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Salamandre Géante Du Japon

Andrias japonicus (Temminck 1836)

Description ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus is a heavily built salamander, and with its Chinese sister species, Andrias davidianus, is one of the two largest extant salamander species. Head broad and flat. Body strongly depressed; terminal two-thirds of tail strongly compressed; nostrils small, near tip of the snout, their distance from each other less than one-half the distance between the eyes, which are without eyelids and very small. Vomerine teeth in an arched series starting between the choanae, parallel to the maxillary and premaxillary series. Thin lower labial fold starting midway between nostril and eye to angle of mouth. Legs short and flattened. Tail short, slightly more than one-third the length of head and body, with a high dorsal fin beginning at insertion of hind legs, and a lower ventral fin. Skin rather smooth and slippery, with wrinkles, folds and tubercles.No external sexual dimorphism. During the breeding season, cloacal lips are swollen in the male and flat in the female.Color usually reddish-brown to brownish-yellow, paler below; irregularly blotched and marbled with dusky spots. Considerable individual variation ranging from being completely black to almost yellow.Total length of an adult Japanese Giant Salamander ranges from 30 to 150 cm - with a snout vent length of 20 to 90 cm - a result of continuous growth after sexual maturity (Kawamichi and Ueda 1998). Many specimens found in the wild are 60-70 cm (Environment Agency of Japan 2000). Weight of sexually mature animals ranging between 1.5 and 35 kg. The heaviest specimen found in the wild, on record, was 26.3 kg and measured 136 cm (Tochimoto, pers. com).Genetic variation is low (Matsui and Hayashi 1992, Matsui et al. 2008).The Japanese Giant Salamander is closely related and very similar to the Chinese Giant Salamander (A. davidianus) and differs from the latter by the arrangement of tubercles on the head and throat. These tubercles are larger and more numerous than in A. davidianus; they are mostly single and irregularly scattered. The snout is more rounded and the tail a little shorter in the Japanese species.Video: A new program in Japan is helping giant salamanders get past dams built to control flooding so the rare amphibians can lay their eggs upstream. December 31, 2009.Video by Public Television's Wild Chronicles, from National Geographic Mission Programs. Runtime: 3:38. Language: English.There is a vast literature on this species, much of it in Japanese. See Stejneger (1907), Sato (1943), Thorn (1969), and for recent ecological studies by T. Tochimoto and J. Kobara in Japanese, see references in Kawamichi and Ueda (1998).

Références

  • Fukumoto S., Ushimaru A., and Minamoto, T. (2015). ''A basin-scale application of environmental DNA assessment for rare endemic species and closely related exotic species in rivers: a case study of giant salamanders in Japan.'' Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(2), 358 - 365.
  • Goka, K., Yokoyama, J., Une, Y., Kuroki, T., Suzuki, K., Nakahara, M., Kobayashi, A., Inaba, S., Mizutani, T., and Hyatt, A. D. (2009). ''Amphibian chytridiomycosis in Japan: distribution, haplotypes, and possible route of entry into Japan.'' Molecular Ecology, 18, 4757 - 4774.
  • Goris, R.C. and Maeda, N. (2004). Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Japan. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida.
  • IUCN. (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on 16 September 2010.
  • Japan Agency of Environment (2000). Threatened Wildlife of Japan - Red Data Book. 2nd ed. Reptilia/Amphibia. (in Japanese with English summary). Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Kato, T. and Ota, H. (1993). Endangered Wildlife of Japan. Hoikusha, Osaka, Japan.
  • Kerbert, C. (1905). ''Über die Eier und Larven von Megalobatrachus maximus Schl.'' C. R. 6e Congr. Intern. Zool., Berne, 1904, 289-294.
  • Kobara, J. (1985). The Giant Salamander (in Japanese). Doubutsu-sha, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Kuwabara, K. and Nakagoshi, N. (2009). ''Analysis on Reproductive Behavior of Japanese Giant Salamander, Andrias japonicus - Observations on the Breeding Behavior and Notes on the Video Imagery.'' Natural History of Nishi-Chugoku Mountains, 14, 11-50 + DVD.
  • Kuwabara, K., Suzuki, N., Wakabayashi, F., Ashikaga, H., Inoue, T. and Kobara, J. (1989). ''Breeding the Japanese Giant Salamander at Asa Zoological Park.'' International Zoo Yearbook, London, 28, 22-31.
  • Matsui, M., Tominaga, A., Liu, W.-Z., and Tanaka-Ueno, T. (2008). ''Reduced genetic variation in the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus (Amphibia: Caudata) .'' Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution, 49, 318-326.
  • Matsui, M., and Hayashi, T. (1992). ''Genetic uniformity in the Japanese Giant Salamander, Andrias japonicus.'' Copeia, 1992, 232-235.
  • Ministry of the Environment, Japan, (2008). ''Review of the Status of Japanese Giant Salamander (Andrias japonicus).'' Annex 2 to Periodic Review of Species Included in the CITES Appendices, Geneva 2009, 5-14.
  • Ohno, M. (1981). "Megalobatrachus japonicus." Final Report of the Reptiles and Amphibians Survey of the Second National Survey on the Natural Environment of Japan. 1978, pt. 2. Nature Conservancy Society of Japan, Tokyo., 55-70.
  • Okada, S., Utsunomiya, T., Okada, T., Felix, Z.I., and Ito, F. (2008). ''Characteristics of Japanese Giant Salamander (Andrias japonicus) populations in two small tributary streams in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Honshu, Japan.'' Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 3, 192-202.
  • Ota, H. (2000). ''Current status of the threatened amphibians and reptiles of Japan.'' Population Ecology, 42, 5-9.
  • Sato, I. (1943). A Monograph of the Tailed Batrachians of Japan (In Japanese). Nippon Shuppan-Sha, Osaka, Japan.
  • Stejneger, L. (1907). Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory. Government Printing Office, Washington. Reprinted 1996, with an introduction by M. Matsui. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with the Herpetological Society of Japan
  • Tago, K. (1927). ''Notes on the habits and life history of Megalobatrachus japonicus.'' Xe Congrès International de Zoologie, tenu à Budapest 1927. Budapest, Hungary, 828-838.
  • Takahashi, M. K., Okada, S. and Fukuda, Y. (2016), From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander. J Zool. doi:10.1111/jzo.1243
  • Tochimoto, T. (1995). ''Ecological studies on the Japanese Giant Salamander, Andrias japonicus, in the Ichi River in Hyogo Prefecture. 10. An attempt to rebuild spawning places along the river.'' Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums, 37, 7-12.
  • Tochimoto, T. (1996). ''Amphibians, Reptiles, and Cartilaginous Fish, 5.'' The Encyclopedia of Japanese Animals. Hidaka, T., eds., Heibonsha, Tokyo, Japan.

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Max Sparreboom
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AmphibiaWeb articles

Distribution and Habitat ( anglais )

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The Japanese Giant Salamander is endemic to Japan, where it is found in the Chubu, Kinki and Chugoku regions of central and western Honshu, in Shikoku and in northeastern Kyushu (Tochimoto 1996).The salamander occurs in habitats ranging from relatively large rivers (20-50 m wide) to small tributary streams (1-4 m wide), with clear cool water flowing through granite and schist regions. These streams have usually rocky or gravel bottoms, and at places shallow, quietly running water. The animals keep themselves concealed in rocky caverns or in burrows on the water’s edge (Tago 1927). Vertical distribution 300 to 1000 m. Spawning nests and larvae often occur in relatively small lotic habitats, including the upper reaches of tributary streams (Okada et al. 2008).
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Max Sparreboom
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( anglais )

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The range of this species is severely fragmented (Ohno 1981). A continuing decline is observed in extent and quality of habitat and in the number of locations where the animal is found (Matsui and Hayashi 1992). Weirs, dams and river bank reinforcements constructed for flood and erosion control, agriculture, hydraulic power generation and road construction severely impact a large part of A. japonicus's riverine habitat (Okada et al. 2008). The animal used to be hunted for food and medical purposes. In Japan the species is fully protected by law since 1952; it is classified as rare (Kato and Ota 1993) and considered to be Near Threatened (Environment Agency of Japan 2000, Ota 2000). The species is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2008, IUCN 2010).Although the prevalence of chytrid infection appears to be high in wild individuals (47 of 126 animals sampled, or 37.3%, were infected with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, or Bd), neither infected wild nor infected captive A. japonicus have been reported to show any signs of disease (Goka et al. 2009). Examination of formalin-fixed A. japonicus museum specimens has revealed the presence of Bd infection in specimens collected as early as 1902 (Goka et al. 2009). In addition, Bd haplotypes found on wild A. japonicus are genetically distinct from other strains, including those found on introduced bullfrogs, and Bd genetic variation is higher in Japanese endemic strains of Bd than for strains found in the U.S.A., Ecuador, or Italy (Goka et al. 2009). Taken together, the evidence suggests that Bd is endemic to Japan (as well as having been introduced on non-native species such as bullfrogs) and that host-parasite co-evolution has occurred in the case of A. japonicus and Bd (Goka et al. 2009).In 2012, genetic tests of the endemic Japanese Giant salamanders revealed that some were hybrids with escaped imported Chinese Giant salamanders, Andrias davidianus . Further the use of environmental DNA tests revealed hybrids at nine out of 37 tested sites in the Katsura River basin in Japan, where previous surveys had ruled them out. Fukumoto et al (2015) demonstrated the effectiveness of eDNA tests (testing for targeted species with PCR analysis of water samples) and that hybridization may be another threat to the endemic species.
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Max Sparreboom
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( anglais )

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Spawning occurs in late August to early September. Eggs are deposited in long strings, containing 400-600 eggs. Diameter of egg 5 mm; diameter of external gelatinous capsule 8 to 15 mm. At water temperatures between 8° and 18° C embryonic development takes 40 to 60 days (Kuwabara et al. 1989). Larvae hatch in October-November at a total length of 30 mm and start feeding after absorption of yolk. One year old larvae measure about 100 mm, three year olds some 200 mm. At this size larvae start losing their gills. Males reach sexual maturity at 30 cm, females at 40 cm. The larval period is about 4-5 years, and it takes another 10 years to reach adulthood (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2008).The salamanders are entirely aquatic and nocturnal. They feed on fresh-water crabs, fish, small amphibians (Tago 1927), and additionally on aquatic insects and small mammals (Goris and Maeda 2005). Males and females have overlapping home ranges and are more or less sedentary outside the spawning period. During the breeding season, in August-September, both sexes congregate at underwater nest sites, consisting of 100 to 150 cm long burrows into or near the river bank. Nests have a single entrance opening underwater. Favorable nest sites may be used during successive years. Both males and females may occupy more than one nest at the time, with large and heavy males ("den-masters") attempting to monopolize occupancy of the nest sites. Nests are guarded from inside by males, attacking other males who try to enter. Males may also patrol around the nest area, chasing and attacking other males. Females enter the nests more than once and lay their eggs in the cavity, where they are fertilized by the male. At this stage several other males may intrude and try to fertilize the eggs. After spawning, den-masters remain at the nests for more than one month and aggressively guard the eggs until hatching occurs or until late October. Dominance rank of den-masters among males attempting to breed appears to be strong. Dead and heavily injured males have often been found during September (Kawamichi and Ueda 1998). Thanks to new field studies of A. japonicas, we now know that males provide parental care, and for a very long period of time. Males actively seek burrows in stream banks that might serve as sites for mating and nesting. Females enter the burrow, occupied by a "den master" male and mating and external fertilization of the eggs takes place. The den master then provides parental care (tail fanning, agitation of eggs, and hygienic filial cannibalism of unfertilized eggs, or dead or dying embryos and larvae and other specialized behaviors) (Takahashi et al. 2016). Such behavior occurs over a long time period, up to seven months. The study adds substantial new information concerning egg deposition and parental care in nature, and will be critical for attempts to improve habitat and other recovery attempts for these amazing animals.
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Max Sparreboom
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Relation to Humans ( anglais )

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The species was first bred in captivity in the Amsterdam Zoo (Kerbert 1905). The Japanese Giant Salamander is extremely long lived. A specimen in the Amsterdam Zoo lived for 52 years (Tago 1927). Since 1979, Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park is successfully breeding A. japonicus (Kuwabara et al. 1989). Presently (2010) the third generation is being raised in captivity. Researchers of Asa Zoo study Giant Salamander reproductive behavior by observing salamanders breeding in man-made holes in branches of the Shijihara River in Hiroshima Prefecture (Kuwabara and Nakagoshi 2009).Eco-friendly works for habitat conservation have begun in some areas and attempts have been made to rebuild spawning places along the Ichi River (Tochimoto 1995, 1996).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 55 years (captivity) Observations: The longest-lived amphibians on record, it is possible that these animals feature negligible senescence. Their longevity may be underestimated and there are anecdotal claims that these animals live up to 80 or even 100 years.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Benefits ( anglais )

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Local fishermen of the Japanese islands claim that A. japonicus consumes small sweetfish that inhabit the same mountain streams. Many locals fear that their fishing economy is damaged by the salamanders predation of small fish.

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citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
rédacteur
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
rédacteur
Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Life Cycle ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus grows continously throughout life. As with other amphibians, A. japonicus undergoes three developmental stages, including egg, larva, and adult forms. Hatching occurs 12 to 15 weeks after fertilization. Eggs usually measure 6 mm by 4 mm, and are mostly yellow in color.

Metamorphosis in this species is incomplete. Adults do not develop eyelids, and retain a single pair of closed gill slits on the neck. Andrias japonicus retains its larval teeth for life, and has lungs which are vestigial, performing no gas exchange.

Development - Life Cycle: neotenic/paedomorphic; metamorphosis ; indeterminate growth

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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Conservation Status ( anglais )

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species lists A. japonicus as a near threatened or lower risk species.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Behavior ( anglais )

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With small eyes that provide little visual acuity, these nocturnal amphibians use the senses of smell and touch to perceive their environments. Little is known about the communication methods of A. japonicus. Tactile communication is apparently important between rival males, as well as between a male and female during breeding. The "smelly" expulsion produced under threat suggests that chemical communication may have some role in this species. The role of auditory cues in communication is unknown.

Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
rédacteur
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
rédacteur
Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Sans titre ( anglais )

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The first living specimen of A. japonicus that was captured and brought to a Western nation was found by von Siebold in 1829. Von Siebold is credited with the discovery of this species. This particular A. japonicus lived at least 52 years in captivity.

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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Benefits ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus is occasionally hunted and is sold for profit in Asia as a delicacy. There are reports that this species may be used in some traditional medicines.

Positive Impacts: food ; source of medicine or drug

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citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Associations ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus serves as host for parasites. Studies have shown that giant Japanese salamanders can house parasitic roundworms, specifically Spiroxys hanzaki.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Parasitic roundworms (Spiroxys hanzaki)
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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Trophic Strategy ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus is a carnivorous dietary generalist which engulfs prey by quickly opening and closing its warty mouth while sucking. By creating negative pressure within the mouth, A. japonicus produces asymmetrical suction. Assuming that A. japonicus follows the same suction habits as other cryptobranchid salamanders that suck asymmetrically, Giant Japanese salamanders drop one side of their jaw 10 to 40 degrees in order to suck in their prey. Because these salamanders feed in water, saliva is not needed.

These salamanders are known to consume:

Fish (Class Osteichthyes).

Insects (Class Insecta).

Crustaceans (Subphylum Crustarea).

Giant Japanese salamanders also eat worms, although details on the types of worms consumed are not available.

Animal Foods: fish; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Distribution ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus is native to the northern region of Kyushu Island and western Honshu island of Japan.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )

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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
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Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Habitat ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus is found at elevations between 180 and 1,350 meters. These salamanders reside in and around the cold, swift, mountain streams of the Japanese islands. These waters provide enough oxygen to diffuse through the epidermis of A. japonicus, facilitating an aquatic lifestyle. As with other cryptobranchid salamanders, A. japonicus tends not to leave the water and is thus particularly sensitive to receding mountain streams.

Range elevation: 180 to 1,350 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; freshwater

Terrestrial Biomes: mountains

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams

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citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
rédacteur
Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( anglais )

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Giant Japanese salamanders can live for over fifty years. However, it is unlikely that most individuals live this long. Large numbers of offspring are produced each season, so mortality early in life is probably high.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
50+ (high) months.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
50+ (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
55.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
16.8 years.

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citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
rédacteur
Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Morphology ( anglais )

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Giant Japanese salamanders (Andrias japonicus) grow to approximately 1.5 meters in length and can weigh up to 25 kg. The long body of A. japonicus is covered with a wrinkled grey, black, and green epidermis that provides camoflauge. The tail is long and wide, and there are two pairs of legs, which are close in size. Andrias japonicus is endowed with minimal vision. Small, lidless eyes sit on the top of the wide, flat head. Gas exchange occurs through the epidermis. The wrinkles of the warty epidermis provide increased surface area, facilitating the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen with the water. Capillaries run close to the surfaces of the skin, allowing for the easy diffusion of gases.

The slow metabolism of Japanese salamanders allows these amphibians to live without consuming food for weeks at a time. Giant Japanese salamanders differ from other closely related species in that these particular salamanders lack gill openings and also have unique modifications with their branchial structures.

Range mass: 25 (high) kg.

Range length: 1.5 (high) m.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
rédacteur
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
rédacteur
Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Associations ( anglais )

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Fish (Class Osteichthyes) are a main predator of A. japonicus eggs.

Humans have also used these salamanders as a source of food. They may still be used some traditional medicinal practices.

The long bodies of A. japonicus are covered with a wrinkled grey, black, and green epidermis in the adult stage that allows them to blend into the surrounding area and avoid potential predators.

Known Predators:

  • Fish (Class Osteichthyes)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citation bibliographique
Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
rédacteur
Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
auteur
Laura Winkler, Kalamazoo College
rédacteur
Ann Fraser, Kalamazoo College
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Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( anglais )

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Andrias japonicus begins the reproductive process in early autumn. In late August, the salamanders congregate at nesting sites, or spawning pits, which simply consist of rocky caverns, burrows, or hollowed impressions within the sandy streambed. Males aggressively compete to occupy these spawning pits. Once males have secured the nesting sites, females enter the nesting site to begin the fertilization process. Females approach males and proceed to make a spin-like motion. The female then releases her eggs within the spawning pit while the male fertilizes them. More than one female may release eggs into the same spawning pit. Males guard the eggs in the spawning pits until they hatch, 12 to 15 weeks after fertilization. This protects the eggs from other male salamanders and possible predators such as fish. Males ferociously defend and occupy a particular spawning pit for many years. Smaller males have been killed and eaten by larger males during the reproductive season.

Mating System: polygynous

Females release 400 to 500 eggs in the spawning pit protected by a male. These eggs are held together with a string-like substance and resemble threaded beads on a string. Fertilization is external. Eggs hatch 12 to 15 weeks after fertilization. The age at sexual maturity for A. japonicus is not known, although given male competition, it is likely that at least for males, successful breeding requires a large size.

Breeding interval: Breeding occurs once yearly.

Breeding season: Breeding begins in early August.

Range number of offspring: 400 to 500.

Range time to hatching: 12 to 15 weeks.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous

The exact amount of parental investment found in A. japonicus has not been thoroughly investigated. Females provision eggs with large quantities of nutrients, ensuring their survival. Males may contribute to the survival of the young through their protection of spawning pits. A male protects his spawning pit from predatory fish and other male A. japonicus. Males tend to protect these spawning pits until the eggs have hatched, 12 to 15 weeks after fertilization.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male)

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Winkler, L. 2006. "Andrias japonicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html
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Biology ( anglais )

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This giant amphibian is generally active at night, when it relies on smell and touch to locate its prey. It feeds on a variety of prey, including fish, smaller salamanders, worms, insects, crayfish and snails: catching them with a rapid sideways snap of the mouth (4) (5). It has an extremely slow metabolism and can go for weeks without eating if necessary (3). During the day it retires beneath rocks (4). Like other amphibians, this salamander has smooth skin rather than scales. The skin acts as a respiratory surface, where oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is released (4). This species' large size and lack of gills are thought to confine them to cold, fast flowing water where oxygen is in good supply (4). Reproduction takes place in late August, when hundreds of individuals congregate at nest sites. Males compete viciously, with many dying from injuries. Females lay between 400 and 500 eggs in the nest, held together like a thread of beads (3). Several males fertilise the eggs, and protect them from predators like fish, until they hatch 12-15 weeks later in the early spring (5).
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Conservation ( anglais )

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The Japanese giant salamander is now protected from international trade by its listing on Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES) which hopefully will reduce the hunting threat facing this animal (4). Conservation efforts to reforest and protect this ancient species' habitat are also essential for the survival of this species (3).
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Description ( anglais )

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The Japanese giant salamander is the second largest salamander in the world, growing in length to a massive 1.5 metres (2). The largest is the Chinese giant salamander, which grows to 1.8 metres while most other salamanders are only 5–15 centimetres in length. The Japanese species is huge and fairly ugly in appearance, though totally harmless. Its skin is a mottled grey, black and cream, and heavily wrinkled (5). This species has an elongated body, a long broad tail and two pairs of legs that are roughly similar in size. The eyes are tiny and positioned on top of the broad, flat head, providing the salamander with poor vision. It is however well adapted to its aquatic life (5).
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Habitat ( anglais )

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Inhabits cold, fast flowing freshwater mountain streams and rivers (3).
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Range ( anglais )

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Occurs in the rivers of northern Kyushu Island and western Honshu in Japan (3).
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Status ( anglais )

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Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (4).
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Threats ( anglais )

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This species is threatened by hunting, as its flesh is a delicacy in Asia. A more recent and worrying threat is the silting up of rivers in Japan where it is found, due to deforestation creating soil erosion and runoff (3).
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Nəhəng yapon salamandrası ( azéri )

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 src=
Andrias japonicus kəlləsi

Nəhəng yapon salamandrası[1] (lat. Andrias japonicus) — Andrias cinsinə, Suda-quruda yaşayan quyruqlular fəsiləsinə aid olan növ. Ölçülərinə görə dünyanın ikinci ən böyük salamandralarıdır. Rekord isə 1,8 m uzunluqlu Nəhəng çin salamandrasıdır

İlk dəfə 1820-ci ildə alman realist janrında əsərlər yazan Filip Frans fon Zimbold tərəfindən qeydə alınmışdır. Bu zaman o, Yaponiyanın Naqasaki prefekturasına daxil olan Dedzima adasında yaşayırdı. O, ovlanmış salamandranı Hiderlandın Leyden şəhərinə göndərmişdir.

Yaponlar onların ətindən yararlanır və onu dilekates hesab edirlər[2][3]

Yayılması

Bu növ salamandralar Yaponiya adalarının endemik canlısıdır. Onlar əsasən Honşu adasının qərbi, Şikoku bütün ərazisində və Kyuşuda yayılmışlar.[3]

Xüsusiyyətləri

 src=
Nəhəng yapon salamandrası

Nəhəng yapon salamandrası xariçi görünüş baxımından Nəhəng çin salamandrasına (lat. Andrias davidianus) bənzəsədə yalnız başında olan ziillərinə görə fərqlənir.[4]

Rəngləri tünd qəhvəyi və qara tonlara sahib olurlar. Başları böyük və enli olur. Qəlsəmələri yetkinlik yaşına çatdıqdan sonra yoxa çıxır. Ətraflarının sonları qısa və kök olur. Ön ətraflarda 4, arxa ətraflarda isə 5 barmaq olur.

Onlar pis görmə qabiliyyətinə malikdirlər. Əsasən digər hiss etmə orqanlarına əsaslanaraq hərəkət edirlər. Metabolizm xüsusiyyətinə malikdirlər. Həftələrlə aç qala bilirlər[5] Ümumi uzunluqları 30 - 150 sm arasında dəyişir. Bədənin uzunluğu 20 - 90 sm, orta uzunluqları isə 60-70 sm-dir. Təbiətdə aşkarlanan ən iri salamandra 26,3 kq çəkiyə və 136 sm uzunluğa malik olmuşdur[6]

Onların maksimal ömrü 55 il çəkir. Salamandralarda regenerasiya baş verir.

Həyat tərzi

Ömrünün böyük hissəsini suda keçirir. Tənəffüs əsasən dərisi ilə həyata keçirir. Gecələr aktivləşir. Xüsusi ilə soyuq dağ bulaq və çayırında yaşayırlar.[2]. Balıqlar, suda-quruda yaşayanlar, xərçəngkimilərcücülərlə qidalanır. Çoxlma dövrü avqust-sentyabr aylarına təsadüf edir.

Dişilər yumurtaları sahildə və dərinliyi 1–3 m arasında olan yuvalarda saxlayır. Yumurtaların sayı bir necə yüz olur. Yumurtalar 6–7 mm diametrə malikdir. Dişilər kürüləri qoruyur. İnkubasiya dövrü 12—13°S şəraitində 60—70 gün müddətində baş verir. Yeni doğulan balalar 30 mm ölçüyə malik olur.

İstinadlar

  1. Кузьмин С. Л. Земноводные бывшего СССР. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2012. — 2-е изд. — С. 249. — 370 с. — ISBN 978-5-87317-871-1
  2. 2,0 2,1 Е. Дунаев (2000-11-16). "Suda-quruda yaşayan quyruqlular haqqında". Издательский дом «1 сентября». 2012-03-12 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2009-01-25. External link in |publisher= (kömək)
  3. 3,0 3,1 "Описание вида Andrias japonicus" (ingilis). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012-03-12 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2009-01-25. External link in |publisher= (kömək)
  4. "Andrias japonicus. Information on amphibian biology and conservation" (ingilis). Berkeley, California AmphibiaWeb. 2012-03-12 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2009-01-25. External link in |publisher= (kömək)
  5. "Japanese Giant Salamander" (ingilis). Smithsonian Nathional Zoological Park. 2012-03-12 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: 2009-01-25.
  6. Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb

Mənbə

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Nəhəng yapon salamandrası: Brief Summary ( azéri )

fourni par wikipedia AZ
 src= Andrias japonicus kəlləsi

Nəhəng yapon salamandrası (lat. Andrias japonicus) — Andrias cinsinə, Suda-quruda yaşayan quyruqlular fəsiləsinə aid olan növ. Ölçülərinə görə dünyanın ikinci ən böyük salamandralarıdır. Rekord isə 1,8 m uzunluqlu Nəhəng çin salamandrasıdır

İlk dəfə 1820-ci ildə alman realist janrında əsərlər yazan Filip Frans fon Zimbold tərəfindən qeydə alınmışdır. Bu zaman o, Yaponiyanın Naqasaki prefekturasına daxil olan Dedzima adasında yaşayırdı. O, ovlanmış salamandranı Hiderlandın Leyden şəhərinə göndərmişdir.

Yaponlar onların ətindən yararlanır və onu dilekates hesab edirlər

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Sourd meur Japan ( breton )

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Andrias japonicus
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Salamandra gegant del Japó ( catalan ; valencien )

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La salamandra gegant del Japó (Andrias japonicus), en japonès オオサンショウウオ, és una espècie d'amfibi urodel de la família Cryptobranchidae o "salamandres gegants". És el segon amfibi més gran del món, superat únicament per la salamandra gegant de la Xina (Andrias davidianus).[2] Es distribueix pel sud del Japó.[3]

Biologia

 src=
Salamandra gegant japonesa
 src=
Andrias japonicus

La salamandra gegant del Japó fa més d'1,5 metres i pot viure fins a 80 anys. S'alimenta de peixos i crustacis.

Els individus adults cacen principalment a la nit. A causa del seu escàs sentit de la vista, utilitzen sensors del cap i el cos per reconèixer canvis en la pressió de l'aigua que els permeten detectar la presa.

Durant l'època d'aparellament, aquestes salamandres viatgen riu amunt. Després de la fertilització dels ous, el mascle els cuida almenys sis mesos. En aquest punt, les cries van acumulant greixos fins que estan a punt per caçar. Un cop llestes caçaran en grup, en lloc de fer-ho individualment.

Curiositats

Referències

  1. Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)
  2. Steyer, S. La Terre avant les dinosaures (en francès). Alain Bénéteau (il·lustracions). 1a ed.. París: Belin, 2009, p. 123. ISBN 978-2-7011-4206-7.
  3. «Andrias japonicus» (en anglès). IUCN Red List. Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui. 2004.. [Consulta: 24 abril 2015].

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Salamandra gegant del Japó: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

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La salamandra gegant del Japó (Andrias japonicus), en japonès オオサンショウウオ, és una espècie d'amfibi urodel de la família Cryptobranchidae o "salamandres gegants". És el segon amfibi més gran del món, superat únicament per la salamandra gegant de la Xina (Andrias davidianus). Es distribueix pel sud del Japó.

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Velemlok japonský ( tchèque )

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 src=
Andrias japonicus

Velemlok japonský (Andrias japonicus) je velký obojživelník, druhý největší velemlok na světě. Jedná se o japonský endemitní druh. Do Evropy byl poprvé dovezen Philipp Franz von Sieboldem v roce 1820. Má zavalité tělo dlouhé 1,5 m se širokou a plochou hlavou a s malými nozdrami. Čich mu umožňuje dobře vyhledat kořist. Čelisti jsou silné, ocas je krátký a zploštělý. Dorůstá velikosti až 150 cm.

Velemlok japonský přebývá v čisté a chladné vodě, je aktivní pouze v noci. Když je ohrožen, vydává zápach připomínající japonský pepř, proto se mu v japonštině říká Ósanšóuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), což lze volně přeložit jako „velká pepřová ryba“.

Díky svým pahýlovitým končetinám působí v říčních proudech poněkud neobratně. Kvůli tomu také celkem obtížně zvládá překážky na řece, jako jsou přehrady. Každoroční červencové cesty proti proudu jsou přitom nutné, aby se na horním toku řeky mohl rozmnožovat. Když najde samec vhodné podvodní doupě v břehu řeky dobře kryté před vodními proudy, které jsou pro vajíčka nebezpečím, hlídá je.

Po měsíci připlavou samičky. Velemlok samičku do doupěte naláká a oplodní ji. Nezřídka své doupě neubrání před ostatními samci a tak vypuštěná vajíčka oplodní i oni. Po oplodnění vajíčka hlídá největší samec, který po jejich vylíhnutí a dostatečnému zesílení odplouvá zpět na dolní tok. Většina mláďat se nedožije dospělosti a jsou potravou pro ryby a ostatní obojživelníky. Strategií přežití je ukrývání se pod kameny a listy.[2]

Velemlok japonský se živí jinými obojživelníky a rybami. Denně uloví obvykle jednu rybu.[2]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. a b Tajemství divočiny V: Velemlok japonský, dokument, Japonsko, vysíláno 15. 7. 2011, 16:05, ČT2

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Velemlok japonský: Brief Summary ( tchèque )

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 src= Andrias japonicus

Velemlok japonský (Andrias japonicus) je velký obojživelník, druhý největší velemlok na světě. Jedná se o japonský endemitní druh. Do Evropy byl poprvé dovezen Philipp Franz von Sieboldem v roce 1820. Má zavalité tělo dlouhé 1,5 m se širokou a plochou hlavou a s malými nozdrami. Čich mu umožňuje dobře vyhledat kořist. Čelisti jsou silné, ocas je krátký a zploštělý. Dorůstá velikosti až 150 cm.

Velemlok japonský přebývá v čisté a chladné vodě, je aktivní pouze v noci. Když je ohrožen, vydává zápach připomínající japonský pepř, proto se mu v japonštině říká Ósanšóuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), což lze volně přeložit jako „velká pepřová ryba“.

Díky svým pahýlovitým končetinám působí v říčních proudech poněkud neobratně. Kvůli tomu také celkem obtížně zvládá překážky na řece, jako jsou přehrady. Každoroční červencové cesty proti proudu jsou přitom nutné, aby se na horním toku řeky mohl rozmnožovat. Když najde samec vhodné podvodní doupě v břehu řeky dobře kryté před vodními proudy, které jsou pro vajíčka nebezpečím, hlídá je.

Po měsíci připlavou samičky. Velemlok samičku do doupěte naláká a oplodní ji. Nezřídka své doupě neubrání před ostatními samci a tak vypuštěná vajíčka oplodní i oni. Po oplodnění vajíčka hlídá největší samec, který po jejich vylíhnutí a dostatečnému zesílení odplouvá zpět na dolní tok. Většina mláďat se nedožije dospělosti a jsou potravou pro ryby a ostatní obojživelníky. Strategií přežití je ukrývání se pod kameny a listy.

Velemlok japonský se živí jinými obojživelníky a rybami. Denně uloví obvykle jednu rybu.

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Japanischer Riesensalamander ( allemand )

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Der Japanische Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) ist eine in Japan endemische Amphibienart.

Der japanische Name Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚) bedeutet übersetzt in etwa „Großer Pfefferfisch“. Mit bis zu 1,5 m Körperlänge[1] ist der Japanische Riesensalamander nach dem Chinesischen Riesensalamander die weltweit zweitgrößte Amphibie.

Beschreibung

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Japanische Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) im Kyoto Aquarium
 src=
Andrias japonicus Schädel

Wie alle Riesensalamander besitzt der Japanische Riesensalamander einen gedrungenen Körperbau mit breitem, abgeflachtem Kopf. Entlang der Flanken besitzt er eine auffällige Hautfalte, die sich auch an den Gliedmaßen fortsetzt. Die Färbung der Haut variiert erheblich von gelb bis schwarz, wobei die meisten Individuen rötlich braun bis gelb-braun marmoriert sind.

Sinnesleistung

Verteilt auf dem ganzen Körper, besonders konzentriert am Kopf und der Seitenlinie, besitzt der Japanische Riesensalamander strömungssensitive Zellen, mit denen er Strömungsänderungen in seiner Umgebung wahrnehmen kann. Dadurch findet er seine Beute auch bei Dunkelheit. Der Sehsinn ist extrem schwach entwickelt. Die am seitlichen Rand des Kopfes liegenden Augen sind sehr klein und wenig leistungsfähig.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Japanische Riesensalamander kommt nur auf den japanischen Inseln Kyūshū, Honshu und Shikoku vor. Dort bewohnt er schnell fließende Gebirgsbäche, -flüsse und teilweise Seen. Der Japanische Riesensalamander gilt laut IUCN als gefährdet.[2] Der Bestand wird besonders bedroht durch die Verschmutzung seines Lebensraums und die Veränderung der Flussläufe, insbesondere durch den Einbau von Staustufen, wodurch abgetriebene Individuen nicht mehr den Flusslauf hinaufwandern können, um dort zu laichen. Schutzmaßnahmen in Japan zielen darauf ab, die Staustufen mit Rampen und Treppen auszustatten, um den Salamandern die Wanderung entlang des Flusses zu ermöglichen. Der Japanische Riesensalamander ist ebenfalls durch den Befall mit dem Chytridpilz bedroht.

Lebensweise

Japanische Riesensalamander leben zeit ihres Lebens aquatisch und sind weitgehend nachtaktiv. Tagsüber verstecken sie sich unter Felsen, in Höhlen oder in der Uferböschung. Sie verfügen über Lungen-, Haut- und Darmatmung. Im Larvalstadium besitzen sie Kiemen, welche sich aber bis auf ein Paar zurückentwickeln. Fühlen sich Japanische Riesensalamander bedroht, sondern sie eine streng riechende, milchige Flüssigkeit ab, welche dem Geruch nach an Japanischen Pfeffer erinnert, daher ihr japanischer Name. Ausgewachsene Japanische Riesensalamander haben keine natürlichen Feinde. Sie werden sehr alt, gerüchteweise leben sie bis zu 80 Jahre lang. Ein Individuum in Gefangenschaft wurde erwiesenermaßen 52 Jahre alt.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt von August bis September in den höheren Lagen der Flussläufe. Dabei kommt es zu Revierkämpfen, bei denen die Männchen teilweise lebensbedrohliche Verletzungen davontragen. Weibchen legen 400–600 Eier in langen Eischnüren ab. Die Entwicklung im Ei dauert 40–60 Tage, die Larvalentwicklung vier bis fünf Jahre. Nach etwa zehn Jahren sind Japanische Riesensalamander geschlechtsreif.[1]

Ernährung

Das Nahrungsspektrum umfasst hauptsächlich Insekten, Fische und Amphibien. Dabei lauern die Salamander am Grunde des Gewässers und saugen ihre Beute durch Unterdruck in ihren Schlund ein.

Menschen und Riesensalamander

 src=
Jungtiere der Hybride (Kyoto Aquarium)

Ausgewachsene Riesensalamander bringen bis zu 30 kg auf die Waage. Sie wurden daher früher vom Menschen bejagt, mit Ködern gefischt und als Nahrung verwendet. Seit 1952 gilt der Japanische Riesensalamander allerdings als Naturdenkmal und wurde seitdem entsprechend geschützt.[3] Der deutsche Arzt und Japanliebhaber Philipp Franz von Siebold brachte in den 1820er Jahren den ersten Japanischen Riesensalamander nach Europa. Seitdem wird er in Zoos rund um die Welt gehalten und gezüchtet. Im Kyōto Aquarium werden Chinesische und Japanische Riesensalamander miteinander verpaart. Die Nachkommen sind nicht-fortpflanzungsfähige Hybride.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
  2. [3] - Andrias japonicus auf der Seite des IUCN
  3. オオサンショウウオ. The Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archiviert vom Original am 29. Juli 2012.  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.bunka.go.jp Abgerufen am 27. Juli 2014.
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Japanischer Riesensalamander: Brief Summary ( allemand )

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Der Japanische Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) ist eine in Japan endemische Amphibienart.

Der japanische Name Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚) bedeutet übersetzt in etwa „Großer Pfefferfisch“. Mit bis zu 1,5 m Körperlänge ist der Japanische Riesensalamander nach dem Chinesischen Riesensalamander die weltweit zweitgrößte Amphibie.

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Japaansch Resensalamander ( bas-saxon )

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 src=
Andrias japonicus

Japaansche Resensalamanders (Andrias japonicus) sünd en Oort vun Salamanders ut de Familie Resensalamanders. De fröhere Naam vun ehr Geslecht weer Megalobatrachus.

De Japaansche Resensalamander is de längste Oort vun Amphibien op de Eer, he warrt mehrst een Meter, mitünner ok bet annerthalv Meter lang. Japaansche Resensalamanders wasst ehren Leevdag wieder un köönt recht oolt warrn. En fungen Exemplar dat üm 1830 na de Nedderlannen keem, leev eerst teihn Johren in dat Rieksmuseum vun de Naturhistorie un later in den Zoo Artis in Amsterdam, wo dat Deert 1881 in en Öller vun 51 bet 55 Johren doodbleev.

Se leevt in lütte, kole Bargbeken un Strööm, de gau fleet. Ut dat Water kaamt se kuum rut, gröttere Deerter sünd faken gor nich mehr in de Laag an Land to gahn, wiel se to swoor för ehr korte un dicke Been sünd. Ehr Huut is griesbruun bet swart mit Placken un en helleren Buuk un se hebbt op ehren platten Kopp wrattige Bulen. De Steert hett en Kiel, dat he sik beter dör’t Water bewegen kann.

De Japaanschen Resensalamanders sünd dör de Oordenschutz-Konventschoon vun Washington schuult. In Japan warrt se aver as traditionelle Medizin un Delikatess ansehn un hebbt ok Problemen mit Ümweltversmudden, so dat se wieder bedroht sünd.

Kiek ok bi

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Japaansch Resensalamander: Brief Summary ( bas-saxon )

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 src= Andrias japonicus

Japaansche Resensalamanders (Andrias japonicus) sünd en Oort vun Salamanders ut de Familie Resensalamanders. De fröhere Naam vun ehr Geslecht weer Megalobatrachus.

De Japaansche Resensalamander is de längste Oort vun Amphibien op de Eer, he warrt mehrst een Meter, mitünner ok bet annerthalv Meter lang. Japaansche Resensalamanders wasst ehren Leevdag wieder un köönt recht oolt warrn. En fungen Exemplar dat üm 1830 na de Nedderlannen keem, leev eerst teihn Johren in dat Rieksmuseum vun de Naturhistorie un later in den Zoo Artis in Amsterdam, wo dat Deert 1881 in en Öller vun 51 bet 55 Johren doodbleev.

Se leevt in lütte, kole Bargbeken un Strööm, de gau fleet. Ut dat Water kaamt se kuum rut, gröttere Deerter sünd faken gor nich mehr in de Laag an Land to gahn, wiel se to swoor för ehr korte un dicke Been sünd. Ehr Huut is griesbruun bet swart mit Placken un en helleren Buuk un se hebbt op ehren platten Kopp wrattige Bulen. De Steert hett en Kiel, dat he sik beter dör’t Water bewegen kann.

De Japaanschen Resensalamanders sünd dör de Oordenschutz-Konventschoon vun Washington schuult. In Japan warrt se aver as traditionelle Medizin un Delikatess ansehn un hebbt ok Problemen mit Ümweltversmudden, so dat se wieder bedroht sünd.

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Japanese giant salamander ( anglais )

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The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is a species of fully aquatic giant salamander endemic to Japan. With a length of up to 5 feet (1.5 m),[4] it is the third-largest salamander in the world, only being surpassed by the very similar and closely related Chinese giant salamander (A. davidianus) and the South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi).

It is known in Japanese as Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), literally meaning "giant salamander". Other local names include Hanzaki[5], Hanzake[6], and Ankou.[5] This salamander was first catalogued by Europeans when the resident physician of Dejima Island in Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold, captured an individual and shipped it back to Leiden in the Netherlands, in the 1820s. The species was designated as a special natural monument in 1951, and is federally protected.[7] It is one of the only six species of giant salamanders in the world.

Description

The Japanese giant salamander can grow to a length of 5 feet (1.5 m) and a weight of 55 pounds (25 kg). The largest wild specimen on record weighed 58 lb (26.3 kg) and was 4.46 ft (136 cm) long.[8] It is the third-largest amphibian in the world, only smaller than its close relatives, the South China giant salamander[9] and the Chinese giant salamander. The brown and black mottled skin of A. japonicus provides camouflage against the bottoms of streams and rivers. Its body surface is covered with numerous small warts with distinctive warts concentrating on its head. It has very small eyes with no eyelids and poor eye sight. Its mouth extends across the width of its head, and can open to the width of its body.[10]

A. japonicus possesses large skin folds on its neck that effectively increase its overall body surface area. This assists in epidermal gas exchanges, which in turn regulates carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange with the water. Capillaries in the surface of the skin facilitate this gas exchange.[11] The skin folds along each side of the body are more pronounced in the hellbender than in the Japanese giant salamander.

The Japanese giant salamander can be distinguished from the Chinese giant salamander by the arrangement of tubercles on the head and throat. The tubercles are larger and more numerous compared to the mostly single and irregularly scattered tubercles of the Chinese giant salamander. The snout is also more rounded, and the tail is slightly shorter.[12]

Adult males develop enlarged cloacal glands during the breeding season. Compared to an adult female, an adult male typically possesses a larger and wider head in proportion to its body. It is difficult to distinguish sex outside of the breeding season.

Distribution

The Japanese giant salamander occurs in southwestern Japan (west of Gifu Prefecture in Honshu and parts of Shikoku and Kyushu). In particular, Okayama, Hyogo, Shimane, Tottori, Yamaguchi, Mie, Ehime, Gifu, and Ōita Prefecture are known to harbor its robust populations.[13] They are typically found in fast-flowing mountain streams of these prefectures. It has been speculated that some of the populations in Wakayama Prefecture were introduced by humans and it is unknown whether naturally-distributed populations exist in Wakayama Prefecture.[14]

The Japanese giant salamander occurs in freshwater habitats ranging from relatively large river (20-50 m) to small headwater streams (0.5 - 4 m).[15][16] Smaller breeding adults tend to use small headwater streams presumably in order to avoid intraspecific competition with larger individuals in larger streams.[16] Mark-recapture records suggest that giant salamanders migrate between a mainstem and tributaries of the same river.[16] Environmental DNA surveys and the following physical field surveys suggest that small headwater streams likely serve as important habitats for juveniles and larvae.[16] While habitat degradation threatens the Japanese giant salamander, it can inhabit disturbed streams surrounded by agriculture fields such as rice paddy fields.[15] Adults appear to do well in a stream surrounded by rice paddy fields because rice paddy fields provide habitats for frogs, which serve as primary diet for adult giant salamanders in such a stream.[15] However, streams surrounded by rice paddy fields are typically characterized by agricultural dams and concrete stream banks, which likely imposes a negative impact on their reproduction and thus result in low recruitment.[15]

Behavior

Japanese giant salamanders in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, showing notable color variation among individuals within the same population.
Andrias japonicus skull

The Japanese giant salamander is restricted to streams with clear, cool water. Due to its large size and lack of gills, it is confined to flowing water where oxygen is abundant.[17] it is entirely aquatic and almost entirely nocturnal. Unlike typical pond-breeding salamanders whose juveniles migrate to land after losing their gills through metamorphosis, it stays in the aquatic habitat even after metamorphosis and breaches its head above the surface to obtain air without venturing out of the water and onto land. The salamander also absorbs oxygen through its skin, which has many folds to increase surface area.[10]

When threatened, the Japanese giant salamander can excrete a strong-smelling, milky substance. It has very poor eyesight, and possesses special sensory cells covering its skin, running from head to toe, the lateral line system. These sensory cells' hair-like shapes detect minute vibrations in the environment, and are quite similar to the hair cells of the human inner ear. This feature is essential for hunting prey due to its poor eyesight.

Adults feed mainly on freshwater crabs, other crustaceans, worms, insects,[18] frogs, and fish. It has a very slow metabolism and can sometimes go for weeks without eating.[10] It lacks natural competitors. It is a long-lived species, with the captive record being an individual that lived in the Natura Artis Magistra, the Netherlands, for 52 years.[4] In the wild, it may live for nearly 80 years.

Lifecycle

The Japanese giant salamander remains in bodies of water its entire life. During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries.[19] Because of the limited availability of suitable nesting sites, only large and competitive males are able to occupy nesting sites and become den masters. A den master diligently cleans his den[20] guards his den against intruders including other males who try to steal the den while allowing a sexually active female enter the den. Mating begins as the female starts laying eggs and the den master starts releasing sperm, which often stimulate other subordinate males hiding around the den to enter the den and join the mating. As a result, a single female often mates with multiple males. The den master stays in the den with the fertilized eggs while the other males and the female leave the den. He provides parental care for the embryos by guarding the eggs and fanning water over them with his tail to increase oxygen flow.[21] The den-master continues providing parental care for the hatchlings until the following spring when the larvae start dispersing from the nest.[22] Researchers also observed that den masters consumed eggs and larvae that showed the sign of failed fertilization, death, or water mold infection.[21][22] The researchers termed the behavior of selectively eating his own eggs or larvae "hygienic filial cannibalism" and hypothesize that this behavior importantly increases the survivorship of the remaining offspring by preventing water mold infection on the dead offspring from spreading over the healthy offspring.

Conservation

Threats

The Japanese giant salamander is threatened by pollution, habitat loss (among other changes, by the silting up of the rivers where it lives), dams and concrete banks, and invasive species.[15][16][23][1] In particular, it is important to note that the construction of concrete streambanks and agricultural dams throughout the distribution range has imposed a significant negative impact on giant salamanders. Concrete banks have deprived of habitats suited for nesting sites, and dams block migration paths and have caused habitat fragmentation. With the ongoing climate change, it is predicted that frequency and intensity of rainstorms in Japan will increase.[24] These rainstorms will likely destroy stream banks more frequently, which could result in the construction of more flood-control dams and concrete banks.

Introgressive hybridization between the native Japanese giant salamander and the introduced Chinese (or South China) giant salamander is one of the major conservation challenges.[23] It has been suggested that although the details are not known, the Chinese giant salamanders imported for food to Japan in 1972 were the sources of the ongoing introgressive hybridization.[25] In Kamo River in Kyoto Prefecture, the study conducted from 2011 to 2013 found that 95% of the captured giant salamanders were hybrids.[23] The introgressive hybridization appears to be spreading across several watersheds.[23]

In some regions, giant salamanders used to be hunted as a source of food, but hunting has ceased because of the protection acts established after World War II.

Status

As of 2022 the Japanese giant salamander is considered Vulnerable by IUCN,[1] and is included on CITES Appendix I.[26] It is considered Vulnerable by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment.[27] Additionally, it has been given the highest protection as a "Special Natural Monument" by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs since 1952 due to its cultural and educational significance.[28]

Efforts

Despite the national protection and conservation status, there have been no conservation programs or actions initiated by the government agencies. Instead, nonprofit organizations such as the Japanese Giant Salamander Society and the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan have organized volunteers to conduct population assessments in some areas. The Japanese Giant Salamander Society also organizes annual meetings to promote the conservation education and information sharing about the species. There is no range-wide conservation or recovery program, which is essential to the conservation of the species whose populations have been declining throughout its range.[1]

The Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park of Japan was the first domestic organization to successfully breed Japanese giant salamanders in captivity.[29] Several of their offspring were given to the National Zoo of the United States to establish a breeding program.[30] Although Asa Zoological Park has not released any offspring to streams, it has a capacity to carry out a headstarting program if needed.

Cultural references

Ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicting a giant salamander being stabbed by the samurai Hanagami Danjō no jō Arakage

The Japanese giant salamander has been the subject of legend and artwork in Japan, for example, in the ukiyo-e work by Utagawa Kuniyoshi. The well-known Japanese mythological creature known as the kappa may be inspired by the Japanese giant salamander.[31]

There is a giant salamander festival every year on August 8 in Yubara, Maniwa City, Okayama prefecture to honour the animal and celebrate its life. The giant salamanders are called "Hanzaki" in Yubara, due to the belief that even if they are ripped in half (han) they continue to survive. There are two giant salamander floats: a dark male and a red female.[32]

As of 2017, a picture book entitled "Zakihan" was also published in both Japanese and English wherein the main character is a "hanzaki" called "Zakihan".

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Japanese Giant Salamander". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)". Research.amnh.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
  5. ^ a b "What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan?". 日本ハンザキ研究所 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  6. ^ "ハンザケ資料展示室". よりみちにちなん (in Japanese). 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  7. ^ オオサンショウウオ (in Japanese). The Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2011-09-24.
  8. ^ Tochimoto, pers. com>
  9. ^ "Newly described Chinese giant salamander may be world's largest amphibian". 17 September 2019.
  10. ^ a b c "Japanese Giant Salamander". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  11. ^ "Andrias japonicus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  12. ^ "AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus".
  13. ^ "Natural Monuments in Japan (Animals and Plants)".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ Shimizu, Zenkichi; Tamai, Sumio (2016). "Records of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus from Wakayama Prefecture, Japan". The Nanki Seibutsu. 58: 99–106.
  15. ^ a b c d e Okada, Sumio; Utsunomiya, Taeko; Okada, Tamami; Felix, Zachary; Ito, Fumihiko (2008). "Characteristics of Japanese Giant Salamander (Andronias japonicus) populations in two small tributary streams in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Honshu, Japan". Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 3: 192–202.
  16. ^ a b c d e Bjordahl, Brianna; Okada, Sumio; Takahashi, Mizuki (2020). "Assessment of small tributaries as possible habitats for larvae and juveniles of Japanese giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, by coupling environmental DNA with traditional field surveys". Salamandra. 56: 148–158.
  17. ^ The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File Inc. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1359-4.
  18. ^ "Andrias japonicus".
  19. ^ Kuwabara, K.; Ashikaga, K.; Minamigawa, N.; Nakanishi, M.; Shimada, H.; Kamata, H.; Fukumoto, Y. (2005). "The breeding ecology and conservation of the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus, at Shijihara and Kamiishi in Tokyohira-cho, Hiroshima Prefecture". Natural History of Nishi-Chugoku Mountains. 10: 101-133 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  20. ^ Terry, J.; Taguchi, Y.; Dixon, J.; Kuwabara, K.; Takahashi, M. K. (2019). "Preoviposition paternal care in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master". Journal of Zoology. 307 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1111/jzo.12615. ISSN 1469-7998. S2CID 92209611.
  21. ^ a b Okada, Sumio; Fukuda, Yukihiro; Takahashi, Mizuki (2015). "Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations". Journal of Ethology. 33: 1–7. doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0413-5.
  22. ^ a b Takahashi, M. K.; Okada, S.; Fukuda, Y. (2017). "From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander". Journal of Zoology. 302 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1111/jzo.12433. ISSN 1469-7998.
  23. ^ a b c d Matsui, Masafumi (2014). "Confirmation of genetic pollution of alien Chinese giant salamander on native Japanese species (In Japanese)" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, & Japan Meteorological Agency (2018): Climate change in Japan and its impacts. – Synthesis Report on Observations, Projections and Impact Assessments of Climate Change, 2018.
  25. ^ "Chinese Giant Salamander / National Institute for Environmental Studies Invasive Species Database (In Japanese)". www.nies.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  27. ^ Ministry of the Environment (2006): Japan Ministry of the Environment Red List.
  28. ^ Agency for Cultural Affairs (1952): Nationally Designated Important Cultural Properties.
  29. ^ Kuwabara, K.; Suzuki, N.; Wakabayashi, F.; Ashikaga, H.; Inoue, T.; Kobara, J. (1989). "Breeding the Japanese Giant Salamander at Asa Zoological Park". International Zoo Yearbook. 1989: 22–31.
  30. ^ "Japanese Giant Salamanders at the Zoo". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  31. ^ "River Monsters" programme 6 Series 3 directed by Duncan Chard, screened in UK on ITV1 14.02.2012 at 19.30
  32. ^ "AltJapan: Hanzaki Matsuri Dakara". altjapan.typepad.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
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Japanese giant salamander: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is a species of fully aquatic giant salamander endemic to Japan. With a length of up to 5 feet (1.5 m), it is the third-largest salamander in the world, only being surpassed by the very similar and closely related Chinese giant salamander (A. davidianus) and the South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi).

It is known in Japanese as Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), literally meaning "giant salamander". Other local names include Hanzaki, Hanzake, and Ankou. This salamander was first catalogued by Europeans when the resident physician of Dejima Island in Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold, captured an individual and shipped it back to Leiden in the Netherlands, in the 1820s. The species was designated as a special natural monument in 1951, and is federally protected. It is one of the only six species of giant salamanders in the world.

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Japana giganta salamandro ( espéranto )

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Japanese giant salamander
Japana giganta salamandro
(Andrias japonicus), nome primitiva salamandro.

La Japana giganta salamandro (Andrias japonicus) estas endemia de Japanio, kie ĝi estas konata kiel Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚, Ōsanshōuo?), laŭvorte signife "giganta pipro fiŝo". Kun longo de ĝis preskaŭ 1.5 m,[1] ĝi estas la dua plej granda salamandro en la mondo, superata nur de la tre simila kaj tre proksime rilata Ĉina giganta salamandro (A. davidianus). Estas nur tri konataj membroj de la familio de Kriptobranĥedoj: nome la Japana kaj Ĉina gigantaj salamandroj unuflanke en la genro Andrias kaj la orientusona Amerika giganta salamandro en la genro Cryptobranchus.

La Japana giganta salamandro estas disvastigata tra riveroj en sudokcidenta Japanio. Tiu specio ofte hibridiĝas kun Ĉinaj gigantaj salamandroj, kiuj estis enmetitaj en la areo.

Priskribo

La Japana giganta salamandro povas kreski ĝis iĝi 160 cm longa kaj 25 kg peza. Ĝi estas la dua plej granda amfibio en la mondo, post nur sia proksima parenco, la Ĉina giganta salamandro. Ties bruna kaj nigre makula haŭto havigas kamufladon ĉe la fundo de rojoj kaj riveroj. Ili havas tre malgrandajn okulojn kaj nebonan vidkapablon. Ties buŝoj etendas tra la larĝo de ĝiaj kapoj, kaj povas malfermiĝi la tuton de la larĝo de ĝiaj korpoj.[2]

Referencoj

  1. Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
  2. "Japanese Giant Salamander". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. [1] Alirita en 2016-06-13.
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Japana giganta salamandro: Brief Summary ( espéranto )

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Japanese giant salamander Japana giganta salamandro
(Andrias japonicus), nome primitiva salamandro.

La Japana giganta salamandro (Andrias japonicus) estas endemia de Japanio, kie ĝi estas konata kiel Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚, Ōsanshōuo?), laŭvorte signife "giganta pipro fiŝo". Kun longo de ĝis preskaŭ 1.5 m, ĝi estas la dua plej granda salamandro en la mondo, superata nur de la tre simila kaj tre proksime rilata Ĉina giganta salamandro (A. davidianus). Estas nur tri konataj membroj de la familio de Kriptobranĥedoj: nome la Japana kaj Ĉina gigantaj salamandroj unuflanke en la genro Andrias kaj la orientusona Amerika giganta salamandro en la genro Cryptobranchus.

La Japana giganta salamandro estas disvastigata tra riveroj en sudokcidenta Japanio. Tiu specio ofte hibridiĝas kun Ĉinaj gigantaj salamandroj, kiuj estis enmetitaj en la areo.

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Andrias japonicus ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La salamandra gigante japonesa (Andrias japonicus) es una especie de anfibio caudado de la familia Cryptobranchidae.[2]​ Es endémica de Japón, encontrándose en las islas de Honshu, Shikoku y Kyushu.[1]​ Puede llegar a medir 1,50 m.[3]

Historia natural

Se alimenta de peces y crustáceos, y puede vivir hasta 50 años. Caza principalmente por la noche, y debido a su escaso sentido de la vista, usa sensores en su cabeza y cuerpo para detectar cambios en la presión del agua, permitiéndole detectar a su presa.

Durante la época de apareamiento, estas salamandras viajarán río arriba donde después de la fertilización de los huevos, el macho los cuidará por al menos seis meses. En este punto, las crías acumularán grasa hasta estar listas para cazar. Una vez listas cazarán en grupo, en lugar de hacerlo individualmente.

Referencias

  1. a b Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui (2004). «Andrias japonicus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2011.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 11 de agosto de 2011.
  2. Frost, D.R. «Andrias japonicus». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 17 de julio de 2016.
  3. Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb

 title=
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Andrias japonicus: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La salamandra gigante japonesa (Andrias japonicus) es una especie de anfibio caudado de la familia Cryptobranchidae.​ Es endémica de Japón, encontrándose en las islas de Honshu, Shikoku y Kyushu.​ Puede llegar a medir 1,50 m.​

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Jaapani hiidsalamander ( estonien )

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Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Andrias japonicus - Japanese giant salamander - Siebold Collection.jpg

Jaapani hiidsalamander (Andrias japonicus on endeemiline salamandrite liik Jaapanis, kus tema nimeks on Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), mis tähendab otsetõlkes „hiidpiprakala“. Hiidsalamandrite (Cryptobranchidae) sugukonda kuulub ainult 3 liiki: Jaapani ja Hiina hiidsalamander ning Ida hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) .[1]

Kirjeldus

Jaapani hiidsalamandri pikkuseks on kuni 1,5 m ja ta võib kaaluda kuni 26 kg ning on teine kõige suurem salamander maailmas. Temast suurem salamander, Hiina hiidsalamander (Andrias davidianus), on temaga välimuselt väga sarnane ja tema lähisugulane. Jaapani hiidsalamandri nahavärv varieerub punakaspruunist kuni pruunikaskollaseni, kõhu alt on see heledamat värvi ning pakub kaitset ojade ja jõgede põhjas. Neil on väga väiksed silmad ja halb nägemine. Nende suu ja pea on ühe laiused. Jäsemed on lühikesed ja laiad. Saba on lühike ja moodustab pisut üle 1/3 kehast. [2]

Levila

Jaapani hiidsalamandrid elavad nii selgeveelistes ja jahedates jõgedes (20–50 m laiad) kui ka väikestes ojades (1–4 m laiad). Ojad, kus nad elavad, on tavaliselt madalad, tasase vooluga ning kivise ja kruusase põhjaga. Liigi isendid paiknevad üldiselt varjatult kivistes koobastes või veekoguäärsetes urgudes. Kudemiskohad ja vastsed paiknevad väikestel kiirevoolulistel ülemjooksudel.[3]

Ajalugu

Esimest korda on eurooplased maininud Jaapani hiidsalamandrit Hollandis Leidenis 1820. aastatel. Kohalik arst Philipp Franz von Siebold Dejima saarelt Nagasakist püüdis ühe liigi isendi ja saatis selle laevaga Hollandisse. 1951. aastast on see liik looduskaitse all.[4]

Välislingid

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Jaapani hiidsalamander: Brief Summary ( estonien )

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Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Andrias japonicus - Japanese giant salamander - Siebold Collection.jpg

Jaapani hiidsalamander (Andrias japonicus on endeemiline salamandrite liik Jaapanis, kus tema nimeks on Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), mis tähendab otsetõlkes „hiidpiprakala“. Hiidsalamandrite (Cryptobranchidae) sugukonda kuulub ainult 3 liiki: Jaapani ja Hiina hiidsalamander ning Ida hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) .[1]

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Andrias japonicus ( basque )

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Andrias japonicus

Andrias japonicus Andrias generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Cryptobranchidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Andrias japonicus: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Andrias japonicus Andrias generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Cryptobranchidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Japaninjättisalamanteri ( finnois )

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Japaninjättisalamanteri (Andrias japonicus) on Japanissa endeemisenä elävä salamanterilaji.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

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Japaninjättisalamanterin kallo.

Japaninjättisalamanterien iho on ryppyinen ja väriltään musta ja harmaa vaihtelevin kuvioinnein. Yksilöiden tummuus tai vaaleus vaihtelee voimakkaasti. Japaninjättisalamanterin ruumis on pitkä ja niillä on pitkä ja leveä häntä. Salamanterin kaksi jalkaparia ovat suurin piirtein saman kokoiset ja sen kaksi hyvin pientä silmää sijaitsevat sen leveän pään päällä. Uhattuna japaninjättisalamanteri erittää valkoista ja myrkyllistä limaa. Muiden sammakkoeläinten tavoin japaninsalamanteri voi hengittää ihonsa kautta. Ihon rypyt lisäävät ihon hengittävää pinta-alaa. Japaninjättisalamantereilla on myös yksi keuhko, jota eläin käyttää kuitenkin hengittämisen sijaan kellumisen hallintaan. Salamanteri selviää jonkin aikaa myös kuivalla maalla, kunhan sen iho pysyy kosteana.[2]

Japaninjättisalamanteri on maailman toiseksi suurin salamanterieläin heti kiinanjättisalamanterin jälkeen.[2]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Japaninjättisalamanteri on kotoperäinen laji Japanissa. Sitä tavataan Honshūn saaren länsiosissa, sekä Shikokun ja Kyūshūn saarilla.[1] Tärkein keskittymä niitä on Honshūn länsiosissa, Shikokulla ja Kyūshūlla niiden elinalue on pirstaleinen.[2] Laji lisääntyy ja elää pieni- ja suurikokoisissa joissa ja se suosii kirkkaita vesiä tavallisesti metsäympäristöissä. Lajia on tavattu myös ajoittain kaupunkiympäristöissä.[1] Lajin asuttamat joet ovat tavallisesti kylmiä, nopeajuoksuisia ja hapekkaita.[2] Täysikasvuiset yksilöt saattavat sietää myös muunlaisia elinympäristöjä, mutta niissä lisääntyminen ei ole välttämättä mahdollista.[1]

Elintavat

 src=
Japaninjättisalamanteri Kioton akvaariossa.

Japaninjättisalamanterin ravintoon kuuluvat kalat, pienemmät salamanterit, ravut, hyönteiset, madot ja etanat. Niiden näköaisti on huono ja ne luottavatkin metsästäessään muihin aisteihinsa. Japaninjättisalamanterin aineenvaihdunta on hidas ja ne voivat tarpeen vaatiessa olla syömättä useita viikkoja. Lajin urokset ovat sukukypsiä 30 sentin ja naaraat 40 sentin pituisina. Lajin yksilöt elävät pääasiassa yksin, lukuun ottamatta lisääntymiskautta elo-syyskuussa, jolloin naaraat ja urokset kokoontuvat vedenalaisille onkaloille. Muille salamantereille epätavalliseen tapaan japaninjättisalamanterit hedelmöittävät munansa ruumiin ulkopuolella ja naaras laskee 400-600 munaansa nauhoina. Naaraiden munittua pesäonkaloa vartioi pesää hallitseva koiras. Poikaset kuoriutuvat lokakuun paikkeilla ja toukat ovat kuoriutuessaan pituudeltaan noin 30 mm. Toukat alkavat syödä käytettyään loppuun keltuaisensa ja ne saattavat syödä myös sisaruksiaan. Toukat pysyvät pesäonkalossa tammikuuhun saakka. Vain pieni osa toukista selviää täysikasvuisuuteen, johon kestää arvioiden mukaan noin viisi vuotta. Japaninjättisalamanterit ovat pitkäikäisiä ja Amsterdamin eläintarhassa vankeudessa elänyt yksilö eli aina 52-vuotiaaksi saakka.[2]

Uhat ja suojelu

Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto eli IUCN on luokitellut japaninjättisalamanterin silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi. Lajia uhkaa sen elinympäristön pieneneminen ja pirstaloituminen esimerkiksi patojen ja betonijokivarsien rakentamisen, sekä jokien uudelleenohjaamisen takia. Japanissa tulokaslajina tavattava kiinanjättisalamanteri saattaa myös kilpailla japaninjättisalamanterin kanssa ravinnosta ja elintilasta.[1] Japaninjättisalamanteri myös risteytyy kiinanjättisalamanterin kanssa. Tutkimusten mukaan suurin osa Kamogawajoen kannasta on risteytymiä.[3]

Ongelmaksi saattaa tulevaisuudessa myös muodostua vähäinen geneettinen monimuotoisuus yksilöiden välillä. Japanissa japaninjättisalamanteri on kokonaan suojeltu laji ja myös joitakin sen elinalueita on suojeltu. Asan eläintarha on kasvattanut lajia vankeudessa vuodesta 1979 lähtien, mutta vankeudessa kasvatettujen yksilöiden palauttamista luontoon ei olla kokeiltu.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d e f Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui: Andrias japonicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2004. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e Japanese giant salamander Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute. Viitattu 3.5.2017. (englanniksi)
  3. Andrias davidianus Invasive Species of Japan. National Institute for Environmental Studies. Viitattu 3.5.2017. (englanniksi)
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Japaninjättisalamanteri: Brief Summary ( finnois )

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Japaninjättisalamanteri (Andrias japonicus) on Japanissa endeemisenä elävä salamanterilaji.

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Andrias japonicus

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Andrias japonicus, la Salamandre géante du Japon ou Grande salamandre du Japon, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Cryptobranchidae[1].

Répartition

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Distribution

Cette espèce est endémique du Japon. Elle se rencontre dans le Sud de Honshu, à Shikoku et à Kyushu[1].

Description

Quoique plus gracile que la Salamandre géante de Chine, cette espèce de salamandre géante est l'une des plus imposantes au monde. Ses représentants peuvent peser 35 kg et atteindre selon certain une longueur de 1 m à 1,4 m[2] et selon d'autres une longueur de 2 m[3]. La vue de cette espèce est faible.

Biologie

Au zoo d'Amsterdam, un individu a vécu 52 ans[3]. Elle vit en moyenne 30 ans mais peut atteindre 80 ans.

Menace

Cette salamandre géante aquatique est menacée par la dégradation de son habitat.

Systématique

L'espèce Andrias japonicus a été décrite par Coenraad Jacob Temminck en 1836 sous le nom initial de Triton japonicus [4].

Megalobatrachus sieboldi[5] et Salamandra maxima[5] ont été placées en synonymie avec Andrias japonicus par Stejneger en 1907[6].

Andrias japonicus dans la culture

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Ukiyo-e imprimé par Utagawa Kuniyoshi dépeignant une salamandre géante égorgée par le samouraï Hanagami Danjō no jō Arakage

Cette espèce a une place importante dans La Montagne magique, ouvrage du mangaka Jirō Taniguchi publié en 2007.

Publication originale

  • Temminck, 1836 : Coup d'œil sur la Fauna des Îles de la Sonde et de l'Empire du Japon. Discours Préliminaire Destiné à Servir d'Introduction à la Faune du Japon. Amsterdam: Müller.

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Collectif (trad. de l'anglais par Michel Beauvais, Marcel Guedj, Salem Issad), Histoire naturelle : plus de 5000 entrées en couleursThe Natural History Book »], Paris, Flammarion, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-08-137859-9), Salamandre géante du Japon
  3. a et b AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  4. Temminck, 1836 : Coup d'œil sur la Fauna des Îles de la Sonde et de l'Empire du Japon. Discours Préliminaire Destiné à Servir d'Introduction à la Faune du Japon. Amsterdam: Müller.
  5. a et b Tschudi, 1837 : Über den Homo diluvii testis, Andrias Scheuchzeri. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefakten-Kunde. Stuttgart, vol. 5, p. 545-547.
  6. Stejneger, 1907 : Herpetology of Japan and adjacent Territory. United States National Museum Bulletin, vol. 58, p. 1-577 (texte intégral).
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Andrias japonicus: Brief Summary

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Andrias japonicus, la Salamandre géante du Japon ou Grande salamandre du Japon, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Cryptobranchidae.

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Andrias japonicus ( italien )

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La salamandra gigante giapponese (Andrias japonicus) è endemica del Giappone, dove è nota come Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚?). Con una lunghezza di quasi 1,5 metri[2] è la terza salamandra più grande del mondo, essendo superata solamente dalle molto simili e strettamente imparentate salamandra gigante cinese (A. davidianus) e salamandra gigante della Cina meridionale (A. sligoi).

Comportamento

La salamandra gigante giapponese, vivendo solamente in torrenti con acque limpide e fredde, è un animale completamente acquatico e notturno. Se minacciata, può secernere una sostanza dall'aspetto lattiginoso con un forte odore di zenzero (da cui il nome volgare della specie in lingua giapponese). Ha una vista molto scarsa e per questo motivo fa affidamento su speciali noduli sensitivi posti sulla sua fronte per individuare perfino il minimo movimento nell'acqua. Si nutre soprattutto di insetti, rane e pesci. Avendo un metabolismo molto basso ed essendo priva di competitori naturali, è una specie longeva; il record appartiene ad un esemplare che visse al Natura Artis Magistra, nei Paesi Bassi, per 52 anni[2].

 src=
Una salamandra gigante giapponese in cattività.
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Andrias japonicus cranio

Storia

La salamandra gigante giapponese venne scoperta per la prima volta dagli europei quando un medico residente sull'isola di Dejima, nei pressi di Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold, ne catturò un esemplare e lo spedì a Leida, nei Paesi Bassi, negli anni 1820.

Ciclo vitale

Il ciclo vitale somiglia a quello degli altri Urodeli, ad eccezione del fatto che la specie non si trasferisce sulla terraferma, ma continua la vita acquatica anche nell'età adulta. Gli animali compiono migrazione anadroma, risalendo i corsi d'acqua sino alle montagne per accoppiarsi e deporre le uova, che sono le più grandi tra quelle degli anfibi. Dalle uova escono delle larve acquatiche e branchiate, che si trasformeranno poi in adulti.

Minacce e distribuzione

La specie abita i torrenti e i fiumi delle isole di Kyūshū, Honshū, e Shikoku in Giappone. In passato era oggetto di pesca e ricercata come cibo; attualmente la sua pesca è vietata. Ciononostante la salamandra gigante del Giappone è minacciata dall'inquinamento delle acque, dalla perdita dell'habitat, dovuta tra l'altro alle modifiche dei torrenti e alla costruzione di dighe, e all'eccessivo numero di catture. L'IUCN la considera una specie quasi minacciata, ed è inclusa nell'Appendice I della CITES Appendix I.[3].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Andrias japonicus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
  3. ^ Japanese giant salamander. Archiviato il 29 maggio 2004 in Internet Archive. ARKive. Retrieved 2008-09-19.

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Andrias japonicus: Brief Summary ( italien )

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La salamandra gigante giapponese (Andrias japonicus) è endemica del Giappone, dove è nota come Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚?). Con una lunghezza di quasi 1,5 metri è la terza salamandra più grande del mondo, essendo superata solamente dalle molto simili e strettamente imparentate salamandra gigante cinese (A. davidianus) e salamandra gigante della Cina meridionale (A. sligoi).

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Andrias japonicus ( latin )

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Andrias japonicus, Iaponice ōsanshōuo, est species amphibii caudati familiae Cryptobranchidae. Longitudo sua maior quam 1,5 metra est. Pisces crustaceaque edit. Ad 80 annos vivere potest.

Haec animalia prasertim nocte venantur. Visus suus inops est, sed sensores in capite et corpore habent qui motum praedae suae in aqua percipere possunt.

Nexus externi

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Andrias japonicus: Brief Summary ( latin )

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Andrias japonicus, Iaponice ōsanshōuo, est species amphibii caudati familiae Cryptobranchidae. Longitudo sua maior quam 1,5 metra est. Pisces crustaceaque edit. Ad 80 annos vivere potest.

Haec animalia prasertim nocte venantur. Visus suus inops est, sed sensores in capite et corpore habent qui motum praedae suae in aqua percipere possunt.

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Japanse reuzensalamander ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Herpetologie

De Japanse reuzensalamander[2] (Andrias japonicus) is een salamander uit de familie reuzensalamanders (Cryptobranchidae).[3]

Naamgeving

De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1836. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Triton japonicus gebruikt. De verouderde geslachtsnaam is Megalobatrachus. In het Japans staat de salamander bekend onder de naam Ōsanshōuo (katakana:オオサンショウウオ/kanji:大山椒魚).

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De Japanse reuzensalamander wordt beschouwd als de grootste salamandersoort ter wereld als het gaat om de gemiddelde lengte; ongeveer een meter met uitschieters tot bijna anderhalve meter. Van de Chinese reuzensalamander (Andrias davidianus) is ooit een exemplaar van 180 centimeter beschreven, maar gemiddeld wordt deze soort veel kleiner.

De Japanse reuzensalamander heeft een vrij rond, iets afgeplat lichaam met een erg platte, wrattige kop. De poten zijn kort en dik, en hebben grote vingers, waarvan de uiteinden zeer tastgevoelig zijn. De kleur is grijsbruin tot bijna zwart met lichtere of juist donkere grillige vlekken over het hele lichaam; de buik is lichter tot lichtgrijs. De staart is sterk zijdelings afgeplat en beslaat ongeveer een derde van het lichaam. Boven op het midden van de staart is een lage vinachtige verbreding te zien en langs de flank loopt een dunne vlezige huidplooi van achter het oog tot de achterpoten, hierin zitten zuurstofopnemende cellen vergelijkbaar met kieuwen van een vis.

Levenswijze

De Japanse reuzensalamander eet kleine kreeftachtigen, visjes, grotere insecten en de larven, wormen en amfibieën; eigenlijk alles wat hij op kan slokken.

Mannetjes zijn in de paartijd zeer fel tegen soortgenoten; het is zelfs zo dat de meeste aangetroffen exemplaren dode of verwonde mannetjes betreft.

De reuzensalamander blijft zijn hele leven doorgroeien en kan erg oud worden, het is echter niet precies bekend hoe oud. Een gevangen exemplaar dat rond 1830 naar Nederland werd gebracht leefde eerst tien jaar in het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie en later in de Amsterdamse dierentuin Artis. Hier overleed het dier in 1881 op een leeftijd van minstens 51 jaar.

Verspreiding en habitat

De Japanse reuzensalamander is een rustig en sloom dier dat in ondiepe, liefst snelstromende en koele bergbeken en riviertjes leeft op enkele Japanse eilanden.[4] De salamander leidt een verborgen bestaan in de modder of tussen de rotsige stenen op de bodem, en komt alleen het water uit als de bron opdroogt, maar is op oudere leeftijd vaak te zwaar om zich nog op het land voort te bewegen. Ook is deze soort veel sterker aan water gebonden dan andere salamanders, omdat het dier neoteen is; de larve verliest de typische juveniele kenmerken niet, maar kan zich wel voortplanten. De salamander moet echter regelmatig aan de oppervlakte ademhalen.

De soort wordt bedreigd door activiteiten van de mens en is beschermd door CITES, maar aangezien dit dier als traditioneel medicijn en als delicatesse wordt gezien wordt er nog steeds op de salamander gejaagd en ook ontbossing en vervuiling doen de soort geen goed.

Externe link

Referenties
  1. (en) Japanse reuzensalamander op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 361. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Andrias japonicus.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Andrias japonicus.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Andrias japonicus - Website Geconsulteerd 1 maart 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus - Website
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Japanse reuzensalamander: Brief Summary ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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De Japanse reuzensalamander (Andrias japonicus) is een salamander uit de familie reuzensalamanders (Cryptobranchidae).

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Japansk kjempesalamander ( norvégien )

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Japansk kjempesalamander (Vitskapleg namn Andrias japonicus), høyrer heime i Japan og er mellom dei største salamandrane i verda. Han kan bli opptil 1,3 meter og vege opp til 25 kg. Sjølv om dei har dårleg syn, gjer det seine stoffskiftet og mangelen på naturlege konkurrentar i dei kalde vatna dei held til at dei kan leve så lenge som 80 år.

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Japansk kjempesalamander ( norvégien )

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Question book-new.svg
Denne artikkelen mangler kildehenvisninger, og opplysningene i den kan dermed være vanskelige å verifisere. Kildeløst materiale kan bli fjernet. Helt uten kilder. (10. okt. 2015)
 src=
Andrias japonicus

Japansk kjempesalamander som er hjemmehørende i det østlige Asia, er med sine 1,50 m lengde den nest største salamanderen i verden. Den lever i elveløp og ved bekker. Næringen består av fisk, kreps og frosker.

Eksterne lenker

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Japansk kjempesalamander: Brief Summary ( norvégien )

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 src= Andrias japonicus

Japansk kjempesalamander som er hjemmehørende i det østlige Asia, er med sine 1,50 m lengde den nest største salamanderen i verden. Den lever i elveløp og ved bekker. Næringen består av fisk, kreps og frosker.

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Salamandra olbrzymia japońska ( polonais )

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Andrias japonicus

Salamandra olbrzymia japońska[3] (Andrias japonicus) – płaz ogoniasty z rodziny skrytoskrzelnych, obok salamandry olbrzymiej chińskiej największy żyjący współcześnie płaz świata.

Zasięg występowania

Japonia – południowo-zachodnia Honsiu, Shikoku i w części Kiusiu[4][5] Żyje wyłącznie w zimnych wodach potoków górskich.

Charakterystyka

Krępe ciało o ubarwieniu czerwonobrązowym, z nieregularnie rozmieszczonymi, ciemnymi plamkami. Głowa i tułów spłaszczone grzbietobrzusznie, ogon spłaszczony bocznie. Osiąga długość maksymalnie 1,44 m[6], zwykle znacznie mniejsze, najczęściej spotykane są okazy od 30-100 cm, waży do 25 kg. Jej oczy są wyjątkowo małe, a kończyny krótkie i słabe. Samica składa w wodzie sznury 400-600 jaj o średnicy 5 mm. Może żyć do 80 lat.

Gatunek zagrożony wyginięciem głównie z powodu ograniczonego zasięgu występowania oraz wykorzystywania w medycynie ludowej.

Przypisy

  1. Andrias japonicus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Andrias japonicus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. E. Keller, prof. dr J. H. Reichholf, G. Steinbach, i inni: Leksykon Zwierząt: Gady i płazy. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2003. ISBN 83-7311-873-X.
  4. Mapa zasięgu występowania według IUCN
  5. Opis Andrias japonicus w serwisie Amphibiaweb.org
  6. Thorn, R. (1969). Les Salamandres d'Europe, d'Asie, et d'Afrique du Nord. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
p d e
Płazy ogoniasteCryptobranchoidea Kammmolchmaennchen.jpgSirenoidea Salamandroidea
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Salamandra olbrzymia japońska: Brief Summary ( polonais )

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Salamandra olbrzymia japońska (Andrias japonicus) – płaz ogoniasty z rodziny skrytoskrzelnych, obok salamandry olbrzymiej chińskiej największy żyjący współcześnie płaz świata.

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Salamandra-gigante-do-japão ( portugais )

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Andrias japonicus

A salamandra-gigante-do-japão (Andrias japonicus, ant. Megalobatrachus japonicus) é o segundo maior anfíbio da Terra (o maior é a salamandra-gigante-da-china), pertencente à ordem Caudata, que pode atingir até 1,44 m[1][2] de comprimento. A espécie ocorre nas ilhas de Honshu (província de Gifu e Shikoku) e Kyushu (província de Oita).

Referências

  • Kaneko, Y.; Matsui, M. 2004. Andrias japonicus. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 10 de setembro de 2008.
  1. «AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus». Consultado em 5 de julho de 2010
  2. Thorn, R. (1969). Les Salamandres d'Europe, d'Asie, et d'Afrique du Nord. Lechevalier, Paris, France.
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Salamandra-gigante-do-japão: Brief Summary ( portugais )

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A salamandra-gigante-do-japão (Andrias japonicus, ant. Megalobatrachus japonicus) é o segundo maior anfíbio da Terra (o maior é a salamandra-gigante-da-china), pertencente à ordem Caudata, que pode atingir até 1,44 m de comprimento. A espécie ocorre nas ilhas de Honshu (província de Gifu e Shikoku) e Kyushu (província de Oita).

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Japansk jättesalamander ( suédois )

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Andrias japonicus

Japansk jättesalamander (Andrias japonicus) är en art i groddjursordningen stjärtgroddjur som tillhör familjen jättesalamandrar.

Den japanska jättesalamandern är ett av världens största groddjur och kan som mest bli 144 centimeter lång och nå en vikt på omkring 25 kilogram. Färgen på kroppen är rödbrun till gråbrunaktig med mörkare fläckar. Den har små ögon utan ögonlock och dålig syn,[2] [3] men kan uppfatta rörelser i vattnet med hjälp av särskilda sensorer på ovansidan av huvudet och längs kroppen.[4]

Utbredning

Den japanska jättesalamandern lever i kalla och klara vattendrag på de japanska öarna Honshu (västra delen), Shikoku och Kyushu, vanligen i skogbevuxna områden, men den har vid ett par tillfällen även hittats i vattendrag i tätbebyggda områden. Vuxna djur tycks kunna tolera en stor variation av habitat, men det är inte säkert att de kan fortplanta sig i alla habitat.[1]

Hot

Denna art är av IUCN klassad som missgynnad och de största hoten mot djuret utgörs av dammbyggnationer, förändringen av naturliga flodbankar till konstgjorda sådana av betong, samt förändring av floders lopp. Arten anses som en delikatess i Japan och därför är den också hotad av jakt. Arten är totalfridlyst i Japan.[1]

Levnadssätt

Den japanska jättesalamandern är ett nattaktivt djur. Födan består bland annat av fisk, grodor och insekter. Den har en mycket långsam metabolism och kan uppnå en hög ålder. I fångenskap har man noterat en ålder för en individ på 52 år.[2]

Fortplantning

Lektiden varar mellan augusti och september. Under denna tid samlas båda könen vid håligheter under vatten, som de största hanarna försvarar mot andra hanar. Här lägger honorna äggen i form av band med 400 till 600 ägg, som sedan befruktas av hanarna. De dominanta hanarna bevakar sedan äggen i mer än en månad. Vid omkring 3 års ålder och 20 cm förlorar larverna gälarna. Det uppskattas att det tar cirka 5 år innan de blir könsmogna. Djuren fortsätter att växa även efter könsmognaden.[2]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c] Andrias japonicusIUCN:s rödlista, besökt 4 maj 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c] Max Sparreboom, Foundation Praemium Erasmianum, Amsterdam (2000-04-28; uppdaterad 2009-05-18). ”Andrias japonicus” (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Andrias&where-species=japonicus. Läst 22 augusti 2009.
  3. ^ Winkler, Laura; Fraser, Ann (2006). Andrias japonicus - Japanese giant salamander” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web (University of Michigan). http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Andrias_japonicus.html. Läst 22 augusti 2009.
  4. ^ Glenn, C. R. (2006). ”Earth's Endangered Creatures (Chinese Giant Salamander)”. Earth's Endangered Creatures. http://www.earthsendangered.com/profile.asp?view=c&ID=3&sp=413.

Externa länkar

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Japansk jättesalamander: Brief Summary ( suédois )

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 src= Andrias japonicus

Japansk jättesalamander (Andrias japonicus) är en art i groddjursordningen stjärtgroddjur som tillhör familjen jättesalamandrar.

Den japanska jättesalamandern är ett av världens största groddjur och kan som mest bli 144 centimeter lång och nå en vikt på omkring 25 kilogram. Färgen på kroppen är rödbrun till gråbrunaktig med mörkare fläckar. Den har små ögon utan ögonlock och dålig syn, men kan uppfatta rörelser i vattnet med hjälp av särskilda sensorer på ovansidan av huvudet och längs kroppen.

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Dev Japon semenderi ( turc )

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Dev Japon semenderi (Andrias japonicus) Cryptobranchidae familyasından bir semender türü.

Tanımlama

Dev Japon semenderi, dünyanın en büyük ikinci semenderidir. Rekor ise 1,8 m uzunluğunda olan Dev Çin semenderine aittir. Dev Japon semenderinin uzunluğu ise 1,5 m kadardır. Ancak bu bile onu diğer akrabalarına kıyasla devasa yapar. Çünkü diğer semender türleri ortalama 5 – 15 cm uzunluğundadır. Büyük kafasının üzerindeki iki göz küçük olmasına karşın konum nedeniyle geniş görme açısı sağlar. Karada da dolaşabilse de bataklık, göl gibi sulu ortamalarda yaşamak için evrimleşmiştir.

Dağılışı

Dev Japon semenderi genellikle Japonya'da, Kyushu Adası'nın kuzey kesimlerinde ve Honshu'nun batı bölgelerinde bulunan nehirlerde yaşamaktadır.

Beslenme

Dev Japon semenderinin en çok sevdiği besinler balık, kerevit, küçük semenderler, solucanlar ve salyangozlardır. Avını yan taraflardaki dişleriyle ısırarak öldürür.

Üreme

Üreme şansı için yarışan birçok erkek birey, yaraları nedeniyle ölür. Dişiler tek seferde 400 - 500 yumurta bırakırlar. Bu yumurtalar 12 - 15 hafta sonra çatlar ve yavrular doğar.

Stub icon İki yaşamlılar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Dev Japon semenderi: Brief Summary ( turc )

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Dev Japon semenderi (Andrias japonicus) Cryptobranchidae familyasından bir semender türü.

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Японська велетенська саламандра ( ukrainien )

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Скелет черепа Японської велетенської саламандри.

Японська велетенська саламандра була вперше каталогізована та описана, коли мешканець острова Дезіма в префектурі Наґасакі лікар Філіп Франц фон Зібольд зловив одну саламандру і відправив її в Лейден (Нідерланди) в 1820-х роках.

Примітки

  1. Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui (2004). Andrias japonicus: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2004) (англ.) 30 April 2004


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Японська велетенська саламандра: Brief Summary ( ukrainien )

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 src= Скелет черепа Японської велетенської саламандри.

Японська велетенська саламандра була вперше каталогізована та описана, коли мешканець острова Дезіма в префектурі Наґасакі лікар Філіп Франц фон Зібольд зловив одну саламандру і відправив її в Лейден (Нідерланди) в 1820-х роках.

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Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản ( vietnamien )

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Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản (danh pháp khoa học: Andrias japonicus) là một loài kỳ giông đặc hữu Nhật Bản, nơi nó được gọi là Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚, Ōsanshōuo?), nghĩa là "cá sơn tiêu lớn". Với chiều dài lên đến 1,5 mét,[2] nó là loài kỳ giông lớn thứ nhì trên thế giới, chỉ sau kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc (A. davidianus).

Tập tính

Kỳ giông khổng lồ của Nhật Bản, giới hạn trong các suối nước lạnh và trong, sống hoàn toàn dưới nước và sinh hoạt về đêm. Không giống như những loài kỳ giông khác rụng mang sớm trong chu kỳ sống của chúng, chúng chỉ ngoi đầu lên mặt nước để lấy không khí mà không mạo hiểm ra khỏi nước và lên mặt đất. Ngoài ra do kích thước lớn và thiếu mang, chúng bị hạn chế ở khu vực nước chảy và chứa nhiều ôxy.[3] Khi bị đe dọa, loài kỳ nhông này có thể tiết ra một chất màu trắng đục có mùi mạnh có mùi giống như sơn tiêu Nhật Bản (Zanthoxylum piperitum), vì thế tên của nó trong tiếng Nhật là cá sơn tiêu khổng lồ. Loài này có thị lực rất kém, và sở hữu các tế bào đặc biệt cảm giác bao phủ da của nó, chạy từ đầu đến chân. Những tế bào cảm giác có hình dạng như lông phát hiện rung động nhỏ trong môi trường, và khá giống với các tế bào lông của tai trong của con người. Tính năng này cần thiết để giúp nó săn mồi do thị lực kém của nó. Loài kỳ giông này ăn chủ yếu là côn trùng, ếch nhái và cá. Nó có quá trình trao đổi chất chậm và thiếu các đối thủ cạnh tranh tự nhiên. Nó là một loài sống lâu, với cá thể nuôi nhốt sống lâu kỷ lục ở Natura Artis Magistra, Hà Lan, sống đến 52 năm.[2] Trong tự nhiên chúng có thể sống đến 80 năm.

 src=
Một cặp Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản nuôi nhốt
 src=
Hộp sọ của Andrias japonicus

Lịch sử

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản lần đầu tiên được những người châu Âu lập danh lục khi bác sĩ nội trú trên đảo Dejima ở Nagasaki là Philipp Franz von Siebold bắt được một cá thể và vận chuyển nó về Leiden, Hà Lan, vào thập niên 1820. Loài này được chọn là loài vật biểu tượng quốc gia đặc biệt vào năm 1951 và đã được bảo vệ.[4] Nó là một loài sống sót từ Thượng kỷ Jura, cách đây khoảng 140 triệu năm.

Tình trạng

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản đang bị đe dọa bởi nạn ô nhiễm, sự mất môi trường sống (trong số những thay đổi khác là sự lắng đọng bùn ở các con sông nơi nó sinh sống), và săn bắt quá mức. Nó được IUCN coi là loài sắp bị đe dọa, và đã được đưa vào Phụ lục I của CITES.[5] Nó có thể được tìm thấy trên các đảo Kyushu, HonshuShikoku ở Nhật Bản. Trong quá khứ, chúng đã bị người ta đánh bắt ở các con sông, suối làm thực phẩm, nhưng hiện nay việc săn bắn đã chấm dứt bởi các đạo luật bảo vệ.

Chu kỳ sống

Vòng đời tương tự như của loài kỳ giông lưỡng cư, ngoại trừ nó không lên cạn và vẫn ở dưới nước trong suốt cuộc đời. Cụ thể, đến mùa sinh sản kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản bơi ngược lên các dòng suối miền núi để đẻ trứng. Kỳ giông đực phóng tinh dịch lên trứng do kỳ giông cái đẻ ra. Ấu trùng sinh ra từ trứng đã thụ tinh và mất mang khi biến hóa thành kỳ giông trưởng thành.

Trong văn hóa

 src=
Ukiyo-e do Utagawa Kuniyoshi in ấn minh họa một con kỳ giông khổng lồ bị samurai Hanagami Danjō no jō Arakage đâm.

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản từng là chủ đề của các truyền thuyết và tác phẩm nghệ thuật ở Nhật Bản, ví dụ như trong tác phẩm ukiyo-e của Utagawa Kuniyoshi.

Người ta cho rằng sinh vật thần thoại Nhật Bản nổi tiếng được biết đến như kappa trên thực tế là kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản[6]

Tham khảo

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Andrias japonicus tại Wikimedia Commons

  1. ^ “Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)”. Research.amnh.org. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 2 năm 2010.
  2. ^ a ă Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
  3. ^ The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File Inc. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1359-4.
  4. ^ “オオサンショウウオ”. The Agency for Cultural Affairs. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 9 năm 2011.(tiếng Nhật)
  5. ^ Japanese giant salamander. ARKive. Tra cứu 19-09-2008.
  6. ^ "River Monsters" chương trình 6 Loạt 3 do Duncan Chard đạo diễn, chiếu tại Vương quốc Anh trên ITV1 14/02/2012 lúc 19h30

Liên kết ngoài

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Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

fourni par wikipedia VI

Kỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản (danh pháp khoa học: Andrias japonicus) là một loài kỳ giông đặc hữu Nhật Bản, nơi nó được gọi là Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚, Ōsanshōuo?), nghĩa là "cá sơn tiêu lớn". Với chiều dài lên đến 1,5 mét, nó là loài kỳ giông lớn thứ nhì trên thế giới, chỉ sau kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốc (A. davidianus).

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Японская исполинская саламандра ( russe )

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 src=
Череп Andrias japonicus

Япо́нская исполи́нская саламандра[1], или японская гигантская саламандра[2] (лат. Andrias japonicus) — вид животных из рода Andrias отряда хвостатых земноводных, одна из самых крупных саламандр в мире.

Впервые вид был описан и каталогизирован в 1820-х годах, когда одну из саламандр поймал немецкий естествоиспытатель Филипп Франц фон Зибольд, в то время работавший в Японии и живший на острове Дэдзима в префектуре Нагасаки. Он отправил пойманную саламандру в город Лейден (Нидерланды).

В Японии мясо саламандры употребляется в пищу[3] и считается деликатесом. Практикуется разведение исполинских саламандр на фермах.[4]

Вид относится к категории Near Threatened (виды, находящиеся в состоянии, близком к угрожаемому) по классификации Комиссии по выживанию видов МСОП.[5]

Распространение

Исполинская саламандра — эндемик Японских островов. Вид распространён на западной части острова Хонсю, всей территории острова Сикоку и частично на острове Кюсю.[5]

Описание

 src=
Японская исполинская саламандра в аквариуме

Японская исполинская саламандра по внешнему виду напоминает другой вид — китайскую исполинскую саламандру (лат. Andrias davidianus)[3], и отличается лишь расположением бугорков на голове.[6] Общая длина взрослых саламандр составляет от 30 до 150 см с длиной тела от 20 до 90 см. Средняя длина животных в природе 60—70 см. Масса половозрелых животных составляет от 1,5 до 35 кг. Самые крупная особь, найденная в дикой природе, весила 26,3 кг при длине 136 см[7]

Тело саламандры имеет уплощённую форму и окрашено в тёмные коричневые, бурые и чёрные тона. Голова крупная и широкая, глаза широко расставлены. Жабры исчезают после достижения саламандрой половой зрелости. Хвост сжат с боков. Конечности короткие и толстые. На передних лапах по четыре пальца, на задних — по пять.

Саламандры отличаются плохим зрением, для определения положения в пространстве и положения других объектов они полагаются на другие органы чувств. Обмен веществ саламандр замедленный, они могут неделями обходиться без пищи.[8]

Максимальная зарегистрированная продолжительность жизни исполинской саламандры составляет 55 лет.

Саламандры этого вида способны к регенерации, что встречается и у других видов рода.

Образ жизни

Ведёт полностью водный образ жизни. Дыхание в основном кожное. Активна в сумерках и ночью. Предпочитает холодные, быстротечные горные ручьи и реки.[4] Питается рыбой и мелкими земноводными, ракообразными и насекомыми. Период размножения — август—сентябрь.

Самка откладывает яйца в вырытой под берегом на глубине 1—3 м норе. Число яиц — несколько сотен, диаметр яйца — 6—7 мм. Самец оберегает икру, хвостом создавая ток воды для улучшения аэрирования кладки. Инкубационный период при температуре 12—13°С длится 60—70 суток. Длина новорожденных личинок около 30 мм[3].

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 20. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  2. Кузьмин С. Л. Земноводные бывшего СССР. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2012. — 2-е изд. — С. 249. — 370 с. — ISBN 978-5-87317-871-1
  3. 1 2 3 Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Земноводные и пресмыкающиеся: Справочное пособие. — Москва: Высш. шк., 1988. — С. 61. — 463 с. — ISBN 5-06-001429-0.
  4. 1 2 Е. Дунаев. О хвостатых земноводных (неопр.). Издательский дом «1 сентября» (16 ноября 2000). Проверено 25 января 2009. Архивировано 12 марта 2012 года.
  5. 1 2 Описание вида Andrias japonicus (англ.). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Проверено 25 января 2009. Архивировано 12 марта 2012 года.
  6. Andrias japonicus. Information on amphibian biology and conservation. (англ.). Berkeley, California AmphibiaWeb. Проверено 25 января 2009. Архивировано 12 марта 2012 года.
  7. Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
  8. Japanese Giant Salamander (англ.). Smithsonian Nathional Zoological Park. Проверено 25 января 2009. Архивировано 12 марта 2012 года.
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Японская исполинская саламандра: Brief Summary ( russe )

fourni par wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Череп Andrias japonicus

Япо́нская исполи́нская саламандра, или японская гигантская саламандра (лат. Andrias japonicus) — вид животных из рода Andrias отряда хвостатых земноводных, одна из самых крупных саламандр в мире.

Впервые вид был описан и каталогизирован в 1820-х годах, когда одну из саламандр поймал немецкий естествоиспытатель Филипп Франц фон Зибольд, в то время работавший в Японии и живший на острове Дэдзима в префектуре Нагасаки. Он отправил пойманную саламандру в город Лейден (Нидерланды).

В Японии мясо саламандры употребляется в пищу и считается деликатесом. Практикуется разведение исполинских саламандр на фермах.

Вид относится к категории Near Threatened (виды, находящиеся в состоянии, близком к угрожаемому) по классификации Комиссии по выживанию видов МСОП.

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日本大鲵 ( chinois )

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二名法 Andrias japonicus

日本大鯢學名Andrias japonicus),俗名大山椒鱼,是大鯢屬的兩個之一,主要集中分佈於日本本州島南部,四國九州亦有發現,主要棲息在海拔300至700公尺的山間溪流中,目前是日本國寶及一級保護動物。

日本大鯢平均身長約40至70公分,大的可達1.5公尺,體形扁長,四很短,前肢4,後肢5,趾間有,有一短而側扁的尾巴。特點是背部有黑色斑點,頭部疣突單個出現,成年大鯢雙眼退化至身體兩側肉質皮褶内而不易看出。

之所以又名「大山椒鱼」,是由於其身有山椒味道的關係,但實屬兩棲動物,跟魚類絕無關聯。

日本大鲵以魚類為食,近年來與中國大鲵雜交問題嚴重,由於中國大鲵非日本原生種,和日本大鲵雜交後的個體通常長的特別巨大。

参考

參見

  •  src=

    Andrias japonicus

  •  src=

    Andrias japonicus, Siebold collection

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日本大鲵: Brief Summary ( chinois )

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日本大鯢(學名:Andrias japonicus),俗名大山椒鱼,是大鯢屬的兩個之一,主要集中分佈於日本本州島南部,四國九州亦有發現,主要棲息在海拔300至700公尺的山間溪流中,目前是日本國寶及一級保護動物。

日本大鯢平均身長約40至70公分,大的可達1.5公尺,體形扁長,四很短,前肢4,後肢5,趾間有,有一短而側扁的尾巴。特點是背部有黑色斑點,頭部疣突單個出現,成年大鯢雙眼退化至身體兩側肉質皮褶内而不易看出。

之所以又名「大山椒鱼」,是由於其身有山椒味道的關係,但實屬兩棲動物,跟魚類絕無關聯。

日本大鲵以魚類為食,近年來與中國大鲵雜交問題嚴重,由於中國大鲵非日本原生種,和日本大鲵雜交後的個體通常長的特別巨大。

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オオサンショウウオ ( japonais )

fourni par wikipedia 日本語
オオサンショウウオ オオサンショウウオ
オオサンショウウオ Andrias japonicus
保全状況評価[1][2] NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svgワシントン条約附属書I 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 有尾目 Caudata/Urodela 亜目 : サンショウウオ亜目 Cryptobranchoidea : オオサンショウウオ科 Cryptobranchidae : オオサンショウウオ属 Andrias : オオサンショウウオ
A. japonicus 学名 Andrias japonicus
(Temminck, 1836)[3] 和名 オオサンショウウオ[4][5][6][7][8] 英名 Japanese giant salamander
 src=
Andrias japonicus
 src=
Andrias japonicus, Siebold Collection

オオサンショウウオ (大山椒魚、Andrias japonicus) は、有尾目オオサンショウウオ科オオサンショウウオ属に分類される有尾類。別名ハンザキ

分布[編集]

日本岐阜県以西の本州四国九州の一部)固有種[3][5]。和歌山県の個体群は過去に人為移入された個体に由来していると考えられている[3]。青森県から鹿児島県にかけて捕獲例はあるが、誤認されたチュウゴクオオサンショウウオも含め人為移入と考えられている[3]

種小名 japonicus は「日本の」の意。

形態[編集]

最大全長150センチメートル[3][5][6]。野生個体では全長100センチメートルに達することは極めてまれで、全長50 - 70センチメートル[3][6]。皮膚は無数の小さな疣状で覆われる[3][4][5]。体側面や四肢の後部では襞状に皮膚が伸長する[3][4][5]。背面の色彩は暗褐色で、不規則な黒い斑紋が入る[3][5]

上顎中央部に並ぶ歯の列(鋤骨歯列)は浅い「ハ」字状[3][5]

卵は直径0.5 - 0.8センチメートルで、黄色い[4][6]

同属のチュウゴクオオサンショウウオは吻端が扁平・黒色斑が大型で独立する・疣が2個ずつ並ぶことなどで区別できるとされるが、種間雑種では識別は困難とされる[3]

生態[編集]

標高400-600メートルにある河川の上流域に生息する[8]。完全水生[4]夜行性[3]、昼間は水辺に掘った巣穴などで休む[4][7][8]

中流や下流でも見られることがあり、市街地近くや水田の水路に生息していることもある。実際に兵庫県出石川下流での護岸工事のときに400匹以上が見つかっている[9]

魚類サワガニなどを食べ、ヘビ類やカワネズミを食べた例もある[3]。貪欲で水中で遭遇した動物質には襲いかかり[4]共食いすることもある。

繁殖様式は卵生。オスは6 - 7月に川辺に掘った横穴を掘り、産卵巣を作る[6]。産卵巣は毎年同じ場所を利用することが多く、岩の隙間を産卵巣にすることもある[6]。オスの大型個体は産卵巣に他のオスが侵入すると争うが、メスの産卵後に周囲にいる複数のオスが侵入することもある[3]。8月下旬から9月にオスが産卵巣にメスを誘い、400 - 500個の数珠状の卵を産む[3][5]。卵は約50日で孵化する[4][6]。オスは孵化するまで保護する[4][6][8]。幼生は生後4 - 5年で変態し、幼体になる[3]。生後5年(全長57センチメートル。変態してから1-2年後。)で性成熟すると考えられている[6]。寿命は野生下では10年以上、飼育下では51年の生存例がある[3][5]

人間との関係[編集]

以前は食用とされることもあった[3]

河川改修やダム・堰堤建設による生息地の破壊[5][6]、近畿地方の一部では人為的に移入されたチュウゴクオオサンショウウオとの競合・遺伝子汚染などにより生息数は減少している[3]。食用の捕獲・採集は天然記念物に指定されているため原則的に行われていないと考えられているが、食用に密漁されている可能性もある[3]。日本では1927年和良村(現:郡上市)の和良川および支流域(1932年八幡町の鬼谷川水系、1933年大和町の小間見川水系が追加)、川上村中和村八束村湯原町(現:真庭市)、院内町(現:宇佐市)と湯布院町(現:由布市)がそれぞれ「オオサンショウウオ生息地」として国の天然記念物1951年に種として国の天然記念物、1952年に特別天然記念物に指定されている[6]

絶滅危惧II類 (VU)環境省レッドリスト[3]

Status jenv VU.svg

京都府賀茂川において、食用として人為的に持ち込まれたチュウゴクオオサンショウウオが野生化しており、在来のオオサンショウウオとの交雑が問題になっている。近年の調査では、賀茂川での調査によって捕獲された111匹のオオサンショウウオのうち、13%がチュウゴクオオサンショウウオ、44%が雑種であるという結果が出ている[注釈 1][10]。しかし、チュウゴクオオサンショウウオもIUCNレッドリストの「絶滅寸前 (CR)」、ワシントン条約附属書Iに記載、種の保存法国際希少野生動植物種に指定(「アンドリアス属(オオサンショウウオ属)全種」として)されており、法令等により保護されている。そのため、単純に外来種として処理できず、問題が複雑化している。

山椒魚」の名の由来は、一説に、山椒のような香りを発することによるという。平安時代以前からの古称に「はじかみいを[注釈 2]があり、これもすなわち、「山椒(はじかみ)魚(いを)」の意である。

また、「ハンザキ」の異称があり、引用されることも多い。由来として「からだを半分に裂いても生きていそうな動物だから」「からだが半分に裂けているような大きな口の動物だから」などとも言われ、疑問符つきながらこうした説を載せている辞書などもあるが、信頼できる古文献の類は現在のところ知られていない。ほかに、「ハジカミ> ハミザキ> ハンザキ」のように変化したとする説や、体表の模様が花柄のようにも見えることから「花咲き」から転訛した、といった説もあるが、これらについても現在のところ裏づけは乏しい。

オオサンショウウオは特別天然記念物であり、捕獲して食利用することは禁じられているが、特別天然記念物の指定を受けるまでは、貴重な蛋白源として食用としていた地方も多い。北大路魯山人の著作『魯山人味道』によると、さばいた際に強い山椒の香りが家中に立ち込めたといい、魯山人はこれが山椒魚の語源ではないかと推測している。最初は堅かったが、数時間煮続けると柔らかくなり、香りも抜けて非常に美味であったという。また、白土三平カムイ外伝』でも食用とする場面が見られ、半分にしても生きている「ハンザキ」と説明されている。

文化の中のオオサンショウウオ[編集]

出典[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ Appendices I, II and III<http://www.cites.org/>(accessed November 27, 2016)
  2. ^ Yoshio Kaneko, Masafumi Matsui. 2004. Andrias japonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T1273A3376261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T1273A3376261.en. Downloaded on 26 November 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 松井正文 「オオサンショウウオ」『レッドデータブック2014 -日本の絶滅のおそれのある野生動物-3 爬虫類・両生類』環境省自然環境局野生生物課希少種保全推進室編、株式会社ぎょうせい2014年、130-131頁。
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i 今泉吉典、松井孝爾監修 『原色ワイド図鑑3 動物』、学習研究社1984年、150、188頁。
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 松井正文 「オオサンショウウオ」『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ1 ユーラシア、北アメリカ』小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著、講談社2000年、229頁。
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k 加藤陸奥雄、沼田眞、渡辺景隆、畑正憲監修 『日本の天然記念物』、講談社、1995年、681、683、750-752頁。
  7. ^ a b 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、295頁。
  8. ^ a b c d 深田祝監修 T.R.ハリディ、K.アドラー編 『動物大百科12 両生・爬虫類』、平凡社1986年、69頁。
  9. ^ 川上洋一著『絶滅危惧種の動物事典』、東京堂出版、2008年、170-171頁。
  10. ^ DNA解析による外来種チュウゴクオオサンショウウオの生息確認
  • 今泉忠明『進化を忘れた動物たち』 講談社(講談社現代新書 961)、1989年、p.218
  • 佐藤孝則『北海道のサンショウウオ(共著)』 北海道サンショウウオ研究会、1987年

注釈[編集]

  1. ^ 産経新聞 2008年9月15日
  2. ^ 本草和名に「波之加美以乎」とある。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、オオサンショウウオに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにオオサンショウウオに関する情報があります。
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オオサンショウウオ: Brief Summary ( japonais )

fourni par wikipedia 日本語
 src= Andrias japonicus  src= Andrias japonicus, Siebold Collection

オオサンショウウオ (大山椒魚、Andrias japonicus) は、有尾目オオサンショウウオ科オオサンショウウオ属に分類される有尾類。別名ハンザキ。

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일본장수도롱뇽 ( coréen )

fourni par wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

 src=
Andrias japonicus

일본장수도롱뇽(라틴어: Andrias japonicus), 큰산초어(일본어: オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚 오오산쇼우오[*])은 일본에만 서식하는 대형 도롱뇽이다. 몸길이는 최대 1.5미터이며,[1] 유사한 중국장수도롱뇽(A. davidianus)에 이어 두 번째로 큰 양서류이다.

행동

일본장수도롱뇽은 깨끗하고 차가운 내천에만 서식하며, 거의 물에서 살며 야행성이다. 시력은 좋지 못하므로, 이마에 있는 감각 기관에 의존한다. 주식은 곤충, 개구리, 물고기 등이다. 물질대사율은 상당히 낮은 편으로 자연에서의 적은 거의 없다. 사육하의 개체는 52년까지 산 적이 있다.[1]

역사

서양에는 1820년대에 처음으로 존재가 확인되었다.

현재 이들의 생존에 가장 큰 영향을 끼치는 것은 서식지인 강에 건설되는 댐이다. 댐이 건설되면 먹이자원이 고갈되며, 따라서 인간의 쓰레기를 먹기도 한다. 댐을 오르려고 하다가 미끄러지기도 한다.

각주

  1. Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb
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일본장수도롱뇽: Brief Summary ( coréen )

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일본장수도롱뇽(라틴어: Andrias japonicus), 큰산초어(일본어: オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚 오오산쇼우오[*])은 일본에만 서식하는 대형 도롱뇽이다. 몸길이는 최대 1.5미터이며, 유사한 중국장수도롱뇽(A. davidianus)에 이어 두 번째로 큰 양서류이다.

licence
cc-by-sa-3.0
droit d’auteur
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자