Comprehensive Description
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добавил Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Psectrogaster rutiloides (Kner)
Curimatus rutiloides Kner, 1859a:141, pl. 1, fig. 2 [type locality: Brazil: Mato Grosso and mouth of the Rio Negro]; 1859b:76 [reference].—Günther, 1864:290 [copied].—Steindachner, 1882:135 [Brazil: Teffe (= Tefé), mouth of the Rio Negro, Matogrosso (= Mato Grosso), Jatuarana].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889b:426 [reference]; 1891:47 [reference].—Eigenmann, 1910:422 [reference in part, not Río Paraguay citation].—Géry 1964:37 [Peruvian Amazon].—Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [phylogenetic relationships], [Not Cope, 1872:258; Boulenger, 1896:34; Bertoni, 1914:9, 1939:54; Pearson, 1937:109; Ringuelet, 1975:73.] Curimatus asper.—Günther, 1868:243 [in part, one syntype from Río Huallaga],
Curimatus cyprinoides.—Cope, 1872:258 [Ecuador: Río Ambiyacu].—Fowler, 1906:300 [on Cope, 1872 specimens].
Curimatus isognathus Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889b:428 [type locality: Brazil: Lago Alexo, Iça, Manacapuru, San Paolo (= São Paulo de Olivença)]; 1891:47 [reference].—Ulrey, 1895:259 [Brazil: Pará, Ilha de Marajo, Rio Tocantins].—Eigenmann, 1910:422 [reference],—Starks, 1916:18 [sesamoid articular]; 1926:168 [ethmoid],—Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [phylogenetic relationships],
Psectrogaster auratus Gill, 1895:199 [type locality: Bolivia],—Eigenmann and Ogle, 1907:3 [reference],—Eigenmann, 1910:420 [reference],—Fernández-Yépez, 1948:30 [reference].—Fowler, 1950:301 [reference]; 1975:378 [reference].—Terrasas-Urquidi, 1970:30 [reference],—Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [phylogenetic relationships]. Curimata ciliatus.—Eigenmann, 1912:268 [reference in part, Curimatus
cyprinoides, Cope, 1872 citation],
Curimata cyprinoides.—Fowler, 1940a:253 [in part, Peru: Río Ucayali],
Curimata rutiloides.—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:294 [reference],—Fowler, 1942:208 [reference]; 1945:116 [as Fowler, 1942]; 1950:291, fig. 349 [reference],—Terrasas-Urquidi, 1970:30 [reference].—Géry, 1977:230 [in key],
Psectrogaster amazonica.—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:289 [in part, “males”; Peru: Lago Sanango, Río Paranapura, Río Nanay, Lago Cashiboya, Río Ucayali, Iquitos],
Lambepiedra rutiloides.—Fernández-Yépez, 1948:63 [assignment to Lambepiedra],—Fowler, 1975:371 [reference],
Semelcarinata isognatha.—Fernández-Yépez, 1948:59, fig. 31 [designation as type species of Semelcarinata],—Fowler, 1975:374 [reference],
Curimata isognatha.—Fowler, 1950:286 [reference].—Géry, 1977:230 [as synonym of Curimatus ciliatus (Müller and Troschel)].
Curimata (Semelcarinata) isognatha.—Géry, 1964b:66, fig. 18 [region of Iquitos, Peru],
Psectrogaster rutiloides.—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peru; common name].
DIAGNOSIS.—The presence of a distinct blotch of pigmentation on the distal portion of the lower caudal fin is unique to Psectrogaster rutiloides within the genus. Psectrogaster rutiloides can further be distinguished from P. amazonica, P. rhomboides, and P. curviventris in its lack of the serrate margin on the median postpelvic keel that is characteristic of those species, and by the absence of a patch of dark pigmentation at the base of the middle rays of the caudal fin, which is similarly. unique to those taxa in the genus. The possession of a transverely rounded prepelvic region without enlarged scales arranged in distinct longtiudinal rows separates P. rutiloides from P. falcata and P. essequibensis, in which the prepelvic region is distinctly flattened and has such enlarged scales. The greatest body depth of P. rutiloides (0.35–0.42 of SL) further distinguishes it from P. ciliata (greatest body depth 0.42–0.54 of SL) (Figure 11). The 46 to 51 pored lateral line scales to the hypural joint, and the absence of longitudinal body stripes separates P. rutiloides from P. saguiru, which has 41 to 47 pored lateral line scales to the hypural joint, and 10 to 13 narrow body stripes.
DESCRIPTION.—Body moderately elongate, relatively robust, more so in specimens over 75 mm SL, particularly ripe females. Dorsal profile of head straight or very slightly convex. Dorsal profile of body smoothly convex from rear of head to origin of rayed dorsal fin; straight and posteroventrally slanted at base of rayed dorsal fin, straight or gently convex from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body with indistinct median keel anterior to rayed dorsal fin, smoothly rounded transversely posterior to fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of body transversely rounded anteriorly, with indistinct, longitudinally aligned lateral keels proximate to origin of pelvic fins. Midventral keel extends from slightly behind origin of pelvic fin to anus.
Greatest body depth at origin of rayed dorsal fin, depth 0.35–0.42 [0.35], body depth greatest in ripe females; snout tip to origin of rayed dorsal fin 0.49–0.54 [0.51]; snout tip to origin of anal fin 0.80–0.86 [0.80]; snout tip to origin of pelvic fin 0.54–0.60 [0.55]; snout tip to anus 0.76–0.81 [0.78]; origin of rayed dorsal fin to hypural joint 0.53–0.57 [0.54]. Rayed dorsal fin pointed, distal margin relatively straight, anteriormost rays 2.5–3.2 times length of ultimate ray. Pectoral fin pointed; length of pectoral fin 0.19–0.23, fin extends three-quarters of distance to vertical through origin of pelvic fin. Pelvic fin pointed, length of pelvic fin 0.18–0.22 [0.19], fin reaches two-thirds of distance to origin of anal fin. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin well developed, base with a low sheath of small scales. Anal fin somewhat emarginate, anteriormost branched rays twice length of ultimate ray. Caudal peduncle depth 0.10–0.12 [0.10].
Head profile obtusely pointed, head length 0.31–0.37 [0.36]; jaws equal, mouth terminal; snout length 0.26–0.31 [0.27]; nostrils of each side of head very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent shaped, with aperture closed by thin flap of skin that separates nares; orbital diameter 0.25–0.30 [0.27]; adipose eyelid well developed, with a vertically aligned ovoid opening over middle of eye; length of postorbital portion of head 0.45–0.51 [0.45]; gape width 0.28–0.32 [0.28]; interorbital width 0.42–0.48 [0.45].
Pored lateral line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 45 to 51 [50]; all scales of lateral line pored, canals in scales straight, 4 to 7 series of scales extend beyond hypural joint onto caudal fin base; 12 to 15 [13] scales in a transverse series from origin of rayed dorsal fin to lateral line; 8 to 11 [9] scales in a transverse series from the lateral line to origin of anal fin. Scales notably ctenoid, ctenii most developed on ventral body surface anterior of origin of pelvic fin.
Dorsal-fin rays ii,8–9, iii,9 [ii,9]; anal-fin rays ii,7–8 or iii,7–8 [ii,7]; pectoral-fin rays 13 to 16 [14]; pelvic-fin rays i,8 [i,8].
Total vertebrae 30 (21).
COLOR IN LIFE.—Overall life coloration of specimens from the Río Ucayali (pers. observ.) bright silver, somewhat darker dorsally. Fins hyaline; dorsal fin with slight rosy tint. Dark pigmentation as in preserved specimens.
COLOR IN ALCOHOL.—Alcohol preserved specimens that retain guanine on scales golden or silvery, overall head and body pigmentation somewhat darker dorsal of lateral line. Specimens that lack guanine on scales tan to brownish. Head and body with scattered small dark chromatophores; chromatophores more concentrated along margin of scales, particularly dorsal of lateral line. Some specimens with a dusky stripe that runs above lateral line on posterior portion of body. All fins with series of small dark chromatophores that outline fin rays; pigmentation most pronounced on caudal fin. Caudal fin usually with a distinctive dark spot of irregular shape four-fifths of distance along fin rays of lower lobe (Figures 16, 17); pigmentation patch very faint or rarely absent in some individuals. A comparable spot of pigmentation occurs on dorsal lobe of caudal fin in some specimens (Figure 17).
DISTRIBUTION.—Rio Amazonas drainage basin (Figure 15).
COMMON NAME.—Peru: Chio-chio (Ortega and Vari, 1986:11).
DISTRIBUTION.—Río Paraguay drainage basin and southern portions of the Rio Madeira system (Figure 20).
COMMON NAME.—Bolivia: Sabatina (Lauzanne and Loubens, 1985:48).
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—119 specimens (79, 24.3–171.3).
BRAZIL. Paraná: Rio Paraná below Sete Quedas, MZUSP 21093, 6 (3, 163.9–171.3). Mato Grosso Do Sul: Mouth of Rio Varadouro, MZUSP 21666, 6 (109.0–124.3). Rio Miranda, Corumba, MZUSP 21675, 1 (114.3); MZUSP 21682, 1 (84.7). Baia Caranda Grande, MZUSP 21545, 3 (2, 126.3–131.4). Rio Paraguai, Baia Bela at Albuquerque, MZUSP 21534, 6 (2, 121.7–131.3). MATO GROSSO. Pocone, Campo do Jofre, MZUSP 21586, 3 (2 (100.2–120.4). Rio Cuiabá, Santo Antonio do Leverger, MZUSP 4385, 2. Rio Paraguai, Ilha de Taiamá (Sema), MZUSP 21738, 4. Baia do Buritizal, USNM 243221, 3. Rio Miranda, MNRJ 3503, 4.
PARAGUAY. Central: Asunción, Río Paraguay, CAS 57145, 1 (134.0, holotype of Psectrogaster curviventris, formerly IU 9919); CAS 57146, 2 (130.2–150.2, paratypes of Psectrogaster curviventris, fomerly IU 9918 and IU 9920); FMNH 52576, 1 (104.2, paratype of Psectrogaster curviventris, formerly IU 9921); USNM 181713, 1 (33.6); USNM 181710, 21 (15, 79.8–92.2); USNM 181712, 3 (77.8–108.5); USNM 181706, 5 (77.0–90.5); USNM 181709, 7 (74.1–107.4); USNM 181704, 1 (94.9); USNM 181403, 1 (35.3); BMNH 1935.6.4:330–335, 6; BMNH 1895.5.17:138–139, 2. Presidente Hayes: West of Asunción, BMNH 1935.6.4:338–339, 2 (89.8–101.7). Misiones: Río Tebicuary near Villa Florida, USNM 181714, 3 (148.1–169.4). Concepcion: Puerto Max, CAS-IU 10273, 1 (114.5). Olimpo: Bahia Negra, CAS-IU 10274, 1 (84.9). Fuerte Olympo (= Olimpo), AMNH 1228 (formerly IU 9936), 1 (118.8, paratype of Psectrogaster curviventris); AMNH 1455 (formerly IU 9937), 1 (112.3, paratype of Psectrogaster curviventris); CAS-IU 9922, 1 (77.5).
BOLIVIA. No specific locality, NMW 68851, 1. Beni: Río Mamoré, Puerto Siles, AMNH 48869, 2 (1, 60.0; 1 specimen cleared and counterstained for cartilage and bone). Río Baures, near mouth, AMNH 37713, 2 (113.7–118.0). Río Itenez, 4 km SW of Costa Marques, AMNH 37701, 2 (111.0–117.5). Laguna 4 km SW of Costa Marques, AMNH 37708, 1 (118.1). Arroyo Grande, 4 km W of Guayaramerin, AMNH 37720, 2 (107.3–114.2). Boca del Río Ibarre, AMNH 48870, 2 (57.7–54.3; 1 specimen cleared and counterstained for cartilage and bone). Cachuela Esperanza, CAS 57147, 1 (24.3, holotype of Curimata pearsoni, formerly IU 17282). Río Itenez (Guaporé) at confluence of Río Itenez and Rio Machupo, USNM 278558, 1 (113.7).
ARGENTINA. No specific locality, GC, 1. Chaco: Río Quia, Las Palmas, USNM 84199, 2 (83.5–84.5). Misiones: Candelaria, upper Río Paraná, MSNG 43819, 1 (153.0).
Psectrogaster amazonica Eigenmann and Eigenmann
Psectrogaster amozonica Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889a:7 [type locality: Brazil: Teffe (= Tefé), Iça, Tabatinga, Obidos, Fonteboa (= Fonte Boa), Lago Alexo, Jutahy (= Rio Jutai), Tonantins, Sautarem (= Santarem), Hyavary (= Rio Javari), Curnpira (= Lago Curupira); specific name misspelled].
Psectrogaster amazonica.—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889b:413 [based on Eigenmann and Eigenmann 1889a; Brazil: Teffé (= Tefé), Iça, Tabatinga, Obidos, Fonteboa (= Fonte Boa), Lago Alexo, Jutahy (= Rio Jutai), Tonantins, Santarem, Hyavary (= Rio Javari), Curupira (= Lago Curupira); misspelling of specific name corrected]; 1891:46 [reference].—Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:289 [in part, “females”; Peru: Lago Sanango, Río Paranapura, Río Nanay, Lago Cashiboya, Río Ucayali, Iquitos].—Fernández-Yépez, 1948:30 [reference].—Fowler, 1950:301 [reference]; 1975:377 [reference].—Ortega and Vari, 1986:11 [Peru; common name].—Vari, 1989, tables 2, 3 [phylogenetic relationships]. [Not Saul, 1975:113.]
Psectrogaster ciliata.—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889b:413 [specimens from Brazil: Coary (= Coari)].
Curimatus rutiloides.—Cope 1872:258 [Ecuador: Río Ambyiacu].
Curimatus cyprinoides.—Cope 1872:291 [between mouth of Rio Negro and Río Ucayali].—Fowler, 1913:517 [Rio Madeira, 20 miles north of Porto Velho]; 1913:518 [?, juveniles; Brazil: Rio Madeira].
Psectrogaster ciliatus.—Fowler, 1906:305 [Río Ambiyacu; Rio Solimóes between mouth of Rio Negro and Río Ucayali; on Cope 1872:258 and 291 citations].
Curimata ciliata.—Fowler, 1940a:253, fig. 53 [Peru: Contamana].
Psectrogaster cisandinus.—Allen, in Eigenmann and Allen, 1942:290 [in part, one specimen from Peru: Iquitos].
Psectrogaster amazonicus.—Fernández-Yépez, 1948:30 [reference].
Curimatus (Psectrogaster) amazonicus.—Géry, 1964a:37 [Peruvian Amazon].
Curimata amazonica.—Goulding, 1981:39, 60, 105, fig. 37 [migration, fisheries, common names (cascudinha, chico duro)].
Curimata cf. rutiloides.—Géry and Mahnert, 1984:172, fig. 2 [Peruvian Amazon].
Curimata amazônica.—Santos et al., 1984:28 [Brazil, Rio Tocantins; common name; life history].
DIAGNOSIS.—Psectrogaster amazonica is one of the larger species in the genus achieving 170 mm SL. The presence in P. amazonica of a distinctly serrate postpelvic median keel and a patch of dark pigmentation at the base of the middle rays of the caudal fin distinguishes the species from all other species of Psectrogaster with the exception of P. rhomboides and P. curviventris. The transversely rounded preventral region distinguishes P. amazonica from P. curviventris, which has a distinct prepelvic midventral keel. The shorter posterior chamber of the swimbladder, the proportionally shorter snout to origin of the rayed dorsal fin distance, and overall body form of P. amazonica discriminate that species from P. rhomboides (Figures 21, 23).
DESCRIPTION.—Body moderately elongate, relatively robust, more so in specimens over 100 mm SL. Dorsal profile of head straight or very slightly convex. Dorsal profile of body distinctly convex from rear of head to origin of rayed dorsal fin; straight and posteroventrally slanted at base of dorsal fin, notably convex from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal peduncle. Dorsal surface of body with a short, indistinct median keel immediately anterior to rayed dorsal fin, smoothly rounded transversely posterior to fin. Ventral profile of body gently curved from tip of lower jaw to region of vertical through middle of pectoral fin; somewhat flattened from that point to under pelvic fin, then convex to caudal peduncle. Prepelvic region transversely rounded anteriorly, slightly flattened with obtuse lateral angles in body wall approximate to origin of pelvic fin in largest specimens examined. A well-developed midventral keel extends from posterior of origin of pelvic fin to anus. Scales that form margin of postpelvic keel with well-developed posteriorly and posteroventrally oriented ctenii that form a distinctly serrate margin to keel. Pre- and post pelvic median keels barely continuous.
Greatest body depth at origin of rayed dorsal fin, depth 0.44–0.50 [0.45]; snout tip to origin of rayed dorsal fin 0.50–0.55 [0.50]; snout tip to origin of anal fin 0.82–0.87 [0.83]; snout tip to origin of pelvic fin 0.53–0.59 [0.54]; snout tip to anus 0.79–0.83 [0.79]; origin of rayed dorsal fin to hypural joint 0.55–0.60 [0.58]. Rayed dorsal fin pointed, less so with increasing age; anteriormost rays 2.3–2.8 times length of ultimate ray. Pectoral fin pointed; length of pectoral fin 0.20–0.24 [0.23], extends to or nearly to vertical through origin of pelvic fin; somewhat shorter in larger specimens. Pelvic fin pointed, length of pelvic fin 0.19–0.23 [0.20], reaches one-half of distance to origin of anal fin. Pelvic fin origin level with midventral line. Caudal fin forked. Adipose fin well developed. Anal fin emarginate, anteriormost branched rays approximately twice length of ultimate ray. Caudal peduncle depth 0.11–0.14 [0.12].
Head profile distinctly pointed, head length 0.31–0.36 [0.32]; jaws equal, mouth terminal; snout length 0.26–0.32 [0.26]; nostrils of each side of head very close, anterior circular, posterior crescent shaped with aperture closed by thin flap of skin that separates nares; orbital diameter 0.26–0.31 [0.30]; adipose eyelid present, with a vertically aligned ovoid opening over middle of eye; length of postorbital portion of head 0.44–0.50 [0.50]; gape width 0.29–0.34 [0.31]; interorbital width 0.43–0.50 [0.48].
Pored lateral line scales from supracleithrum to hypural joint 43 to 50 [46]; all scales of lateral line pored, canals in scales straight; 4 to 7 series of scales extend beyond hypural joint onto caudal fin base; 13 to 16 [13] scales in a transverse series from origin of rayed dorsal fin to lateral line, 8 to 11 [9] scales in a transverse series from the lateral line to origin of anal fin; scales distinctly ctenoid, more so ventrally, particularly along margin of postpelvic keel.
Dorsal-fin rays ii or iii,9 [ii,9]; anal-fin rays i,8 or ii, 7–8 or iii,7–8 [iii,7]; pectoral-fin rays 13 to 16 [14]; pelvic-fin rays i,7 or 8 [i,8].
Total vertebrae 29 (1), 30 (19).
COLOR IN ALCOHOL.—Specimens that retain guanine on scales golden or golden silvery, overall head and body pigmenation more intense on dorsal portions of head and body. Specimens that lack guanine on scales yellowish tan or brownish, overall head and body pigmentation more intense dorsal of lateral line. An obscure midlateral band present along posterior portion of body in some individuals. No discrete pigmentation pattern on head or body. Well-developed but somewhat diffuse patch of dark chromatophores at base of middle rays of caudal fin (Figure 21). Median fins with series of small dark chromatophores outlining rays. Dorsal margin of adipose fin edged with dark chromatophores.
DISTRIBUTION.—Widely distributed in the Rio Amazonas drainage basin (Figure 22).
COMMON NAME.—Brazil, Rio Madeira: cascudinha, chico duro (Goulding, 1981); Rio Tocantins: branquinha comun (Santos et al., 1984:28). Peru: Chio-chio (Ortega and Vari, 1986:11).
LIFE HISTORY.—Santos et al. (1984:28) report that Psectrogaster amazonica is one of the most common and abundant along the Rio Tocantins of eastern Brazil. It was reported by those authors as eating organic detritus, benthic organisms, and periphyton. Sexual maturity is achieved at 15 cm and breeding occurs between November and January. The species is the basis of an intensive fishery in the Rio Tocantins.
- библиографски навод
- Vari, Richard P. 1991. "Systematics of the neotropical characiform genus Psectrogaster Eigenmann and Eigenmann (Pisces:Characiformes) Richard P. Vari." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-43. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.481
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