without the threat of ground predators; however, when Europeans first arrived on the islands they brought with them rats and cats which decimated native fauna(including these unusual bats), and remain a pertinent threat today (3).
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Ratpenat cuacurt petit de Nova Zelanda ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El ratpenat cuacurt petit de Nova Zelanda (Mystacina tuberculata) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família Mystacinidae que es troba a Nova Zelanda.[1]

Descripció

  • Mida petita (6–8 cm de llargària total).
  • Pelatge espès (molt més que el d'altres espècies de ratpenats).
  • És marró grisenc a la part superior i més pàl·lid a la inferior.
  • Potes curtes.
  • La llengua és extensible.[2][3]

Reproducció

Acostuma a tenir una sola cria entre primavera i tardor.[4]

Alimentació

Menja fruits, nèctar, pol·len, insectes, artròpodes i carronya.[5][6]

Hàbitat

Habita els boscos de Nova Zelanda i illes adjacents.

Referències

  1. Distribució geogràfica (anglès)
  2. Nowak, Ronald M.: Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1994.
  3. Lawlor, Timothy E.: Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals. Mad River Press, Califòrnia, 1979.
  4. Mystacina tuberculata a Animal Diversity Web. (anglès)
  5. Macdonald, D.: Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications, Nova York, 1984.
  6. Stoddart, D. Michael, ed.: "Ecology of Small Mammals", Chapman & Hall, Londres, 1979.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Ratpenat cuacurt petit de Nova Zelanda Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Ratpenat cuacurt petit de Nova Zelanda: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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El ratpenat cuacurt petit de Nova Zelanda (Mystacina tuberculata) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família Mystacinidae que es troba a Nova Zelanda.

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Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ( германски )

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Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus (Mystacina tuberculata) ist eine Fledermausart, welche in Neuseeland beheimatet ist. Sie ist nebst der Großen Neuseelandfledermaus (Mystacina robusta) die einzige Art innerhalb der Gattung und der Familie der Neuseelandfledermäuse und womöglich die einzige noch lebende Art, da die Große Neuseelandfledermaus seit 1967 verschollen ist.

Der Gattungsname Mystacina leitet sich vom griechischen „mustax“ (=Schnurrbart) ab und bezieht sich auf die auffallenden Schnurrhaare rund um die Schnauze der Neuseelandfledermäuse. Der Artname tuberculata bezieht sich auf die kleinen Knoten an der Unterlippe einer anderen Fledermausart, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, mit welcher die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ursprünglich verwechselt wurde. Tatsächlich war dem Entdecker der Art, John Edward Gray nicht bewusst, dass es sich bei den von ihm in Neuseeland beschriebenen Fledermäusen um zwei Arten aus unterschiedlichen Gattungen handelt.

Beschreibung

Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus besitzt ein dichtes braunes Fell. Die Ohren, Flughaut, Nase und Füße sind grau-braun und nackt. Die Länge des Körpers beträgt 60–70 mm, die Flügelspannweite 280–300 mm und das Gewicht 10–22 g. Die Nasenlöcher sind auffallend groß und röhrenartig verlängert, die Schnauze relativ lang und mit einer Reihe Schnurrhaare versehen.

Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ist wie der Name besagt mit einem kürzeren Unterarm (40–45 mm) kleiner als die Große Neuseelandfledermaus (45,3–47,5 mm). Von Chalinolobus tuberculatus, der einzig anderen Fledermausart in Neuseeland, unterscheidet sie sich durch die spitzen Ohren, die nach vorne gelegt über die Schnauze hinausragen, und dem Schwanz, der 6–8 mm aus der Schwanzflughaut herausragt. Die Ohren von Chalinolobus tuberculatus sind rund und kürzer, außerdem ist der Schwanz dieser Art komplett in die Schwanzflughaut eingebettet.

Lebensweise

 src=
Der Kauri-Baum ist einer der bevorzugten Schlafbäume der Kleinen Neuseelandfledermaus

Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ist wie die meisten Fledermäuse nachtaktiv. Sie ernährt sich opportunistisch und je nach Verfügbarkeit von Insekten, Nektar und Früchten. Während einer einzigen Nacht können die Tiere bis zu 50 % ihres Körpergewichts zu sich nehmen. Grundsätzlich besteht die Hälfte der Nahrung aus Insekten wie Käfer, Fliegen, Motten und Wetas, jedoch werden auch andere Arthropoden wie Spinnen, Weberknechte und Tausendfüssler gefressen. Zu den Pflanzen, die auf der Speiseliste der Kleinen Neuseelandfledermaus stehen gehören die Tragblätter von Freycinetia baueriana (auch „Kiekie“ genannt, einem Schraubenbaumgewächs), Beeren von Collospermum hastatum und C. icrospermum, Früchte des Baumes Elaeocarpus dentatus, Pollen von Eisenhölzern (Metrosideros, auch „Rata“ und „Pohutukawa“ genannt) und dem Silberbaumgewächs Knightia excelsa. Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ist damit ein wichtiger Samenverbreiter und Bestäuber dieser Pflanzen. Als eine Anpassung an den Konsum von Nektar ist die Zunge verlängert und bis zu 12 mm ausfahrbar.

Insekten und Arthropoden werden von der Kleinen Neuseelandfledermaus im Flug oder am Boden erbeutet. Durch die breiten Flügel ist sie sehr manövrierfähig und kann auch direkt vom Boden abheben. Die Art ist bekannt dafür, dass sie sich kletternd und laufend fortbewegen kann. Dabei nutzt sie die Füße und Handgelenke, um auf allen vieren zu gehen. Die kleine Neuseelandfledermaus kann die Flügel so zusammenfalten, dass die Finger in einem hüllenähnlichen, verdickten Teil der Flughaut geschützt sind. Die Schwanzflughaut wird durch den Calcar hochgehoben, wenn sich die Fledermaus am Boden bewegt. Die Beute wird in der Luft durch Echoortung ausgemacht. Sitzt die Fledermaus auf einem Baum oder einem anderen erhöhten Platz, so nutzt sie auch passiv die Geräusche, die vom Beutetier ausgehen, um die Beute aufzuspüren. Sucht die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus am Boden nach Arthropoden, so verlässt sie sich auf eine Kombination von akustischen Signalen und Geruch.

Den Tag verbringt die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus in Baumhöhlen, wobei sie sowohl in Gruppen von bis zu 6.000 Tieren als auch alleine angetroffen werden kann. Wenn die Tiere alleine sind, gehen sie tagsüber gelegentlich in Torpor. Als Schlafplatz eignen sich vor allem große Bäume wie dem Kauri-Baum (Agathis australis), Metrosideros excelsa (auch „Pohutukawa“ genannt) und ihre Schwesterart, das Südinsel-Eisenholz (Metrosideros umbellata), Austrotaxus spicata („Matai“) aus der Familie der Eibengewächse, die Silberne Scheinbuche (Nothofagus menziesii) und die Scheinbuchenart Nothofagus fusca, die Steineibenart Podocarpus hallii und Prumnopitys ferruginea, die Neuseeländische Warzeneibe (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) und die Rimu-Harzeibe (Dacrydium cupressinum). Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ist manchmal in Spalten zu finden, die sie selbst mit den Zähnen in den Baum genagt hat, was ein für baumbewohnende Fledermäuse ungewöhnliches Verhalten darstellt. So wurde in einem toten, umgefallenen Kauri-Baum ein regelrechtes Gangsystem entdeckt, das von rund 500 Tieren bewohnt wurde. Innerhalb eines Schlafplatzes kann die Temperatur zwischen 15 und 39 °C schwanken und die Luftfeuchtigkeit meist 100 % betragen. Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus wechselt ihre Schlafplätze im Schnitt alle 4 Tage. Eine Baumhöhle mit tausenden Individuen kann daher am nächsten Tag verlassen sein. Die Art hält keinen eigentlichen Winterschlaf, kann jedoch während kalten Perioden im Winter bis zu 10 Tage lang in Torpor gehen um Energie zu sparen.

Fortpflanzung

Während der Paarungszeit besetzen Männchen individuelle Hangplätze in Bäumen, von wo aus sie um die Weibchen balzen. Dabei reiben die Männchen den Eingang der Baumhöhle mit einem öligen Sekret aus ihrer Kehldrüse ein, welches einen moschusartigen Geruch verströmt und die Weibchen anlocken soll. Nachts singen die Männchen von ihrem Balzplatz aus. Ein einzelner Gesang besteht aus sich wiederholenden Strophen, dauert jeweils 10–40 Minuten und ist selbst für das menschliche Ohr hörbar. Die Männchen locken damit Weibchen aus bis zu 10 km Distanz an und singen sogar bei starkem Wind und Regen. Die Baumhöhlen werden von den Männchen aktiv gegen Eindringlinge verteidigt und in mehreren aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren wiederverwendet.

Der Reproduktionszyklus hängt stark von der Region ab. Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ist monoöstrisch und verpaart sich in der Regel im späten Sommer oder Herbst. Während des Winters wird die Befruchtung der Eizelle bzw. die Entwicklung des Fötus ausgesetzt, und die Tragezeit beginnt damit erst im Frühling. Im Sommer gebären die Weibchen jeweils ein einziges Jungtier. Eine Ausnahme bildet die Region um 35°S, wo die Geburt im Dezember und Januar stattfindet. Vor, oder kurz nach der Geburt, versammeln sich die Weibchen in Kinderstuben. Neugeborene wiegen etwa 5 g und haben eine Unterarmlänge von ca. 19 mm. Die Jungen sind kurz nach der Geburt haarlos und faltig, mit einer dunklen Pigmentierung der Haut. Die Augen sind in den ersten zwei Wochen nach der Geburt noch geschlossen. In dieser Zeit kehren die Weibchen nachts während der Futtersuche immer wieder in die Kinderstube zurück um die Jungen zu säugen. Nach 3 Wochen werden die Milchzähne durch die permanenten Zähne ersetzt und die Jungen fangen an, ihre Flügel zu bewegen. Nach 4 Wochen sind die Jungtiere komplett behaart und flugfähig und nach 6 Wochen verlassen sie ihre Kinderstube.

Bedrohung und Schutz

Der Bestand der Kleinen Neuseelandfledermaus wird von der IUCN als gefährdet („vulnerable“) eingestuft[1]. Grund dafür ist ihr kleines Verbreitungsgebiet, das verstreute Vorkommen kleiner Populationen mit nur wenig genetischem Austausch untereinander und der stetige Rückgang der Anzahl der Individuen. Die Art ist durch den New Zealand's Wildlife Act von 1953 geschützt.

Bis zur Einführung von anderen Säugetieren hatte die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus kaum Fressfeinde. Mit der Ankunft des Menschen kamen jedoch auch die Hausratte (Rattus rattus) und die viel kleinere Pazifische Ratte (Rattus exulans) sowie Hermeline auf die Inseln. Mit deren Auftauchen verschwanden beide Neuseelandfledermausarten von Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island und den Salomonen. Zusätzlich werden Neuseelandfledermäuse oft von Hauskatzen erbeutet. Natürlich vorkommende Jäger der Kleinen Neuseelandfledermaus sind der Neuseeland-Kuckuckskauz (Ninox novaeseelandiae), der Maorifalke (Falco novaeseelandiae) und bis zu dessen Aussterben um 1960 der Weißwangenkauz (Sceloglaux albifacies).

Auf Codfish Island / Whenua Hou haben sich die Bestände erholt, nachdem alle Pazifische Ratten von der Insel entfernt wurden. Erste Erfolge gibt es auch im Eglinton Valley, wo es ein Programm zur Kontrolle der Ratten- und Hermelinpopulation gibt.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ist endemisch für Neuseeland, kommt jedoch nur in 30 % (2.000 km²) des Landes vor. Auf der Hauptinsel gehören zu den bekannten Gebieten, in denen die Fledermaus vorkommt, der Omahuta Forest und Puketi Forest bei Kaikohe, der Waipoua Forest und Warawara Forests, sowie die Urwälder vom Vulkanberg Mount Taranaki bis zum östlichen Punkt der Hauptinsel Neuseelands, dem East Cape, und südlich bis zum Tararua District. Auf der Südinsel gibt es Kolonien im Oparara Basin und im Eglinton Valley, mit einzelnen Berichten aus Punakaiki im Paparoa-Nationalpark und aus dem Dart Valley. Größere Kolonien existieren auf Little Barrier Island und Codfish Island / Whenua Hou.

Literatur

  • G.G. Carter & D.K. Riskin: Mystacina tuberculata. In: Mammalian Species, Nr. 790, S. 1–8

Quellen

  1. Mystacina tuberculata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.

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Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus (Mystacina tuberculata) ist eine Fledermausart, welche in Neuseeland beheimatet ist. Sie ist nebst der Großen Neuseelandfledermaus (Mystacina robusta) die einzige Art innerhalb der Gattung und der Familie der Neuseelandfledermäuse und womöglich die einzige noch lebende Art, da die Große Neuseelandfledermaus seit 1967 verschollen ist.

Der Gattungsname Mystacina leitet sich vom griechischen „mustax“ (=Schnurrbart) ab und bezieht sich auf die auffallenden Schnurrhaare rund um die Schnauze der Neuseelandfledermäuse. Der Artname tuberculata bezieht sich auf die kleinen Knoten an der Unterlippe einer anderen Fledermausart, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, mit welcher die Kleine Neuseelandfledermaus ursprünglich verwechselt wurde. Tatsächlich war dem Entdecker der Art, John Edward Gray nicht bewusst, dass es sich bei den von ihm in Neuseeland beschriebenen Fledermäusen um zwei Arten aus unterschiedlichen Gattungen handelt.

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New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat ( англиски )

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The New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is a small-sized omnivorous mammal endemic to the islands of New Zealand. It is one of two extant and three overall terrestrial mammal species unique to New Zealand. The NZ lesser short-tailed bat's closest relative, M. robusta, was last seen in 1965 and is presumed extinct due to intense predation from ship rats introduced in the last few centuries. These bats are also commonly referred to as pekapeka, their Te Reo Māori name. Lesser short-tailed bats have unique adaptations that differentiate them from bats found in other parts of the world. For example, they are fully capable of moving along the ground to search for food, and the males sing to attract partners, taking turns to do so. Lesser short-tailed bats are a vulnerable species, so extensive conservation work and research are being done to prevent extinction.

Taxonomy and evolution

Illustration of an individual

Taxonomic classification

Mystacina tuberculata are members of the suborder Yangochiroptera and have recently been placed in the superfamily Noctillionoidea. They are members of the family Mystacinidae, which contains the single genus Mystacina. Within Mystacina are the two closely related species, M. tuberculata and M. robusta. As it is likely that M. robusta has gone extinct, M. tuberculata is the only confirmed extant species within the genus and the family. The placement of this species within taxonomies and phylogenetic trees was previously a hotly debated topic. The current standing within the superfamily Noctillionoidea is the result of DNA sequencing and analysis.[2] In opposition to this, some scientists believe physical similarities indicate Mystacinidae falls under the superfamily Vespertilionoidea.[3] The phylogenetic position of this species has had a variety of other suggested propositions, including within the Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed bats) or the Emballonuridae (sac-winged and sheath-tailed bats).[4] While this species is considered to have subspecies, some sources refer to the species as one unit. The New Zealand Department of Conservation recognises three subspecies. These are divided by the region each inhabits; northern (Mystacina tuberculata aupourica), central (Mystacina tuberculata rhyacobi), and southern (Mystacina tuberculata tuberculata).[5]

Evolutionary history

It has been suggested that the Mystacinidae originated on the Australian continent[6] and that the superfamily Noctillionoidea originated on Gondwana.[7] When Gondwana split into smaller continents, the superfamily members became geographically isolated. This isolation led to millions of years of unique evolutionary history for each family. It has been estimated that Mystacinidae first became a distinct family between 68 and 35 million years ago.[8] Twenty million years ago, two genera emerged from the family; Mystacina and Icarops. Fossils of Icarops have been found throughout Australia, indicating the now-extinct species was once well dispersed there.[8] It is unknown when the species within this genera (I. aenae, I. breviceps, and I. paradox) became extinct.

Mystacina migrated from Australia to New Zealand, settling as the first mammals on these islands. Based on fossil evidence, this genus was definitely in New Zealand during the Miocene.[9] Therefore, we know that Mystacina became a distinct genus around 20 million years ago and travelled from Australia to New Zealand anywhere from approximately 5.3 - 20 million years ago. This assumes that Icarops did not migrate to New Zealand, and that the colonisation event occurred after the genera became distinct. It is unclear when M. tuberculata and M. robusta became distinct species.

Distribution and range

Lesser short-tailed bats have been found in a few populations dispersed around the country. There are populations on both of the main islands, as well as various surrounding islands. There are a few key populations currently known. There is one on Little Barrier Island (Hauturu), one near the top of the North Island, seven in the central area of the North Island, and one on the south-eastern side of the North Island. There are at least two on the mainland of the South Island; and one on Codfish island further south.[10] The bats can live at a wide range of altitudes, from sea level to high up among the forest-covered mountains.[6] M. tuberculata prefer to live in untouched forest settings. However, they have been reported in various habitats, such as farmland and shrubland.[11]

Anatomy and physiology

The lesser short-tailed bats appear similar to their microbat relatives. They are small in size, and typically weigh between 12 and 15 grams (0.42 and 0.53 oz) once fully grown.[12] They have relatively large ears compared to their head and body sizes, which face forward to assist with echolocation. Lesser short-tailed bats also have relatively large nostrils that face outwards, allowing these animals to use olfaction to guide their movements. Their eyes are small and their vision is relatively weak, justifying their reliance on sound and olfactory senses. These features are common throughout Chiroptera.

Their wings are relatively smaller than those of other bat species. Because of this, they have reduced agility, and cannot fly as fast.[13] Despite this, they are still very capable of flight; just less so than other bat species. Each bat is covered in a layer of thick fur that ranges in colour from light brown to dark brown. The underbelly is typically a lighter colour than the rest of the body. At the posterior end of their bodies are short yet strong hindlegs, useful in their terrestrial locomotion. The relatively short stubby tails are what gives this species its common name. At the top centre of each forelimb, the thumb extends outwards. This, as well as their toes, are equipped with nails referred to as basal talons. Having distinct talons further enables movement along the ground, and are useful when climbing trees.[12] Basal talons are not seen in other Chiropteran species.

Torpor

One of the key adaptations the lesser short-tailed bats have is entering a state of torpor. Torpor allows for continued survival during periods of physiological stress, such as when the air temperature drops during winter. During this state, the bats are inactive and only essential body functions are operating to reduce energy expenditure. Entering torpor slows the body's metabolic rate down, yet it is different from hibernation, as the periods are much shorter and repetitive.

The duration of torpor is usually a few to several hours at a time, and the bats will enter this state several times within a season. Torpor is utilised throughout the year, but in particular during winter, where they also enter into this state for longer each time.[14][15]

Foraging and diet

Preferred foods

New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats are omnivores. Their diet consists of various food items, typically including insects, other small invertebrates, fruit, and flower parts.[16] In general, they prefer to consume insects when possible. One study found traces of moths, spiders, and huhu beetles present in their guano.[17] Another study found that these bats are capable of consuming half their body weight in moths.[12] An average body weight of 12 to 15 grams (0.42 to 0.53 oz) equates to 6 to 7.5 grams (0.21 to 0.26 oz) of moths eaten per day. The bats consume include nectar and pollen, the latter of which is believed to provide them with protein.[12] However, there has been speculation and debate on whether the bats consume the pollen intentionally or if the pollen found in their guano was actually ingested by their prey.[17] Nectar is consumed as the sugars provide a good, uncomplicated source of energy. Lesser short-tailed bats are an important pollinator species within New Zealand through their consumption of flowers (either by ingestion or secondarily through their prey). Researchers found that these bats will carry large quantities of pollen from a select few plant species, such as Collospermum microspermum and Dactylanthus taylorii (the Wood rose).[18] Ensuring conservation of the lesser short-tailed bats may also ensure conservation of the plant species they pollinate.

Foraging methods

One of the defining features of New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats is their ability to forage both in the air and on the ground. Their ability to forage on the ground is unusual for a bat species. However, New Zealand's early geographic separation around 80 million years ago[19] meant the islands developed free from predators. Without predators, the lesser short-tailed bat evolved to survive in both aerial and ground habitats. Like other bats, in the air, they catch food by using echolocation to detect the location of prey. The lesser short-tailed bats forage on the ground by moving around on their limbs, sourcing prey by using olfaction.[16] The species has several adaptations that aid in their search for food on the ground. For example, when on the ground, individuals will fold in their wings to utilise them as forelimbs—all four limbs in quadrupedal locomotion. In addition, they have talons specialised in helping them dig down among leaf litter and dirt layers for prey.[12] While moving about terrestrially, the bats walk similarly to other four-legged animals.[20] New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats have an increased sense of smell compared with other bats, as seen in their relatively larger and rounder nostrils.[6] Although, like other bats, they are not blind they are not heavily reliant on visual hunting, with cues like scent and sound being much more critical. Foraging on the ground can be used to dig up insects and spiders, collect flowers or fallen fruit, and collect other stationary forms of food. Foraging in the air is often associated with hunting flying insects, such as moths. During heavy rain foraging is uncommon, and during lighter rain foraging activity increases slightly.[21]

Bat using echolocation to hunt prey

Echolocation

Like other microbats, these bats employ echolocation when flying.[22] Lesser short-tailed bats emit sounds in the range of 20-40 kHz. Each call lasts between seven and nine milliseconds.[23] Echolocation does not work as efficiently while foraging on the ground, because the echoes can be disrupted by the forest floor and anything occupying this space. Another reason echolocation does not work when foraging on the ground is that the echoes bouncing back can interrupt the new echoes being sent out, causing confusion for the animal and preventing the system from working correctly. This issue does not occur when the bats are mid-air, as the sound has more distance to travel, and fewer objects could disrupt the signal or cause confusion.

Life cycle and social systems

Social systems and mating behaviour

Lesser short-tailed bats form fission-fusion societies. This means populations will congregate at certain times, separate, and recongregate later. Where these animals group together are known as roosts. For roosting, they prefer to find trees with large internal cavities, where they create their ‘home’. A roosting site will contain multiple trees within the same general vicinity. The number of individuals present at a roosting site vary greatly, with some colonies consisting of hundreds or thousands of individual bats.[24]

Male bats attempt to attract a mate during the spring and summer months before mating begins, which is usually during autumn (March–May in New Zealand). Like many other species, the males attract mates at night by using vocal calls. The males will sing from one of the roosting trees within the colony for several minutes. Multiple males will aggregate at this same roost, taking turns singing.[24] This behaviour is classified as a lek breeding system. In this type of mating, sexual selection occurs, as the males signal to potential females in the hopes they will be impressed and mate with the male. Lek breeding is how the male bats ‘prove their worth’. The mating events that follow are non-monogamous, and males have been observed to mate with multiple different females.[25] While lek breeding systems are observed throughout the animal kingdom, they are rare in bats and have only been observed in one other species.

Early life and life cycle

Lesser short-tailed bats roosting

Lesser short-tailed bat pups become active within a day of being born. For the first two days, they are hairless, with underdeveloped teeth, wings, and ears.[12][26] The pups are capable of flying within roughly four weeks. Six weeks post-birth, they leave the maternity roosts they were raised in. After a few months they have reached their adult body size.[6] The pups are born in summer (December–February in New Zealand). During this summer birthing period, the dispersed individuals will regroup, forming a large colony. Pups will feed first on milk produced by their mothers. Each mother will give birth to a single pup per season. The result of this is higher maternal investment per offspring, however the non-monogamous mating system results in low paternal investment. The pups are raised in special sections of the colony's roosting site dedicated to maternal activities. Other female bats will group at these maternal roosts and aid in the rearing of pups.

There are no records of the average lifespan of lesser short-tailed bats. Other bats within the suborder Yangochiroptera have been observed to live for upwards of thirty years, which is unexpected for their small body sizes.[27] During spring/summer, male bats attract a female mate. These pairs will mate during autumn. During autumn and winter, the bats will disperse into smaller colony groups while the female bats are pregnant. Then, when it becomes summer again the bats regroup into a larger colony and the pups are born. Around autumntime, the pups have reached physical maturity. It is unclear at what age they reach sexual maturity.

Human impacts and conservation

Threats

Currently, NZ lesser short-tailed bats are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with the number of individuals observed as declining over time.[28] The introduction of mammalian predators has had a massive impact on the species’ numbers. Since the colonisation of New Zealand and the introduction of three key rat species the endemic bat populations have experienced a reduction in numbers. Polynesian rats (R. exulans) were one of the bat's main predators up until the 19th century, when the introduction of the black rat (R. rattus) and the brown rat (R. norvegicus) led to heavier predation.[29] Before mammalian predators colonised New Zealand, the lesser short-tailed bat was preyed on by predatory birds, such as the laughing owl.[11] Another common predator of these bats are common house cats, which will catch the bats as they fly out of their roosting sites. The bat roosts are very vulnerable, as they contain more potential prey within a single area. If these roosts were found by a predator, they could experience mass mortality events; in one incident, 102 lesser short-tailed bat deaths were caused by a single house cat in central North Island.[30]

Department of Conservation New Zealand

Another cause for their decline is increased use of the land for anthropogenic activities, such as logging and agriculture. These activities can often result in negative consequences for the local ecosystem, such as forest fragmentation.[31] For native animals in New Zealand, fragmentation poses threats such as reduced genetic diversity. However, it is possible that the lesser short-tailed bats will not be affected by forest fragmentation, as the species has been observed to show behavioural plasticity, through the ability to change/occupy different habitats.[25]

Current conservation plans

The current state of conservation for lesser short-tailed bats is being managed by the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). The recovery plan in place since the late 1990s involves a multi-pronged approach of different actions to take to prevent this species from further endangerment. Some of the detailed actions include creating new bat populations on the various predator-free islands around New Zealand, surveying the mainlands to identify areas that require extra conservation efforts, and potentially creating a captive population.[32]

References

  1. ^ O'Donnell, C. (2021). "Mystacina tuberculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14261A22070543. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14261A22070543.en. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  2. ^ Kennedy, Martyn; Paterson, Adrian M.; Morales, Juan Carlos; Parsons, Stuart; Winnington, Andrew P.; Spencer, Hamish G. (November 1999). "The Long and Short of It: Branch Lengths and the Problem of Placing the New Zealand Short-Tailed Bat, Mystacina". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 13 (2): 405–416. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0660. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 10603267.
  3. ^ Jones Jr, J Knox; Carter, Dilford C (1976). "Annotated checklist, with keys to subfamilies and genera. Biology of bats of the new world family Phyllostomidae, part I." (PDF). Lubbock: Museum Texas Tech. University. 10: 7–38. doi:10.5962/BHL.TITLE.142603. S2CID 83452376.
  4. ^ Kirsch, John A. W.; Hutcheon, James M.; Byrnes, Deanna G. P.; Lloyd, Brian D. (1998). "Affinities and Historical Zoogeography of the New Zealand Short-Tailed Bat, Mystacina tuberculata Gray 1843, Inferred from DNA-Hybridization Comparisons". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 5 (1): 33–64. doi:10.1023/A:1020519019830. S2CID 23809083.
  5. ^ "Short-tailed bat". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  6. ^ a b c d Carter, Gerald G.; Riskin, Daniel K. (2006-05-24). "Mystacina tuberculata". Mammalian Species (790): 1–8. doi:10.1644/790.1. ISSN 0076-3519. S2CID 198122536.
  7. ^ Hand, Suzanne J.; Beck, Robin M. D.; Archer, Michael; Simmons, Nancy B.; Gunnell, Gregg F.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J. D.; De Pietri, Vanesa L.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Worthy, Trevor H. (2018-01-10). "A new, large-bodied omnivorous bat (Noctilionoidea: Mystacinidae) reveals lost morphological and ecological diversity since the Miocene in New Zealand". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 235. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8..235H. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18403-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5762892. PMID 29321543.
  8. ^ a b Hand, Suzanne; Archer, Michael; Godthelp, Henk (2005-05-01). "Australian Oligo-Miocene Mystacinids (Microchiroptera): upper dentition, new taxa and divergence of New Zealand species". Geobios. 38 (3): 339–352. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.11.005. ISSN 0016-6995.
  9. ^ Tennyson, Alan J.D. (2010). "The origin and history of New Zealand's terrestrial vertebrates". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 34 (1): 6–27. ISSN 0110-6465. JSTOR 24060711.
  10. ^ Lloyd, Brian D. (2003). "The demographic history of the New Zealand short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata inferred from modified control region sequences". Molecular Ecology. 12 (7): 1895–1911. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01879.x. ISSN 1365-294X. PMID 12803640. S2CID 33906414.
  11. ^ a b Lloyd, B. D. (2001-03-01). "Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: Short‐tailed bats". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 31 (1): 59–81. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9517639. ISSN 0303-6758. S2CID 129564107.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Daniel, M. J. (1979-04-01). "The New Zealand short-tailed bat, Mystacina tuberculata; a review of present knowledge". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 6 (2): 357–370. doi:10.1080/03014223.1979.10428375. ISSN 0301-4223.
  13. ^ Norberg, Ulla M.; Rayner, J. M. V.; Lighthill, Michael James (1987-09-16). "Ecological morphology and flight in bats (Mammalia; Chiroptera): wing adaptations, flight performance, foraging strategy and echolocation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 316 (1179): 335–427. Bibcode:1987RSPTB.316..335N. doi:10.1098/rstb.1987.0030.
  14. ^ Czenze, Zenon J.; Brigham, R. Mark; Hickey, Anthony J. R.; Parsons, Stuart (January 2017). "Cold and alone? Roost choice and season affect torpor patterns in lesser short-tailed bats". Oecologia. 183 (1): 1–8. Bibcode:2017Oecol.183....1C. doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3707-1. hdl:10294/8901. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 27561779. S2CID 37006674.
  15. ^ Geiser, F.; Brigham, R. M. (2000-03-01). "Torpor, thermal biology, and energetics in Australian long-eared bats (Nyctophilus)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 170 (2): 153–162. doi:10.1007/s003600050270. ISSN 1432-136X. PMID 10791575. S2CID 5775476.
  16. ^ a b Jones, Gareth; Webb, Peter I.; Sedgeley, Jane A.; O'Donnell, Colin F. J. (2003-12-01). "Mysterious Mystacina: how the New Zealand short-tailed bat(Mystacina tuberculata) locates insect prey". Journal of Experimental Biology. 206 (23): 4209–4216. doi:10.1242/jeb.00678. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 14581591. S2CID 36430937.
  17. ^ a b Daniel, M. J. (1976-12-01). "Feeding by the short‐tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) on fruit and possibly nectar". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 3 (4): 391–398. doi:10.1080/03014223.1976.9517927. ISSN 0301-4223.
  18. ^ Cummings, G.; Anderson, S.; Dennis, T.; Toth, C.; Parsons, S. (2014). "Competition for pollination by the lesser short-tailed bat and its influence on the flowering phenology of some New Zealand endemics". Journal of Zoology. 293 (4): 281–288. doi:10.1111/jzo.12147. ISSN 1469-7998.
  19. ^ Goldberg, Julia; Trewick, Steven A; Paterson, Adrian M (2008-10-27). "Evolution of New Zealand's terrestrial fauna: a review of molecular evidence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1508): 3319–3334. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0114. PMC 2607375. PMID 18782728.
  20. ^ Riskin, Daniel K.; Parsons, Stuart; Schutt, William A., Jr; Carter, Gerald G.; Hermanson, John W. (2006-05-01). "Terrestrial locomotion of the New Zealand short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata and the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (9): 1725–1736. doi:10.1242/jeb.02186. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 16621953. S2CID 18305396.
  21. ^ Czenze, Zenon; Thurley, Tertia (February 2021). "Dactylanthus flower visitation by New Zealand lesser short-tailed bats appears to be influenced by daily rainfall". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. doi:10.20417/nzjecol.45.8. ISSN 0110-6465. S2CID 231983713.
  22. ^ Simmons, James A.; Stein, Roger A. (1980). "Acoustic imaging in bat sonar: Echolocation signals and the evolution of echolocation". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 135 (1): 61–84. doi:10.1007/bf00660182. ISSN 0340-7594. S2CID 20515827.
  23. ^ Parsons, Stuart (January 1998). "The effect of recording situation on the echolocation calls of the New Zealand lesser short‐tailed bat(Mystacina tuberculataGray)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 25 (2): 147–156. doi:10.1080/03014223.1998.9518145. ISSN 0301-4223.
  24. ^ a b Collier, K. (2020). Attributes of Social Organisation and Male Singing Behaviour in the Lesser Short-Tailed Bat, Mystacina tuberculata (Doctoral dissertation, ResearchSpace@ Auckland).
  25. ^ a b Toth, Cory A.; Dennis, Todd E.; Pattemore, David E.; Parsons, Stuart (2015). "Females as mobile resources: communal roosts promote the adoption of lek breeding in a temperate bat". Behavioral Ecology. 26 (4): 1156–1163. doi:10.1093/beheco/arv070. ISSN 1045-2249.
  26. ^ Searchfield, D. (January 2016). "First breeding and hand rearing of the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat Mystacina tuberculata at Auckland Zoo". International Zoo Yearbook. 50 (1): 165–173. doi:10.1111/izy.12121. ISSN 0074-9664.
  27. ^ Dammann, Philip (October 2017). "Slow aging in mammals—Lessons from African mole-rats and bats". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 70: 154–163. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.006. ISSN 1084-9521. PMID 28698112.
  28. ^ O'Donnell, C. (2020-10-15). "Mystacina tuberculata". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-2.rlts.t14261a22070543.en. S2CID 239146418. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ King, Carolyn M.; Foster, Stacey; Miller, Steven (2011-06-23). "Invasive European rats in Britain and New Zealand: same species, different outcomes". Journal of Zoology. 285 (3): 172–179. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00827.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  30. ^ Scrimgeour, J; Beath, A; Swanney, M (September 2012). "Cat predation of short-tailed bats (Mystacina tuberculata rhyocobia) in Rangataua Forest, Mount Ruapehu, Central North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 39 (3): 257–260. doi:10.1080/03014223.2011.649770. ISSN 0301-4223. S2CID 84907680.
  31. ^ Adepoju, Kayode Adewale; Salami, Ayobami T. (2017-10-25). "Geospatial Assessment of Forest Fragmentation and its Implications for Ecological Processes in Tropical Forests". Journal of Landscape Ecology. 10 (2): 19–34. doi:10.1515/jlecol-2017-0002. ISSN 1805-4196. S2CID 89729777.
  32. ^ Molloy, Janice (1995). Bat (Peka peka) recovery plan (Mystacina, Chalinolobus). M. J. Daniel, New Zealand. Threatened Species Unit. Wellington, N.Z.: Threatened Species Unit, Dept. of Conservation. ISBN 0-478-01570-4. OCLC 154583004.
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New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is a small-sized omnivorous mammal endemic to the islands of New Zealand. It is one of two extant and three overall terrestrial mammal species unique to New Zealand. The NZ lesser short-tailed bat's closest relative, M. robusta, was last seen in 1965 and is presumed extinct due to intense predation from ship rats introduced in the last few centuries. These bats are also commonly referred to as pekapeka, their Te Reo Māori name. Lesser short-tailed bats have unique adaptations that differentiate them from bats found in other parts of the world. For example, they are fully capable of moving along the ground to search for food, and the males sing to attract partners, taking turns to do so. Lesser short-tailed bats are a vulnerable species, so extensive conservation work and research are being done to prevent extinction.

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Mystacina tuberculata ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Mystacina tuberculata es una especie de murciélago de la familia Mystacinidae. Es una especie de murciélago omnívora que se alimenta artrópodos, frutas, néctar, polen, carroña

Distribución geográfica

Es endémica de Nueva Zelanda, se puede encontrar en las islas del norte y del sur, y las islas adyacentes.

Referencias

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.

[1]

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Mystacina tuberculata: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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Mystacina tuberculata es una especie de murciélago de la familia Mystacinidae. Es una especie de murciélago omnívora que se alimenta artrópodos, frutas, néctar, polen, carroña

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Mystacina tuberculata ( баскиски )

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Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Mystacinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Gray (1843) Zool. Sulphur Mammalia.

Ikus, gainera

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Mystacina tuberculata: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Mystacina tuberculata Mystacina generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Mystacinidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Lyhythäntälepakko ( фински )

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Lyhythäntälepakko[2] eli kyhmylepakko[3] (Mystacina tuberculata) on mahdollisesti ainoa elossa oleva Mystacinidae-heimon lepakko. Laji on endeeminen Uudessa-Seelannissa. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on uudenseelanninlepakko.[2]

Koko, ulkonäkö ja muut tuntomerkit

Lyhythäntälepakot ovat pieniä, 6–7 senttimetrin pituisia. Siipien kärkiväli on 28–30 senttimetriä. Aikuinen lepakko painaa 12–15 grammaa ennen ruokailua,[4] joskin paino voi kasvaa jopa 30 prosenttia yöaikaisen aterioinnin jälkeen. Lepakon turkki on harmahtava ja sillä on pitkä, suippo kuono. Lepakon kieli on pitkä, jopa 12 millimetrin pituinen, ja sen kärjessä on karvamaisia ulokkeita, jotka helpottavat meden juomista.

Levinneisyys

Lepakkoa esiintyy ensisijaisesti Pohjoissaarella, jossa ne ovat levittäytyneet merenrannan tasolta puurajalle (noin 1 100 metrin korkeuteen) saakka.

Lyhythäntälepakko on jaoteltu kolmeen alalajiin morfologisten ominaisuuksien mukaan:[4]

  • M. t. tuberculata
  • M. t. auporica
  • M. t. rhyacobia

Ravinto

Lyhythäntälepakot ovat kaikkiruokaisia.[4]

Lisääntyminen

Lepakot synnyttävät yhden jälkeläisen kesällä. Syntyvät yksilöt ovat karvattomia ja painavat noin viisi grammaa. Pysyvät hampaat puhkeavat kolmen viikon iässä ja nuori lepakko on neljän viikon iässä täysin karvoitettu ja lentokykyinen. Pesästä pennut poistuvat kuuden viikon ikäisinä ja kolmen kuukauden ikäisinä ne ovat täysikasvuisia.

Lähteet

  1. O’Donnell, C.: Mystacina tuberculata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 10.3.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunta: Maailman nisäkkäiden suomenkieliset nimet 2008. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Helsingin yliopisto. Viitattu 9.6.2018.
  3. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 5. Sydän–Öljykala, s. 1945. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-02059-5.
  4. a b c Department of Conservation doc.govt.nz. Viitattu 11.3.2016. (englanniksi)
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Lyhythäntälepakko: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Lyhythäntälepakko eli kyhmylepakko (Mystacina tuberculata) on mahdollisesti ainoa elossa oleva Mystacinidae-heimon lepakko. Laji on endeeminen Uudessa-Seelannissa. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on uudenseelanninlepakko.

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Mystacina tuberculata ( италијански )

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Il pipistrello dalla coda corta della Nuova Zelanda minore (Mystacina tuberculata Gray, 1843) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Mystacinidi endemico della Nuova Zelanda.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 40,8 e 43,4 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 14,1 e 15,1 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 17,4 e 18,9 mm.[3]

Aspetto

La pelliccia è corta, vellutata ed estremamente densa. Le parti dorsali sono grigio chiare, marroni o nerastre, mentre le parti ventrali sono più chiare. Il muso è corto, appuntito e con le narici tubulari. Le orecchie sono lunghe, strette e ben separate tra loro. Il trago è lungo, stretto ed affusolato. Le membrane alari sono bruno-nerastre o nere. Sui fianchi sono presenti delle tasche cutanee dove le ali vengono riposte per muoversi più agilmente sul terreno. Gli arti inferiori sono corti e tozzi. L'estremità della coda fuoriesce dall'uropatagio sulla sua superficie dorsale.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia in piccoli gruppi nelle cavità degli alberi, in grotte ed anche edifici e capanne. Forma vivai fino a 20-30 femmine durante le stagioni riproduttive, mentre i maschi tendono ad essere solitari. Aspetto inusuale del suo comportamento è quello di scavare nel terreno alla ricerca di prede oppure in tronchi marci per costruire gallerie e tane. Talvolta occupa nidi al suolo di uccelli marini per cercare cibo. L'attività predatoria inizia una o due ore e mezza dopo il calare del buio e prosegue fino ad un'ora prima dell'alba. Il volo è effettuato fino a 2-3 metri dal suolo. Non entra in ibernazione nei periodi più freddi, durante i quali effettua la muta.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di una grossa varietà di alimenti, inclusi frutta, nettare, polline, grasso e carne di berte grigie lasciati essiccare all'aria dai locali, pulcini ed anche adulti di uccelli come il parrocchetto frontegialla. È noto che si tratta di un importante impollinatore di Dactylanthus taylorii, l'unica pianta parassita della Nuova Zelanda.

Riproduzione

Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta da febbraio ad aprile.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie era un tempo diffusa su tutta la Nuova Zelanda, adesso ristretta all'Isola del Nord, a poche zone forestali dell'Isola del Sud ed alcune piccole isole vicine.

Vive nelle foreste mature temperate.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute 3 sottospecie:

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato l'areale limitato, la popolazione seriamente frammentata, il continuo declino nell'estensione e nella qualità del proprio habitat e nel numero limitato di individui maturi, classifica M.tuberculata come specie vulnerabile (VU).[1]

La Società Zoologica di Londra, in base ad alcuni criteri evolutivi e demografici, la considera una delle 100 specie di mammiferi a maggior rischio di estinzione.

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) O'Donnell, C. 2008, Mystacina tuberculata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Mystacina tuberculata, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Flannery, 1995.

Bibliografia

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Mystacina tuberculata: Brief Summary ( италијански )

добавил wikipedia IT

Il pipistrello dalla coda corta della Nuova Zelanda minore (Mystacina tuberculata Gray, 1843) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Mystacinidi endemico della Nuova Zelanda.

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Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis ( холандски; фламански )

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De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis (Mystacina tuberculata) is een enkel op Nieuw-Zeeland voorkomende soort vleermuis, waarmee het samen met Chalinolobus tuberculatus een van de twee inheemse en endemische landzoogdieren van Nieuw-Zeeland is. Het is de enige nog levende soort uit de familie der Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuizen (Mystacinidae). Een andere soort, de grote Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis (Mystacina robusta), is voor het laatst in 1967 waargenomen en wordt als uitgestorven beschouwd. De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuizen zijn waarschijnlijk het nauwst verwant aan Neotropische vleermuizen als de hazenlipvleermuizen.

Alhoewel de soort kan vliegen, is de Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis de meest terrestrische vleermuissoort, wat wil zeggen dat de soort anders dan de andere vleermuizen voornamelijk op de grond leeft. De soort besteedt het grootste deel van zijn leven klimmend in bomen en over boomstammen, of kruipend over de grond. De soort is op de grond zeer beweeglijk. Waarschijnlijk is de soort zo geëvolueerd doordat op Nieuw-Zeeland voor de rest terrestrische zoogdieren en predatoren ontbreken.

Kenmerken

De ledematen zijn aangepast aan een klimmende en kruipende levenswijze. De armen zijn kort en naar voren gericht, waardoor ze als voorpoten kunnen worden gebruikt, de duimen en tenen hebben lange, scherpe en gebogen klauwen, waarmee het dier zich in de boomschors verankert, en de vlieghuid kan langs het lichaam worden samengevouwen, waardoor deze niet in de weg zit of beschadigd kan raken bij het kruipen.

De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis heeft een korte, fluweelachtige bruingrijze vacht. De staart steekt uit het staartmembraan. De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis heeft eenvoudige, grote oren met een lange tragus. De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis is 5 à 6 centimeter lang en 12 tot 22 gram zwaar. De staart is 18 millimeter en de voorarm 40 tot 46 millimeter lang.

Leefwijze

De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis leeft van op de grond levende geleedpotigen, voornamelijk insecten en larven, maar ook van vliegende insecten, nectar, stuifmeel en vruchten. Met het gehoor en de reukzin sporen ze prooidieren op tussen afgevallen bladeren. Vliegende insecten wordt gevonden door middel van echolocatie.

's Nachts gaan ze op jacht, overdag verblijven ze in groepen in boomholten, soms ook in rotsspleten, grotten en holen in de grond. Mannetjes zingen in groepjes in roestplaatsen, waarschijnlijk om vrouwtjes aan te trekken.

Het vrouwtje krijgt één jong per worp. In de eerste tijd na de geboorte wordt het jong door de moeder op de borst gedragen. Halfwassen jongen worden in het hol achtergelaten, tot ze oud genoeg zijn om te kunnen vliegen.

Mystacinobia

De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis heeft een bijzondere relatie met een vleugelloze vlieg, Mystacinobia zelandica. Deze vlieg leeft in de roestplaatsen van vleermuizen, waar het leeft van schimmels die groeien op de guano van de vleermuizen. Om zich te verspreiden, klimmen de vliegen in de vacht van de vleermuis en laten ze zich transporteren.

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Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

добавил wikipedia NL

De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis (Mystacina tuberculata) is een enkel op Nieuw-Zeeland voorkomende soort vleermuis, waarmee het samen met Chalinolobus tuberculatus een van de twee inheemse en endemische landzoogdieren van Nieuw-Zeeland is. Het is de enige nog levende soort uit de familie der Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuizen (Mystacinidae). Een andere soort, de grote Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis (Mystacina robusta), is voor het laatst in 1967 waargenomen en wordt als uitgestorven beschouwd. De Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuizen zijn waarschijnlijk het nauwst verwant aan Neotropische vleermuizen als de hazenlipvleermuizen.

Alhoewel de soort kan vliegen, is de Nieuw-Zeelandse vleermuis de meest terrestrische vleermuissoort, wat wil zeggen dat de soort anders dan de andere vleermuizen voornamelijk op de grond leeft. De soort besteedt het grootste deel van zijn leven klimmend in bomen en over boomstammen, of kruipend over de grond. De soort is op de grond zeer beweeglijk. Waarschijnlijk is de soort zo geëvolueerd doordat op Nieuw-Zeeland voor de rest terrestrische zoogdieren en predatoren ontbreken.

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Wąsonos mniejszy ( полски )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Wąsonos mniejszy[3] (Mystacina tuberculata) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wąsonosowatych (Mystacinidae)[4].

Średnie wymiary

 src=
Czaszka M. tuberculata ze zbiorów Muzeum Historii Naturalnej w Lejdzie
  • Długość ciała - 5-6 cm
  • Rozpiętość skrzydeł - 22-28 cm
  • Długość ogona - 1,5-2 cm

Występowanie

Występuje w lasach Nowej Zelandii, jest gatunkiem endemicznym.

Tryb życia

Pyszczek wąsonosa mniejszego otoczony jest rzędem gęstych włosków. Każdy z włosków ma łyżkowate zakończenie. Kciuki są nie tylko zakończone zwykłymi mocnymi pazurami, ale również mają u podstawy dodatkowy mały pazur. Palce tylnych stóp są również bardzo ostre pazury. Nietoperz ten porusza się bardzo zręcznie po powierzchni ziemi i potrafi bardzo szybko wspinać się na strome stoki, ponieważ może złożyć błonę lotną i dzięki temu do biegania może wykorzystać również przednie kończyny. Żywi się głównie chrząszczami i innymi owadami żyjącymi na powierzchni ziemi, ale też owocami, kwiatami, a także nektarem i pyłkiem pasożytniczej rośliny Dactylanthus taylorii, której kwiaty pojawiają się u podstawy pni drzew-żywicieli. Gatunek ten nie zapada w sen zimowy. W ciągu dnia nietoperze te sypiają w dziuplach drzew w malutkich grupkach. W koloniach wąsonosów występują endemiczne, komensalne, bezskrzydłe muchówki Mystacinobia zelandica, odżywiające się odchodami nietoperzy.

Rozmnażanie

W październiku samica wydaje na świat 1 młode.

Przypisy

  1. Mystacina tuberculata, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. O'Donnell, C. 2008, Mystacina tuberculata [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-10-18] (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 101. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Mystacina tuberculata. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 2013-07-11]
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Wąsonos mniejszy: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Wąsonos mniejszy (Mystacina tuberculata) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny wąsonosowatych (Mystacinidae).

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Mystacina tuberculata ( португалски )

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Mystacina tuberculata é uma espécie de morcego da família Mystacinidae. Endêmico da Nova Zelândia, pode ser encontrado nas ilhas do Norte, do Sul e ilhas adjacentes.

Referências

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • O'DONNELL, C. 2008. Mystacina tuberculata. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 14 de dezembro de 2008.
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Mystacina tuberculata: Brief Summary ( португалски )

добавил wikipedia PT

Mystacina tuberculata é uma espécie de morcego da família Mystacinidae. Endêmico da Nova Zelândia, pode ser encontrado nas ilhas do Norte, do Sul e ilhas adjacentes.

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Markfladdermus ( шведски )

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Markfladdermus (Mystacina tuberculata) en fladdermus med en blandad diet på insekter och växtföda som tillbringar större delen av sitt liv på eller nära marken. Den finns enbart på Nya Zeeland.

Utseende

Markfladdermusen har tjock päls som är gråbrun på ovansidan, ljusare under. Fötterna är korta och breda med skarpa klor.[4] Den har spetsiga öron och en kort, fri svans (det vill säga inte sammanhängande med flyghuden).[5] Nosen är lång och rörformad. Flyghuden kan vecklas ihop så den kan använda underarmarna att gå med.[6] Kroppslängden är 6 till 8 cm, och underarmslängden 4 till 4,5 cm.[7] Arten väger mellan 12 och 15 g.[5]

Vanor

Markfladdermusen lever i tempererade skogar, speciellt sådana med inhemska träd som totara, kauriträd och sydbok,[7] där den bildar mindre kolonier i ihåliga träd, grottor och klippsprickor. Dess förmåga att vika ihop vingarna gör att den tillbringar mycket tid gående på marken eller klättrande i träden. Det förekommer även att den gräver ut tunnlar i träd eller i jorden med hjälp av tänderna.[4] Arten kan även flyga, men flykten är långsam och klumpig och går sällan högre upp än 3 m.[6]

Föda

Den är aktiv under kvällar och nätter, då den förtär både djurföda som insekter, andra ryggradslösa djur och ibland as, som växtföda likt frukt, nektar och pollen.[4] Den är en betydelsefull pollinatör av växten Dactylanthus taylorii (Woodrose), som parasiterar på trädrötter.[6]

Fortplantning

Hanarna anses ha en form av parningsspel då de tävlar om honorna genom att "sjunga" för dem.[6] Honan kan föda sin enda unge när som helst mellan vår och höst.[4]

Utbredning

Arten finns endast på Nya Zeeland, där den lever i olika områden på både Nordön och Sydön, såväl som på mindre öar som Little Barrier Island utanför norra Nordön,[1] och Codfish Island med flera småöar utanför Stewart Island söder om Sydön.[4]

Underarter

Markfladdermusen delas upp i tre underarter:

  • M. tuberculata tuberculata, som lever på Sydön och södra Nordön; den senare populationen är den mest hotade av alla;
  • M. tuberculata rhyacobia från de nordvästra och östra delarna, samt
  • M. tuberculata aupourica, som finns i norra delarna av landet.[4]

Status

Markfladdermusen är klassificerad som sårbar ("VU", underklassificering "B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)") av IUCN, framför allt på grund av det snäva utbredningsområdet. Främsta hot är skogsavverkning, som förstör dess traditionella biotoper, och predation från införda mårddjur och råttor. Populationen av underarten M. tuberculata rhyacobia på centrala Nordön anses dock tämligen säker.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] O'Donnell, C. 2008. Mystacina tuberculata IUCN Läst 2010-10-21.
  2. ^ Mystacina tuberculata Gray, 1843” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=632189. Läst 21 oktober 2010.
  3. ^ [a b c] ”Mammal Species of the World - Browse: tuberculata”. Bucknell.edu. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13801090. Läst 13 mars 2011.
  4. ^ [a b c d e f] Francesca Ivaldi (2999). Mystacina tuberculata New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mystacina_tuberculata.html. Läst 21 oktober 2010.
  5. ^ [a b] ”Short-tailed bat” (på engelska). New Zealand Department of Conservation. Arkiverad från originalet den 21 november 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101121125344/http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/bats/short-tailed-bat/facts. Läst 21 oktober 2010.
  6. ^ [a b c d] Fitter, Julian (2010) (på engelska). Field Guide to the Wildlife of New Zealand. Aukland, Nya Zeeland: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. sid. 88. ISBN 978-1-4081-0865-9
  7. ^ [a b] ”Lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata)”. ARKive - Images of Life on Earth. Arkiverad från originalet den 31 december 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101231013927/http://www.arkive.org/lesser-short-tailed-bat/mystacina-tuberculata/#text=All. Läst 21 oktober 2010.
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Markfladdermus: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Markfladdermus (Mystacina tuberculata) en fladdermus med en blandad diet på insekter och växtföda som tillbringar större delen av sitt liv på eller nära marken. Den finns enbart på Nya Zeeland.

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Mystacina tuberculata ( украински )

добавил wikipedia UK

Поширення

Країни поширення: Нова Зеландія. Мешкає в лісах від рівня моря до лінії дерев близько 1100 м.

Морфологія

Загальна довжина 6—8 см, розмах крил від 28 до 30 см, хвіст всього 12 мм. Вага від 10 до 22 гр. Вуха загострені. Хутро товсте, сірувато-коричневе зверху і бліде знизу. Ноги короткі.

Поведінка

Споживав членистоногих, комах, фрукти, нектар і пилок. Ведуть нічний спосіб життя, проводячи день в дуплах дерев. В основному живуть поодинці, але колонії більш ста осіб не є рідкістю.

Посилання


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Mystacina tuberculata ( виетнамски )

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Mystacina tuberculata là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Mystacinidae, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1843.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Bản mẫu:Webbref
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Mystacina tuberculata”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Mystacina tuberculata: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Mystacina tuberculata là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Mystacinidae, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Gray mô tả năm 1843.

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뉴질랜드작은짧은꼬리박쥐 ( корејски )

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뉴질랜드작은짧은꼬리박쥐(Mystacina tuberculata)는 짧은꼬리박쥐과에 속하는 현존하는 유일한 박쥐이다.[1] 뉴질랜드에서 발견된다.

각주

  1. Carter, G.G. & Riskin, D.K. (2006). “Mystacina tuberculata”. 《Mammalian Species》: Number 790: pp. 1–8. doi:10.1644/790.1.
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