Juvenile giant sea bass are a brilliant shade of orange, with distinctive large black spots. As a fish matures, its spots deminish and its colorful exterior gradually darkens and acquires a bronzy purple hue. At full maturity, it begins to develop a white underside while the rest of its body turns black or even gray. Features characteristic of giant sea bass are dorsal spines that fit into grooves in the back and a large mouth specialized for ambush predation. Perhaps the most well-known feature of this species is its large size, with individuals historically exceeding 2 meters in length.
Range mass: 255.6 (high) kg.
Range length: 2.5 (high) m.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Giant sea bass have been protected in California since 1982, when the California State Legislature recognized the great decline in populations and banned recreational and commercial fishing for this species. However, the species can still be fished in Mexico. In 1990, Proposition 132 passed in California, banning the use of gill nets within coastal waters as a public initiative to prevent further population declines of giant sea bass.
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
This species has the ability to rapidly and dramatically change color, producing black spots and white mottling over the body. It is believed that these color changes serve as stress signals and a means of communication between conspecifics. In addition to the use of visual cues, giant sea bass are able to perceive their environment through the use of their lateral line system, which detects pressure changed and movement in surrounding waters. They can also detect dissolved chemical substances via their nares, which are analogous to nostrils in terrestrial animals.
Communication Channels: visual
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical
There is little specific information on the development of this species. Like in other broadcast spawning marine teleosts, fertilized eggs develop into planktonic, lechithotropic larvae that drift with coastal currents while developing into fully developed juveniles.
Development - Life Cycle: indeterminate growth
There are no known adverse effects of giant sea bass on humans.
Giant sea bass were one of the most economically important species of fish in the Gulf of California and were fished heavily in the 1930’s and 40’s for their value as food. As a protected species, their current value lies in ecotourism, attracting divers from around the world to coastal marine sanctuaries in California to catch a glimpse of these undersea giants.
Positive Impacts: ecotourism ; research and education
Giant sea bass are most likely to be preyed upon while they are in larval or juvenile stages, by a wide variety of marine mammals and fish. Due to their large size, only large sharks and humans have the ability to prey on adults.
Known Predators:
Giant sea bass are top-level carnivores that prey on many kelp forest species of invertebrates and fish. This species is also a host for endoparasitic monogenean flukes and ectoparasitic isopods, which attach themselves to the gill rakers. Señoritas are a species of cleaner fish that share a mutualistic symbiosis with giant sea bass, removing these external crustacean parasites from the gills, skin, and inside of the mouth.
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Giant sea bass mainly consume benthic invertebrates including rock crab (Cancer antennarius) and California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus), and will also prey on other fishes, such as round stingrays (Urobatis halleri), ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps), California barracuda (Sphyraena argentea), kelp bass (Paralabrax clathratus), and barred sand bass (Paralabrax nebulifer). They are sit-and-wait ambush predators, that capture their prey by rapidly opening their mouth, creating a vacuum that sucks their prey into their throats.
Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; echinoderms
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )
Giant sea bass inhabit coastal waters of California, from Humboldt Bay to the tip of Baja California, Mexico.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )
Juvenile giant sea bass are found at depths of 6 to 10 m, over mud flats and in coastal lagoons of southern California and the Baja California peninsula. Older juveniles and adults are found in 10 to 40 m of water over sandy bottoms, kelp beds and rocky reefs, as well as within deep ridges at depths of 70 to 80 m. Adult sea bass venture offshore of these coastal areas at various times in the year to prey on groups of spawning squid.
Range depth: 6 to 80 m.
Average depth: 40 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal
The oldest scientifically aged fish was estimated to be 75 years old, weighing 197 kilograms. It is believed that giant sea bass may potentially live for over a century.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 75 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 100 (high) years.
Spawning behavior of giant sea bass has rarely been observed in the field. One study documented groups of 2 to 20 fish spawning in one particular area. As is the case with other broadcast spawning species, pair bonds are not formed, and individuals may spawn multiple times with several different mates.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Male giant sea bass reach sexual maturity at about 18 kg, while females mature at sizes of 23 to 27 kg. These sizes correspond to an age of 11 to 13 years for either gender. During a three mouth spawning period from July to September, females may produce up to 60,000,000 eggs. After fertilization, the eggs absorb water and swell up, measuring up to 1.6 mm in diameter (much larger than the eggs of other bass species). Eggs are positively buoyant and float to the surface. After hatching, larvae drift and feed on plankton for about a month until they sink and start their juvenile phase.
Breeding interval: Giant sea bass spawn annually, potentially engaging in multiple individual spawning events during a single spawning season.
Breeding season: Spawning occurs once a year between July to September.
Range number of offspring: 60,000,000 (high) .
Range gestation period: 24 to 36 hours.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 11 to 13 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 11 to 13 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); broadcast (group) spawning; oviparous
As is the case with the majority of species that broadcast spawn, there is no parental investment beyond the energy required to produce gametes.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement
Der Pazifik-Riesenbarsch (Stereolepis gigas) ist eine sehr große Meeresfischart aus der Familie der Wrackbarsche (Polyprionidae). Sie kommt an der nordamerikanischen Pazifikküste von der Humboldt Bay bis zur Südspitze der Baja California vor. Meldungen über Vorkommen in nordjapanischen Küstengewässern beruhen möglicherweise auf eine Verwechslung mit Stereolepis doederleini, der zweiten Art der Gattung Stereolepis.
Stereolepis gigas hat ein bulliges, zackenbarschähnliches Aussehen mit einem großen, an eine räuberische Lebensweise angepassten Maul. Er kann eine Maximallänge von 2,5 Metern und ein Maximalgewicht von über 250 kg erreichen. Jungfische sind leuchtend orange gefärbt und mit auffälligen großen und schwarzen Flecken gemustert. Mit Erreichen der Geschlechtsreife verschwinden die Flecken, und die Fische bekommen einen bronzefarben-violetten Farbton. Mit fortschreitendem Alter werden die Fische immer dunkler, zunächst dunkelgrau, dann schwarz mit einer weißlichen Bauchseite. Die Rückenflosse wird beim Zurücklegen in eine Grube gelegt.
Für Stereolepis gigas wurde ein Alter von 72 bis 75 Jahren nachgewiesen. Eventuell kann die Art 90 oder auch über 100 Jahre alt werden.
Stereolepis gigas lebt küstennah in Tiefen von 10 bis 80 Metern über schlammigem, sandigem oder felsigem Grund und in Tangwäldern. Große Exemplare leben normalerweise unterhalb von 30 Metern, kleine sieht man meist in Tiefen von 6 bis 10 Metern. Große Exemplare verlassen mehrmals im Jahr die küstennahen Bereiche, um im offenen Meer Jagd auf laichende Kalmare zu machen. Als Larve oder Jungfisch wird Stereolepis gigas von zahlreichen Beutegreifern gefressen, vor allem Fische und Meeressäuger. Ausgewachsene Exemplare werden nur noch von größeren Haien oder vom Menschen erbeutet.
Stereolepis gigas gehört zu den Spitzenprädatoren seines Ökosystems, des Kelpwaldes, und fängt als Lauerjäger seine Beute, indem er nah vorbeischwimmende Beutetiere durch plötzliches Öffnen des Maules einsaugt. Er ernährt sich von Wirbellosen und Fischen. Zu den Beutetieren gehören die Krabbe Cancer antennarius, die Kalifornische Languste (Panulirus interruptus), der Kalifornische Rundstechrochen (Urobatis halleri), der Torpedobarsch Caulolatilus princeps, Barrakudas sowie die Sägebarsche Paralabrax clathratus und Paralabrax nebulifer.
Stereolepis gigas wird von verschiedenen Parasiten heimgesucht, darunter endoparasitische Hakensaugwürmer und ektoparasitische Asseln, die vor allem die Kiemenrechen befallen. Die Lippfischart Oxyjulis californica betätigt sich als Putzerfisch bei Stereolepis gigas und frisst Parasiten von der Haut, von den Kiemen und aus dem Maul.
Stereolepis gigas laicht im Sommer von Juli bis September paarweise oder in mehr oder weniger großen Laichschwärmen. Die bis zu 60 Millionen Eier, die einen Durchmesser von 1,6 mm haben, und die nach 24 bis 36 Stunden schlüpfenden Larven sind pelagisch. Nach etwa einem Monat im Plankton beginnt die benthische Jungfischphase. Mit einem Alter von 11 bis 13 Jahren erreicht Stereolepis gigas die Geschlechtsreife. Männchen sind dann etwa 18 kg schwer, Weibchen 23 bis 27 kg.
Obwohl die Art seit 1962 in Kalifornien geschützt und ihre kommerzielle Fischerei verboten ist, gilt Stereolepis gigas heute als vom Aussterben bedroht (Critically Endangered). An der Pazifikküste Mexikos wird sie weiterhin befischt.
Der Pazifik-Riesenbarsch (Stereolepis gigas) ist eine sehr große Meeresfischart aus der Familie der Wrackbarsche (Polyprionidae). Sie kommt an der nordamerikanischen Pazifikküste von der Humboldt Bay bis zur Südspitze der Baja California vor. Meldungen über Vorkommen in nordjapanischen Küstengewässern beruhen möglicherweise auf eine Verwechslung mit Stereolepis doederleini, der zweiten Art der Gattung Stereolepis.
The giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) is a fish native to the North Pacific Ocean. Although commonly referred to as a giant sea bass, black sea bass or giant black sea bass, it is actually a wreckfish in the family Polyprionidae rather than in the sea bass family Serranidae.[3]
Giant sea bass reaching a size of 8.2 feet (2.5 m) and a weight of up to 562 pounds (255 kg) have been reported. However, in Charles F. Holder's book The Channel Islands of California, published in 1910, the author claims specimens taken from the Gulf of California attained 800 pounds (360 kg). Aside from its tremendous size, the giant sea bass is also known for its lengthy lifespan. They mature around the age of 11 or 12, around the weight of 50 pounds (23 kg). However, some of the largest specimens have been known to exceed 7 ft, and are estimated to be 75 years or older.[4] In the eastern North Pacific, its range is from Humboldt Bay, California, to the Gulf of California, Mexico, most common from Point Conception southward. In the northwestern Pacific it occurs around Japan.[5] It usually stays near kelp forests, drop-offs, or rocky bottoms and sand or mudflats.[6] Juvenile giant sea bass can be found at depths around 69 feet (21 m), with adults of the species found at depths below 66 feet (20 m).[7] Juveniles of the species are brightly colored in red or orange, however as individuals of the species mature they take on more muddled colors of gray or brown.[8]
Within kelp forests giant sea bass are the apex predator.[8] Giant sea bass feed on crustaceans, as well as a wide variety of fish. For populations off the coast of California, anchovies and croaker are prominent food sources. Mackerel, sheephead, whitefish, sand bass, and several types of crab also make up the sea bass's diet. Despite their great size and bulky appearance, giant sea bass have been known to move extremely quickly, outstripping bonito.[4]
Recreational fishing of the giant sea bass began in the late 19th century.[9]: 150 Caught off the Central and Southern California coasts in the 20th century, the peak catch of the giant sea bass was in 1932.[6] Giant sea bass were once a relatively common inhabitant of Southern California waters, yet in the 1980s, it was facing the threat of local extinction off the California coast.[10]
Giant sea bass were also a popular "big game" quarry for both freediving and scuba spearfishermen. In the 1970s, spearfishing for this species was made illegal by the California Department of Fish and Game. One unfortunate incident precipitated this abrupt change in the law. Several freedivers had taken 7 fish at Santa Cruz Island. Unable to eat nearly a ton of fish, they sold the fish illegally to a fish market in San Pedro. Fish and Game wardens discovered that the fish had been speared by observing the holes and slip tips left behind in their bodies.[11]
By the late 1970s, biologists with the California Department of Fish and Game, recognized that the local population of giant sea bass was in trouble. Actions were taken, resulting in protection from commercial and sport fishing that went into effect in 1982.[1] In 1996, the species was listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.[12] As of 2004, it is suggested that the population size of Giant Sea Bass in California may be increasing as it is under protection; however, there is no hard data to support it.[1] In 2016, the first successful captive breeding of the species occurred at that Aquarium of the Pacific.[10] The total breeding population in California in 2018 is estimated to be around 500 individuals, of which 40 to 50 return to spawn around Catalina Island each year.[13]
Giant sea bass remain understudied in the Mexican portion of its range, although efforts are underway to monitor the population size, genetic connectivity, and fishing pressure along the Pacific coast of the Baja peninsula.[14] More than half of the range of the giant sea bass are within Mexican waters.[15] In Mexico, the giant sea bass is called mero gigante.[8] The peak catch of giant sea bass in Mexican waters occurred in 1932, when the catch was over 800,000 pounds (360,000 kg).[9]: 209 Prior to 1964, commercial catches of giant sea bass in Mexican waters were above 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg).[9]: 209 In 1981, United States commercial fishermen were initially allowed to catch up to 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of giant sea bass per trip into Mexican waters, and no more than 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) per year; in 1988 the regulation changed to only allow a single giant sea bass fish to be taken in per trip if taken incidentally.[16] Within those waters for over half a century the average catch of giant sea bass by Mexican fishermen has been 55 tonnes (55,000 kg).[15]
The giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas) is a fish native to the North Pacific Ocean. Although commonly referred to as a giant sea bass, black sea bass or giant black sea bass, it is actually a wreckfish in the family Polyprionidae rather than in the sea bass family Serranidae.
Jättihylkyahven (Stereolepis gigas) on subtrooppisella pohjoisella Tyynellämerellä elävä äärimmäisen uhanalainen ahvenkala[2]. Alun perin jättihylkyahven luettiin kuuluvaksi meriahventen heimoon (Serranidae), mutta siirrettiin kuuluvaksi hylkyahventen heimoon (Polyprionidae) johtuen sen poikasten samankaltaisuudesta verrattuna heimon muihin lajeihin[3].
Jättihylkyahven voi kasvaa jopa 250 cm pitkäksi ja painoa voi kertyä yli 250 kg. Jättihylkyahvenet ovat myös hyvin pitkäikäisiä korkein raportoitu ikä oli sata vuotta[2]. Nuoret jättihylkyahvenen poikaset ovat väriltään kirkkaan oransseja suurin mustin täplin. Myöhemmin väritys muuttuu pronssinväriseksi. Kalan kasvaessa täplät häviävät ja kalan väritys muuttuu tummemmaksi harmaaksi. Suuret kalat säilyttävät kuitenkin kyvyn tuoda täplät esille.[3]
Jättihylkyahvenet elävät 5–46 m:n syvyydessä.[2] Johtuen kalan suuresta koosta ja sen suojelustatuksesta ei jättihylkyahvenen biologiasta ja elämäntavoista juurikaan ole julkaistua tutkimustietoa[3].
Jättihylkyahvenen suurin uhka on sen liikakalastus. Kala on myös hyvin hidas lisääntymään sillä ne saavuttavat täysikehittyneisyyden 7-10 vuoden välillä ja kannan kaksinkertaistumiseen kuluu aikaa yli 14 vuotta. Jättihylkyahvenkanta on suojeltu Kaliforniassa vuodesta 1982 alkaen ja Meksikossa suojelu astui voimaan kymmenen vuotta myöhemmin [1].
Jättihylkyahven (Stereolepis gigas) on subtrooppisella pohjoisella Tyynellämerellä elävä äärimmäisen uhanalainen ahvenkala. Alun perin jättihylkyahven luettiin kuuluvaksi meriahventen heimoon (Serranidae), mutta siirrettiin kuuluvaksi hylkyahventen heimoon (Polyprionidae) johtuen sen poikasten samankaltaisuudesta verrattuna heimon muihin lajeihin.
Jättihylkyahven voi kasvaa jopa 250 cm pitkäksi ja painoa voi kertyä yli 250 kg. Jättihylkyahvenet ovat myös hyvin pitkäikäisiä korkein raportoitu ikä oli sata vuotta. Nuoret jättihylkyahvenen poikaset ovat väriltään kirkkaan oransseja suurin mustin täplin. Myöhemmin väritys muuttuu pronssinväriseksi. Kalan kasvaessa täplät häviävät ja kalan väritys muuttuu tummemmaksi harmaaksi. Suuret kalat säilyttävät kuitenkin kyvyn tuoda täplät esille.
Jättihylkyahvenet elävät 5–46 m:n syvyydessä. Johtuen kalan suuresta koosta ja sen suojelustatuksesta ei jättihylkyahvenen biologiasta ja elämäntavoista juurikaan ole julkaistua tutkimustietoa.
Jättihylkyahvenen suurin uhka on sen liikakalastus. Kala on myös hyvin hidas lisääntymään sillä ne saavuttavat täysikehittyneisyyden 7-10 vuoden välillä ja kannan kaksinkertaistumiseen kuluu aikaa yli 14 vuotta. Jättihylkyahvenkanta on suojeltu Kaliforniassa vuodesta 1982 alkaen ja Meksikossa suojelu astui voimaan kymmenen vuotta myöhemmin .
De Californische jodenvis of reuzenzeebaars (Stereolepis gigas) is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van wrakvissen (Polyprionidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1859 door Ayres.
De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN als Kritiek, beoordelingsjaar 2004.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Kjempehavabbor (Stereolepis gigas) er en fiskeart.
Den blir svært stor, 2,5 m lang og 255 kg tung, og den blir derfor kalt giant sea bass på engelsk. Den vokser sakte og blir svært gammel. Hunnene blir først kjønnsmodne når de er 23–27 kg og 7–8 år gamle. Unge fisker er mursteinsrøde med svart flekker og lever i og ved tareskoger og på sandbunn på 6–21 m dyp. Voksne fisker av begge kjønn svømmer i store ansamlinger i perioden juni–september. De finnes på steingrunn nær tareskoger og undersjøiske stup på 11–40 m dyp. Føden består av krepsdyr og mange ulike fiskearter. Eggene er pelagiske.[2]
Utbredelsen omfatter stillehavskysten fra Humboldt Bay i California til sørspissen av Californiahalvøya og Californiabukta. Arten var tidligere ettertraktet både i kommersielt fiske og sportsfiske. Begrenset utbredelse, lang generasjonslengde og tendensen til å danne store ansamlinger gjør arten svært sårbar. Den er nå fredet i både USA og Mexico og har status kritisk truet på IUCNs rødliste.[1]
Kjempehavabbor (Stereolepis gigas) er en fiskeart.
Den blir svært stor, 2,5 m lang og 255 kg tung, og den blir derfor kalt giant sea bass på engelsk. Den vokser sakte og blir svært gammel. Hunnene blir først kjønnsmodne når de er 23–27 kg og 7–8 år gamle. Unge fisker er mursteinsrøde med svart flekker og lever i og ved tareskoger og på sandbunn på 6–21 m dyp. Voksne fisker av begge kjønn svømmer i store ansamlinger i perioden juni–september. De finnes på steingrunn nær tareskoger og undersjøiske stup på 11–40 m dyp. Føden består av krepsdyr og mange ulike fiskearter. Eggene er pelagiske.
Utbredelsen omfatter stillehavskysten fra Humboldt Bay i California til sørspissen av Californiahalvøya og Californiabukta. Arten var tidligere ettertraktet både i kommersielt fiske og sportsfiske. Begrenset utbredelse, lang generasjonslengde og tendensen til å danne store ansamlinger gjør arten svært sårbar. Den er nå fredet i både USA og Mexico og har status kritisk truet på IUCNs rødliste.
Cá vược khổng lồ (tên khoa học: Stereolepis gigas) là một loài cá vược sống ở biển, chủ yếu ở vùng Bắc Thái Bình Dương. Nó là loài cá vược lớn nhất, dài từ 2–3 m, nặng từ 200–300 kg. Hiện nay loài này được cho là rất hiếm, được sếp vào loại cực kỳ nguy cấp, dữ liệu về loài là rất ít. Chỉ một số nơi có dược mẫu vật còn sống của loài này, ví dụ ở Viện khoa học Hàn lâm California. Thức ăn chủ yếu là cá mòi,... Vào những thế kỷ 19-20, loài này bị đánh bắt rất nhiều, chủ yếu phục vụ mục đích thể thao. Tuổi thọ của chúng từ 40-60, một số con sống tới 75 năm. Hiện nay thế giới đang nỗ lực bảo tồn loài nay và đang khá thành công, một số quốc gia nằm trong khu vực sinh sống của loài này đã ra lệnh cấm đánh bắt loài cá này dưới mọi hình thức.
Cá vược khổng lồ (tên khoa học: Stereolepis gigas) là một loài cá vược sống ở biển, chủ yếu ở vùng Bắc Thái Bình Dương. Nó là loài cá vược lớn nhất, dài từ 2–3 m, nặng từ 200–300 kg. Hiện nay loài này được cho là rất hiếm, được sếp vào loại cực kỳ nguy cấp, dữ liệu về loài là rất ít. Chỉ một số nơi có dược mẫu vật còn sống của loài này, ví dụ ở Viện khoa học Hàn lâm California. Thức ăn chủ yếu là cá mòi,... Vào những thế kỷ 19-20, loài này bị đánh bắt rất nhiều, chủ yếu phục vụ mục đích thể thao. Tuổi thọ của chúng từ 40-60, một số con sống tới 75 năm. Hiện nay thế giới đang nỗ lực bảo tồn loài nay và đang khá thành công, một số quốc gia nằm trong khu vực sinh sống của loài này đã ra lệnh cấm đánh bắt loài cá này dưới mọi hình thức.
巨堅鱗鱸（學名Stereolepis gigas）是北太平洋特有的一種魚類。[1] 除去它們的身體巨大及具有好奇的性格，學界對它們所知的甚少。
巨堅鱗鱸可以長達2.5米及重255公斤。在東太平洋，它們分佈在加利福尼亞州的洪堡湾至墨西哥的加利福尼亞灣，大部份在概念點（Point Conception）以南。在西太平洋，它們分佈在近日本的海域。它們一般會生活在淺水地區，近海藻森林或岩石海床。
加州巨堅鱗鱸數量一度很多，但到了1980年代，它們面臨局部滅絕的威脅。於1800年代末開始，每年的商業漁獲就有數十萬磅。它們於夏天會游到淺水區產卵，而同時亦成為漁獵的對象。到了1970年代末，它們的數量大減。後來於1982年採取了一些措施來保護它們。它們的繁殖率很低，要多於14年才能令其數量翻倍，故仍被列為極危物種。
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대왕농어(giant sea bass)는 북태평양이 원산인 물고기이다. 학명은 스테레올레피스 기가스(Stereolepis gigas).
신장은 최대 2.5미터, 체중은 최대 255 킬로그램까지 자라는 대형 물고기이다. 그러나 그 생태와 습성에 관해서는 알려진 것이 거의 없는 불가사의한 종이며, 멸종위기종이기도 하다.
