dcsimg

Behavior ( англиски )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Brian Putz, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri has been introduced to the freshwaters of the United States on numerous occasions. Introductions have been reported in Florida, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Virginia. The fishes were probably releases from aquariums. When a piranha is found in a lake, many state agencies use the chemical rotenone to kill the fishes.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri is considered one of the more dangerous and aggressive species of piranha.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Benefits ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri is one of the most commonly used piranhas in the aquarium trade.

Positive Impacts: pet trade

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Associations ( англиски )

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An interesting relationship between P. nattereri and Serrasalmus marginatus has developed. Serrasalmus marginatus has been seen taking crustacean parasites off the bodies of P. nattereri.

Mutualist Species:

  • Serrasalmus marginatus
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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Foraging methods vary in different life stages of P. nattereri. During the day, smaller fish (80-110 mm) search for food. At dawn, late afternoon, and early evening the larger fish (150-240 mm) search for food. Pygocentrus nattereri groups gather in vegetation in order to wait for prey. The group typically includes around 20-30 fishes. In the daytime P. nattereri can be seen lurking or ambushing prey. Two other methods for obtaining food employed by P. nattereri are chasing and scavenging. The hunting mode of chasing was seen after the fish lie and wait in vegetation. The fish then proceed to swim after and eat the fish. P. nattereri has a wide variety of food in its diet, including fins, scales, fish (pieces and whole), insects, snails, and plants. The plant intake of the animal may be an active way of gaining food supplies while scanning for prey.

Animal Foods: fish; carrion ; insects; mollusks

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Distribution ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri is found in South America. Pygocentrus nattereri can be found east of the Andes in the Parana-Paraguay and Amazon basin. They can also be found in rivers of northeast Brazil and the Guianas.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Habitat ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri is typically found in whitewater streams in South America (Saint-Paul 2000). However, the species is not found typically in blackwater streams (Fink 1993)

Habitat Regions: tropical ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri physical characteristics vary with location, population, and age. In juvenile P. nattereri there are differences in physical characteristics depending on the size of the fish. A change in color pattern does seem to develop as size increases. The thickening body tissue tends to cause the black internal line of the anal fin to disappear and both the number of body spots and the density of melanophores increases with growth. Adult specimens also tend to vary in color pattern and body size with geographic location. Generally P. nattereri is reddish-orange ventrally and silver-gray dorsally. The fins vary in color as well, with a black dorsal fin, black anal fin, and reddish-orange pectoral fins. The lateral color of the fish is a gray to silver- gray.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Putz, B. 2002. "Pygocentrus nattereri" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygocentrus_nattereri.html
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Reproduction ( англиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri seems to have a type of courtship display that involves swimming in circles. This results in ventral-to-ventral interactions among the male and female. Eggs are placed in the sediment, in bowl shaped nests. These nests are around 4-5 cm in depth and 15 cm in diameter. The eggs are in clusters and are attached to the bottom vegetation. There may also be a relationship between the times of the spawning and the time of the wet season.

Breeding season: Spawning seems to occur during the wet season.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous

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Brief Summary ( англиски )

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Thered-bellied piranhaorred piranha(Pygocentrus nattereri) is aspeciesofpiranhanative toSouth America, found in theAmazon River Basin, coastal rivers of northeasternBrazil, and the basins of theParaguayandParaná.The red-bellied piranha has a popular reputation as a ferocious predator, despite being primarily scavengers.As their name suggests, red-bellied piranhas have a reddish tinge to the belly when fully grown, although juveniles are a silver colour with darker spots. They grow to a maximum length of 33 centimetres (13in) and a weight of 3.5 kilograms (7.7lb). The way to distinguish males from females is that the female has a slightly deeper color of red on her belly.

Read more...

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Red Piranha ( англиски )

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Identification: Another commonly used name is Serrasalmus nattereri. Some United States specimens misidentified as members of this species may actually have been closely related species, the Orinoco piranha (Pygocentrus notatus, whose other names include P. caribe and Serrasalmus notatus). Pacus (Colossoma and Piaractus) also have been frequently misidentified as piranhas. Fink (1993) recently reviewed the genus Pygocentrus and provided a key and photographs.

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Red-bellied Piranha ( англиски )

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An opportunistic and omnivorous feeder.

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Diseases and Parasites ( англиски )

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Ichthyobodo Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diseases and Parasites ( англиски )

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Bacterial Infections (general). Bacterial diseases
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Diseases and Parasites ( англиски )

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Eustrongylides Infestation 2 (Larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diseases and Parasites ( англиски )

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Procamallanus Infection 10. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Life Cycle ( англиски )

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Males and females appear externally alike (Refs. 2279 & 9245). In 'Serrasalmus sp. aff. nattereri', reported to occur in the Orinoco basin (Venezuela, Guyana), the males have more 'bull-like' heads, but are more slender than females (Ref. 1672). Eggs are laid on tree roots trailing in the water and are guarded; the reproductive success may vary strongly from year to year depending on how the savanna was flooded (Ref. 9078). The eggs are large, adhere to plants and are not attacked by the parents. They hatch in 9 to10 days (Ref. 7020).
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Morphology ( англиски )

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Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 27 - 30
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Trophic Strategy ( англиски )

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Common in creeks and interconnected ponds in Matto Grosso, Brazil, where it influences distribution and feeding of other fish (Ref. 9080) and in areas of high primary production in Rio Machado and Rio Negro (Ref.9096). Adults feed mainly at dusk and dawn. Feeds on insects, worms and fish (Ref. 7020). Medium-sized to large individuals (15-24 cm length) forage mainly at dawn, late afternoon and night up to about 2200H, whereas smaller fish (8-11 cm) are active mainly during the day (Ref. 9080). Teeth replacement on alternating sides of jaw allows continuous feeding. Its powerful dentition can inflict serious bites. Has a highly evolved auditory capacity and a 'lurking', then 'dashing' behavior during daytime. Shows hierarchies within small schools (Ref. 9077).
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Biology ( англиски )

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Common in creeks and interconnected ponds in Matto Grosso, Brazil, where it influences distribution and feeding of other fish (Ref. 9080) and in areas of high primary production in Rio Machado and Rio Negro (Ref.9096). Adults feed mainly at dusk and dawn. Feeds on insects, worms and fish (Ref. 7020). Medium-sized to large individuals (15-24 cm length) forage mainly at dawn, late afternoon and night up to about 2200H, whereas smaller fish (8-11 cm) are active mainly during the day (Ref. 9080). Teeth replacement on alternating sides of jaw allows continuous feeding. Its powerful dentition can inflict serious bites. Has a highly evolved auditory capacity and a 'lurking', then 'dashing' behavior during daytime. Shows hierarchies within small schools (Ref. 9077). Available information on body composition of 'piranha caju' flesh is 8.2% fat, 15.0% protein and 4.4% ash (Ref. 9251).
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Importance ( англиски )

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial
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Piranya roja ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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Vista frontal
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Vista del cap
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Grup de piranyes roges
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Mandíbula de piranya roja
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Vista frontal, en un aquàrium

La piranya roja (Pygocentrus nattereri) és una espècie de peix de la família dels caràcids i de l'ordre dels caraciformes.[4]

Morfologia

  • Els mascles poden assolir 33,3 cm de llargària total i 3.850 g de pes.[5]

Alimentació

Menja insectes, cucs i peixos (entre d'altres, Astyanax bimaculatus, Brycon hilarii, Cichlasoma dimerus, Crenicichla lepidota, Hoplias malabaricus i Markiana nigripinnis).[6][7]

Hàbitat

Viu a zones de clima subtropical entre 23°C - 27°C de temperatura.[8]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a Sud-amèrica: conques dels rius Amazones, Paraguai, Paranà, Essequibo i Uruguai, i rius costaners del nord-est del Brasil.[9][10]

Observacions

Pot ocasionar greus mossegades als humans.[9]

Referències

  1. Müller, J. & F. H. Troschel 1844. Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Arch. Naturgeschichte v. 10 (pt 1): 81-99 + Zu pag. 99.
  2. Kner, R. 1858. Zur Familie der Characinen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Classe. v. 32 (núm. 22): 163-168.
  3. «Pygocentrus nattereri». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  4. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  5. Benedito-Cecilio, E., A.A. Agostinho i R.C.C.-M. Velho 1997. Length-weight relationship of fishes caught in the Itaipu Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil. Naga ICLARM Q. 20(3/4):57-61.
  6. FishBase (anglès)
  7. Mills, D. i G. Vevers 1989. The Tetra encyclopedia of freshwater tropical aquarium fishes. Tetra Press, Nova Jersey. 208 p.
  8. Riehl, R. i H.A. Baensch 1996. Aquarien Atlas, Band 1. Desena edició. Mergus Verlag GmBH, Melle, Alemanya. 992 p.
  9. 9,0 9,1 FishBase (anglès)
  10. Zaniboni Filho, E., S. Meurer, O.A. Shibatta i A.P. de Oliverira Nuñer 2004. Catálogo ilustrado de peixes do alto Rio Uruguai. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC: Tractebel Energia. 128 p. : col. ill., col. maps; 25 cm.


Bibliografia

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  • Barriga, R. 1991. Peces de agua dulce del Ecuador. Revista de Información técnico-científica, Quito, Equador, Politécnica, XVI(3):7-88.
  • Bassleer, G. 2003. The new ilustrated guide to fish diseases in ornamental tropical and pond fish. Bassleer Biofish, Stationstraat 130, 2235 Westmeerbeek, Bèlgica, 1a edició, 232p.
  • Bonetto, A., C. Pignalberi i E. Cordiviola 1961. Las "palometas" o piranhas de las aguas del Parana medio. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 23:47-65.
  • Eschmeyer, William N.: Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8 (1990).
  • Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
  • Ferreira, E.J.G., J. Zuanon i G.M. dos Santos 1996. A list of commercial fish species from Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil. Naga ICLARM Q. 19(3):41-44.
  • Fink, W. L. 1993: Revision of the piranha genus Pygocentrus (Teleostei, Characiformes). Copeia 1993 (núm. 3): 665-687.
  • Fink, W. L. i M. L. Zelditch 1997: Shape analysis and taxonomic status of Pygocentrus piranhas (Ostariophysi, Characiformes) from the Paraguay and Paraná River basins of South America. Copeia 1997 (núm. 1): 179-182.
  • Freeman, B., L. G. Nico, M. Osentoski, H. L. Jelks, i T. M. Collins (2007). Molecular systemics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories. Zootaxa 1484: 1-38.
  • Géry, J. 1977. Characoids of the world. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Nova Jersey. 672 p.
  • Goulding, M. 1980. The fishes and the forest: explorations in Amazonian natural history. University of California Press, Berkeley. 280 p.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997. ISBN 1405124946.
  • Jégu, M. 2003. Serrasalminae (Pacus and piranhas). p. 182-196. A R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander i C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
  • Junk, W.J. 1976. Biologia de água doce e pesca interior. p.105. A Relatorio anual de INPA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brasil.
  • Lauzanne, L. i G. Loubens 1985. Peces del Rio Mamoré. ORSTOM, Trav. Doc. 192, París. 116 p.
  • Lima, F.C.T., L.R. Malabarba, P.A. Buckup, J.F. Pezzi da Silva, R.P. Vari, A. Harold, R. Benine, O.T. Oyakawa, C.S. Pavanelli, N.A. Menezes, C.A.S. Lucena, M.C.S.L. Malabarba, Z.M.S. Lucena, R.E. Reis, F. Langeani, L. Cassati i V.A. Bertaco 2003. Genera Incertae sedis in Characidae. p. 106-168. A R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander i C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil.
  • López, H.L., R.C. Menni i A.M. Miguelarena 1987. Lista de los peces de agua dulce de la Argentina. Biología Acuática Núm. 12, 50 p. (Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raul A. Ringuelet").
  • López, H.L., A.M. Miquelarena i J. Ponte Gómez 2005. Biodiversidad y distribución de la ictiofauna Mesopotámica. Miscelánea 14:311-354.
  • Loubens, G. i J.L. Aquim 1986. Sexualidad y reproducción de los principales peces de la cuenca del Rio Mamore, Beni-Bolivia. ORSTOM - Cordebeni-UTB, Trinidad (Bolivia), Inf. Cien. Núm. 5:45.
  • Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1964. The fishes of the Rupununi Savana district of British Guiana, South America. Part 1. Ecological groupings of fish species and effects of the seasonal cycle on the fish. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 45(304):103-144.
  • Machado-Allison, A. i W. L. Fink 1991: Notas sobre la sistemática del género Serrasalmus y géneros relacionados. Parte II: el género Pygocentrus en Venezuela. Acta Biológica Venezuélica v. 13 (núm. 1-2): 109-135.
  • Malabarba, L.R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae). p. 193-233. A L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M.S. Lucena i C.A.S. Lucena (eds.) Phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS.
  • Martins-Santos, I.C., H.F. Julio, Jr. i S.J. Santos 1994. Chromosome study of two species of the genus Serrasalmus (Characidae, Serrasalminae) from the Parana River. Cytologia 59:175-181.
  • Mérona, B. de i J. Rankin-de-Mérona 2004. Food resource partitioning in a fish community of the central Amazon floodplain. Neotropical Ichthyology, 2(2):75-84.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall. Any 2000. ISBN 0130112828.
  • Nakayama, C.M., M. Jesu i E. Feldberg 1986. Caracterizaçao citotaxonomica de algumas especies do género Serrasalmus (Serrasalmidae) da Amazonia Proc. XIII Congr. Brasil Zool., p.122
  • Nelson, J. S. 2006: Fishes of the world. Quarta edició. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 601 p. ISBN 0471250317.
  • Nion, H., C. Rios i P. Meneses 2002. Peces del Uruguay: Lista sistemática y nombres comunes. Montevideo, DINARA, Infopesca.
  • Ortega, H. i R.P. Vari 1986. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Peru. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. (437):1-25.
  • Pauly, D. 1994. Quantitative analysis of published data on the growth, metabolism, food consumption, and related features of the red-bellied piranha, Serrasalmus nattereri (Characidae). Environ. Biol. Fish. 41:423-437.
  • Porto, J.I.R., E. Feldberg, C.M. Nakayama i J.N. Falcao 1992. A checklist of chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Amazonian freshwater fishes. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 25(4):287-299.
  • Prado, C.H.B.A. i P.M. Galetti 1986. Consideraçoes iniciasis sobre a estrutura cromossômica no gênero Pigocentrus (Serrasalminae - Characiformes). p. 56. A I. Simp. Citogenet. Evol. e Aplic. de Peixes Neotropicais, Sao Carlos - SP.
  • Rixon, C.A.M., I.C. Duggan, N.M.N. Bergeron, A. Ricciardi i H.J. Macisaac 2005. Invasion risks posed by the aquarium trade and live fish markets on the Laurentian Great Lakes. Biodivers. Conserv. 14:1365-1381.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
  • Sazima, I. i F.A. Machado 1990. Underwater observations of piranhas in western Brazil. Environ. Biol. Fish. 28:17-31.
  • Schleser, David M. 1997: Piranhas, A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educational Series Inc. Nova York. ISBN 0-8120-9916-8.
  • Vaz-Ferreira, R. 1969. Peces del Uruguay. Nuestra tierra 23, 72 p. Editorial Nuestra Tierra, Montevideo, Uruguai.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985. ISBN 0356107159.


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Piranya roja: Brief Summary ( каталонски; валенсиски )

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 src= Vista frontal  src= Vista del cap  src= Grup de piranyes roges  src= Mandíbula de piranya roja  src= Vista frontal, en un aquàrium

La piranya roja (Pygocentrus nattereri) és una espècie de peix de la família dels caràcids i de l'ordre dels caraciformes.

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Piraňa obecná ( чешки )

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Piraňa obecná (Pygocentrus nattereri) je dravá ryba z čeledi tetrovitých. Vyskytují se pouze v Jižní Americe, od Venezuely po Argentinu. Žijí v mohutných, líně se valících říčních tocích, jako je například Amazonka. Dorůstají délky až 30 cm a váží okolo 3,5 kg

Způsob lovu

 src=
V pražském akváriu "Mořský svět"

Piraňa obecná (někdy také Natterova nebo červenobřichá) se živí výhradně čerstvým masem. Mladí jedinci se živí hmyzem a drobnými korýši, dospělí loví ptáky, hlodavce, i další savce. Právě tohle je ten většinou lidí obávaný dravec. Pro člověka je piraně nebezpečná, jen pokud je nízký stav vody a málo přirozené potravy. Často pak dochází ke kanibalismu. Větší kořist loví v organizovaných hejnech. Piraně nemohou potravu žvýkat, a tak vytrhaná sousta polykají vcelku. Při zakousnutí do kořisti obrátí vždy na bok, aby lépe odkrojily sousto. Dokáží také v několika minutách ze své oběti strhat všechno maso a nenechají nic než holé kosti.

V zimě 2013 hejno piraní Palometa o velikosti 30 - 40 cm v argentinské řece Paraná napadlo a pokousalo koupající se děti, některým i ukously části prstů.[1]

Rozmnožování

Piraně obecné se dobře a vcelku rychle rozmnožují. Samice piraň obecných mohou při rozmnožování naklást až 1000 jiker, ty připevňují na kořeny stromů ve vodě. Potěr se vylíhne přibližně za 10 dní, do té doby jsou jikry pečlivě hlídány oběma rodiči. Mladé piraně mají na bocích černé skvrny, ty se postupně ztrácí.

Ohrožení

Zatím nejsou ohroženy, do budoucna by ale mohly být kvůli kácení pralesů a postupnému znečišťování řek, v kterých žijí. I přes špatnou pověst se stávají obyvateli akvárií, ať v zoo (např. ZOO Zlín, ZOO Plzeň a ZOO Brno), tak soukromých chovatelů.

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Red-bellied piranha na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Novinky, ČTK. Hejno piraň napadlo koupající se lidi, mezi zraněnými jsou i děti. Novinky.cz [online]. 2013-12-26 [cit. 2013-12-26]. Dostupné online.

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Piraňa obecná: Brief Summary ( чешки )

добавил wikipedia CZ

Piraňa obecná (Pygocentrus nattereri) je dravá ryba z čeledi tetrovitých. Vyskytují se pouze v Jižní Americe, od Venezuely po Argentinu. Žijí v mohutných, líně se valících říčních tocích, jako je například Amazonka. Dorůstají délky až 30 cm a váží okolo 3,5 kg

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Natterers Sägesalmler ( германски )

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Ein Schwarm Natterers Sägesalmler im Tropenaquarium, Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Deutschland.
 src=
Unterkiefer eines Piranhas (Pygocentrus nattereri) von innen. Beschreibung s. Fischschädel.
 src=
Typische Kopfpartie eines Pygocentrus nattereri
 src=
Typische Zeichnung eines rotbäuchigen Piranha mit der roten Bauchunterseite
 src=
Rotbäuchiger Piranha zwischen Pflanzenwurzeln
 src=
Jungfische von Pygocentrus nattereri
 src=
Ausgewachsener Natterers Sägesalmler im Prague Sea Aquarium
 src=
Natterers Sägesalmler im Prague Sea Aquarium

Natterers Sägesalmler oder Roter Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri, Syn.: Serrasalmus nattereri, Rooseveltiella nattereri) ist der am weitesten verbreitete Piranha. Benannt ist er nach dem Sammler der Typusexemplare Johann Natterer[Anm. 1]. In Brasilien wird Pygocentrus nattereri wegen seiner kräftigen roten Bauchfärbung oft Piranha Vermelha[Anm. 2] oder Piranha Caju[Anm. 3] und im spanischsprachigen Raum meist einfach nur Piraña genannt.[1] Im Deutschen findet man auch die Bezeichnung „Rotbäuchiger Piranha“,[2] eine Übersetzung aus dem englischen Red-bellied Piranha.

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über das Amazonas- und Orinocogebiet, Guayana sowie den Río de la Plata, Río Paraguay und den Río Paraná. Er kommt somit in Venezuela, Kolumbien, Guayana, Ecuador, Peru, Brasilien, Bolivien, Paraguay, Argentinien und Uruguay vor.[1] Im brasilianischen Pantanal kommt er in den Flüssen und periodisch miteinander verbundenen Seen und Lagunen häufig vor. In Flüssen wie dem Rio Negro und Rio Machado[Anm. 4], welche eine hohe Primärproduktion aufweisen, tritt er ebenfalls sehr häufig auf.[1]

Vorkommen in den US-Bundesstaaten Florida, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas und Virginia sind die Folge von Besatz mit Tieren aus Aquarienhaltung.

Merkmale

Natterers Sägesalmler besitzt den für seine Gattung typischen, relativ hochrückigen und seitlich zusammengedrückten Körperbau. Mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt die Hochrückigkeit zu. Er erreicht eine Größe von etwa 30 Zentimetern, wobei die Männchen im Allgemeinen kleiner bleiben. Das bislang größte Exemplar wurde im Río Cuiabá im Pantanal im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Mato Grosso do Sul gefangen. Ein 3,8 Kilogramm schweres Exemplar stammte aus dem Rio Xingu.[3]

Die bläulich bis braungraue und stark silbrig glänzende Grundfärbung wird von über den ganzen Körper verteilten, metallisch glitzernden Punkten unterbrochen. Die Körperunterseite ist kräftig rot gefärbt. Die Rückenflosse ist von grauer Farbe, die Schwanzflosse ist dunkel bis schwarz gefärbt und hat einen hellen Mittelteil. Bei Jungfischen ist die Afterflosse rot gefärbt, adulte Tiere tragen zusätzlich einen schwarzen Saum. Während der Laichzeit ist die Farbgebung insgesamt deutlich dunkler und die Intensität von einzelnen metallisch glänzenden Schuppen nimmt zu.

Natterers Sägesalmler trägt am Bauchkiel 24 bis 31 Zähne.

Flossenformel:

  • Dorsale II/14–15
  • Anale III/26–30
  • Pectorale 15–18

Lebensweise

Ernährung

Neuere Untersuchungen von Magurran[Anm. 5] und Queiroz[Anm. 6] zeigen, dass es sich bei Pygocentrus natteri überwiegend um omnivore Fische handelt.[4] Das Nahrungsspektrum von Natterers Sägesalmler ist vielfältig, er ernährt sich von Fischen, Aas, Insekten, Krebsen, Weichtieren und nimmt auch pflanzliche Nahrung auf. Kleinere Tiere begeben sich vorwiegend tagsüber auf Nahrungssuche, während mittlere und große Exemplare die Dämmerstunden am Morgen und am Abend bis etwa 22:00 Uhr bevorzugen. Innerhalb der Gruppen bilden sich Hierarchien heraus.[1]

Typisch ist die Lauerjagd aus dichter Vegetation heraus, Gruppen von 20 bis 30 Exemplaren warten im Schutz von Vegetation auf potentielle Beute. Diese wird üblicherweise von hinten oder unten angegriffen, nachdem sie das Versteck passiert hat. Angriffe werden häufig von Einzeltieren, gefolgt von ein bis zwei Artgenossen ausgeführt. Gelegentlich verlässt als Reaktion auf plötzliche Bewegungen im Wasser, ins Wasser gefallene Objekte oder Fischschwärme, die die Lauerstellung passieren, auch die ganze Gruppe die Deckung. Neben dieser Überfalltaktik spielt auch die Verfolgungsjagd im offenen Wasser eine Rolle, auch ihr geht häufig eine Wartestellung in der Vegetation voraus.

Bei der Jagd nach Insekten, Weichtieren und Krebsen werden Pflanzen oder der Gewässergrund visuell auf mögliche Beute untersucht, während der Fisch seine Position hält. Geeignete Nahrung wird dann mit einer plötzlichen Vorwärtsbewegung ergriffen (englisch scan-and-pick tactic).

Natterers Sägesalmler schließt sich immer wieder in Schwärmen zusammen, die weniger der Beutejagd, sondern vielmehr dem Schutz vor Fressfeinden wie Flussdelfinen, Kaimanen und Pirarucus dient. Der Zusammenschluss in Schwärmen senkt das Stressverhalten der Piranhas deutlich. Trennt man ein Individuum vom Schwarm, so zeigt es ein deutliches Angstverhalten wie eine verstärkte Atem- und Herzfrequenz.

Die Schwärme sind unbeständig, während sich die größeren adulten Exemplare im Kern des Schwarms aufhalten, finden sich die jüngeren Exemplare am Außenbereich und sind ständig auf Beutesuche. Der Erhaltungsbedarf der juvenilen Tiere ist höher als der der Alttiere, deswegen zeigen sie wesentlich mehr Aktivität und schnappen nach potenzieller Beute. Adulte Exemplare haben in der Schwarmmitte höhere Überlebenschancen gegenüber Angriffen von Räubern und ernähren sich von den Resten, die von den Jungtieren übrig bleiben. Kommt es zum Fressrausch, dann können sich die Tiere teilweise auch gegenseitig verletzten. Beobachtet wurde eine auffallend schnelle Wundheilung bei verletzten Piranhas.

In Trockenzeiten werden die Schwärme, die sich normalerweise auf einen großen Wasserkörper verteilen, auf dichten Raum in Schwärmen von 50, 100 oder mehr Fischen und teilweise auch Fressfeinden zusammengedrängt, was ihre Aggressivität enorm steigert.[5]

Fortpflanzung

Trotz seiner vergleichsweise weiten Verbreitung ist das Brutpflegeverhalten von Natterers Sägesalmler vorwiegend aus Beobachtungen von in Aquarien gehaltenen Tieren bekannt. Während der Balz schwimmen Männchen und Weibchen in kleinen, gegenläufigen Kreisen und richten im Moment des geringsten Abstands die Bauchseiten einander zu. Mit Schlägen der Schwanzflosse und Wasserstößen aus dem Maul wird zwischen Pflanzen eine 4 bis 5 Zentimeter tiefe und im Durchmesser etwa 15 Zentimeter umfassende Laichgrube ausgehoben. Nach einer Reihe von Scheinpaarungen erfolgt das eigentliche Ablaichen in den frühen Morgenstunden, während die Tiere unter starkem Zittern ihre Hinterleiber aneinander pressen. Das Männchen fängt die herabfallenden Eier mit seiner Afterflosse auf und schleudert sie dann in die Laichgrube. Ein Gelege kann bis zu 4000 der gelben, ungefähr 1,5 Millimeter großen und stark klebrigen Eier umfassen. Das Männchen betreibt Brutpflege und vertreibt Eindringlinge, potentielle Bedrohungen außerhalb der unmittelbaren Umgebung des eigenen Nests werden jedoch nicht angegriffen. Bei 28 bis 29 Grad Celsius schlüpfen die Larven nach 3 bis 4 Tagen, weitere 3 Tage später beginnen sie frei zu schwimmen und das Vatertier stellt die Brutpflege ein. Im Rio Miranda, einem Nebenfluss des Rio Paraguay wurde die Fortpflanzung von Pygocentrus nattereri in freier Natur beobachtet. Schulen in Größen von 20 bis 25 geschlechtsreifen Fischen wandern zu Beginn der Regenzeit auf überschwemmtes Grasland und laichen dort ab.[6] In den Weißwasserflüssen und Überschwemmungswäldern des Mamirauá-Nationalpark bei Tefé im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Amazonas wurde festgestellt, dass es bei Pygocentrus nattereri zwei annuelle Reproduktionsperioden gibt, die abhängig von der Fluktuation des Wasserstandes und des Flutimpulses sind.[Anm. 7] Die Weibchen produzieren bis zu 30.000 Oozyten, von denen aber im Durchschnitt weniger als 1/3 heranreift. Die Geschlechtsreife beginnt bei beiden Geschlechtern bei einer Körpergröße von etwa 160 Millimetern. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt dunkeln die geschlechtsreifen Tiere nach und verlieren zeitweise ihre lebhafte bunte Färbung. Während sich die Tiere für den Laichvorgang auf überfluteter Ufervegetation oder überschwemmten Grasland aufhalten, ziehen nicht reproduktive Exemplare das offene Wasser vor.[7]

Rolle im Ökosystem

Pygocentrus nattereri spielt im neotropischen Süßwasser-Ökosystem[8] Südamerikas als Raubfisch eine bedeutende Rolle. Während der im Unterlauf des Amazonas auftretenden Springflut Pororoca und daraus entstehenden Tidenwelle, die sich von der Mündung landeinwärts ausbreitet, kann der Wasserstand um bis zu 15 Meter steigen. Durch das Hochwasser kommt es wiederholt zu einem massenhaften Ertrinken von Haus- und Wildtieren, die als Kadaver auf den Gewässern treiben und zu Seuchen führen können. Piranhas besetzen die ökologische Nische als Aasfresser und werden wegen dieses Verhaltens auch als „Hyänen“ oder „Geier des Süßwassers“ oder „Gesundheitspolizei“ bezeichnet.[9] Sie sind darauf spezialisiert, tote, verletzte oder kranke Tiere zu fressen, die sie in kleinen Gruppen angreifen.[10]

Systematik

Natterers Sägesalmler wurde im Jahr 1858 durch den österreichischen Zoologen Rudolf Kner erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Er gehört der Gattung Pygocentrus an, zu der die größten Piranhaarten gehören. Aufgrund seiner weiten Verbreitung treten zahlreiche Farbvarianten, Lokalrassen und Unterarten auf. Molekularbiologische Daten lassen darauf schließen das Pygocentrus nattereri eine Sammelart ist, die aus fünf eigenständigen Linien mit unterschiedlicher Verbreitung besteht. Dabei handelt es sich um die Populationen aus dem Amazonas, sowie aus den Stromgebieten von Rio Guaporé (Terra typica), Rio Itapecuru, Río Paraná und Rio Paraguay, und Rio Tocantins mit Rio Araguaia.[11]

Beziehung zu Menschen

Nutzen

Natterers Sägesalmler dient lokal als Speisefisch, Sportfisch für Angler und Aquarienfisch. Piranhafleisch enthält 8,2 Prozent Fett, 15 Prozent tierisches Protein und 4,4 Prozent Mineralstoffe.[1]

Natterers Sägesalmler als Neozoon

Seit den 1960er Jahren wurde in den südlichen Bundesstaaten der USA vermehrt bewusstes oder unabsichtliches Freisetzen von Piranha-Arten wie Pygocentrus natteri und Serrasalmus rhombeus in Wildgewässer Floridas, Alabama, Louisianas, Texas, Arizonas und Kaliforniens beobachtet. Untersuchungen in Laboratorien zur Kältetoleranz von Pygocentrus natteri[12] brachten das Ergebnis, dass Wassertemperaturen von 10 °C die kritische letale Schwelle für das Überleben sind. Wird diese Temperatur unterschritten, kann keine Population von P. natteri bestehen. Ein Überleben der Art könnte im Süden Kaliforniens, Texas, Florida und Hawaii gewährleistet sein, solange die Mindestwassertemperaturen 14 °C betragen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten auch, dass die Aktivität und Aggressivität der Art mit steigenden Wassertemperaturen zunahm. Bei Wassertemperaturen unter 14 °C zeigten die Fische kein Jagdverhalten mehr.[13]

Während in Bangladesch Versuche unternommen wurden, Pygocentrus nattereri als Speisefisch in Polykulturen zusammen mit einheimischen Fischen zu halten[14], gilt der Fisch im südlichen Indien als invasive Spezies, die in einigen Gewässern das natürliche Gleichgewicht der einheimischen Fischfauna bedroht.[15]

Angriffe auf Menschen

P. nattereri gehört zu den Arten, die aufgrund ihres Aggressionsverhaltens und ihrer großen Schwarmbildung Menschen gefährlich werden können.[16] Am 7. Dezember 2011 wurde ein Fischer[17][18] im bolivianischen Río Yata von einem Schwarm Piranhas so stark verletzt, dass er an seinen Wunden starb. Der Angriff fiel zeitlich mit der Laichperiode von P. nattereri in diesem Fluss zusammen.[19] Ivan Sazima von der Universidade Estadual de Campinas und Sérgio de Andrade Guimarães vom Krankenhaus in Poconé untersuchten in den Jahren 1985 bis 1986 drei Fälle, bei denen menschliche Leichen von Piranhas gefressen wurden. Die Fälle ereigneten sich im Flussbecken des São Lourenço[Anm. 8] und in der Nähe der Stadt Poconé im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Mato Grosso. Die irrige Annahme, Piranhas würden Menschen angreifen, beruht auf der Beobachtung, dass bestimmte Piranha-Arten menschliche Leichen, wie andere Säugetiere auch, fressen. Sazima und Guimarães untersuchten die Bissmuster der Ertrunkenen und kamen zum Schluss, dass es sich mindestens um zwei unterschiedlich große Piranha-Arten handeln muss, welche als Aasfresser bestimmte Wunden verursachten. In Frage kamen nur die beiden Arten Pygocentrus nattereri und Serrasalmus spilopleura, die im Pantanal sehr häufig und weit verbreitet sind. Es ist bekannt, dass beide omnivore Arten tote Fische, Vögel und Säugetiere im Wasser fressen, teilweise auch im stark verwesten Zustand. P. nattereri ist die größere Spezies und besitzt sehr kräftige Zähne und Kiefer, mit denen sie dicke Hautschichten und festes Fleisch von Säugetieren mühelos aufbeißen können. Außerdem tritt P. nattereri in größeren Schwärmen auf und stellt somit meist den ersten Aasfresser an der Beute dar. S. spilopleura mit einem kleineren Gebiss löst die P. natteri-Schwärme ab und frisst die übrig gebliebenen Weichteile des Kadavers.[20]

Anmerkungen

  1. Zur Etymologie der Gattungsnamen: pygocentrus (griech.) "Stachelsteiß" (vgl. Centropyge) ähnlich wie Serrasalmus (lat.) "Sägesalmler" beziehen sich auf sägeartig scharfe Bauchkanten-Schuppen. Theodore Roosevelt war ein Förderer von Expeditionen.
  2. Übers. Roter Piranha
  3. nach der intensiv roten Kaschufrucht
  4. Fluss im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Rondônia
  5. Anne Magurran, Populationsbiologin, St. Andrews University, Schottland
  6. Hélder Queiroz, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Brasilien
  7. two annual reproductive seasons, tuned to water level fluctuation and the flooding pulse
  8. Nebenarm des Río Paraguay, durchfließt das Pantanal und grenzt an Bolivien, Paraguay und Brasilien

Quellen

Literatur

  • Ivan Sazima, Francisco A. Machado: Underwater observations of piranhas in western Brazil, Environmental Biology of Fishes 28, S. 17–31, 1990, (Print), (Online)
  • Massao Uetanabaro, Tobias Wang, August S. Abe: Breeding behaviour of the red-bellied piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri, in nature, Environmental Biology of Fishes 38, S. 369–371, 1993, (Print), (Online)
  • Axel Zarske: Pygocentrus natteri Kner, (1860). In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): Das große Lexikon der Aquaristik. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9, S. 841.
  • Günther Sterba: Süsswasserfische der Welt. 2. Auflage. Urania, Leipzig/Jena/Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4.
  • H.L. Queiroz, M.B. Sobanski, A. E. Magurran: Reproductive strategies of Red-bellied Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) in the white waters of the Mamiraua flooded forest, central Brazilian Amazon, Environmental Biology of Fishes 2010, Vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 11–19.
  • H.L. Queiroz, A. E. Magurran: Safety in Numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha. Biological Letters of the Royal Society, 2005, Vol. 1, n. 2, 155–157.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e Pygocentrus nattereri summary page. In: fishbase.sinica.edu.tw. Abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019 (englisch).
  2. Michael Corniff: Piranhas – verkannte Räuber. In: geo.de. Abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019.
  3. Pygocentrus nattereri. In: www.jjphoto.dk. Archiviert vom Original am 10. März 2011; abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019 (englisch).
  4. H.L. Queiroz, A. E. Magurran: Safety in Numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha. In: Biological Letters of the Royal Society. Band 1, 22. Juni 2005, S. 155–157, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0267 (englisch).
  5. Dagny Lüdemann: Piranhas - eigentlich ganz lieb. In: tagesspiegel.de. 3. Juli 2007, abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019.
  6. Massao Uetanabaro, Tobias Wang, Augusto S. Abe: Breeding behaviour of the red-bellied piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri in nature. In: Environmental Biology of Fishes. Nr. 38, 1993, S. 369–371 (springer.com).
  7. H. L. Queiroz, M. B. Sobanski, A. E. Magurran: Reproductive strategies of Red-bellied Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) in the white waters of the Mamiraua flooded forest, central Brazilian Amazon. In: Environmental Biology of Fishes. Band 89, Nr. 1, 2010, S. 11–19 (englisch).
  8. Lucélia Nobre Carvalho, Rafael Arruda, Kleber Del-Claro: Host-parasite interactions between the piranha Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Characidae) and isopods and branchiurans (Crustacea) in the Rio Araguaia basin, Brazil. In: Neotropical Ichthyology. Band 2, Nr. 2, 2004, S. 93–98 (englisch, scielo.br [PDF; 200 kB]).
  9. Jonas Klereborn: Where Piranhas Live. In: www.sysf.physto.se. Mai 2000, archiviert vom Original am 30. November 2014; abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019 (englisch).
  10. Wolfgang Schulte: Piranhas. Wissenswertes über Ökologie, Verhalten, Pflege und Zucht, In: Lehrmeister-Bücherei 3., überarbeitete Auflage, Landbuch Hannover 1995, S. 48–53, ISBN 3-7842-1114-3.
  11. Mateussi, N.T.B., Melo, B.F., Foresti, F. & Oliveira, C. (2019): Molecular Data Reveal Multiple Lineages in Piranhas of the Genus Pygocentrus (Teleostei, Characiformes). Genes, 10 (5): 371. doi: 10.3390/genes10050371.
  12. Wayne A. Bennett, Rebecca J. Currie, Paul Wagner, Thomas Beitinger: Cold Tolerance and Potential Overwintering of the Red-Bellied Piranha Pygocentrus nattereri in the United States. In: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. Nr. 126, 1997, S. 841–849, doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1997)1262.3.CO;2 (englisch).
  13. Cold Tolerance of Pygocentrus nattereri, Page 1. In: angelfire.com. Oregon Piranha Exotic Fish Exhibit, Sutherlin, Oregon, 5. Dezember 2015, abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019 (englisch).
  14. M. M. Rahman, A. T. Abu Ahmed, M. M. Mahmud, M. A. Hossain: Growth Study of an exotic fish, Red Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) in Polyculture. In: Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. Band 3, Nr. 2, 2008, S. 33–38 (englisch, cabi.org [PDF; 108 kB]).
  15. J.D. Marcus Knight: Invasive ornamental fish: a potential threat to aquatic biodiversity in peninsular India (PDF-Datei (Memento vom 1. November 2012 im Internet Archive); 149 kB).
  16. Oregon Piranha Exotic Fish Exibit.
  17. Teenager killed by piranha (Memento vom 7. April 2014 im Internet Archive)
  18. Teen Commits Suicide by Jumping Into School of Piranhas
  19. Nightmare Piranha Attack Leaves a Bolivia Teenager Dead (Memento vom 7. April 2014 im Internet Archive)
  20. Ivan Sazima, Sérgio de Andrade Guimarães: Scavenging on human corpses as a source for stories about man-eating piranhas. In: Environmental Biology of Fishes. Band 20, Nr. 1, September 1987, S. 75–77, doi:10.1007/BF00002027.
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Natterers Sägesalmler: Brief Summary ( германски )

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Ein Schwarm Natterers Sägesalmler im Tropenaquarium, Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg, Deutschland.  src= Unterkiefer eines Piranhas (Pygocentrus nattereri) von innen. Beschreibung s. Fischschädel.  src= Typische Kopfpartie eines Pygocentrus nattereri  src= Typische Zeichnung eines rotbäuchigen Piranha mit der roten Bauchunterseite  src= Rotbäuchiger Piranha zwischen Pflanzenwurzeln  src= Jungfische von Pygocentrus nattereri  src= Ausgewachsener Natterers Sägesalmler im Prague Sea Aquarium  src= Natterers Sägesalmler im Prague Sea Aquarium

Natterers Sägesalmler oder Roter Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri, Syn.: Serrasalmus nattereri, Rooseveltiella nattereri) ist der am weitesten verbreitete Piranha. Benannt ist er nach dem Sammler der Typusexemplare Johann Natterer. In Brasilien wird Pygocentrus nattereri wegen seiner kräftigen roten Bauchfärbung oft Piranha Vermelha oder Piranha Caju und im spanischsprachigen Raum meist einfach nur Piraña genannt. Im Deutschen findet man auch die Bezeichnung „Rotbäuchiger Piranha“, eine Übersetzung aus dem englischen Red-bellied Piranha.

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Kutu paña ( кечуански )

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Kutu paña[1] icha Muyu paña[2] (Pygocentrus nattereri) nisqaqa huk rikch'aq pañam, aycha mikhuq challwam, Uralan Awya Yalapi Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyup mayunkunapi kawsaq.

Pukyukuna

  1. Daniela Manya, Jhon Cuji, Marcelo Mukushigua, Igor Manya, Gabriel Manya, Elvia Gualinga, Otoniel Santi, Ana Cadena (Equipo Técnico Comunitario de la NAPE), Alexandra Proaño (Presidenta de NAPE): “Andwa ishiji nujuanó awkenó”, Andua Sumak Kawsana Ñambi 2010 – 2020. Nacionalidad Andoa de Pastaza Ecuador (NAPE), Puka Yaku 2010. p. 27 [22]. Cutu Paña: Pygocentrus nattereri.
  2. desa-idea.ambiente.gob.ec / Reserva de producción faunística Cuyabeno (PDF) muyu paña: Pygocentrus nattereri

Hawa t'inkikuna

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Kutu paña: Brief Summary ( кечуански )

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Kutu paña icha Muyu paña (Pygocentrus nattereri) nisqaqa huk rikch'aq pañam, aycha mikhuq challwam, Uralan Awya Yalapi Amarumayu sach'a-sach'a suyup mayunkunapi kawsaq.

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Red-bellied piranha ( англиски )

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The red-bellied piranha, also known as the red piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), is a type of piranha native to South America, found in the Amazon, Paraguay, Paraná and Essequibo basins, as well as coastal rivers of northeastern Brazil.[1][2] This fish is locally abundant in its freshwater habitat.[3] They are omnivorous foragers and feed on insects, worms, crustaceans, and fish. They are not a migratory species but do travel to seek out conditions conducive to breeding and spawning during periods of increased rainfall. Red-bellied piranhas often travel in shoals as a predatory defense but rarely exhibit group hunting behavior. Acoustic communication is common and is sometimes exhibited along with aggressive behaviors. They are a popular aquarium fish.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The red-bellied piranha belongs to the family Serrasalmidae, which is a group of medium to large-sized characids and includes other closely related omnivores such as pacus.[4] They are characterized by deep, lateral compressed bodies and long dorsal fins.[5] Within the family, red-bellied piranhas are classified in the genus Pygocentrus, which is distinguished by the unusual dentition and differing head width dimensions. The red-bellied piranha is often thought of as highly carnivorous, while most other fish that are not piranhas in the family are primarily herbivorous. However, the red-bellied piranha is actually omnivorous.[5]

Distribution and habitat

The red-bellied piranha is distributed widely throughout the South American continent and is found in the Neotropical rivers of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.[6] They live in the warm freshwater drainages of several major rivers including the Amazon, Paraguay, Paraná, and Essequibo, as well as numerous smaller systems.[7] They can live in waters that are between 15 and 35 °C (59–95 °F) but are able to survive temperatures as low as 10 °C (50 °F) for a period.[8] They are mainly found in whitewater,[9] but have also been recorded in blackwater and clearwater.[7] The red-bellied piranha live in major rivers, streams, lakes (such as oxbows and artificial lakes formed by dams), floodplains,[7] and flooded forests.[6] They were introduced to China, probably by the aquarium trade.[10]: 75  First detected in 1990 they have since become invasive in the country.[10]: 75 

No piranha is found in the United States including this one.[11] In 1998 a single specimen was found in a lake in a golf course in Simi Valley, Ventura County, California.[11] California and Washington prohibit P. nattereri and encourage surveillance to prevent its introduction.[11][12]

Description

Jaw bone with razor-shape teeth in Cologne Zoo

The red-bellied piranha has a popular reputation as a ferocious predator, despite being primarily a scavenger.[13] As their name suggests, red-bellied piranhas have a reddish tinge to the belly when fully grown, although juveniles are a silver color with darker spots. The species can reach up to 3.9 kg (8 lb 10 oz) in weight and 50 cm (20 in) in standard length[2] but rarely surpass 35 cm (14 in).[7] The rest of the body is often grey with silver-flecked scales. Sometimes, blackish spots appear behind the gills and the anal fin is usually black at the base. The pectoral and pelvic fins may vary from red to orange. Females can be distinguished from males by the slightly deeper red color of their bellies.[6]

The red-bellied piranha is typically found in white water rivers, such as the Amazon River Basin, and in some streams and lakes. Sometimes, they may inhabit flooded forests such as those found in the Brazilian Amazon. They live in shoals but do not group hunt, although they may occasionally enter into feeding frenzies. In the case of a feeding frenzy, schools of piranha will converge on one large prey individual and eat it within minutes. These attacks are usually extremely rare and are due to provocation or starvation. Breeding occurs over a two-month period during the rainy season, but that can vary by area. Females will lay around 5,000 eggs on newly submerged vegetation in nests that are built by the males.[6]

A significant amount of lore regarding the ferocity of the red-belied piranha can be traced to President Theodore Roosevelt following the completion of the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition. The former president returned with dramatic stories of an entire cow being stripped to the bones within a matter of a few minutes. This event was later found to be staged by local guides, eager to provide Roosevelt with a spectacle worthy of the journey. It later surfaced the fish had been corralled and starved for over a week, into a section of the river, into which the unfortunate cow was driven for the event. There is nothing to suggest Roosevelt was ever aware of this fact.

Behavior

Pygocentrus nattereri encompasses a larger geographic area than any other piranha species, covering much of the Neotropical region. When red-bellied piranhas are introduced to other parts of the American continent, there are usually negative consequences for the local fish fauna,[14] partially due to its generally aggressive behavior. This aggressive behavior is sometimes marked by the acoustic sounds they produce.[15]

The red-bellied piranha is not a migratory species[16]: 288  but does search for conditions conducive to reproduction during seasons of increased rainfall. Red-bellied piranhas are omnivores and primarily foragers. They feed on insects, fish, plants, and organic debris.[1] Bechara et al., 1996 finds P. nattereri is almost immune to gas bubble disease which is devastating to almost all fish in the same environment.[16]: 288 

Diet and feeding behavior

The typical diet of red-bellied piranhas is omnivorous[17] including fruit,[18][17] leaves,[17] insects,[17] mollusks,[17] carrion[17] and fish.[17] In packs up to hundreds, piranhas have been known to feed on animals as large as egrets or capybara. Despite the piranha's reputation as a dangerous carnivore, it is actually primarily a scavenger and forager, and will mainly eat plants and insects during the rainy season when food is abundant.[19] They also tend to feed only on weak, injured, dying, or dead animals in the wild.[18] Red-bellied piranhas do not stay in groups in order to pack-hunt for larger animals, but instead group for protection against predators.

Foraging methods vary throughout the different stages of a piranha's life. Smaller fish will search for food during the day, while larger fish will forage at dawn, in the late afternoon, and in the early evening. Throughout the day, the fish lurk in dark areas and ambush their prey. The piranha may also catch prey by hunting and chasing, where it will lie hidden in the vegetation until its prey swims by. The piranha will then capture its prey. When scavenging, the piranha will eat a wide variety of food, ranging from pieces of debris, insects, snails, fish fins, scales, and plants.[1]

Reproduction

The breeding habits of piranhas in nature are mostly unknown, with most spawning research being done in aquariums.[20] Piranhas are usually able to breed by the time they are one year old. Female piranhas will lay several thousand eggs near water plants, onto which the eggs stick. The males then fertilize the eggs. After just two to three days the eggs will hatch, and the juvenile piranhas will hide in the plants until they are large enough to defend themselves, at which point hiding from predators becomes lurking for prey.[18]

Research on red-bellied piranha breeding behavior in nature has revealed certain behavioral patterns around nesting sites. Adult piranhas will swim side-by-side in small circles, sometimes with two individuals swimming in opposite directions while keeping their ventral surfaces close to one another. Although this may appear to be a courtship display, a closer look reveals that the adults are actually defending nesting sites. The nests are about 4 to 5 centimetres (1+12 to 2 in) deep, and are dug among water grasses, with the eggs attached to the grasses and plant stems.[14]

This formation of mating pairs, nuptial swimming displays, and guarding of the nests shows that red-bellied piranhas exhibit parental care for the nest and the young.[14] When left unattended, other fish, such as characids, may prey upon the eggs. Despite the defensive practice of circling the nests, red-bellied piranhas are often passive toward other fish that approach the nest. It is possible that the mere presence of the piranha, a natural predator, provides enough of a threat to prevent potential predators from approaching the nest.[20]

Piranhas have two annual reproductive seasons; these seasons are tied to water level fluctuations, the flooding pulse, temperature, and other hydrological conditions.[20] When individuals are ready to become sexually active, they will lose their red coloration and select habitats that are conducive to spawning, such as flooded marginal grasses and vegetation within lakes. This habitat selection is a clear distinction from non-reproductive individuals that prefer open water and under floating meadows.[14]

Shoaling

Red-bellied piranhas often travel in shoals as a predatory defense, as well as for the offense. In studies that tested the piranhas' reactions to a simulated predator attack, resting opercular rates returned to normal more quickly among piranhas that were in shoals of eight rather than in shoals of two. Although it has been presumed that piranhas engage in pack-hunting behavior, no investigation shows that shoaling behavior among piranhas is used for cooperative hunting.[21]

Most likely, this shoaling behavior is a defense against predation from larger animals such as dolphins, large piscivorous fish, caimans, and aquatic birds.[21] Piranhas will travel to their nesting sites in shoals in order to reduce the likelihood that any single individual will be attacked by a predator. Shoals of red-bellied piranha use the margins of flooded areas to build their nests.[22]

Communication and signaling

Acoustic communication among red-bellied piranhas is exhibited along with aggressive behaviors, such as biting, chasing, conspecific confrontation, and fighting.[15] The sounds created by piranhas are generated through rapid contractions of the sonic muscles and is associated with the swimbladder. The swimbladder may play an important role in sound production as a resonator.[23] All of the observations made on sound production by red-bellied piranha have been when specimens were held by hand. When taken out of the water, the red-bellied piranha will emit a drumming-like sound, consisting of a low-frequency harmonic sound.[24] However, research has shown the presence of three types of acoustic emissions that are associated with specific behaviors. Type one calls are made up of harmonic sounds, last approximately 140 milliseconds at 120 Hz, and are associated with frontal display behavior between two fish. Type two sounds last approximately 36 milliseconds at 40 Hz, and are associated with circling and fighting behavior related to food competition. Type three sounds are made up of a single pulse lasting just 3 milliseconds at 1740 Hz, and are highly associated with chasing behavior toward a conspecific individual. This same sound is also produced when an individual snaps its jaws to bite another individual.[24]

Nearly all sounds produced by red-bellied piranhas are produced in the context of social interactions between individuals. The low, drumming sounds are typically produced during moderate attacks, while loud, threatened sounds are produced during more vigorous attacks.[24]

Conservation status

Caught with chum

The red-bellied piranha is widespread and locally abundant. In some parts of its range, it is among the most common fish species.[3] The collection and trade of the species to aquariums may locally present a low risk to the red-bellied piranha.[6]

In the media

Many myths surround this species. The 1978 film Piranha by Joe Dante shows these fish in a similar light to sharks in Jaws. Piranha was followed by a sequel, Piranha II: The Spawning, in 1982, and two remakes, one in 1995, and Piranha 3D in 2010, which also got a sequel of its own, Piranha 3DD. Films such as these, and stories of large schools of red-bellies attacking humans, fuel their exaggerated and erroneous reputation as being one of the most ferocious freshwater fish. In reality, they are generally timid scavengers, fulfilling a role similar to vultures on land. In Piranha 3D, a previously unknown piranha is discovered. Christopher Lloyd's character misidentifies a specimen of this monstrous new species as the familiar Pygocentrus nattereri.[25]

In aquariums

Red-bellied piranhas are sometimes kept as aquarium fish. They may be fed live, fresh, or frozen food, but they will not eat rotten meats. Their natural diet consists of live prey and dead animals or fish. Live feedings to captive piranhas can introduce diseases, and goldfish contain a growth-inhibiting hormone, which in turn will affect piranhas. Red-bellied piranhas, particularly when juvenile, will sometimes bite one another in the aquarium, normally on the fins, in behavior called 'fin nipping'. Those that have had their fins nipped will grow them back surprisingly rapidly. To maintain a piranha aquarium, it is important to keep the water quality up, as they are messy eaters, and this will dirty the water in the tank. Also, they need places to hide in dim light. Because in the wild they may not eat every day, those in captivity do not need to be fed daily, but when hungry, they can eat each other.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c Pygocentrus nattereri. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Accessed 19 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Editors. Pygocentrus nattereri. FishBase. 2015.
  3. ^ a b Santos, Carlos Henrique dos A. dos; Sá Leitão, Carolina S.; Paula‐Silva, Maria de N.; Almeida‐Val, Vera Maria F. (2016). "Genetic differentiation in red‐bellied piranha populations (Pygocentrus nattereri, Kner, 1858) from the Solimões‐Amazonas River". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (12): 4203–4213. doi:10.1002/ece3.2195. PMC 4972243. PMID 27516875.
  4. ^ Black-finned Pacu Fish, Colossoma macropomum: Profile with care, maintenance requirements and breeding information for your tropical fish. Badmanstropicalfish.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
  5. ^ a b Freeman, B.; Nico, L. G.; Osentoski, M.; Jelks, H. L.; Collins, T. M. (2007). "Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1484 (4): 1–38. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384132.x. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Red-bellied piranha". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2013-12-05. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d "Pygocentrus nattereri". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
  8. ^ Bennett, W. A.; Currie, R. J.; Wagner, P. F.; Beitinger, T. L. (September 1997). "Cold Tolerance and Potential Overwintering of the Red-Bellied Piranha in the United States". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 126 (5): 841–849. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0841:CTAPOO>2.3.CO;2.
  9. ^ Saint-Paul, Ulrich; Zuanon, Jansen; Correa, Marle A. Villacorta; García, Marcelo; Fabré, Nidia Noemi; Berger, Uta; Junk, Wolfgang J. (2000). "Fish Communities in Central Amazonian White- and Blackwater Floodplains". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 57 (3): 235–250. doi:10.1023/A:1007699130333. S2CID 25361090.
  10. ^ a b Wan, Fanghao; Jiang, Mingxing; Zhan, Aibin, eds. (2017). Biological invasions and its management in China. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. xiv+366. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0948-2. ISBN 978-94-024-0946-8. OCLC 984692367. S2CID 132236558. ISBN 978-94-024-0948-2.
  11. ^ a b c "California's Invaders: Piranha". California Department of Fish and Wildlife. 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  12. ^ "Red-Bellied piranha". Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  13. ^ "Red-bellied piranha". BBC Nature Wildlife. BBC. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  14. ^ a b c d Queiroz, H. L.; M. B. Sobanski; A. E. Magurran (September 2010). "Reproductive strategies of Red-bellied Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) in the white waters of the Mamirauá flooded forest, central Brazilian Amazon". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 89 (1): 11–19. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9658-1. S2CID 29214833.
  15. ^ a b Katenhuber, E.; S. C. F. Neuhauss (20 December 2011). "Acoustic Communication: Sound Advice from Piranhas". Current Biology. 21 (24): 986–988. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.048. PMID 22192829.
  16. ^ a b Lucas, Martyn; Baras, Etienne; Thom, Timothy; Duncan, Annie; Slavik, Ondrej (2001). Migration of Freshwater Fishes. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-05754-8. OCLC 47894872.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g "Pygocentrus nattereri (Redbelly piranha)".
  18. ^ a b c "Red-bellied piranha". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  19. ^ Zollinger, S. A. "Piranha – Ferocious Fighter or Scavenging Softie?". Indiana Public Media.
  20. ^ a b c Uetanabaro, M.; T. Wang; A. S. Abe (December 1993). "Breeding behaviour of the red-bellied piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri, in nature". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 38 (4): 369–371. doi:10.1007/bf00007529. S2CID 44227257.
  21. ^ a b Queiroz, H.; Magurran, A. E. (22 June 2005). "Safety in numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha". Biology Letters. 1 (2): 155–157. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0267. PMC 1626212. PMID 17148153.
  22. ^ Vicentin, W.; dos Santos Costa, F. E.; Súarez, Y. R. (2013). "Population ecology of Red-bellied Piranha Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858 (Characidae: Serrasalminae) in the Negro River, Pantanal, Brazil" (PDF). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 96: 57–66. doi:10.1007/s10641-012-0022-5. S2CID 14821360.
  23. ^ Onuki, A; Ohmori Y.; Somiya H. (January 2006). "Spinal Nerve Innervation to the Sonic Muscle and Sonic Motor Nucleus in Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Ostariophysi)". Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 67 (2): 11–122. doi:10.1159/000089185. PMID 16254416. S2CID 7395840.
  24. ^ a b c Millot, S.; Vandewalle, P.; Parmentier, E. (12 October 2011). "Sound production in red-bellied piranhas (Pygocentrus nattereri, Kner): an acoustical, behavioural and morphofunctional study". Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (21): 3613–3618. doi:10.1242/jeb.061218. PMID 21993790.
  25. ^ Chakrabarty, P.; Fink, W. L. (2011). "Review of Piranha 3D" (PDF). Copeia. 1: 181. doi:10.1643/ot-10-147. S2CID 85396832.
  26. ^ Wittenrich, M. L. The Complete Illustrated Breeder's Guide to Marine Aquarium Fishes. Neptune City, New Jersey: T. F. H. Publications. 2007. ISBN 1890087718

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Red-bellied piranha: Brief Summary ( англиски )

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The red-bellied piranha, also known as the red piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri), is a type of piranha native to South America, found in the Amazon, Paraguay, Paraná and Essequibo basins, as well as coastal rivers of northeastern Brazil. This fish is locally abundant in its freshwater habitat. They are omnivorous foragers and feed on insects, worms, crustaceans, and fish. They are not a migratory species but do travel to seek out conditions conducive to breeding and spawning during periods of increased rainfall. Red-bellied piranhas often travel in shoals as a predatory defense but rarely exhibit group hunting behavior. Acoustic communication is common and is sometimes exhibited along with aggressive behaviors. They are a popular aquarium fish.

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Pygocentrus nattereri ( шпански; кастиљски )

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La piraña de vientre rojo o coicoa (Pygocentrus nattereri) es una especie de pez teleósteo de la familia Characidae, en el orden de los Characiformes.

Morfología

 src=
En un acuario en Praga, República Checa.

El macho puede alcanzar los 33,3 cm de longitud total y 3850 g de peso.[2]

Lo primero que llama la atención es una mandíbula prominente y una poderosa boca llena de dientes en posición terminal. La aleta dorsal está situada más atrás de lo normal, y la anal se encuentra separada de la caudal únicamente por el pedúnculo caudal. La mandíbula inferior es más prominente mostrando a veces la punta de los dientes (Dato importante para distinguirlas de los Pacus en algunos comercios). El movimiento natatorio es parecido al movimiento de una serpiente, realizado principalmente por los fuertes músculos laterales del cuerpo junto con la aleta caudal. Ninguna de sus otras aletas es de real importancia en la locomoción y durante el nado lento son plegadas al cuerpo. Las aletas inferiores se utilizan para estabilizar el equilibrio del pez, y junto con la vejiga natatoria sirven además para que la piraña flote casi sin moverse.

La aleta dorsal carece de espinas y cuenta con 16-18 radios. La aleta anal, igualmente sin espinas, tiene 27-30 radios.

En cuanto a la coloración, de los jóvenes, son muy plateados y con puntos negros por todo el cuerpo, a medida que van creciendo esos puntos negros empezarán a desaparecer, la barriga tomará un color rojo intenso (por esto en países anglosajones se les conoce como red belly = 'barriga roja'), el plateado se tornará más oscuro, quizás un tono verdoso, quizás azulado depende de cada piraña, y el iris tomará un color naranja intenso también.

Alimentación

La piraña de vientre rojo come insectos, gusanos y peces (entre otros, Astyanax bimaculatus, Brycon hilarii, Cichlasoma dimerus, Crenicichla lepidota, Hoplias malabaricus y Markiana nigripinnis), aunque generalmente el pescado suele abarcar el 90 % de su dieta.

Hábitat

Es un pez de agua dulce y de clima subtropical a tropical, de entre 23 y 27 °C de temperatura.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en Sudamérica, en las cuencas de los ríos Amazonas, Paraguay, Paraná, Esequibo y Uruguay, y en ríos costeros del noreste de Brasil con agua blanda y ligeramente ácida, pH 6.0 a 7.0, GH 5ºd-11ºd.

Observaciones

Las pirañas de vientre rojo pueden ocasionar graves mordeduras a los humanos, debido a su dentadura. En la cuenca del Plata (por ejemplo en las aguas del río Paraná) normalmente son inofensivas por dos factores: solo se vuelven agresivas para animales corpulentos al norte del paralelo 20°S ya que las aguas cálidas estimulan su agresividad y gregarismo y porque naturalmente los yacarés y nutrias gigantes (o ariraí) controlaban sus poblaciones al tener a las palometas y pirañas en general como presas, pero al ser casi exterminados (durante el siglo XX y la primera década del siglo XXI los yacarés y las nutrias) desapareció el equilibrio natural que controlaba a estos pequeños peces carnívoros. Por otra parte en momentos de ola de calor o de sequía veraniega tal cual ocurre a inicios del siglo XXI el nivel de los ríos en que habitan baja y al bajar el nivel de las aguas de estos ríos el agua de los mismas se calienta más al recibir la radiación solar, esto explica los sorpresivos y hasta entonces desconocidos ataques de "palometas" a bañistas en las costas fluviales de ciudades tan australes como la gran ciudad argentina de Rosario ocurrida durante la ola de calor de la segunda mitad de diciembre de 2013.

Referencias

  1. "Pygocentrus nattereri". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en julio de 2011. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
  2. Benedito-Cecilio, E., A.A. Agostinho y R.C.C.-M. Velho 1997. Length-weight relationship of fishes caught in the Itaipu Reservoir, Paraná, Brazil. Naga ICLARM Q. 20(3/4):57-61.

Bibliografía

  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4.ª edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3.ª edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2.ª edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Pygocentrus nattereri: Brief Summary ( шпански; кастиљски )

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La piraña de vientre rojo o coicoa (Pygocentrus nattereri) es una especie de pez teleósteo de la familia Characidae, en el orden de los Characiformes.

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Pygocentrus nattereri ( баскиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri Pygocentrus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serrasalmidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Pygocentrus nattereri FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pygocentrus nattereri: Brief Summary ( баскиски )

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Pygocentrus nattereri Pygocentrus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serrasalmidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Punapiraija ( фински )

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Punapiraija (Pygocentrus nattereri, ent. Serrasalmus nattereri) on piraijoiden heimoon Serrasalmidae kuuluva tetrakalalaji, joka on ryhmänsä tunnetuin ja pelätyin laji. Punapiraijan pituus on noin 20–30 cm. Lajin luonnollinen esiintymisalue on Amazonin alueella.[1]

Elintavat

Punapiraijat elävät parvissa. Kun tilaa on riittävästi, ne elävät suhteellisen sopuisasti. Kuivalla kaudella jolloin ne voivat jäädä vangiksi lammikkoon, ne käyvät aggressiivisiksi. Sadekaudella parvet vaeltavat lähinnä soilla ja tulvametsissä.

Ravinto

Punapiraijat syövät lähinnä kaloja, mutta löytäessään kuolleen tai haavoittuneen eläimen, ne kaluavat sen hetkessä paljaaksi. Veden ollessa korkealla terveen ihmisen ei tarvitse pelätä piraijoita. Kuivan kauden aikaan lammikkoon loukkuun jääneet piraijat käyvät armotta jokaisen sopivankokoisen uhrin kimppuun.

Käyttö

 src=
Piraijan leukaluu.

Punapiraija on luontaisella elinalueellaan suosittu ruokakala. Myös leukoja on käytetty hyödyksi. Sen leukaluita on käytetty jo kauan hiusten leikkaamiseen saksien tapaan. Amazonin alueella piranha tarkoittaa saksia. [2]

Lähteet

  1. Pygocentrus nattereri (peilipalvelin) FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). (englanniksi)
  2. Seneka Park Zoo
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Punapiraija: Brief Summary ( фински )

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Punapiraija (Pygocentrus nattereri, ent. Serrasalmus nattereri) on piraijoiden heimoon Serrasalmidae kuuluva tetrakalalaji, joka on ryhmänsä tunnetuin ja pelätyin laji. Punapiraijan pituus on noin 20–30 cm. Lajin luonnollinen esiintymisalue on Amazonin alueella.

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Pygocentrus nattereri ( француски )

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Le piranha rouge ou piranha à ventre rouge (Pygocentrus nattereri) est une espèce de piranha, poissons téléostéens de la famille des Serrasalmidae et de l'ordre des Characiformes. Cette espèce se rencontre dans le fleuve de l'Amazone et de ses affluents. Il peut infliger de sévères morsures. Il est sans conteste le piranha le plus connu.

Description

Pygocentrus nattereri atteint une longueur maximale observée de 46 cm, et une masse maximum observée de 3 800 g.

Répartition géographique

Il vit dans le fleuve Amazone et ses affluents (Río Negro, Río Madeira, Rio Xingu, etc.), ainsi que dans le bassin du haut Río Paraná et son affluent le Río Paraguay.

Mode de vie

Pygocentrus nattereri se retrouve en bancs de plusieurs centaines, voire milliers d'individus, et généralement en eaux calmes et « claires ». C'est à la saison sèche que ce piranha est dangereux pour l'homme, comme d'ailleurs les autres espèces du genre pygocentrus. Piégés et regroupés en grand nombre dans des points d'eau asséchés, les premières attaques sont de type cannibale, et sont portées sur les individus les plus faibles du groupe. À cette époque de l'année, ils sont affamés, et, tout ce qui se trouve à leur portée et entre en contact avec l'eau est une proie potentielle. C'est aussi à cette période qu'ils sont les plus vulnérables. En effet, coincés dans une eau qui se raréfie par évaporation et infiltration, ils remontent régulièrement à la surface pour absorber de l'oxygène dont l'eau croupie manque cruellement. Ils sont alors des proies rêvées pour les rapaces et autres volatiles, ainsi que pour les caïmans et autres prédateurs, eux aussi affamés. Ce poisson est une espèce qui s'adapte aisément aux changements d'environnement. Au Paraguay, cette espèce est connue pour supporter des hivers pendant lesquels la température de l'eau n'est pas supérieure à 5 °C.

Reproduction

Les deux grandes périodes de reproduction des Pygocentrus nattereri sont lors des saisons de pluies et des saisons sèches.

Les mâles creusent une cuvette dans le sable et paradent. La femelle expulse les œufs dans la cuvette et cette dernière est gardée par le mâle jusqu'à l'éclosion des œufs[1].

Maintenance en aquarium

 src=
Un banc de piranhas rouge.

Les piranhas à ventre rouge sont fréquemment maintenus en aquarium. Avant d'acquérir ces créatures, il faut connaître quelques notions de base. Pour commencer, ils sont grégaires, donc vivent en banc ; un minimum de six individus est nécessaire. Pour chacun d'eux, il faut prévoir un minimum approximatif de 400 litres d'eau. Le bac devra compter plusieurs cachettes, car les piranhas sont des poissons extrêmement nerveux et peureux. Les possesseurs d'aquariums de piranhas devront éviter les gestes brusques devant l'aquarium et préférer une pièce calme. L'aquarium dans lequel il est prévu de maintenir P.nattereri devra comporter une filtration minimale de 4 fois le volume du bac. Il est fréquent qu'il y ait du cannibalisme. Afin d'éviter les accidents, la température devra être comprise entre 22 et 27 °C. À une température supérieure, les poissons sont plus agressifs. La viande rouge est fortement déconseillée, car ils ne la digèrent pas très bien.

Remarque

Toutes les espèces que regroupe ce genre, possèdent dans leur milieu naturel des variantes géographiques, influençant les caractéristiques méristiques et la coloration. En aquarium on notera aussi que les conditions de maintenances - principalement la taille du volume d'eau fournie, le nombre d'individus maintenus, et l'alimentation - influent de manière très significative sur le développement des poissons. Les piscicultures en tout genre des quatre coins du monde, et notamment dans un souci de renouvellement des souches, n'ont jamais reproduit leurs poissons avec précaution quant à leur provenance exacte dans l'Amazone. En résulte un grand nombre de spécimens répandus dans les milieux fermés aquariophiles ou muséum, parfois extrêmement difficiles à comparer.

Galerie

Références

  1. « Pygocentrus nattereri », sur www.piranhas.fr, 17 avril 2013 (consulté le 8 mai 2020)

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

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Pygocentrus nattereri: Brief Summary ( француски )

добавил wikipedia FR

Le piranha rouge ou piranha à ventre rouge (Pygocentrus nattereri) est une espèce de piranha, poissons téléostéens de la famille des Serrasalmidae et de l'ordre des Characiformes. Cette espèce se rencontre dans le fleuve de l'Amazone et de ses affluents. Il peut infliger de sévères morsures. Il est sans conteste le piranha le plus connu.

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Pygocentrus nattereri ( италијански )

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Il piranha rosso (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) anche noto come piranha dal ventre rosso, è una specie di piranha[1], originaria dei bacini dell'Amazzonia, Paraguay, Paraná ed Essequibo, nonché nei fiumi costieri del Brasile nordorientale, in Sud America.[2][3] Questo pesce è localmente abbondante nel suo habitat d'acqua dolce,[4] dove svolge il ruolo di predatore opportunista, nutrendosi di insetti, vermi, crostacei e pesci. Non è una specie migratrice, ma talvolta si muove in banchi per cercare condizioni favorevoli alla riproduzione e alla deposizione delle uova durante i periodi alluvionali. I piranha rossi si muovono spesso in banchi come metodo difesa contro i predatori, ma raramente mostrano comportamenti di caccia di gruppo. La comunicazione acustica è comune in questa specie e, talvolta, viene esibita insieme a comportamenti aggressivi. Attraverso l'influenza dei media, il piranha rosso ha la reputazione di essere un feroce e violento predatore, sebbene questa immagine sia ben lungi dalla realtà. Tuttavia, questa sua terribile reputazione lo ha reso un pesce molto popolare negli acquari e nell'ambiente dell'acquariofilia.

Descrizione

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Dettaglio della testa

Il piranha rosso è spesso ritratto nella cultura popolare come un predatore feroce e insaziabile, nonostante sia principalmente uno spazzino.[5] Come suggerisce il nome, i piranha rossi adulti presentano una livrea grigia con squame screziate d'argento, con delle sfumature rossastre sul ventre, mentre i giovani sono di colore argento con macchie più scure. A volte compaiono macchie nerastre dietro le branchie, e la pinna anale è solitamente nera alla base. Le pinne pettorali e pelviche possono variare dal rosso all'arancione. Le femmine si distinguono dai maschi per la colorazione rossa del ventre leggermente più profonda.[6] La specie può raggiungere i 3,9 kg (8,6 libbre) di peso e 50 centimetri (20 pollici) di lunghezza massima,[3] ma raramente questi pesci superano i 35 centimetri (14 pollici) di lunghezza.[7] In base a queste informazioni, il piranha rosso è considerato la specie di piranha più piccola al mondo, se il piranha di Wimple non fosse considerato una specie a sé stante.[8]

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Mandibola e denti

Il piranha rosso si trova tipicamente nei fiumi dalle acque bianche, come il bacino del Rio delle Amazzoni, e in alcuni torrenti e laghi. A volte, possono abitare le foreste allagate come quelle che si trovano nell'Amazzonia brasiliana. Vivono in banchi ma non cacciano in gruppo, anche se occasionalmente possono entrare in frenesia alimentare collettiva. In caso di frenesia alimentare, i banchi di piranha convergeranno su una grande preda, spolpandola e divorandola in pochi minuti. Tuttavia, raramente si avventano su prede vive di grandi dimensioni, preferendo avventarsi sulle carcasse che sono trascinate dai fiumi. Gli attacchi ad animali vivi di grandi dimensioni sono, generalmente, estremamente rari, dovuti solitamente a provocazione o alla fame. La riproduzione avviene in un periodo di due mesi durante la stagione delle piogge, ma ciò può variare in base alla zona. Le femmine deporranno circa 5 000 uova sulla vegetazione appena sommersa nei nidi costruiti dai maschi.[6]

Distribuzione e habitat

Il piranha rosso copre un vasto areale che comprende tutto il continente sudamericano, abitando i fiumi neotropicali dell'Argentina, Brasile, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Perù, Uruguay e Venezuela.[6] Vivono nei drenaggi d'acqua dolce calda di diversi grandi fiumi tra cui i Rio delle Amazzoni, il Paraguay, il Paraná e l'Essequibo, oltre a numerosi sistemi fluviali più piccoli.[7] Generalmente, prediligono le acque la cui temperatura varia dai 15 ai 35 °C (59–95 °F), ma sono in grado di sopravvivere a temperature fino a 10 °C (50 °F) per un periodo limitato.[9] Si trovano principalmente in acque bianche,[10] sebbene siano stati avvistati anche in acque nere e limpide.[7] Il piranha rosso vive principalmente in fiumi, torrenti, laghi (come lanche e laghi artificiali formati da dighe), pianure alluvionali,[7] e talvolta invadono anche le foreste inondate durante la stagione delle piogge.[6]

Tassonomia e filogenesi

Il piranha rosso appartiene alla famiglia Serrasalmidae, che è un gruppo di characiformi di taglia medio-grande e comprende anche grandi pesci onnivori strettamente imparentati, come i pacu.[11] Questi pesci sono caratterizzati da corpi profondi e compressi lateralmente, con lunghe pinne dorsali.[12] All'interno della famiglia, i piranha rossi sono classificati nel genere Pygocentrus, che si distingue principalmente per la loro insolita dentatura e per la larghezza della testa. Il piranha rosso è un componente insolito per questa famiglia, in quanto altamente carnivoro, mentre la maggior parte delle altre specie che compongono questa famiglia sono principalmente erbivori. Tuttavia, il piranha rosso è in realtà onnivoro, con una predisposizione per il consumo di carne.[12]

Biologia

 src=
Piranha rosso allo zoo di Karlsruhe

Il piranha rosso ha un areale estremamente ampio rispetto a qualsiasi altra specie di piranha, coprendo gran parte della regione neotropicale del Sud America. Quando i piranha dal ventre rosso vengono introdotti in altre parti del continente americano, di solito ciò ha conseguenze negative sulla fauna ittica locale,[13] in parte a causa del loro comportamento generalmente aggressivo. Questo comportamento aggressivo è talvolta contrassegnato dai suoni acustici che producono.[14]

Il piranha rosso non è una specie migratrice, ma cerca condizioni favorevoli alla riproduzione durante le stagioni delle piogge. I piranha rossi sono onnivori, nutrendosi di ciò che trovano e cade nei fiumi che abitano. Si nutrono di insetti, pesci, piante e detriti organici.[2]

Alimentazione

 src=
Esemplare al Parc zoologique di Parigi, Francia

Il piranha rosso si nutre tipicamente di insetti, vermi, crostacei e pesci.[15] Tuttavia, quando si muovono in banchi, che possono contare anche centinaia di esemplari, i piranha possono arrivare ad attaccare e nutrirsi di grandi animali, come garzette o capibara. Nonostante la temibile reputazione del piranha come pericoloso predatore, in realtà è principalmente uno spazzino e un foraggiatore, nutrendosi principalmente di piante e insetti durante la stagione delle piogge quando il cibo è abbondante.[16] Inoltre, in natura, tendono a nutrirsi solo di animali deboli, feriti, morenti o già morti.[15] I piranha rossi non si accomunano per cacciare grandi animali in gruppo, ma piuttosto per proteggersi dai predatori. I denti, estremamente robusti, sono sostituiti a uno a uno in modo continuo, permettendo all'animale di alimentarsi sempre.

I metodi di caccia e foraggiamento di questi animali variano durante le diverse fasi della vita dell'animale. Gli esemplari più giovani sono attivi durante il giorno, mentre gli adulti prediligono l'alba e il tramonto, fino a sera. Generalmente, questi pesci predatori tendono imboscate alle loro prede nascondendosi, tra tronchi d'albero caduti o nella vegetazione sommersa, aspettando pazientemente che la preda gli passi vicino prima di colpire. Possono anche inseguire le loro prede. I piranha rossi sono anche degli eccellenti spazzini che si nutrono anche di pezzi di detriti, insetti, lumache, pinne e squame di pesce e piante.[2] Durante la stagione secca, quando grandi gruppi di piranha si riuniscono in grandi banchi nelle pozze in prosciugamento, può avvenire che la fame li porti ad attaccare anche grandi prede utilizzando una tecnica denominata fullblown: una volta che la preda si è avvicinata al banco, quest'ultimo comincia a sferrare robusti morsi che indeboliscono e annegano la preda (se non è un pesce) mentre viene divorata. Le leggende parlano di uomini o bovini spolpati vivi. Tuttavia, tali comportamenti sono estremamente rari.[2]

Riproduzione

 src=
Giovani piranha rossi, al Montréal Biodome

Le abitudini riproduttive dei piranha in natura sono per lo più sconosciute, e la maggior parte dei dati a nostra disposizione viene dalle osservazioni effettuate negli acquari.[17] I piranha solitamente sono in grado di riprodursi già a un anno di vita. Le femmine deporranno diverse migliaia di uova nei pressi di piante acquatiche, sulle quali le uova si attaccheranno, e che i maschi in seguito feconderanno. Dopo due o tre giorni le uova si schiuderanno e i giovani piranha si nasconderanno tra le piante acquatiche finché non saranno abbastanza grandi da difendersi da soli, e tendere agguati alle loro prede.[15]

La ricerca sul comportamento riproduttivo dei piranha rossi in natura ha rivelato alcuni modelli comportamentali intorno ai siti di nidificazione. I piranha adulti nuotano fianco a fianco in piccoli cerchi, a volte con due individui che nuotano in direzioni opposte mantenendo le loro superfici ventrali vicine l'una all'altra. Anche se questo può sembrare uno spettacolo di corteggiamento, uno sguardo più attento rivela che gli adulti stanno effettivamente difendendo i siti di nidificazione. I nidi sono profondi dai 4 ai 5 centimetri circa e vengono scavati tra le piante acquatiche, dove le uova si attaccheranno agli steli o ai fusti delle piante.[13]

Questa formazione delle coppie, spettacoli nuziali, e protezione dei nidi mostra che i piranha rossi hanno un'elevata cura parentale per i nidi e per i giovani.[13] Infatti, se lasciati incustoditi, altri pesci, come i caracidi, potrebbero predare le uova. Nonostante la pratica difensiva di circondare i nidi, i piranha rossi sono spesso passivi nei confronti di altri pesci che si avvicinano al nido. È possibile che la semplice presenza del piranha, un predatore naturale, costituisca una minaccia sufficiente per impedire a potenziali predatori di avvicinarsi al nido.[17]

I piranha hanno due stagioni riproduttive annuali; queste stagioni sono legate alle fluttuazioni del livello dell'acqua, alla frequenza delle inondazioni, alla temperatura e ad altre condizioni idrologiche.[17] Quando gli individui sono pronti a diventare sessualmente attivi, perderanno la loro colorazione rossa e selezioneranno habitat favorevoli alla deposizione delle uova, come le piante sommerse delle foreste inondate e la vegetazione all'interno dei laghi. Questa selezione di habitat è una chiara distinzione dagli individui non riproduttivi che preferiscono più acque aperte.[13]

Banchi

 src=
Un banco di piranha rossi, al Särkänniemi Aquarium, Tampere, Finlandia

Contrariamente ad altre specie di piranha che formano banchi solo da giovani, il piranha rosso forma banchi anche in età adulta. I piranha rossi viaggiano spesso in banchi come difesa contro i predatori. In studi che hanno testato le reazioni dei piranha a un attacco simulato di un predatore, i tassi opercolari a riposo sono tornati alla normalità più rapidamente tra i piranha che erano in banchi di otto anziché in branchi di due. Sebbene sia noto che i piranha caccino e si nutrano in gruppo, nessuno studio ha ancora dimostrato che questi pesci siano realmente in grado di attuare strategie di caccia cooperativa.[18]

Molto probabilmente, questo comportamento da banco è una difesa contro la predazione di animali più grandi come delfini, grandi pesci, caimani e uccelli acquatici.[18] I piranha migrano anche in grandi banchi fino ai loro siti di nidificazione per ridurre la probabilità che un singolo individuo venga attaccato da un predatore. Qui i piranha si radunano in grandi numeri per proteggere i nidi e i piccoli che ne usciranno.[19]

Comunicazione

Quando sfoggiano comportamenti aggressivi, come morsi, inseguimenti, scontri intraspecifici e combattimenti, i piranha rossi sfoggiano una sorta di comunicazione acustica complessa.[14] I suoni creati dai piranha sono generati attraverso rapide contrazioni dei muscoli sonori e sono associati alla vescica natatoria. La vescica natatoria può svolgere un ruolo importante nella produzione del suono come risuonatore.[20] Tutte le osservazioni fatte sulla produzione del suono dei piranha rossi sono state effettuate in cattività, quando gli esemplari sotto esame venivano maneggiati. Quando veniva tirato fuori dall'acqua, l'animale emetteva un suono simile a un tamburo, costituito da un suono armonico a bassa frequenza.[21] Tuttavia, la ricerca ha dimostrato la presenza di tre tipi di emissioni acustiche associate a comportamenti specifici. I richiami di Tipo 1 sono costituiti da suoni armonici, che durano circa 140 millisecondi a 120 Hz e sono associati al comportamento di visualizzazione frontale tra due pesci. I suoni di Tipo 2 durano circa 36 millisecondi a 40 Hz e sono associati a comportamenti in circolo e combattimento legati alla competizione alimentare. I suoni di Tipo 3 sono costituiti da un singolo impulso della durata di soli 3 millisecondi a 1 740 Hz e sono associati a un inseguimento verso un individuo conspecifico. Lo stesso suono viene prodotto anche quando un individuo fa scattare le mascelle per mordere un altro individuo.[21]

Quasi tutti i suoni prodotti dai piranha rossi sono prodotti nel contesto delle interazioni sociali tra i vari individui. I suoni bassi e percussivi sono tipicamente prodotti durante gli attacchi moderati, mentre i suoni forti e minacciosi vengono prodotti durante gli attacchi più vigorosi.[21] All'inizio della maturità sessuale avvengono numerosi combattimenti tra gli individui, che stabiliscono le gerarchie per l'età adulta. Non è raro osservare infatti combattimenti, che spesso portano al ferimento, anche grave, di uno dei due contendenti. Se stressati possono anche praticare il cannibalismo.

Conservazione

Il piranha rosso è molto diffuso e localmente abbondante. In alcune parti del suo areale è tra le specie ittiche più diffuse.[4] La pesca e il commercio delle specie per gli acquari possono presentare localmente un basso rischio per il piranha rossi.[6] Le popolazioni locali e quelle indigene pescano il piranha rosso a scopo alimentare, per le sue carni magre. Questi pesci in gruppo possono rappresentare una minaccia per l'uomo, e anche un singolo individuo, se maneggiato senza la dovuta esperienza, può causare gravi danni alle dita e alle mani del malcapitato, come lacerazione della pelle e dei muscoli.

Acquariofilia

 src=
Piranha nell'acquario di uno zoo

Per via della loro fama di terribili predatori, i piranha rossi sono tra i serrasalmidi più comuni e conosciuti nell'hobby dell'acquariofilia, e possono essere trovati facilmente nei negozi d'animali e nei negozi specializzati. In cattività, questi pesci possono essere nutriti con alimenti vivi, freschi o congelati, ma non si nutriranno di carne marcia. La loro dieta naturale consiste in prede vive e animali o pesci morti. Tuttavia, le prede vive date ai piranha in cattività possono introdurre malattie nell'acquario, e in particolare i pesci rossi contengono un ormone che inibisce la crescita del pesce stesso, che a sua volta influenzerà la crescita dei piranha. I piranha rossi, in particolare quando sono giovani, a volte si mordono l'un l'altro nell'acquario, normalmente sulle pinne, con un comportamento chiamato "fin nipping" ("mordicchiamento delle pinne"). I pesci a cui sono state mordicchiate le pinne le ricresceranno sorprendentemente rapidamente. L'acquario dovrà avere un'alta qualità dell'acqua, poiché i piranha sono mangiatori disordinati e sporcheranno spesso e rapidamente l'acqua quando mangiano. Inoltre hanno bisogno di posti dove nascondersi, e la luce deve mantenersi fioca. Poiché i piranha in natura potrebbero non mangiare tutti i giorni, i piranha in cattività non hanno bisogno di essere nutriti quotidianamente, ma quando hanno fame possono arrivare a mangiarsi a vicenda.[22]

Nell'agosto 2009, un grosso esemplare di piranha è stato pescato nel fiume Po nel tratto di fiume compreso fra Torricella di Sissa e Torricella del Pizzo[23], il pesce è stato catturato da pescatori sportivi; secondo voci diffuse tra i pescatori nel tratto parmense e reggiano del fiume altri esemplari sarebbero stati avvistati nelle acque fluviali. La provenienza quasi sicuramente è da ricercarsi in un qualche acquario privato, il cui proprietario ha voluto disfarsi dell'esemplare cresciuto troppo rispetto alla capienza della vasca. Risulta estremamente improbabile che questi pesci tropicali possano sopravvivere alle rigide temperature degli inverni padani.

Nella cultura

Diversi miti circondano questa specie. Il film Piraña, del 1978, di Joe Dante mostra questi pesci sotto una luce simile a Lo squalo, dipingendoli come mostri assetati di sangue, sempre in cerca della prossima preda. Piranha venne seguito da un sequel, Piraña paura, nel 1982, e due remake, uno nel 1995 e uno nel 2010. Film come questi e storie di grandi banchi di piranha rossi che attaccano gli umani, alimentano la loro reputazione – esagerata ed errata – di pesci d'acqua dolce più feroci. In realtà, i piranha sono generalmente timidi spazzini, che svolgono un ruolo simile agli avvoltoi a terra. Nel film del 2010, Piranha 3D, viene scoperto un piranha preistorico precedentemente sconosciuto. Nel film, il personaggio di Christopher Lloyd identifica erroneamente un esemplare di questa nuova mostruosa specie con il nome specifico del familiare Pygocentrus nattereri.[24]

Note

  1. ^ Pygocentrus nattereri,scheda su FishBase, su fishbase.se. URL consultato il 3 ottobre 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d Pygocentrus nattereri, su animaldiversity.org, University of Michigan. URL consultato il 19 febbraio 2016.
  3. ^ a b Froese, R. and D. Pauly, Editors. Pygocentrus nattereri. FishBase. 2015.
  4. ^ a b dos A. dos Santos, C.H.; C.S. de Sá Leitão; M. de N. Paula-Silva; and V.M.F. Almeida-Val, Genetic differentiation in red‐bellied piranha populations (Pygocentrus nattereri, Kner, 1858) from the Solimões‐Amazonas River, in Ecol. Evol., vol. 6, n. 12, 2016, pp. 4203–4213, DOI:10.1002/ece3.2195, PMC 4972243, PMID 27516875.
  5. ^ Red-bellied piranha, in BBC Nature Wildlife, BBC. URL consultato il 10 dicembre 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d e Red-bellied piranha, su arkive.org, ARKive. URL consultato il 14 novembre 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 dicembre 2013).
  7. ^ a b c d Pygocentrus nattereri, su seriouslyfish.com, SeriouslyFish. URL consultato l'8 ottobre 2017.
  8. ^ https://www.monsterfishkeepers.com/forums/threads/what-is-the-smallest-speices-of-piranha.49031/
  9. ^ W. A. Bennett, Currie, R. J., Wagner, P. F. e Beitinger, T. L., 2.3.CO;2 Cold Tolerance and Potential Overwintering of the Red-Bellied Piranha in the United States, in Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 126, n. 5, settembre 1997, pp. 841–849, DOI:10.1577/1548-8659(1997)1262.3.CO;2.
  10. ^ Saint-Paul, U., J. Zuanon, M. Correa, M. Garcia, N. Fabre, Fish Communities in Central Amazonian White- and Blackwater floodplains, in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 57, n. 3, 2000, pp. 235–250, DOI:10.1023/A:1007699130333.
  11. ^ Black-finned Pacu Fish, Colossoma macropomum: Profile with care, maintenance requirements and breeding information for your tropical fish. Badmanstropicalfish.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
  12. ^ a b Freeman, B., Nico, L. G., Osentoski, M., Jelks, H. L. e Collins, T. M., Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories (PDF), in Zootaxa, vol. 1484, n. 4, 2007, pp. 1–38, DOI:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384132.x. URL consultato il 22 giugno 2009.
  13. ^ a b c d H. L. Queiroz, M. B. Sobanski e A. E. Magurran, Reproductive strategies of Red-bellied Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) in the white waters of the Mamirauá flooded forest, central Brazilian Amazon, in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 89, n. 1, settembre 2010, pp. 11–19, DOI:10.1007/s10641-010-9658-1.
  14. ^ a b E. Katenhuber e S. C. F. Neuhauss, Acoustic Communication: Sound Advice from Piranhas, in Current Biology, vol. 21, n. 24, 20 dicembre 2011, pp. 986–988, DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.048, PMID 22192829.
  15. ^ a b c Red-bellied piranha, su eol.org, Encyclopedia of Life. URL consultato il 3 ottobre 2013.
  16. ^ S. A. Zollinger, Piranha - Ferocious Fighter or Scavenging Softie?, su indianapublicmedia.org, Indiana Public Media.
  17. ^ a b c M. Uetanabaro, T. Wang e A. S. Abe, Breeding behaviour of the red-bellied piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri, in nature, in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 38, n. 4, dicembre 1993, pp. 369–371, DOI:10.1007/bf00007529.
  18. ^ a b H. Queiroz e Magurran, A. E., Safety in numbers? Shoaling behaviour of the Amazonian red-bellied piranha, in Biology Letters, vol. 1, n. 2, 22 giugno 2005, pp. 155–157, DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0267, PMC 1626212, PMID 17148153.
  19. ^ W. Vicentin, F. E. dos Santos Costa e Y. R. Súarez, Population ecology of Red-bellied Piranha Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858 (Characidae: Serrasalminae) in the Negro River, Pantanal, Brazil (PDF), in Environ Biol Fish, vol. 96, 2013, pp. 57–66, DOI:10.1007/s10641-012-0022-5.
  20. ^ A Onuki, Ohmori Y. e Somiya H., Spinal Nerve Innervation to the Sonic Muscle and Sonic Motor Nucleus in Red Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes, Ostariophysi), in Brain, Behavior and Evolution, vol. 67, n. 2, gennaio 2006, pp. 11–122, DOI:10.1159/000089185, PMID 16254416.
  21. ^ a b c S. Millot, Vandewalle, P. e Parmentier, E., Sound production in red-bellied piranhas (Pygocentrus nattereri, Kner): an acoustical, behavioural and morphofunctional study, in Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 214, n. 21, 12 ottobre 2011, pp. 3613–3618, DOI:10.1242/jeb.061218, PMID 21993790.
  22. ^ Wittenrich, M. L. The Complete Illustrated Breeder's Guide to Marine Aquarium Fishes. Neptune City, New Jersey: T. F. H. Publications. 2007. ISBN 1890087718
  23. ^ Un piranha pescato nel Po, su gazzettadiparma.it. URL consultato il 12 ottobre 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 27 agosto 2009).
  24. ^ P. Chakrabarty e W. L. Fink, Review of Piranha 3D (PDF), in Copeia, vol. 1, 2011, p. 181, DOI:10.1643/ot-10-147.

Bibliografia

Jenni Bruce, Karen McGhee, Luba Vangelova, Richard Vogt, L'enciclopedia degli animali, Areagroup Media, Milano, 2005

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Pygocentrus nattereri: Brief Summary ( италијански )

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Il piranha rosso (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) anche noto come piranha dal ventre rosso, è una specie di piranha, originaria dei bacini dell'Amazzonia, Paraguay, Paraná ed Essequibo, nonché nei fiumi costieri del Brasile nordorientale, in Sud America. Questo pesce è localmente abbondante nel suo habitat d'acqua dolce, dove svolge il ruolo di predatore opportunista, nutrendosi di insetti, vermi, crostacei e pesci. Non è una specie migratrice, ma talvolta si muove in banchi per cercare condizioni favorevoli alla riproduzione e alla deposizione delle uova durante i periodi alluvionali. I piranha rossi si muovono spesso in banchi come metodo difesa contro i predatori, ma raramente mostrano comportamenti di caccia di gruppo. La comunicazione acustica è comune in questa specie e, talvolta, viene esibita insieme a comportamenti aggressivi. Attraverso l'influenza dei media, il piranha rosso ha la reputazione di essere un feroce e violento predatore, sebbene questa immagine sia ben lungi dalla realtà. Tuttavia, questa sua terribile reputazione lo ha reso un pesce molto popolare negli acquari e nell'ambiente dell'acquariofilia.

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Roodbuikpiranha ( холандски; фламански )

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Vissen

De roodbuikpiranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) is een piranha uit het geslacht Pygocentrus.

Kenmerken

De roodbuikpiranha heeft een reputatie als een van de meest gevaarlijke zoetwatervissen in de wereld. Hun mond zit vol met messcherpe, driehoekige tanden, waarmee vlees van karkassen afgescheurd kan worden. De vis is meestal zilverkleurig, met een rode vlek in de zilveren oogrand. Hij heeft een donkergrijze kop met een oranjerode keelstreek. Net zoals de naam impliceert, is de buik van de roodbuikpiranha rood. Toch is dit bij juvenielen niet het geval, die hebben een grijze, gestippelde buik. De maximumlengte bedraagt 33 cm en het gewicht 3,5 kg.

Leefwijze

Het voedsel van de roodbuikpiranha bestaat vooral uit vis, insecten, wormen, schelpdieren en af en toe een groter dier. Ook zaden en vruchten worden weleens gegeten. In tegenstelling tot hun reputatie eet de roodbuikpiranha vooral dode en zieke of gewonde dieren, maar valt soms een gezond dier aan. De roodbuikpiranha eet in grote scholen rond zonsop- en zonsondergang. Ze vinden hun prooi door een stel sensoren aan de zijkant van hun lichaam, genaamd zijlijnen.

In tegenstelling tot het algemeen bekende karakter van de piranha's, zijn ze niet zo agressief als gedacht wordt. De roodbuikpiranha eet alleen als het honger heeft.

Voortplanting

Een legsel bestaat meestal uit 1000 tamelijk grote eieren, die worden afgezet aan in het water hangende boomwortels. Het legsel wordt door beide ouders bewaakt totdat de eieren na 9 of 10 dagen uitkomen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort komt voor in de rivier de Amazone, rivieren in het noordoosten van Brazilië en de rivieren Paraguay, Paraná en Essequibo.

Kweek

De roodbuikpiranha wordt verkocht als aquariumvis.[1]

Geluid

Roodbuikpiranha's blijken geluid te maken als ze gevangen worden. Door onderzoekers aan de Université de Liège is ontdekt dat de dieren in een aquarium drie soorten geluid maken:

  • Als de vissen elkaar zien, maken ze een blafgeluid.
  • Bij een achtervolging klinkt een drummend, percussiegeluid.
  • Wanneer ze elkaar bijten in een duel om voedsel klinkt een zachte kwaak.

Het merendeel van de tijd zwemmen de vissen vreedzaam rond en maken ze geen geluid. De achtergrond van het blaffen is dat het voor de dieren minder energie kost om veel geluid te creëren om indruk te maken. Het is bekend dat vissen ook geluiden maken om een partner te vinden. Bij de piranha's is dat nog niet ontdekt.

Het geluid dat de vissen produceren ontstaat via een gedwongen trilling van de zwemblaas die wordt aangestoten door speciale spieren[2].

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Roodbuikpiranha: Brief Summary ( холандски; фламански )

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De roodbuikpiranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) is een piranha uit het geslacht Pygocentrus.

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Rødbukpiraya ( норвешки )

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Rødbukpiraya er en art i gruppen karpelakser. Det er en av de mest utbredte pirayaene i akvariehandelen.

Eksterne lenker

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Rødbukpiraya: Brief Summary ( норвешки )

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Rødbukpiraya er en art i gruppen karpelakser. Det er en av de mest utbredte pirayaene i akvariehandelen.

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Pirania Natterera ( полски )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Pirania Natterera[2], pirania czarnoogonowa[2], pirania czerwona[3] (Pygocentrus nattereri) – gatunek słodkowodnej, drapieżnej ryby z rodziny piraniowatych (Serrasalmidae), wcześniej klasyfikowanej jako podrodzina kąsaczowatych (Characidae). Ryba potencjalnie niebezpieczna dla ludzi ze względu na możliwość dotkliwego pogryzienia – jest uważana za najbardziej niebezpieczną i agresywną piranię. Poławiana lokalnie jako ryba konsumpcyjna, często pielęgnowana w akwariach.

Występowanie

Północno-wschodnia Ameryka Południowa pomiędzy 9°N – 34°S, na wschód od Andów. Występuje licznie w dorzeczach Amazonki, Parany, Essequibo, rzeki Urugwaj oraz w rzekach północno-wschodnich wybrzeży Brazylii. Gatunek introdukowano w wielu słodkowodnych zbiornikach Stanów Zjednoczonych.

 src=
Zęby piranii Natterera

Cechy charakterystyczne

Krępe, wysokie, silnie bocznie spłaszczone ciało o maksymalnej długości 33 cm i masie 3,85 kg[4]. Głowa duża, z tępo ściętym pyskiem i szerokimi policzkami, pod którymi ukryta jest muskulatura umożliwiająca silne zaciskanie szczęk. Grube wargi zasłaniają ostre, silne zęby o trójkątnym kształcie osadzone przeciwlegle na obu szczękach – umożliwiają odcinanie kawałków ciała ofiary. Ubarwienie jest różne, w zależności od lokalizacji danej populacji i wieku ryby, prawdopodobnie również od jej wielkości. Zwykle w dolnej części ciała dominuje ubarwienie rdzawo-pomarańczowe, a grzbiet jest srebrzystoszary. Płetwa grzbietowa i tłuszczowa są czarne.

Biologia i ekologia

Piranie Natterera tworzą niewielkie stada złożone z 20–30 osobników, w których ustalają strukturę hierarchiczną. Metody pobierania pokarmu i preferencje pokarmowe zmieniają się z wiekiem ryb. Młode piranie żerują głównie w ciągu dnia zjadając owady i ich larwy, dorosłe – o brzasku i o zmierzchu, żywiąc się przede wszystkim owadami, ślimakami i osłabionymi rybami, a przy braku pokarmu mięsnego uzupełniając dietę roślinami. Mogą jednak zjeść każdy pokarm, nawet lądowe kręgowce, które dostały się do wody. W poszukiwaniu zdobyczy kierują się bardzo dobrym słuchem. W porze suchej stłoczone w wysychających zbiornikach stada piranii zaciekle atakują swoje ofiary. Zwiększoną agresję wykazują również w okresie rozrodu.

Jest to gatunek jajorodny. Ikrę składa w dołku wykopanym w podłożu, a po zapłodnieniu przytwierdza do przydennej roślinności. Jako nieliczne wśród kąsaczokształtnych, piranie chronią swoją ikrę.

Znaczenie w ekosystemie

Piranie Natterera spełniają w zajmowanych biocenozach funkcje sanitarne – zjadają ryby zdradzające objawy osłabienia. Pomiędzy piranią Natterera a Serrasalmus marginatus zaobserwowano relacje mutualistyczne polegające na pobieraniu przez S. marginatus pasożytów z ciała piranii Natterera.

Przypisywana tym rybom krwiożerczość, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do ludzi i dużych ssaków, nie została potwierdzona. Uważa się, że stanowią potencjalne zagrożenie, szczególnie w regionach gęsto zaludnionych i w wodach zanieczyszczonych odpadami mięsnymi (np. okolice rzeźni). Zapach krwi może je sprowokować do zaatakowania rannego zwierzęcia lub człowieka. Wprawdzie odnotowano przypadki grupowego ataku piranii na duże ssaki i ludzi, jednak nie potwierdzono żadnego przypadku ze skutkiem śmiertelnym. Większość relacji o tych atakach uznawana jest za mocno przesadzone[5].

Znaczenie gospodarcze

Mięso piranii jest jadalne. Ryby te są poławiane lokalnie na niewielką skalę. Znacznie większe znaczenie mają jako ryby akwariowe.

Hodowla w akwarium

 src=
Stado piranii Natterera w oceanarium w Petersburgu

W literaturze akwarystycznej ryba ta opisywana była pod nazwą piranii czerwonej (Serrasalmus altus[3] lub Serrasalmus nattereri[6]). Hodowla młodych osobników w dużym zbiorniku o długości co najmniej 20 cm nie nastręcza problemów. Jednak ryby te osiągają przeciętnie około 27 cm długości, a jako ryby stadne powinny być pielęgnowane w stadzie. W akwarium potrzebują dużo roślinności, aby mogły się ukryć. W zbyt gęsto obsadzonym zbiorniku i przy złym karmieniu zdarzają się przypadki kanibalizmu.

W trakcie zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych zalecane jest zachowanie daleko idącej ostrożności.

Przypisy

  1. Pygocentrus nattereri, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Eugeniusz Grabda, Tomasz Heese: Polskie nazewnictwo popularne krągłouste i ryby - Cyclostomata et Pisces. Koszalin: Wyższa Szkoła Inżynierska w Koszalinie, 1991.
  3. a b Wally Kahl, Burkard Kahl, Dieter Vogt: Atlas ryb akwariowych. Przekład: Henryk Garbarczyk i Eligiusz Nowakowski. Warszawa: Delta W-Z, 2000. ISBN 83-7175-260-1.
  4. Pygocentrus nattereri. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 12 lipca 2009]
  5. Non-Native Aquatic Species in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Regions : Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner, 1860) (ang.). Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. [dostęp 12 lipca 2009].
  6. Henryk Jakubowski. Pierwsze w Polsce rozmnożenie piranii czerwonej. „Akwarium”. Nr 5–6/88.

Bibliografia

  1. Ryby : encyklopedia zwierząt. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN : Dorota Szatańska, 2007. ISBN 978-83-01-15140-9.
  2. Pygocentrus nattereri. (ang.) w: Froese, R. & D. Pauly. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org [dostęp 12 lipca 2009]
  3. Putz, B.: Pygocentrus nattereri (ang.). (On-line), Animal Diversity Web, 2002. [dostęp 12 lipca 2009].
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Pirania Natterera: Brief Summary ( полски )

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Pirania Natterera, pirania czarnoogonowa, pirania czerwona (Pygocentrus nattereri) – gatunek słodkowodnej, drapieżnej ryby z rodziny piraniowatych (Serrasalmidae), wcześniej klasyfikowanej jako podrodzina kąsaczowatych (Characidae). Ryba potencjalnie niebezpieczna dla ludzi ze względu na możliwość dotkliwego pogryzienia – jest uważana za najbardziej niebezpieczną i agresywną piranię. Poławiana lokalnie jako ryba konsumpcyjna, często pielęgnowana w akwariach.

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Piranha-vermelha ( португалски )

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A piranha-vermelha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) é uma espécie de peixe com preferência alimentar carnívora, de água doce da família Serrasalmidae,[3][4][5][6] Nativa, não endêmica e epicontinental,[7] possuem coloração avermelhada, com cabeça e dorso acinzentados e alguns artigos chegam a registrar indivíduos de até 50 cm.[8] Também são chamados de chupita, coicoa, piranha-caju e piranha-vermelha-da-amazônia. A espécie não possui avaliação da IUCN.

Etimologia e Aspectos Culturais e Socioeconômicos

A piranha-vermelha é popularmente conhecida também por outros nomes no Brasil, como "piranha-caju" e apenas "piranha", e em países como Colômbia e Bolívia é chamada de "piranã roja" e "palometa", respectivamente.[9]

Do Tupi-guarani, seu nome é composto de duas palavras:

  • "pirá" (significado = peixe) + "ranha" (significado = dente)[10]

Seu nome científico, por sua vez, foi dado em homenagem ao naturalista Johann Natterer.

A espécie é de grande importância econômica devido aos trabalhos pesqueiros principalmente na região de Manaus, sendo uma das mais abundantes espécies no Amazonas.[11] Em algumas regiões, a carne da piranha-vermelha é bastante apreciada, sendo pescada principalmente para fazer o famoso caldo de piranha, considerado afrodisíaco e estimulante.

As tribos indígenas da Amazônia utilizam os dentes afiados das piranhas para confecção de pontas de flechas. Por ser um peixe que está sempre em procura busca de alimento, a piranha é facilmente atraída pelas iscas para captura. Os atrativos usados pelos pescadores são pedaços de carne com sangue, que são lançados na água.

Quando criadas em aquários, devem ser mantidas isoladas dos demais peixes para que a piranha não se alimente deles.

Taxonomia e Sistemática

A classe Actinopterygii apresenta mais de 26 mil espécies de peixes e configura a maior parte dos peixes ósseos conhecidos atualmente, possuindo nadadeiras raiadas onde as caudais são homocercas. Seu esqueleto esqueleto ósseo de origem endocondral, maxilas e dentes esmaltados em sua mandíbula e sua respiração é feita pelas brânquias, também apresentam bexiga natatórias. A ordem dos Characiformes representa um dos maiores grupos de peixes de água doce com mais de 1700 espécies, a maioria sendo encontrada nas américas do Sul e Central e na África. A família Charracidae apresenta peixes actinopterígeos, são peixes de água doce pequenos e coloridos, geralmente apresentam nadadeiras adiposas, a nadadeira caudal bifurcada e nadadeira anal desenvolvida. Serrasalminae é uma subfamília monofilética, esses peixes de água doce são estritamente neotropicais, geralmente recebem o nome de pacú e piranha. As piranha possuem corpo comprido em forma de disco, e possuem dentes em série única e resistentes, com hábitos predatórios. Essa subfamília é definida por apresentar uma quilha serrilhada formada de espinhos e padrões de coloração que variam, também se nota a presença de espinho pré-dorsal neste grupo.[12]

Descrição morfológica

 src=
Mandíbula de piranha-vermelha , mostrando os dentes afiados e triangulares

Peixe escamoso; Corpo romboide, ou seja, formato de losango, discoide, largo e comprimido, convexo nadadeira cuadal curta; Focinho curto, arredondado; Mandíbula saliente e massiva com dentes triangulares afiados, de série única e com surpreendente força. Entre todas as piranhas é a que possui o focinho mais rombudo. Embora seja extremamente variável em sua aparência, a piranha-vermelha herdou esse nome por conta de sua coloração ventral e mandibular avermelhada característica da espécie, geralmente mais intenso e profundo nos machos, que normalmente possuem o restante do corpo cinzento, com escamas salpicadas prateadas, as vezes marrom-cremoso nas laterais. Manchas escuras muitas vezes aparecem atrás das guelras e a barbatana anal geralmente é preta na base, enquanto as nadadeiras peitorais e pélvicas variam do vermelho ao laranja. De porte médio, normalmente varia de 18 centímetros a 45 cm de comprimento e um peso calculado em 2,5 kg.[13][14][15]

Observações Taxonômicas

De acordo com o Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil[7] a família a qual P. nattereri pertence é a Serrasalmidae. Entretando, pelo PortalBio[6] a família registrada é a Characidae.

 src=
Pygocentrus nattereri

Ecologia

Habitat e Distribuição Geográfica

A piranha-vermelha é um peixe neotropical[16] que ocorre nas Bacias Amazônica, Araguaia-Tocantins, Atlântico Nordeste Oriental, Paraguai, Paraná[7] e em açudes do Nordeste brasileiro. Registrada sua ocorrência no Norte (Pará, Amazonas, Acre, Roraima, Rondônia, tocantins), Nordeste (Maranhão), Centro-Oeste (Mato-Grosso, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul), Sudeste (Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, São Paulo) e Sul (Pará). A piranha-vermelha normalmente é encontrada em rios de água branca e em alguns riachos e lagos. Em certas áreas, pode habitar também florestas inundadas (tais como aquelas encontradas pela Amazônia brasileira).

Amplamente distribuída por todo o continente sul-americano, a piranha-vermelha é encontrada em rios tropicais de água doce na Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil, Colômbia, Equador, Guiana, Paraguai, Peru, Uruguai e Venezuela.

Diversos estudos com a espécie são relacionados a parasitofauna, ou seja, os parasitas a qual P. nattereri é hospedeira, sendo uma ótima opção de bioindicador sobre a qualidade do habitat, de fácil coleta e identificação.[17]

 src=
Bacias Hidrográficas do Território Brasileiro

Comportamento, Dieta e Reprodução

A piranha-vermelha é uma espécie onívora[18] porém na maior parte do tempo seu hábito alimentar é piscívoro, e para se alimentar faz uso de suas forças mandibulares para arrancar pedaços da presa,[17] podendo se alimentar de animais maiores. Costumam se alimentar de microcrustáceos, insetos, sementes ou nadadeiras de peixes menores,[18] podem também se alimentar de qualquer animal terrestre pequeno que encontrar cruzando o rio ou lago, bem como frutas, sementes, algas e plantas aquáticas. Por seu hábito oportunista acaba atacando demais peixes quando colocada em cativeiro juntamente a outros indivíduos e até mesmo em redes de pesca.

Ocorre em rios e lagoas de águas barrentas e vive em cardumes pequenos ou de até mais de 100 indivíduos, embora não apresentem um comportamento de caça em grupo. Ocasionalmente entram em um "frenesi", onde o cardume ataca uma presa e a devora em poucos minutos. Esse comportamento particular contribui para a reputação da piranha-vermelha como predadora voraz, mas os "frenesis" normalmente não são ataques aleatórios, e geralmente são o resultado de provocação a elas ou por fome. São as piranhas mais agressivas da Amazônia mas são extremamente raros os casos de ataques a humanos.

 src=
Piranha-vermelha no Prague sea aquarium

Caso tenha um indivíduo ferido e/ou moribundo no próprio grupo, este pode ser atacado e devorado pelos seus companheiros, ocorrendo o canibalismo na espécie.

A espécie atinge maturação sexual quando indivíduos macho atingem 13 centímetros e as fêmeas 15 cm e quando estão em época de acasalamento adquirem uma coloração escura com belas escamas prateadas cintilantes. Sua reprodução ocorre no período de enchentes e a desova é fracionada (desova parcelada),[17] ocorrendo por volta de Abril e Maio durante a estação chuvosa, geralmente com um pico ao longo de um período de dois meses, que pode variar dependendo da localização.

A fêmea põe cerca de 5.000 ovos sobre a vegetação recém-submersa em um ninho construído pelo macho. O macho constrói um ninho de folhas próximo à margem ou troncos, onde serão depositados e fecundados os ovos. Durante o processo de desenvolvimento dos ovos e larvas o macho defende ferozmente seu ninho e faz suaves movimentos com a cauda próximo ao ninho para melhorar a oxigenação e evitar a proliferação de determinados fungos e bactérias. Os alevinos, quando se tornam maiores, costumam se infiltrar no meio de cardumes de pacus pois se parecem muito com eles, e quando podem, devoram alguns indivíduos do grupo.

Importância e Principais Ameaças

Além de economicamente importante para a região, a P. nattereri é fundamental para o equilíbrio ecológico do ecossistema em que vive, predando espécies e, portanto, regulando o número populacional de indivíduos. É de grande importância estudos e análises sobre levantamento de dados e população da espécie para que seja possível o monitoramento atualizado, evitando riscos com o mercado de pesca e venda de peixes.[19] Mesmo não estando em um nível de risco de ameaça, é necessário acompanhamento e planejamento de preservação da espécie para que evite o avanço para alguma categoria de risco. Em alguns estudos foi possível identificar contaminação dos indivíduos por mercúrio devido ao descarte de reservatórios de hidrelétricas e resíduos plásticos no estômago. Com a diminuição da espécie, que é nativa, o ambiente se torna livre para espécies exóticas, colocando muitas outras espécies em risco.[20][21][22]

 src=
Cardumes de piranhas-vermelhas

Referências

  1. «Phylogenomics of the Neotropical fish family Serrasalmidae with a novel intrafamilial classification (Teleostei: Characiformes)». INaturalist (em inglês). Consultado em 1 de maio de 2022
  2. «Phylogenomics of the Neotropical fish family Serrasalmidae with a novel intrafamilial classification (Teleostei: Characiformes)». INaturalist (em inglês). Consultado em 1 de maio de 2022
  3. «Phylogenomics of the Neotropical fish family Serrasalmidae with a novel intrafamilial classification (Teleostei: Characiformes)». INaturalist (em inglês). Consultado em 1 de maio de 2022
  4. «Pygocentrus nattereri». INaturalist (em inglês). Consultado em 24 de novembro de 2019
  5. «Piranha-vermelha». Encyclopædia Britannica Online (em inglês). Consultado em 24 de novembro de 2019
  6. a b (Portal da Biodiversidade), PortalBio (2018). «Pygocentrus nattereri | Piranha». ICMBio. Consultado em 12 de Abril de 2021
  7. a b c «Lista do Brasil». fauna.jbrj.gov.br. Consultado em 6 de maio de 2021
  8. Barros, L. A.; Mateus, L. a. F.; Braum, D. T.; Bonaldo, J. (fevereiro de 2010). «Ecological aspects of endoparasites in red piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1860) from Cuiabá river, Mato Grosso, Brazil». Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (1): 228–231. ISSN 0102-0935. doi:10.1590/S0102-09352010000100033. Consultado em 6 de maio de 2021
  9. SANTOS, FERREIRA, ZUANON, Geraldo, Efrem, Jansen (2009). «Peixes Comerciais de Manaus». INPA. Consultado em 10 de abril de 2021 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  10. FERREIRA, ALEXANDRE ALVES (2010). «Peixe Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) do pantanal: composição em ácidos graxos e mudanças com o processamento e estocagem.» (PDF). Campo Grande. Consultado em 2 de Maio de 2021
  11. Bevilaqua, Danniel Rocha; Freitas, Carlos Edwar; Soares, Maria Gercilia (10 de setembro de 2010). «CRESCIMENTO E MORTALIDADE DE PYGOCENTRUS NATTERERI KNER, 1985 EM LAGOS DE VÁRZEA DA REGIÃO DE MANACAPURU, AMAZÔNIA». Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Pesca (2): 43–52. ISSN 2175-3008. doi:10.18817/repesca.v5i2.264. Consultado em 6 de maio de 2021
  12. NUNES, KARLA BITTERNCOURT (2015). «ASPECTOS REPRODUTIVOS DAS PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES DE PEIXES DE IMPORTÂNCIA COMERCIAL COMO SUBSÍDIO PARA O ORDENAMENTO PESQUEIRO DA BAIXADA MARANHENSE» (PDF). Consultado em 2021 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  13. Santos, Geraldo Mendes dos; Ferreira, Efrem Jorge Gondim; Zuanon, Jansen Alfredo Sampaio (2009). Peixes comerciais de Manaus. [S.l.]: Editora INPA
  14. NUNES, Karla Bittencourt (2015). «ASPECTOS REPRODUTIVOS DAS PRINCIPAIS ESPÉCIES DE PEIXES DE IMPORTÂNCIA COMERCIAL COMO SUBSÍDIO PARA O ORDENAMENTO PESQUEIRO DA BAIXADA MARANHENSE». São Luís - MA. Consultado em 3 de Maio de 2021
  15. PIORSKI, Nivaldo Magalhães et all. (2005). «Alimentação e ecomorfologia de duas espécies de piranhas (Characiformes: Characidae) do lago de Viana, estado do Maranhão, Brasil». Acta Amazonica. Consultado em 27 de Abril de 2021
  16. Behr, Everton R.; Signor, Cleiton A. (dezembro de 2008). «Distribuição e alimentação de duas espécies simpátricas de piranhas Serrasalmus maculatus e Pygocentrus nattereri (Characidae, Serrasalminae) do rio Ibicuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil». Iheringia. Série Zoologia (4): 501–507. ISSN 0073-4721. doi:10.1590/S0073-47212008000400014. Consultado em 22 de Abril de 2021
  17. a b c Vital, José Francalino; Varella, Angela Maria Bezerra; Porto, Daniel Brito; Malta, José Celso de Oliveira (Jan./Mar. 2011). «Sazonalidade da fauna de metazoários de Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner, 1858) no lago Piranha (Amazonas, Brasil) e a avaliação de seu potencial como indicadora da saúde do ambiente». INPA. Biota Neotropica (1, vol. 11): 199–204. ISSN 1676-0603. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032011000100021. Consultado em 20 de Abril de 2021 Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  18. a b Behr, Everton R.; Signor, Cleiton A. (dezembro de 2008). «Distribuição e alimentação de duas espécies simpátricas de piranhas Serrasalmus maculatus e Pygocentrus nattereri (Characidae, Serrasalminae) do rio Ibicuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil». Iheringia. Iheringia. Série Zoologia (vol. 98 nº4): 501–507. ISSN 0073-4721. doi:10.1590/S0073-47212008000400014. Consultado em 20 de Abril de 2021
  19. Bevilaqua, Danniel Rocha; Freitas, Carlos Edwar; Soares, Maria Gercilia (10 de setembro de 2010). «CRESCIMENTO E MORTALIDADE DE PYGOCENTRUS NATTERERI KNER, 1985 EM LAGOS DE VÁRZEA DA REGIÃO DE MANACAPURU, AMAZÔNIA». Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Pesca (2): 43–52. ISSN 2175-3008. doi:10.18817/repesca.v5i2.264. Consultado em 18 de Abril de 2021
  20. RIBEIRO-BRASIL, DRG. et all. (Novembro de 2020). «Contamination of stream fish by plastic waste in the Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Pollution». Elsevier BV. Consultado em 2 de Maio de 2021
  21. HYLANDER, LD. et all. (Outubro de 2006). Fish mercury increase in Lago Manso, a new hydroelectric reservoir in tropical Brazil. [S.l.]: Journal Of Environmental Management. pp. 155–166 Verifique data em: |ano= (ajuda)
  22. SILVA, LATINI, K. B., A. O. (1998). Pesca atenuando os impactos de peixes exóticos sobre peixes nativos em lagos do médio Rio Doce, MG. [S.l.]: Conservation Biology. pp. 516–510

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Piranha-vermelha: Brief Summary ( португалски )

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A piranha-vermelha (Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858) é uma espécie de peixe com preferência alimentar carnívora, de água doce da família Serrasalmidae, Nativa, não endêmica e epicontinental, possuem coloração avermelhada, com cabeça e dorso acinzentados e alguns artigos chegam a registrar indivíduos de até 50 cm. Também são chamados de chupita, coicoa, piranha-caju e piranha-vermelha-da-amazônia. A espécie não possui avaliação da IUCN.

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Rödbukspiraya ( шведски )

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Den här artikeln behöver fler eller bättre källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras.
Motivering: Avsnitten om sport- och matfisk samt myter saknar nästan helt källor. (2009-11)
Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan.

Rödbukspiraya (Pygocentrus nattereri)[2] är en köttätande sötvattensfisk som lever i Sydamerikas floder. Den har tidigare klassificerats som tillhörande släktet Serrasalmus. Den förekommer i Amazonområdet i kustnära floder i nordöstra Brasilien, samt i Paraguayflodens, Paranáflodens och Essequiboflodens avrinningsområden. Den har också rapporterats förekomma i Uruguayfloden.[2]

Fiskarna blir cirka 50 centimeter långa,[2] och de är kända för sina skarpa tänder. De växer snabbt och är fullvuxna på några få år.

 src=
Prague sea aquarium

Akvariefisk

Denna art säljs ofta i zoo-handeln som akvariefisk och lämpar sig bra som sådan, om den hålls i special- eller artakvarium och om man tar hänsyn till att det är en stimgående rovfisk som behöver mycket utrymme. Under 1970- och 1980-talet var den populär som akvariefisk, senare har dess popularitet minskat inom akvaristiken, men alla större välsorterade zoo-butiker med akvariefiskar brukar ha rödbukspirayan i lager eller till beställning. Akvaristerna räknar pirayorna till tetrorna, alltså till samma grupp fiskar som till exempel den betydligt mindre neontetran. Som alla andra tetror har den en fettfena.

Sportfiske

Liksom närbesläktade arter fångas rödbukspirayan gärna som sportfisk i sina hemmavatten.

Matfisk

Rödbukspiraya är en omtyckt matfisk, som exempelvis kan grillas över öppen eld.

Myter

Få fiskar är omgärdade av så många myter som pirayorna. Det är helt riktigt att rödbukspirayan och några av dess släktingar är utpräglade rovfiskar, men flertalet arter i släktet Pygocentrus är fruktätare. Pirayornas eventuella farlighet gentemot människor är kraftigt överdriven, men under torrperioden vadar eller simmar befolkningen i Sydamerikas regnskogar ogärna i mindre vattendrag där man vet att det finns pirayor instängda. Sportfiskare bör också vara försiktiga då de ska kroka loss sina drag. Fisken biter hårt, och bitsår från pirayan är sekundärt farliga då de i tropisk miljö lätt kan angripas av infektioner som kan orsaka stor skada. Sår där fisken försökt slita loss vävnad får fula sårkanter, som även under goda förutsättningar blir svårläkta. Pirayor jagar i flock och hetsar varandra till att hugga in på ett byte. Akvaristerna vittnar om att det oftast går utmärkt att sköta om ett pirayaakvarium med bara händerna om man är försiktig, dock rekommenderas att man tar på sig ett par gummihandskar eller liknande. Göteborgs akvarieförening hade under senare delen av 1970-talet en stor akvarieutställning där man som dragplåster lät en fridykare dyka i en stor tank med något hundratal rödbukspirayor. Dykaren kom varje gång upp oskadd, främst beroende på att fiskarna var välmatade och rädda för dykaren. Liknande skådespel kan ses vid Danmarks akvarium i Charlottenlund som håller olika arter av piraya, bland dem rödbukspiraya, i olika stora så kallade "landskapsakvarier", varav vissa rymmer tiotusentals liter.[3][4]

Referenser

  1. ^ Standard Report Page: Pygocentrus nattereri (på engelska). ITIS. 2005. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=641816. Läst 23 augusti 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c] R. Froese; D. Pauly (10 juli 2009). Pygocentrus nattereri (på engelska). FishBase. FishBase Consortium. http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=4501. Läst 23 augusti 2009.
  3. ^ ”Bagom akvarieruden” (på danska). Danmarks akvarium. http://www.danmarksakvarium.dk/film.html. Läst 23 augusti 2009.
  4. ^ ”Danmarks akvarium”. Danmarks akvarium. http://www.danmarksakvarium.dk/svensk_index.html. Läst 23 augusti 2009.

Externa länkar

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Rödbukspiraya: Brief Summary ( шведски )

добавил wikipedia SV

Rödbukspiraya (Pygocentrus nattereri) är en köttätande sötvattensfisk som lever i Sydamerikas floder. Den har tidigare klassificerats som tillhörande släktet Serrasalmus. Den förekommer i Amazonområdet i kustnära floder i nordöstra Brasilien, samt i Paraguayflodens, Paranáflodens och Essequiboflodens avrinningsområden. Den har också rapporterats förekomma i Uruguayfloden.

Fiskarna blir cirka 50 centimeter långa, och de är kända för sina skarpa tänder. De växer snabbt och är fullvuxna på några få år.

 src= Prague sea aquarium
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Kırmızı karınlı pirana ( турски )

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Kırmızı karınlı pirana ya da kızıl pirana (Pygocentrus nattereri), Güney Amerika'daki Amazon havzasında, Kuzeydoğu Brezilya'nın kıyılık ırmaklarında ve Paraguay ile Parana ırmaklarında yaşayan bir pirana türü.[1] Hepçil avcıdırlar ve balık, kurt, böcek ve kabuklular ile beslenirler. Kızıl piranalar çoğu zaman savunma amaçlı sürü halinde yüzer ancak nadiren grup halinde ava çıkarlar. Sesli iletişim yaygındır ve kimileyin saldırgan davranışlarla birlikte sergilenir. Medyanın ve efsanelerin etkisiyle acımasız bir avcı imajına iyedir, ancak bu aslında gerçeği yansıtmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ "Animal Diversity Web: Pygocentrus nattereri". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Eksik ya da boş |url= (yardım); |erişim-tarihi= kullanmak için |url= gerekiyor (yardım)
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Kırmızı karınlı pirana: Brief Summary ( турски )

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Kırmızı karınlı pirana ya da kızıl pirana (Pygocentrus nattereri), Güney Amerika'daki Amazon havzasında, Kuzeydoğu Brezilya'nın kıyılık ırmaklarında ve Paraguay ile Parana ırmaklarında yaşayan bir pirana türü. Hepçil avcıdırlar ve balık, kurt, böcek ve kabuklular ile beslenirler. Kızıl piranalar çoğu zaman savunma amaçlı sürü halinde yüzer ancak nadiren grup halinde ava çıkarlar. Sesli iletişim yaygındır ve kimileyin saldırgan davranışlarla birlikte sergilenir. Medyanın ve efsanelerin etkisiyle acımasız bir avcı imajına iyedir, ancak bu aslında gerçeği yansıtmamaktadır.

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Піранья звичайна ( украински )

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Піранья (значення).

Зміст

Ареал

Зустрічається на території Аргентини, Бразилії, Венесуели, Гаяни, Колумбії та Парагваю. Населяє різноманітні типи водойм як із проточною, так і стоячою водою у басейнах річок Амазонки, Парагваю, Парани, а також Ессекіби.

Опис риби

 src=
Зуби піраньї

Тіло піраньї овальної форми, високе, сплюснуте з боків. Голова відносно велика, з масивною нижньою щелепою. Анальний і спинний плавці порівняно довгі, жировий плавець чітко виділений, черевні плавці — короткі. Хвостовий плавець дволопастний, зі слабкою виїмкою. Самці, як правило, трохи крупніші, стрункіші та яскравіші за самиць.

Зуби плоскі, трикутної форми, завдовжки до 5 мм. Зуби на верхній щелепі менші ніж на нижній і при закритому роті заходять у пази між нижніми.

Зрілі піраньї зазвичай сталевого забарвлення. Спина від оливково-зеленого до чорного кольору, боки темні із золотисто-сріблястими цятками або сріблясто-сірі, металеві. Живіт, горло та анальний плавець червоного кольору, який однак може бути мало помітним зливаючись із основним фоном. Молодь піраній срібляста, тіло вкрите великими круглими чорними цятками.

Завдовжки риби до 35 см. Вага — до 1,5 кг. Тривалість життя — до 10 років, окремі риби в неволі можуть жити і довше.

Розмноження

Статеве дозрівання настає у віці 1,5 року. Нерест сезонний — з березня по серпень. Продуктивність — декілька тисяч ікринок діаметром близько 3 мм оранжевого кольору. Шлюбні ігри починаються з першими променями сонця. Ікра викидається на підмиті коріння дерев, плавучі рослини (наприклад, водяний гіацинт) і ґрунт.

Інкубаційний період триває 2-3 дні при температурі води 26-28 °С, у холоднішій воді може тривати і до 10 днів. Через 3-5 діб мальки плавають і через місяць вже досягають сантиметрової довжини.

В акваріумі

 src=
Зграя риб в акваріумі

Посилання


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Піранья звичайна: Brief Summary ( украински )

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У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Піранья (значення).
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Piranha bụng đỏ ( виетнамски )

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Cá piranha bụng đỏ hoặc piranha đỏ (tên khoa học Pygocentrus nattereri) là một loàipiranha có nguồn gốc từ Nam Mỹ, được tìm thấy trong các lưu vực sông Amazon, sông ven biển phía đông bắc Brazil, và các lưu vực sông ParaguayParaná.[1] Cá piranha bụng đỏ ăn côn trùng, giun, động vật giáp xác và cá. Đây không phải loài di cư, nhưng cũng di chuyển để tìm nơi thích hợp cho việc giao phối và đẻ trứng trong mùa mưa. Chúng thường di chuyển thành đàn để chống lại kẻ thù, nhưng hiếm khi thấy hình vi săn mồi cùng nhau. Qua ảnh hưởng truyền thông, piranha bụng đỏ trở thành một kẻ săn mồi hung tợn, dù chúng không thực sự như thế. Hiện nay, IUCN không xem chúng là loài bị đe dọa.

Phân bố và môi trường sống

Piranha bụng đỏ phân bố rộng rãi khắp Nam Mỹ và được tìm thấy ở các sông nước ngọt tại Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, và Venezuela.[2] Chúng sống ở vùng nước ấm của nhiều sông lớn, gồm Amazon, Rio Paraguay, Rio Paraná và Rio Essequibo, cũng như nhiều hệ thống sông nhỏ hơn.[3] Nó thích nghi với nước có nhiệt độ từ 15 tới 35 °C và độ pH từ 6 tới 7.[4]

Chú thích

  1. ^ “Animal Diversity Web: Pygocentrus nattereri”. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 12 năm 2012.
  2. ^ “Red-bellied piranha”. ARKive. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  3. ^ “Pygocentrus nattereri: Red Bellied Piranha”. Seriously Fish. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  4. ^ Bennett, Wayne A.; Currie, Rebecca J.; Wagner, Paul F.; Beitinger, Thomas L. (tháng 9 năm 1997). “Cold Tolerance and Potential Overwintering of the Red-Bellied Piranha in the United States”. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126 (5): 841–849. doi:10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0841:CTAPOO>2.3.CO;2.

Tham khảo

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Piranha bụng đỏ: Brief Summary ( виетнамски )

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Cá piranha bụng đỏ hoặc piranha đỏ (tên khoa học Pygocentrus nattereri) là một loàipiranha có nguồn gốc từ Nam Mỹ, được tìm thấy trong các lưu vực sông Amazon, sông ven biển phía đông bắc Brazil, và các lưu vực sông ParaguayParaná. Cá piranha bụng đỏ ăn côn trùng, giun, động vật giáp xác và cá. Đây không phải loài di cư, nhưng cũng di chuyển để tìm nơi thích hợp cho việc giao phối và đẻ trứng trong mùa mưa. Chúng thường di chuyển thành đàn để chống lại kẻ thù, nhưng hiếm khi thấy hình vi săn mồi cùng nhau. Qua ảnh hưởng truyền thông, piranha bụng đỏ trở thành một kẻ săn mồi hung tợn, dù chúng không thực sự như thế. Hiện nay, IUCN không xem chúng là loài bị đe dọa.

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Обыкновенная пиранья ( руски )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надотряд: Костнопузырные
Серия: Отофизы
Подсерия: Characiphysi Fink et Fink, 1981
Подотряд: Хараксовидные
Надсемейство: Эритриноподобные
Семейство: Пираньевые
Род: Pygocentrus
Вид: Обыкновенная пиранья
Международное научное название

Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, 1858

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ITIS 641816NCBI 42514EOL 1004114

Обыкновенная пиранья[1][2] (лат. Pygocentrus nattereri) — вид хищных лучепёрых рыб из подсемейства пираньевых (Serrasalminae) семейства харациновых (Characidae) или (по другой классификации) семейства пираньевых (Serrasalmidae), один из самых известных видов пираний.

Это один из самых известных видов пираний, имеет репутацию пресноводного хищника, опасного для животных. Для живого человека они опасности не представляют в связи с размером и пугливостью самих пираний.[источник не указан 361 день]

Описание

Длина тела составляет около 15 см, максимальная — 50 см. Максимальная масса тела 3,9 кг[3].

Piranha.jaw.jpg

У всех пираний большие рты с выступающими острыми зубами. Виды пираний отличаются друг от друга расцветкой: у большинства рыб оливково-зелёная или чёрная с синевой спина, а брюхо и бока тёмные или серебристо-серые.

Плоские зубы клиновидной формы с острыми вершинами впиваются в жёсткую кожу жертвы. Зубы обеих челюстей имеют одинаковое строение. Верхние зубы меньших размеров при закрытом рте помещаются в промежутки между нижними. Челюсти приводятся в действие мощной мускулатурой. Нижняя челюсть выдвинута вперед, зубы загнуты назад. Зубы на нижней челюсти достигают длины 1—2 мм.

Образ жизни

Пираньи держатся огромными стаями, которые большую часть времени проводят в поисках добычи. Этих типично речных рыб во время половодья можно встретить в море. Однако в море пираньи не способны нереститься. Эти рыбы довольно прожорливы, поэтому могут жить только в изобилующих рыбой реках. Чаще всего они встречаются на мелководье, на большой глубине и в илистой воде.

Питание

Пираньи при ловле добычи рассчитывают на скорость и внезапность. Иногда они подкарауливают жертву в укрытии, откуда при удобном случае атакуют: вся стая бросается на неё и пожирает, при этом каждая рыба действует независимо от других членов стаи. Пираньи славятся удивительно тонким обонянием, помогающим обнаружить добычу. Они сразу же замечают присутствие крови возле них. Пираньи стремительно набрасываются на жертву всей стаей. Рыбы, подвергшиеся такой атаке, впадают в панику и пытаются спастись бегством врассыпную, но быстрые пираньи ловят их по одной — мелких они заглатывают целиком, а от крупной добычи отрывают куски мяса, которые сразу проглатывают, чтобы снова впиться в жертву. Стая взрослых пираний уничтожает всё, что встречается у неё на пути, самцы выдёргивают даже водную растительность. Учёные выяснили, однако, что пираньи не трогают здоровых сомиков рода Hoplosternum. Эти сомики безбоязненно подплывают к пираньям и поедают с их кожи паразитов.

Пища пираний — прежде всего, рыба; а также птицы, которые находятся в воде. Случаи убийств людей не зафиксированы.

Пираньи плавают огромными постоянными стаями, а иногда и поодиночке.

Размножение

Рыба нерестится в марте — августе, вымётывая несколько тысяч икринок. Инкубационный период икры длится 10—15 суток, в зависимости от температуры воды.

Ареал

Пираньи населяют водоёмы южно-американского континента: реки бассейна Амазонки, Парагвая, Параны и Эссекибо. Самые многочисленные популяции обитают в реках Колумбии, Венесуэлы, Гайаны, Парагвая, Бразилии и Центральной Аргентины.

В аквариуме

Обыкновенная пиранья распространена в аквариумистике. В условиях аквариума достаточно пуглива и осторожна. В природных условиях рыбы находят достаточно укрытий, каких может недоставать при содержании в аквариумных условиях. Пиранья предпочитает мягкую воду, слабокислой или нейтральной реакции (5,5—7,0) с достаточно активной фильтрацией (около трех объемов аквариума в час). Присутствие коряг, корня мангрового дерева поддерживает постоянный уровень pH.

Примечания

  1. Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 221. — 575 с.
  2. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 119. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  3. Pygocentrus nattereri (англ.) в базе данных FishBase. (Проверено 16 марта 2017).
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Обыкновенная пиранья: Brief Summary ( руски )

добавил wikipedia русскую Википедию

Обыкновенная пиранья (лат. Pygocentrus nattereri) — вид хищных лучепёрых рыб из подсемейства пираньевых (Serrasalminae) семейства харациновых (Characidae) или (по другой классификации) семейства пираньевых (Serrasalmidae), один из самых известных видов пираний.

Это один из самых известных видов пираний, имеет репутацию пресноводного хищника, опасного для животных. Для живого человека они опасности не представляют в связи с размером и пугливостью самих пираний.[источник не указан 361 день]

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納氏臀點脂鯉 ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Pygocentrus nattereri
Kner, 1858

納氏臀點脂鯉(學名:Pygocentrus nattereri),俗稱紅腹食人魚,為臀點脂鯉屬的其中一個。分布於南美洲亞馬遜河巴拉圭河巴拉那河埃塞奎博河等流域,體長可達50公分,棲息在溪流、水塘,成群活動,屬肉食性,以魚類昆蟲蠕蟲等為食,利牙會造成嚴重創傷,可做為食用魚及觀賞魚。

参考文献

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納氏臀點脂鯉: Brief Summary ( кинески )

добавил wikipedia 中文维基百科

納氏臀點脂鯉(學名:Pygocentrus nattereri),俗稱紅腹食人魚,為臀點脂鯉屬的其中一個。分布於南美洲亞馬遜河巴拉圭河巴拉那河埃塞奎博河等流域,體長可達50公分,棲息在溪流、水塘,成群活動,屬肉食性,以魚類昆蟲蠕蟲等為食,利牙會造成嚴重創傷,可做為食用魚及觀賞魚。

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