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Apache Trout State Fish | State Symbols USA ( anglais )

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Here they talk about Arizona's state fish.

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Life Cycle ( anglais )

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Reproductive strategy: synchronous ovarian organization, determinate fecundity (Ref. 51846).
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Biology ( anglais )

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Inhabits clear, cool mountain headwaters and creeks (generally above 2500 m elevation), and mountain lakes. A 95% (stream km) reduction in range has resulted due to hybridization with Oncorhynchus mykiss and competition from Salvelinus fontinalis and Salmo trutta.
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Importance ( anglais )

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gamefish: yes
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Oncorhynchus apache ( catalan ; valencien )

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Oncorhynchus apache és una espècie de peix de la família dels salmònids i de l'ordre dels salmoniformes.

Morfologia

  • Els mascles poden assolir 58 cm de longitud total i 2.360 g de pes.[4][5]

Hàbitat

Viu a zones d'aigües dolces temperades (34°N-33°N).[4]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a Nord-amèrica: conca del riu Colorado (Arizona, Estats Units).[4]

Observacions

Forma part de la pesca esportiva.[4]

Referències

  1. Suckley G., [1861]. Notices of certain new species of North American Salmonidae, chiefly in the collection of the N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of the United States, collected by Doctor C. B. R. Kennerly, naturalist to the... Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. v. 7 (art. 30). 306-313.
  2. BioLib (anglès)
  3. «Oncorhynchus apache». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 FishBase (anglès)
  5. IGFA, 2001. Base de dades de registres de pesca IGFA fins al 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Estats Units.


Bibliografia

  • Allendorf, F.W. i G.H. Thorgaard, 1984. Tetraploidy and the evolution of Salmonid fishes. p. 1-53. A B.J. Turner (ed.) Evolutionary genetics of fishes. Plenum Publishing Corporation, Nova York, Estats Units.
  • Baillie, J. i Groombridge, B., 1996. Llista Vermella d'Animals Amenaçats de la UICN 1996. UICN, Gland, Suïssa.
  • Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City (Estats Units). 941 p.
  • Eschmeyer, William N.: Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8 (1990).
  • Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
  • Esteve, M. i D. A. McLennan, 2007: The phyloeny of Oncorhynchus (Euteleostei: Salmonidae) based on behavioral and life history characters. Copeia 2007 (núm. 3): 520-533.
  • Gold, J.R., J.C. Avise i G.A.E. Gall, 1977. Chromosome cytology in the cutthroat trout series Salmo clarki (Salmonidae). Cytologia. 42(2):377-382.
  • Gold, J.R., W.J. Karel i M.R. Strand, 1980. Chromosome formulae of North American fishes. Prog. Fish Cult. 42:10-23.
  • Groombridge, B. (ed.), 1994. 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. UICN, Gland, Suïssa.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
  • Hugg, D.O., 1996. MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater (Maryland), Estats Units.
  • IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1986. 1986 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. UICN, Gland, Suïssa i Cambridge, la Gran Bretanya.
  • IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1988. 1988 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. UICN, Gland, Suïssa i Cambridge, la Gran Bretanya.
  • UICN, 1990. 1990 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals. UICN, Gland, Suïssa i Cambridge, la Gran Bretanya.
  • Miller, R.R., 1972. Classification of the trouts of Arizona with the description of a new species, Salmo apache. Copeia 1972:401-422.
  • Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall. Any 2000. ISBN 0130112828.
  • Murua, H. i F. Saborido-Rey, 2003. Female reproductive strategies of marine fish species of the North Atlantic. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 33:23-31.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
  • Page, L.M. i B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 432 p.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
  • Stearley, R. F. i G. R. Smith, 1993: Phylogeny of the Pacific trouts and salmons (Oncorhynchus) and genera of the family Salmonidae. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society v. 122 (núm. 1): 1-33.
  • Vasil'ev, V.P., 1980. Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985. ISBN 0356107159.


Enllaços externs

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Oncorhynchus apache: Brief Summary ( catalan ; valencien )

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Oncorhynchus apache és una espècie de peix de la família dels salmònids i de l'ordre dels salmoniformes.

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Apacheforelle ( allemand )

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Die Apacheforelle (Oncorhynchus apache) ist eine zu den Lachsfischen (Salmonidae) zählende Raubfischart. Sie ist der Nationalfisch des US-Bundesstaats Arizona und kommt im oberen Salt River und im Little Colorado River sowie deren Nebenflüssen vor.

Merkmale

Apacheforellen erreichen meist eine Länge von 20 bis 40, maximal von etwa 60 Zentimetern. Das berichtete Höchstgewicht betrug 2,36 Kilogramm. Die Tiere sind gelb bis goldfarben mit regelmäßig verteilten schwarzen Punkten auf Kopf, Körper und Flossen und oranger bis gelboranger Bauchseite. Hinter den Augen liegt ein großer schwarzer Fleck. Die Spitzen der Rückenflosse, der Afterflosse und der Bauchflossen sind weiß. Das Seitenlinienorgan ist vollständig entwickelt und verläuft durch 112 bis 124 Schuppen.

Lebensweise

Die Tiere besiedeln klare Bergflüsse, -bäche und -seen in Höhen von meist über 2500 Metern. Sie benötigen stilles Wasser zum Laichen, sowie schattenspendende Ufervegetation. Als Beute dienen vor allem verschiedene Insekten. Die Laichzeit beginnt bei Erreichen einer Wassertemperatur von etwa 8 °C. Die 100 bis 4000 Eier werden in Bodengruben an der Abflussseite natürlicher Wasserbecken abgelegt.

Nutzung und Bedrohung

Die ursprünglich häufige Art wurde früher intensiv befischt und gesalzen als Wintervorrat verwendet. Durch Überfischung, Hybridisierung mit der Regenbogenforelle (Oncorhynchus mykiss) und die Konkurrenz durch eingeführte Forellen (Salmo trutta) und Bachsaiblinge (Salvelinus fontinalis) ist das Verbreitungsgebiet der Art auf etwa 5 % der ursprünglichen Ausdehnung geschrumpft. Die Apacheforelle ist in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN als vom Aussterben bedroht (Critically Endangered) gelistet.

Quellen

Weblinks

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Apacheforelle: Brief Summary ( allemand )

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Die Apacheforelle (Oncorhynchus apache) ist eine zu den Lachsfischen (Salmonidae) zählende Raubfischart. Sie ist der Nationalfisch des US-Bundesstaats Arizona und kommt im oberen Salt River und im Little Colorado River sowie deren Nebenflüssen vor.

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Apache trout ( anglais )

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The Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the Pacific trouts.

Description

The Apache trout measures in length from 6 to 24 in (15–61 cm), and weighs between 0.4 to 6 lb (0.2–2.7 kg). It rarely exceeds 10 in (25 cm), but can reach up to 16 in (40 cm) in its native, headwater streams.[1] Apache trout are a yellowish-gold color with a golden belly and have medium-sized dark spots that are evenly spaced and that may extend below the lateral line and onto the dorsal and tail fins. The top of its head and back are dark olive in color, and it has the appearance of having a black stripe/mask through each of its eyes, due to two small black dots on either side of the pupil. There can be a throat mark below the lower jaw, ranging in color from yellow to gold.

Distribution

The Apache trout is the state fish of Arizona, and is one of only two species of trout native to that state, with the other being the gila trout (O. g. gilae). It natively lives in clear, cool streams in the White Mountains that flow through coniferous forests and marshes, but has been introduced into several lakes in the area. The Apache trout is native to the upper Salt River watershed (Black and White rivers) and the upper Little Colorado River watershed. Apache trout have been introduced into isolated streams outside of their historic range in the Pinaleno Mountains and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon. Apache trout exist in their most pure form within headwater streams at an elevation of 2,100m or higher in the White Mountain Apache Reservation. [2]

Life history

The Apache trout spawns from March to the middle of June, and varies with elevations. Maturity was found to occur in three years, and fecundity is based on the size of trout. One female typically produces from 72 to 240 eggs in 13.1 to 19.1 cm (5.2 to 7.5 in) fish and from 646 to 1,083 eggs in 29.8 to 34.9 cm (11.7 to 13.7 in) fish.[3] The eggs hatch after 30 days. The Apache trout eats both terrestrial and aquatic insects, such as Trichoptera and Diptera. In lakes, they also eat small fishes and zooplankton.

Conservation

Map showing Apache Trout occurrences in Arizona

Recovery and management efforts for Apache trout have been ongoing since the 1940s. Apache trout are raised in federal and state hatcheries, and reared fish have been used to assist with recovery and to maintain populations for sport fishing in certain streams and reservoirs.[4]

While the IUCN considers the Apache trout to be critically endangered, it is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Around 100 years ago, they could be found in 600 miles (970 km) of streams in the White Mountains. By the late 1960s, their range had been reduced to around 30 miles (48 km) of these streams. Once the Endangered Species Act of 1969 was passed, they became one of the first species listed under it. When this act was replaced by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, they became one of the first fish species protected under the newer Act. Population numbers for this species are still rising.

Today, the main risk to the Apache trout is its easy hybridization with the rainbow trout and major forest fires. Cutthroat trout are also genetically similar and cross-breed with Apache trout, compromising the genetic purity of each species.[5] The range of the Apache trout remains limited, which puts it at risk, but it is now common enough that limited fishing is permitted.

Many of the Mount Baldy headwater streams that are the stronghold of Apache trout are entirely closed to fishing. Catch and release fishing opportunities for wild (stream born), pure-strain Apache trout exist in a limited number of areas. Additionally, there are numerous consumptive fishing opportunities for Apache trout in waters where natural reproduction is not occurring and the Apache trout population is the result of stocking efforts.[6]

References

  1. ^ Rinne, J.N. 1990. Status, distribution, biology, and conservation of two rare southwestern (U.S.A.) salmonids, the Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache Miller, and the Gila trout, O. gilae Miller. Journal of Fish Biology 37(1990):189-191.
  2. ^ Rinne, J. N., & Minckley, W. L. (1985). Patterns of variation and distribution in Apache trout (Salmo Apache) relative to co-occurrence with introduced salmonids. Copeia, 1985(2), 285. https://doi.org/10.2307/1444838
  3. ^ Harper, K.C. 1978. Biology of a southwestern salmonid, Salmo apache (Miller 1972). pp. 99-111 in J.R. Morning, editor. Proceedings of the wild trout-catchable trout symposium. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Corvallis
  4. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
  5. ^ "Apache Trout Recovery". Archived from the original on 2013-09-20. Retrieved 2013-09-28.
  6. ^ http://www.willjordanphoto.com/Fly-Fishing/Book/11181808_sWRJ8

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Apache trout: Brief Summary ( anglais )

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The Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the Pacific trouts.

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Oncorhynchus apache ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La trucha apache (Oncorhynchus apache), es un pez de agua dulce de la familia salmónidos, distribuidos por las cuencas hidrográficas del río Salt y el río Colorado, ambos en Arizona (Estados Unidos).[2]

Anatomía

La longitud máxima descrita fue de 58 cm, con peso de más de 2 kg,[3]​ aunque la longitud máxima normal es de unos 25 cm.

Hábitat y biología

Viven en el lecho de ríos de aguas limpias y frías, en la cabecera de los ríos en la alta montaña, generalmente por encima de los 2500 metros de altitud, así como en lagos de montaña.[2]

La población se encuentra en peligro crítico y ha disminuido un 95% debido a un problema de hibridación con trucha arcoiris y de competición con la trucha de arroyo y la trucha común.[1][2]

Es una especies utilizada para la pesca deportiva.[2]

Referencias

  1. a b Gimenez Dixon, M., 1996. Oncorhynchus apache. IUCN 2009. Lista Roja de Especies Amenazadas. Consultada el 28 de enero de 2010.
  2. a b c d Page, L.M. y B.M. Burr, 1991. "A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico". Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, EEUU. 432 p.
  3. IGFA, 2001. "Database of IGFA angling records until 2001". IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, EEUU.

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Oncorhynchus apache: Brief Summary ( espagnol ; castillan )

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La trucha apache (Oncorhynchus apache), es un pez de agua dulce de la familia salmónidos, distribuidos por las cuencas hidrográficas del río Salt y el río Colorado, ambos en Arizona (Estados Unidos).​

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Oncorhynchus apache ( basque )

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Oncorhynchus apache Oncorhynchus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Salmonidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Oncorhynchus apache FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Oncorhynchus apache: Brief Summary ( basque )

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Oncorhynchus apache Oncorhynchus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Salmonidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Oncorhynchus apache ( néerlandais ; flamand )

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Vissen

Oncorhynchus apache is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de zalmen (Salmonidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1972 door Miller.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Oncorhynchus apache. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Oncorhynchus apache ( portugais )

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A truta-apache (Oncorhynchus apache) é um peixe do gênero Oncorhynchus. O seu corpo é amarelo malhado de grandes pintas pretas, tambêm as possui na cabeça, barbatana dorsal, barbatana adiposa e barbatana caudal. De acordo com a Lista Vermelha da IUCN o animal encontra-se em risco crítico de extinção.[1]

Referências

  1. «Oncorhynchus apache» (em inglês). Consultado em 27 de março de 2013
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Oncorhynchus apache: Brief Summary ( portugais )

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A truta-apache (Oncorhynchus apache) é um peixe do gênero Oncorhynchus. O seu corpo é amarelo malhado de grandes pintas pretas, tambêm as possui na cabeça, barbatana dorsal, barbatana adiposa e barbatana caudal. De acordo com a Lista Vermelha da IUCN o animal encontra-se em risco crítico de extinção.

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Cá hồi Apache ( vietnamien )

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Cá hồi Apache (danh pháp khoa học: Oncorhynchus apache) là một loài cá nước ngọt thuộc họ cá hồi (Salmonidae) bộ Salmoniformes. Nó là một trong những loài cá hồi Thái Bình Dương.

Cá hồi Apache dài 6 đến 24 inch (61 cm) và nặng 6 ounce đến 6 pound (2,7 kg). Nó hiếm khi dài vượt quá 25 cm, nhưng có thể đạt tới 40 cm các khu vực bản địa, suối đầu nguồn.[1] Cá hồi Apache có thân màu hơi vàng, bụng màu vàng ròng và có đốm đen cỡ trung bình với khoảng cách đồng đều và có thể mở rộng dưới đường bên và vào lưng và đuôi vây. Đỉnh đầu và lưng của nó màu ô liu sẫm, và nó có sự xuất hiện của một sọc đen qua mỗi mắt của nó, do hai chấm đen nhỏ ở hai bên của con ngươi. Có thể có một dấu họng dưới hàm dưới, có dải màu từ vàng kim đến vàng.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Rinne, J.N. 1990. Status, distribution, biology, and conservation of two rare southwestern (U.S.A.) salmonids, the Apache trout, Oncorhynchus apache Miller, and the Gila trout, O. gilae Miller. Journal of Fish Biology 37(1990):189-191.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá hồi Apache: Brief Summary ( vietnamien )

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Cá hồi Apache (danh pháp khoa học: Oncorhynchus apache) là một loài cá nước ngọt thuộc họ cá hồi (Salmonidae) bộ Salmoniformes. Nó là một trong những loài cá hồi Thái Bình Dương.

Cá hồi Apache dài 6 đến 24 inch (61 cm) và nặng 6 ounce đến 6 pound (2,7 kg). Nó hiếm khi dài vượt quá 25 cm, nhưng có thể đạt tới 40 cm các khu vực bản địa, suối đầu nguồn. Cá hồi Apache có thân màu hơi vàng, bụng màu vàng ròng và có đốm đen cỡ trung bình với khoảng cách đồng đều và có thể mở rộng dưới đường bên và vào lưng và đuôi vây. Đỉnh đầu và lưng của nó màu ô liu sẫm, và nó có sự xuất hiện của một sọc đen qua mỗi mắt của nó, do hai chấm đen nhỏ ở hai bên của con ngươi. Có thể có một dấu họng dưới hàm dưới, có dải màu từ vàng kim đến vàng.

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阿帕奇鱒 ( chinois )

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阿帕奇鱒,為麻哈魚屬的一個。被IUCN列為極危物種。

分布

分布於美國亞利桑那州鹽河上游與小科羅拉多河流域流域。

特徵

本魚體側扁,背腹外廓相對稱,紡錘型。頭長與體高略相等,口端位,口裂大。上下頜和犁骨皆有齒,頜齒大而鋒利。眼在體軸線的下方,較大。背鰭居於体中央稍後,腹鰭起點於背鰭後方,尾鰭分叉較淺。有脂鰭。體背部呈深褐色,體下半部為土黃色,全身不滿許多黑色小圓斑,背鰭、尾鰭、脂鰭淡褐色略帶橙色,背鰭上緣具白邊,胸鰭、腹鰭、臀鰭橙色且具白邊。體長可達58公分。

生態

本魚棲息於高原清澈寒冷的溪流或湖泊中,屬肉食性,卵生。其生存環境又到其他種類(如美州紅點鮭)的壓縮,而造成數量減少。

外部連結

阿帕奇鱒的圖片

參考資料


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阿帕奇鱒: Brief Summary ( chinois )

fourni par wikipedia 中文维基百科

阿帕奇鱒,為麻哈魚屬的一個。被IUCN列為極危物種。

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