Plants shown to be genetically distinct from the type (differences in chemistry, form, foliage, cone orientation, and seeds) have been called Pinus balfouriana subsp. austrina R.Mastrogiuseppe & J.Mastrogiuseppe. As in several other species or species complexes in Pinus , however, there is a problem with a character gradient involving related taxa. The evidence presented by D.K. Bailey (1970) and later by R.J. Mastrogiuseppe and J.D. Mastrogiuseppe (1980) could as well be used to indicate that P . balfouriana (with its two infraspecific taxa) and P . longaeva represent a single species of three subspecies or three varieties. The more conservative view of Bailey is followed here.
Foxtail pine is a native conifer. It is a low-growing pine, generally 20 to 50 feet (6-15 m) tall, but occasionally reaching 72+ feet (22+ m) in height [39,77]. The champion tree is a northern foxtail pine on the Trinity National Forest that measures 76 feet (23 m) in height, 34 feet (10 m) in spread, and 26.3 feet (8 m) in circumference [2]. Foxtail pine's trunk is usually single-stemmed. Unlike other North American conifers, foxtail pine rarely assumes krummholz form at high elevations; instead, it retains a straight bole [8,10,83,84]. Bark of mature foxtail pine is "exceptionally thick" [8]: nearly as thick as that of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Bark thickness measurements of 1.85 inches (4.70 cm) [46] and 2.4 to 3.1 inches (6-8 cm) [8] are reported for mature foxtail pines. Mature tree crowns are 8.5 feet (2.6 m) or less in diameter. Branches are short and thick in diameter [39,77]. Branching habit is sparse in southern foxtail pine [60]; southern foxtail pine also tends to be self-pruning. Northern foxtail pine branches tend to be thicker, and may extend to the ground [6,39,68] (the photos in the Introductory section illustrate this difference). Foxtail is a 5-needle pine. The Balfourianae complex is unique among pines in that about half of their branches originate from within the needle fascicles [24,60]. Needle clusters are thickly set toward the branch ends, resembling foxtails [59]. Needles persist for 5 to 7+ years [65,71]; trees at lower elevations tend to retain needles longer than trees at timberline [65]. Female cones are 2.4 to 7.5 inches (6-19 cm) long, dehiscent, and have tiny prickles. Seeds are small (~0.3 inch (8 mm) long), with detachable seed wings about 3 times longer than the seeds [39,77]. Northern foxtail pines tend to have heavier cones and larger seeds with longer seed wings than southern foxtail pines [67].
Morphological differences between southern foxtail pine, northern foxtail pine, and Great Basin bristlecone pine are slight. Southern foxtail pine has thinner bark that tends to grow in square plates (pictured above right) compared to northern foxtail pine, which has relatively thicker bark that tends to grow in narrow ridges. Southern foxtail pine retains its needles longer than northern foxtail pine [39]. Northern foxtail pine tends to have a fuller crown and suffer from less cambial die-back than southern foxtail pine [60]. Great Basin bristlecone pine is distinguished from foxtail pines by having relatively longer cone prickles (2-6 mm) compared to foxtail pines (<1mm). Distributions of Great Basin, southern foxtail, and northern foxtail pines do not overlap [39,62], so distinguishing among them in the field is easy.
Stand structure: Foxtail pine communities are typically open, with a sparse understory and scattered woody debris. Arid, high-elevation conditions allow woody debris to persist for many years without decaying [44]. In Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, southern foxtail pine grows in widely spaced woodlands in its upper elevational range and is often the only tree species. At lower elevations it forms a more dense forest, either in mixed or monospecific stands [10,12,82,83]. The foxtail pine-alpine ecotone is usually abrupt as a result of foxtail pine's inability to form krummholz [64]. Northern foxtail pine communities tend toward greater density then southern foxtail pine communities [83]. In the Klamath Ranges, stand densities of northern foxtail pine communities ranged from a minimum of 51 trees/ha in the Yolla Bolly Mountains to a maximum of 381 trees/ha in the Trinity Mountains [30]. Stand densities of southern foxtail pine communities in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park range from 50 trees/ha to 600 trees/ha [30,64,81,83]. Ryerson [83] found a mean stand density of 100 trees/ha on sites across southern foxtail pine's distribution.
A southern foxtail pine-Sierra lodgepole pine woodland in the Golden Trout Wilderness. U.S. Forest ServiceAge class: Age class structure within foxtail pine stands appears mixed [30,69]. Few studies have been conducted on age class distributions in foxtail pine. In a study across the Klamath Ranges, Eckert and Sawyer [30] found northern foxtail pines less than 100 years of age were most common (>50% relative density). A few very old trees (around 1,000 years of age) were scattered within all the study sites. In a study across southern foxtail pine's distribution in the Sierra Nevada, Ryerson [83] found most trees were in the 350- to 500-year-old class, followed by trees less than 200 years old, and trees older than 800 years, respectively.
Foxtail pine is a very long-lived conifer, although it does not approach the extreme ages of Great Basin bristlecone pine. Foxtail pine occurs on wetter sites than bristlecones; consequently, foxtail pines show relatively faster growth, develop heart rot, and die more quickly than bristlecone pines [8]. Foxtail pine has advanced heart rot by 1,000 years of age. The oldest foxtail pine on record (as of 2004) is a 3,400-year-old southern foxtail pine [83]. Northern foxtail pines occur in wetter habitats then southern foxtail pines and are shorter lived, attaining maximum ages of about 1,600 years [30,69,83].
Physiology: Its relative inability to withstand cold may partially explain foxtail pine's narrow distribution compared to its more widely distributed high-elevation associate, whitebark pine. Poor ability to form krummholz limits foxtail pine's ability to withstand ice blasting [13]. Its seedlings are less resistant to freezing than whitebark pine seedlings [83].
Fire adaptations: Foxtail pine has many characteristics of a fire survivor [88]. Some of its morphological characteristics are similar to ponderosa pine, a highly fire-adapted species [4]. Like ponderosa pine, foxtail pine is a long-lived tree with a large-diameter bole, thick bark, and large-diameter branches [8,46]. Branches are generally sparse and self-pruning in southern foxtail pine, although thin branching and a self-pruning habit are less common in northern foxtail pine [39,60,68]. Few fire studies on foxtail pine have been conducted; however, Ryerson [83] found mature, fire-scarred southern foxtail pines throughout the tree's distribution. As further evidence of foxtail pine's ability to survive fire, Keifer [49] reported that in the Sierra lodgepole pine-southern foxtail pine ecotone in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, foxtail pines were uneven-aged and showed multiple fire scars, while Sierra lodgepole pines were even-aged and showed no evidence of scarring. More fire history studies are needed on foxtail pine.
Foxtail pine seedlings pioneer on burned sites. The seeds are small, light, and have large wings [39,71,77], suggesting the possibility of foxtail pine seed dispersal onto burns from on- and off-site parent trees. In Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, Ryerson [83] found southern foxtail pine seedlings on 2 burned sites. On the 1st burn, seedlings established near 4 lightning-killed, mature trees. On the 2nd burn, foxtail pine seedlings grew in openings created when fire burned across a ridgetop. Further studies are needed on patterns of foxtail pine seed dispersal and seedling establishment after fire.
FIRE REGIMES: Fires are infrequent, and are generally of low severity, in subalpine regions of the southern Sierra Nevada. Scant litter production and discontinuous fuels do not promote fire spread in foxtail pine communities. Fire intensity tends to decrease when lower-elevation fires burn into southern foxtail pine. Fire spread slows; or, fires may extinguish due to lack of fuels [10,20,21,50,66]. Although foxtail pine sites receive more lightning strikes than lower-elevation forests, ignitions are uncommon [104,105]. Rocky, highly dissected foxtail pine habitats rarely sustain large fires. In a fire history study, Keifer [49] found frequent fire in Sierra lodgepole pine, but only occasional fires in southern foxtail pine sites. The National Park Service [103] classifies fire occurrence as "very low" in subalpine conifer zones of Sequoia-King Canyon National Park, with a mean fire-return interval of 187 years and a maximum recorded fire-return interval of 508 years. Caprio and Lineback [21] found southern foxtail and whitebark pine communities of Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park had the longest return fire intervals of all plant communities in the Park. Estimated area burned in southern foxtail pine communities averaged 145 acres/year (168 ha/yr) with a mean fire-return interval of 187 years. Estimated burn area extended to 153 acres/year (62 ha/year) under the maximum mean fire-return interval of 508 years. Fire scar data from 2 watersheds show few fires in foxtail-whitebark pine communities of Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park from 1700 to 2000: 7 on north aspects and 3 on south aspects [19]. Differences in fire-return intervals between aspects were not significant [18].
This foxtail pine stand in the John Muir Wilderness lacks sufficient fuels to carry a surface fire. U.S. Forest ServiceThe fire ecology of upper subalpine zones of California is poorly understood [103]. This is particularly true for northern foxtail pine, for which fire ecology and fire regime information are nearly absent. Thornburgh [96] found white fir-mountain hemlock communities of the Marble Mountains, where northern foxtail pine is an associate, experience a regime of mixed low- and moderate-severity fires. Fire effects and postfire recruitment of foxtail pine were not reported. Further documentation and research are needed on the fire ecology of foxtail pine and other subalpine communities of California.
Occasionally, large, stand-replacing fires occur in southern foxtail pine [92]. For example, The 1949 Kern Canyon 2 Fire burned 1,100 acres (445 ha) of southern foxtail and Jeffrey pine habitat in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. Ignited by lightning on 13 July, it was controlled by 31 July. Southwesterly winds up to 40 mph (64 km/hr) caused crowning and spotting. Steep, rugged terrain contributed to fast fire spread and resistance to control [10].
Fuels: Foxtail pine snags and woody debris are highly resinous, and are slow to decay in high-elevation habitats. In Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, downed foxtail pines that have been dead for over 1,000 years still retain medium-sized (>0.8-inch (2-cm) diameter) or larger branches [63]. Foxtail pine communities are not typically highly flammable though, because woody fuels are limited and discontinuous [66,92], and litter is sparse [82]. Live fuels are also scant. A 1978 fuel inventory in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park showed a mean of 10 tons/acre in foxtail and other subalpine types [10]. Basal area and litter quantity decreased with elevation, although litter quality (N:C ratio) increased with elevation [65]. The live understory is typically sparse in foxtail pine communities. Lloyd and Graumlich [64] found less than 1 plant/m² in southern foxtail pine understories in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. Van Wagtendonk and others [107] reported the following fuelbed characteristics for southern foxtail pine:
Woody fuel depth Litter depth Duff depth Litter & duff depth 1.24 cm 0.19 cm 1.60 cm 1.79 cmQuantitative measures of physical fuel properties such as surface-to-volume ratios are used in fuel models. By fuel size class, van Wagtendonk and others [106] provide mean surface-to-volume ratio, diameter and squared quadratic mean diameter, and angles of inclination tables for southern foxtail pine and other Sierra Nevada conifers.
The following table provides fire-return intervals for plant communities where foxtail pine occurs. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire-Return Interval Range (years) whitebark pine Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [1,3] Sierra lodgepole pine Pinus contorta var. murrayana 35-200 [5] mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana 35 to > 200 [5] Fire-return intervals for these species vary widely; trends in variation are noted in the species reviews.Foxtail pine is adapted to harsh environmental conditions [60,71]. Its long life span, slow growth, and persistent needles are typical of conifer species adapted to stressful habitats [71]. Foxtail pine holds an ecological position between whitebark pine and limber pine: it is less tolerant of cool, short growing seasons than whitebark pine and less tolerant of warm, arid growing conditions than limber pine [44,87]. North of southern foxtail pine's distribution in the Sierra, freezing temperatures occur all year long [83]. Foxtail pine communities are most common on "safe sites," such as ultramafic soils and dry granite fields, that few other conifer species can tolerate [30,60]. Slope varies from gentle to as much as 55% [83,84].
Southern foxtail pine grows on well-drained, decomposed granite and granite boulder fields. Southern foxtail pine does not occur on serpentine or other ultramafic soils, which are rare in the high Sierra Nevada [52,55,83]. It is more common on the drier, eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, while whitebark pine is more common on the west slope [10,83]. Climate in the southern Sierra Nevada is mediterranean, with cold winters and warm, dry summers [68,87]. Annual precipitation on the east slope ranges from 20 to 30 inches (500-750 mm) [13]. Southern foxtail pine occurs from 8,900 to 12,000 feet (2,700-3,700 m) elevation [39]. Tree damage from ice- and sandstorms is common [68]. Highest density of southern foxtail pine occurs on north-facing slopes; least density is on south slopes. Percent slope across southern foxtail pine's range averages less than 33% [83].
Habitat of northern foxtail pine is even more restricted than that of southern foxtail pine. The Klamath Ranges are geologically complex, consisting of steep elevational gradients and a variety of parent rock materials that strongly influence plant community boundaries [52]. Climate is mediterranean, but is strongly moderated by the maritime influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean [68]. Annual precipitation averages from 49 to 60 inches (1,250-1,750 mm) [13]. Northern foxtail pine occurs from 6,900 to 8,200 feet (2,100-2,500 m) elevation [39]. There are relatively few high-elevation peaks in the Klamath Ranges; therefore, northern foxtail pine tends to segregate into small populations on isolated "sky islands" [78]. Substrates on which northern foxtail pine grows include gabbro, granodiorite, limestone, schist, and most commonly, serpentine [52,55,60,87]. Because most associated conifers (except Jeffrey pine) are less tolerant to them, serpentine soils can partially ameliorate the elevational restriction and lower northern foxtail pine's elevational distribution. Northern foxtail pine tends to grow in large, monospecific stands when on serpentine soils. On other substrates it is generally found in small stands (a few hundred trees) on ridge crests, mountain tops, and steep, south- or west-facing slopes [30,69,78,87]. Populations on serpentine soils are more likely to occur on all aspects, including valley bottoms and lake shores [78]. Percent slope ranged from 15-32% on 4 sites in the Klamath Ranges [83].
Southern foxtail pine is the dominant conifer in upper-elevation
subalpine communities of the south-central Sierra Nevada [12,81,108]. It is the
most abundant subalpine conifer in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park
[10]. Southern foxtail pine often occurs in pure
stands [64]. California red fir (Abies magnifica var. magnifica), Sierra juniper
(Juniperus occidentalis ssp. australis), Sierra lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana),
Jeffrey pine (P.
jeffreyi), and limber pine (P. flexilis) may associate on low-elevation foxtail pine sites, while whitebark pine
(P. albicaulis) may associate on high-elevation sites [82,83,108]. The most common
shrub associates in
southern foxtail pine communities are bush chinquapin (Chrysolepis sempervirens),
oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), wax currant (Ribes cereum), gooseberry currant (R. montigenum),
Parish's snowberry
(Symphoricarpos rotundifolius var. parishii), and curlleaf mountain-mahogany
(Cercocarpus ledifolius) [83,84]. Pinemat manzanita (Arctostaphylos nevadensis),
green manzanita (A. patula), and bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata) may also be present [10,83].
In Sequoia-King Canyon National Park, Vankat [108] found less than one-fourth of southern foxtail pine communities
contained shrubs. Herbaceous cover averaged around 10%, although some stands showed
as much as 65% herbaceous cover. Tree cover was almost entirely foxtail pine; a few stands also had Sierra lodgepole pine.
Bush chinquapin and
oceanspray were the most common shrubs. Shrub associates are more common on marginal foxtail pine
sites than in Sequoia-Kings Canyon, which is prime foxtail habitat. Southern monardella (Monardella australis)
is the most consistent herbaceous associate across southern foxtail pine's range [83]. At their lowest elevations,
southern foxtail pine communities merge with upper-elevation Sierra lodgepole pine or, more rarely,
east-slope Jeffrey pine
communities. Southern foxtail pine communities often
form a mosaic with subalpine meadows [15]. At their highest elevations, southern foxtail pine communities merge into
alpine meadows and fell-fields [44].
The Klamath Ranges support some of the most diverse plant communities in North
America [87], and northern foxtail pine contributes to this diversity. Northern foxtail communities are
typically more diverse compared to southern foxtail pine communities [68]. Eckert and Sawyer [30] found that
along a latitudinal gradient, diversity of northern foxtail pine communities increased
to the north. Lowest diversity occurred in the southern Yolla Bolly Mountains, the
southernmost of the Klamath ranges, while highest diversity occurred in the
Trinity and Marble mountains, the northernmost of the Klamath ranges.
Northern foxtail pine generally dominates on subalpine serpentine soils.
Whitebark pine or mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) may
associate on upper-elevation sites, although they are more common on nonserpentine
soils [30,83]. Northern foxtail pine communities on
serpentine, other ultramafic,
or dry soils often form a mosaic with whitebark
pine-mountain hemlock or mountain hemlock-Brewer spruce (Picea
breweriana) communities that occur on nonserpentine or wetter,
north-slope soils [30,44,55,64]. Jeffrey pine and Sierra lodgepole pine may associate on
dry (south and west aspects), mid-subalpine sites (<2,200 m), while Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var.
shastensis) and western white pine may associate on
wetter, mid-subalpine sites [30,38,44,55,68].
Western white pine or white fir (A. concolor) associate on lowest-elevation
subalpine sites [23,87]. Incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) and
coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) may be
occasional associates at these lower elevations [68,83]. Northern foxtail pine
communities merge with coast Douglas-fir, Sierra lodgepole pine, or mixed-conifer forest
communities at their lowest
elevations and with alpine fell-field or
alpine meadow communities at highest
elevations [44,64].
In the Trinity Mountains on the Siskiyou-Trinity county line, northern foxtail pine occurs
in pure stands at timberline.
Shasta red fir, western white pine, and Jeffrey pine associate on mid-subalpine
sites. Trinity
buckwheat (Eriogonum alpinum), pinemat manzanita, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), and
huckleberry oak (Quercus
vaccinifolia) occur in the understory. Ground-layer associates include cobwebby paintbrush (Castilleja arachnoidea),
Cascade aster (Eucephalus
ledophyllus), spreading phlox (Phlox diffusa), and bottlebrush
squirrel (Elymus elymoides) [23,87]. Unusually diverse northern foxtail
communities exist on China and Russian peaks, where northern foxtail pine
associates with Jeffrey pine, incense-cedar, and Pacific Douglas-fir [86].
Damaging bioagents:
Foxtail pine is highly susceptible to white pine blister rust,
a usually fatal fungal disease that affects 5-needle pines [40,72,85].
In the greenhouse, Hoff and others [40] inoculated 18 species of Eurasian and
North American 5-needle pine seedlings with blister rust. Of the 18 species,
foxtail and southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) showed least
resistance to blister rust. All of the 92 inoculated foxtail pines became
infected. Other studies show a 75-100% seedling infection rate [94]. Although the
mediterranean climate of California once protected all but the northernmost populations of 5-needle pines from blister
rust, that is no longer true. Some northern foxtail pines on the Scott River
District of the Klamath National Forest have blister rust [97,99,101].
As of this writing (2004), blister rust has not been detected in southern
foxtail pine, although western white pine and sugar pine (P. lambertiana)
in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park are infected [85,101].
Blister rust-infected trees may take from 2 years to decades to succumb, but
infection is always fatal [41,42].
Gooseberries and currants (Ribes spp.) are the primary host of white
pine blister rust. Life cycle of white pine blister rust is complex.
Gitzendanner and others [35]
and McDonald and Hoff [72]
provide details of the rust's life history and ecology. Hoff [41]
provides a diagnostic guide to aid managers in recognizing symptoms of blister
rust infection in white pines. There are no known methods of controlling blister
rust [48]. Fungicide application, pruning infected tree branches, and/or
removing Ribes spp. have neither eliminated nor controlled white pine
blister rust [22,72], and such treatments have undesirable ecological effects
[48]. For further information on management of white pine blister rust, see Samman and
others [85].
Some northern foxtail pines on the Scott River District show phenological
resistance to blister rust. Identification and breeding programs for these
genetically valuable, blister-rust resistant individuals are crucial to an
integrated strategy for protecting and restoring foxtail and other white pines
[40,72,85]. Breeding programs for blister rust-resistant foxtail pines
are being implemented [101].
Other damaging bioagents:
Foxtail pines are susceptible to
mountain pine beetle attacks [109]. Two rare species of Pityophthorus
bark beetles may feed primarily on foxtail pine [17]. While contributing to
biodiversity, little is known of the impacts of these Pityophthorus bark beetles to foxtail
pine. Limber pine dwarf-mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum) occasionally
infects foxtail pine [51,70,74]. A fungal needle cast (Lophodermium
durilabrum) has caused minor damage to northern foxtail pines in the
Marble Mountains [73].
Climate
affects foxtail pine's elevational range. For most of the period for
which tree records are available (~3,500 years), southern foxtail pine
has existed above present treeline [63,64]. For example, Vankat
[108] found dead stands of foxtail pine above present timberline (10,800-
11,200 feet (3,300-3,400 m))
on the Kern River Watershed in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. These "ghost
forests" may be relicts of foxtail pines that died during a period of global
warming [57]. Lloyd
and Graumlich [64] documented 3 episodes where southern foxtail pine expanded
upslope. Although the data are somewhat unclear [56,90], these
expansions appear to have occurred during relatively warm, wet periods. Presently, southern foxtail pine is expanding its
range both upslope and laterally into subalpine meadows and previously untreed
east slopes. This expansion has been explained as a response to global
warming [63,65], or due to a combination of factors including global warming, low conifer
diversity (and consequent lack of growth interference for foxtail pine in the upper elevations
of the southern Sierra Nevada), and stochasticity [69,83,89].
Foxtail pine is an ecologically important species. The open structure of foxtail pine stands slows snowmelt and helps retain snowpack. Foxtail pine also helps stabilize soil on steep subalpine slopes [85,93].
As a long-lived conifer, foxtail pine is a valuable species for dendrochronological and related climate studies [33,36,37,89,90].
Wood Products: Foxtail pine is rarely harvested [83] and is not commercially important [93].
Foxtail pine's thick bark helps protect it from damage from surface fires. Sparse, large-diameter branches discourage torching and fire spread. Little is known about foxtail pine's response after the fire has passed. In the 1979 Fire Management Plant for Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park, Bancroft [10] wrote "Very little research has been conducted on the effect of fire on natural regeneration in subalpine forests." This remains true of foxtail pine and other subalpine forests today. Research is needed on the fire ecology of foxtail pine.
Kiefer [49] found foxtail pine recruitment in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park was uneven-aged and did not appear to be correlated with fire history. This was in sharp contrast to associated Sierra lodgepole pine, whose recruitment dated from past fires. Kiefer suggested that climate may play a more important role in foxtail pine recruitment than fire.
Environmental interactions that foster foxtail pine recruitment are poorly understood. Climate and water balance may be the primary factors driving foxtail pine establishment, with best recruitment during periods of warm, wet winters and cool summer temperatures [33,36,37,63]. Dendrochronologists studying a 3,500-year history of southern foxtail pine recruitment and death rates in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park found 2 periods of poor southern foxtail pine recruitment. The 1st was during a drought lasting decades (950-550 years BP); the other was an extended period of below-average temperatures (450-50 years BP). Death rate was relatively stable over the last 1,000 years, averaging about 0.05% per capita. Death appeared to be due to local or endogenous factors except during periods of extreme climate fluctuation. Mortality spiked during the periods of extended drought and extended cold. Overall recruitment rate was slightly higher than death rate, averaging around 0.06% per capita [63,64]. As of this writing (2004), field studies on the seed germination and seedling establishment stages of foxtail pine's life cycle are lacking. Further studies are needed on the regeneration requirements and life cycle of foxtail pine.
Barriers to regeneration: Domestic livestock grazing may adversely affect foxtail pine regeneration in areas where grazing is still practiced. Vankat [108] found southern foxtail pine in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park showed a pulse of recruitment from 1890-1895. That period coincides with a period of reduced domestic sheep grazing in the southern Sierra Nevada.
White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) affects the ability of 5-needle pines to reproduce by killing cone-bearing branch tips. An infected northern foxtail pine population on the Klamath National Forest (see Other Management Considerations) shows poor recruitment, although it is uncertain at this time if blister rust is responsible. Levels of blister rust infection in foxtail pine are being monitored [101].
Breeding system: Allozyme surveys show that genetic diversity is low in foxtail pine compared to other pine species. There is more genetic differentiation among than within populations. Interpopulation genetic diversity is particularly pronounced in northern foxtail pine, which tends to have small (300-600 individuals), isolated populations, and restricted between-population gene flow. Natural selection for serpentine tolerance, global warming (see Other Management Considerations, Climate), and genetic drift have likely contributed to northern foxtail pine's low genetic diversity [78].
Pollination: Foxtail pine is wind pollinated [60].
Seed production: Foxtail pine 1st produces cones at 20 to 50 years of age [53,83]. The cone cycle (development through maturity) takes 5 to 6 years [28]. There is usually a 5- to 6-year interval between large cone crops [53]. Environmental conditions promoting large crops are undocumented (as of 2004).
Seed dispersal: Foxtail pine seed is dispersed by wind [59,60]. How long seed is retained in the cone, and whether it survives fire and disperses from cones onto burns, is poorly documented (as of 2004). Likewise, average range of dispersal for wind-blown foxtail pine seed is unknown, making it difficult to predict the potential for long-range foxtail pine seed dispersal onto burns or other open seedbeds.
Although Clark's nutcrackers disperse bristlecone pine seeds, there have been no sightings of the Clark's nutcrackers dispersing foxtail pine seeds [61,71]. Trees growing from Clark's nutcracker caches often have multiple, genetically distinct stems [59,60]. The typical single-stemmed habit [8,10,83] of foxtail pine suggests that Clark's nutcracker dispersal and caching is unusual. Ryerson [84], however, noted the presence of a few multiple-stemmed trees throughout foxtail pine's distribution, suggesting the possibility of Clark's nutcracker seed dispersal and caching. Tomback and others [98] suggested that Clark's nutcrackers may disperse some foxtail pine seed, and that rodents may act as secondary dispersers. Fryer observed Clark's nutcrackers collecting seed in the John Muir Wilderness (see photo below). Genetic identities of multiple-stemmed foxtail pine "individuals" had not been determined as of 2004. Further investigation is needed on mechanisms of seed dispersal for foxtail pine.
Clark's nutcrackers in a southern foxtail pine in the John Muir Wilderness. U.S. Forest ServiceSeed banking: No information is available on this topic.
Germination: Seeds require stratification [25,28]. Fresh, stratified southern foxtail pine seed collected in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park showed 86% germination. After 9.4 years in cold storage, the same seed lot showed 72% germination [76].
Seedling establishment/growth: Based on limited information, foxtail pine seedling establishment appears to be episodic, occurring during periods of mild, wet winters [63,83].
Southern foxtail seedlings, saplings, and mature trees in the John Muir Wilderness. U.S. Forest ServiceFoxtail pine is a slow-growing conifer [60,71]. Best growth of southern foxtail pine occurs in years with relatively warm, wet winters and cool summers [33,36,37,63]. Studies on growth rates of foxtail pine are limited. One study found relative height growth rates of 0.2 to 0.9 inch (0.5-2.3 cm) per year for seedlings in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park. Seedlings in open, high-elevation sites tended to grow taller than seedlings in lower-elevation, forested areas [93]. For mature trees, another Sequoia-Kings Canyon study found trees at lower elevations (<8,200 feet (2,500 m)) had greater relative growth rates compared to trees at high elevations (>9,800 feet (3,000 m)). Relative growth rates were 6.7-9.1 inches/100 years compared to 2.4-3.1 inches/100 years (17-23 cm/100 yrs vs. 6-8 cm/100 yrs), at low and high elevations, respectively [83].
Foxtail pine is shade intolerant, requiring open, sunny locations throughout its life cycle [8,9,83,87]. Foxtail pine pioneers on serpentine and high-elevation subalpine sites [30]. It competes poorly on nutrient-rich, mesic, and low-subalpine sites [78,87]. Foxtail pine is generally noninvasive [80]; however, it has extended its distribution into the California red fir zone in times of global cooling [83]. On high-elevation, ultramafic or dry granitic sites, foxtail pine is not threatened by successional replacement by shade-tolerant conifers such as California red fir and mountain hemlock because no other tree is as well adapted to the harsh sites that foxtail pine occupies [14,30]. On more favorable sites, successional replacement of foxtail pine by mountain hemlock and firs may be occurring. Research is needed on successional patterns in foxtail pine communities on mesic, nonserpentine sites.
A resurvey in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Park showed that in 27 years, southern foxtail pine basal area and cover increased 8% and 16%, respectively. The changes were entirely due to foxtail pine diameter growth; in 27 years there had been no foxtail pine mortality, and no ingrowth of foxtail pine or other tree species, on the study plots [81]. To date (2004), there are no studies of succession in foxtail pine communities following fire, avalanche, or other disturbances. Studies documenting postdisturbance recruitment and succession in foxtail pine communities are needed.
The scientific name of foxtail pine is Pinus balfouriana Grev. & Balf.
(Pinaceae). There are 2 subspecies [8,32,39,47,68]:
Pinus balfouriana subsp. austrina R.J. & J.D. Mastrogiuseppe
southern foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana subsp. balfouriana northern foxtail pine
Foxtail pine, Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (P. aristata)
share a common ancestor [83,110]. Taxa within the foxtail-bristlecone pine
complex (Pinus, subgenus Strobus, section
Parrya Mayr, subsection Balfourianae Englm.) are distinguished by growth
form, bark, and differences in chemical composition
[8,25,68,76]; however,
these characters intergrade [32,39,68].
Foxtail and bristlecone pines readily produce fertile hybrids in the laboratory [93,110].
Disjunct distributions, and possibly other factors, prevent natural hybridization among the 4 taxa. Southern
foxtail and Great Basin bristlecone pine populations seem geographically close enough for
limited pollen dispersal
(see General Distribution); yet to
date (2004), southern foxtail ÃÂ
Great Basin bristlecone pine hybrids have not been found in the field
[8,60].
Pinus balfouriana (lat. Pinus balfouriana) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
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Pinus balfouriana (lat. Pinus balfouriana) - şamkimilər fəsiləsinin şam ağacı cinsinə aid bitki növü.
El pi de cua de guineu (Pinus balfouriana) és una espècie de pi rara que és endèmica de Califòrnia, Estats Units, on es troba en dues zones separades amb dues subespècies la balfouriana a les Muntanyes Klamath, i la subespècie. austrina al sud de Sierra Nevada.[1]
Està relacionat amb altres pins del tipus bristlecone. Arriba a fer de 10 a 20 m d'alt i excepcionalment 35 m. Les fulles estan agrupades en fascicles de cinc (de vegades quatre) Les pinyes fan de 6-11 cm de llargada.
Es creu que pot arribar a viure 3.000 anys a la Sierra Nevada, però el màxim comprovat és de 2.110 anys.
El pi de cua de guineu (Pinus balfouriana) és una espècie de pi rara que és endèmica de Califòrnia, Estats Units, on es troba en dues zones separades amb dues subespècies la balfouriana a les Muntanyes Klamath, i la subespècie. austrina al sud de Sierra Nevada.
Borovice Balfourova (Pinus balfouriana) je severoamerická pětijehličná, extrémně pomalu rostoucí a dlouhověká, borovice.
Stálezelený, jehličnatý, jednodomý, větrosprašný, mimořádně pomalu rostoucí (semenáče vyrostou do výšky 0,5-2,3 cm za rok, nicméně již vzrostlé stromy vyrostou podle nadmořské výšky: v nízkých nadmořských výškách 17-23 cm za 100 let, ve vysokých nadmořských výškách 6-8 cm za 100 let[2]), strom, dorůstající do výšky 35 m. Strom se dožívá velmi vysokého věku, nejstarší strom měl v roce 2004 3400 let [2] a patřil k jižní podpopulaci Pinus balfouriana to znamená Pinus balfouriana poddruh austrina; stromy ze severní podpopulace rostou ve vlhčích podmínkách a dožívají se nižšího věku, přibližně kolem 1600 let, neboť podléhají houbovému rozkladu dřeně kmenu, která často má za následek zlomení kmenu a větví. Kmen je vzpřímený nebo nakloněný, a dosahuje průměru více než 2,6 m. Větve jsou pokroucené, stoupající až klesající, krátké a tlusté, řídké, snižující pravděpodobnost zážehu a šíření ohně. Koruna je široce kuželovitá až nepravidelná, u dospělých stromů kolem 10 m v průměru. Borka je šedá až růžovooranžová či žlutohnědá, deskovitá či nepravidelně hluboce rozpraskaná nebo s nepravidelnými hranatými pláty, velmi tlustá, u dospělých stromů 6-8 cm, poskytující ochranu proti ohni. Letorosty jsou červenohnědé, stárnutím šedé až žlutošedé, hladké či s měkkými chlupy. Pupeny jsou vejčité a zužující se, červenohnědé, 8-10 mm dlouhé a pryskyřičnaté. Jehlice jsou ohnuté vzhůru, tmavomodré až tmavožlutozelené, většinou sbíhavé, spodní povrchy bez středové rýhy a obvykle se 2 podpokožkovými, ale patrnými, pryskyřičnými pásky, horní povrchy s nápadně bělavými průduchy, s většinou celistvými, či tupými, okraji, a se široce špičatým, či zužujícím se, hrotem; jehlice rostou v hustých chomáčích na koncích větví, čímž se podobají liščímu ocasu (odtud anglický název foxtail pine= borovice liščí ocas); jehlice jsou ve svazečcích (Fasciculus) po 5 (vzácně též po 4 ); jehlice jsou 1,5-4 cm dlouhé a 1-1,4 mm široké; svazečkové pochvy jsou 0,5-1 cm dlouhé, brzy tvoří růžice a opadávají; jehlice zůstávají na stromě 10-30 let. Samčí (pylové) šištice (Microstrobilus) jsou elipsoidní, 6-10 mm dlouhé a červené. Samičí (semenné) šištice - šišky (Megastrobilus) jsou souměrné, rozšířené, kopinatě válcovité, otevíravé, před rozevřením s kuželovitou základnou, po rozevření jsou široce kopinatě vejčité či vejčité až válcovité či vejčitě válcovité; 6-19 cm dlouhé, téměř přirostlé; nezralé šišky jsou purpurové; zralé šišky červenohnědé; šišky dozrávají 2 roky, potom uvolní semena a brzy opadávají. Výrůstky (Apophysis) jsou hodně ztluštělé, zaoblené, zvětšující se směrem k základně šišek. Přírůstek prvního roku (Umbo) je středový, obvykle pokleslý (propadlý), se slabým či žádným, do 1 mm dlouhým, trnem, s pryskyřicí, vyměšující jantar. Semena jsou elipsoidní až úzce obvejčitá, 10 mm dlouhá, světlehnědá, s tmavočervenými skvrnami. Křídla semen jsou 10-12 mm dlouhá. K rozptylování pylu stromu a k opylení šišek dochází červenec - srpen. První šišky strom vytváří ve věku 20-50 let. Šišky dozrávají září-říjen.
Pinus balfouriana se vyskytuje ve 2 poddruzích:
Pinus balfouriana je podle různých teorií[3] pravděpodobně blízce příbuzná borovici Pinus longaeva[2], podle jiných teorií[4]by se mohlo jednat o tři poddruhy nebo variety téhož druhu: Pinus balfouriana se dvěma svými poddruhy a Pinus longaeva, dohromady tedy 3 poddruhy nebo variety stejného druhu. V morfologických znacích jehlic je borovice Balfourova prakticky shodná či velmi těžko odlišitelná od borovice Pinus longaeva, ovšem šišky Pinus balfouriana se silně kuželovitou základnou šišek a zřetelně vpadlými středovými přírůstky prvního roku (Umbo), s krátkými trny, snadno tyto dvě borovice odlišují. Borovice Balfourova sdílí společné předky (to znamená je blízce příbuzná) také s borovicí osinatou Pinus aristata.[2] Všechny druhy borovic z podsekce Balfourianae jsou velmi prastaré, v americkém státě Idaho byly nalezeny 46 miliónů let staré fosilie, velmi podobné současným borovicím z podsekce Balfourianae [4].
Domovinou borovice Balfourovy jsou Spojené státy americké (státy Kalifornie a Oregon).
Horský strom, na severu roste jeho severní podpopulace v horských pásmech Klamath Mountains a v kraji North Coast v severní Kalifornii; na jihu roste jeho jižní podpopulace v jižní části horského pásma Sierra Nevada (USA); vzdálenost mezi oběma podpopulacemi je 480 km. Stanoviště této borovice jsou velmi otevřená, suchá, kamenitá, neúrodná, nechráněná a obvykle bez další významnější vegetace, což jsou vlastnosti, které zabraňují přenášení ohně.
Borovice Balfourova je velmi citlivá k houbě rzi vejmutovkové Cronartium ribicola, která strom zpravidla zabije, někdy ale jen snižuje rozmnožovací schopnost stromu (a obecně všech pětijehličných borovic), požíráním konců větví, které nesou šišky, nicméně existují někteří jedinci borovice Pinus balfouriana poddruh balfouriana (severní podpopulace), kteří jsou proti rzi přirozeně imunní. Brouk lýkohub Dendroctonus ponderosae je přirozenou součástí přírodního koloběhu[5], neboť napadá staré a oslabené stromy, čímž navrací do půdy různé prvky, účastní se tedy biogeochemického cyklu, čímž podporuje rychlejší růst mladých stromů a regeneraci lesa, za pomoci symbiotické houby Grosmannia clavigera, která zabraňuje stromu v produkci pryskyřice, zabíjející lýkohuba; nicméně v důsledku globálního oteplování (příliš horká léta a příliš teplé zimy, slabší mráz lýkohuba nezničí) se lýkohub příliš přemnožuje, čímž dochází ke katastrofálním epidemiím. Občas je strom napadán trpasličím jmelím Arceuthobium cyanocarpum. Sem tam si také na jehlicích stromu pochutná houba sypavka Lophodermium durilabrum. Strom roste vysoko v horách a má „plné zuby“ blesků, které do něj často udeří, stromy rostoucí na strmých svazích upřímně nesnáší laviny, a padající kamení jim k dobré náladě také moc nepřidá. Příležitostně je strom zjizven občas příliš horlivým datlem, což většinou nemá žádné vážné následky [4], a naopak je datel vítaným konzumentem larev různých brouků.
Pták ořešník americký Nucifraga columbiana přispívá k rozmnožování stromu, požírá výživná semena tohoto a jiných druhů borovic, a dělá si přitom zásoby potravy a zahrabává semena do skrýší; některá semena pochopitelně už nenajde, a ta, s určitou pravděpodobností, vyklíčí; tento vzájemný vztah je proto pro oba prospěšný[6]. Taktéž různé druhy datlů, pokud to nepřeženou, jsou pro strom velmi užitečné, neboť požírají, mimo jiných, také larvy lýkohuba Dendroctonus ponderosae. Mnoho brouků z čeledi pestrokrovečníkovití Cleridae jsou predátoři (jiných brouků) a živí se, mimo mnoha dalších brouků a hmyzu, také dospělci a larvami lýkohuba Dendroctonus ponderosae, čímž přirozeně lýkohuba regulují.
Pro svůj pomalý růst a těžko přístupná stanoviště není Pinus balfouriana využívána pro dřevo. Dřevo je husté a tvrdé. Strom není pěstován v zahradách, a v botanických zahradách je velmi vzácný.
Pinus balfouriana je v přírodě velmi důležitá, protože otevřená struktura jejích stanovišť zpomaluje tání sněhu a pomáhá udržet sněhové pokrývky. Pinus balfouriana také pomáhá zpevňovat půdu na strmých svazích. Taktéž je díky své dlouhověkosti cenným druhem pro dendrochronologické a klimatologické studie a její semena potravou pro mnoho zvířat.
Borovice Balfourova je považována za téměř ohroženou. Stav její populace je stabilní, ale bude z dlouhodobého hlediska ohrožena změnami klimatu v případě, že se budou tyto změny zrychlovat, protože vyvstanou noví konkurenti a/nebo patogeny, se kterými se strom nemusí být schopen vypořádat. Pinus balfouriana poddruh balfouriana (severní podpopulace) je ohrožena globálním oteplováním ještě více, neboť roste v nejvyšších možných nadmořských výškách v oblastech, jejichž výška již přestává dostačovat k poskytnutí vhodných životních podmínek (chladno). Téměř všechna stanoviště Pinus balfouriana se nachází v chráněných oblastech, kde je přísně zakázáno kácení těchto stromů a též sběr mrtvého dřeva [3].
Pinus balfouriana poddruh austrina, v národním parku Kings Canyon National Park, Kalifornie, USA.
Pinus balfouriana poddruh austrina, strom a borka zblízka, v národním parku Kings Canyon National Park, Kalifornie, USA.
Borovice Balfourova – mladý strom, v horském pásmu Trinity Alps, které je součástí řady horských pásem Klamath Mountains, v severní Kalifornii, USA
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu borovice Balfourova ve Wikimedia Commons
Borovice Balfourova (Pinus balfouriana) je severoamerická pětijehličná, extrémně pomalu rostoucí a dlouhověká, borovice.
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer (Pinus balfouriana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist in Kalifornien heimisch. Einzelne Exemplare können bis zu 2.110 Jahre alt werden.[1]
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer wächst als immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 21,3 Metern und einen Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 2,6 Metern erreicht. Durchschnittlich erreicht sie Wuchshöhen zwischen 6 und 15 Metern und einen Brusthöhendurchmesser zwischen 30 und 60 Zentimetern. Da die Art kaum in geschlossenen Beständen wächst, hat sie meist eine höchst unregelmäßige Stamm- und Kronenform. Die Stammbasis des meist sehr abholzigen Stammes ist sehr kräftig. Der Stamm endet meist in einer trockenen Spitze. Auch an der Baumgrenze wächst die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer nicht strauchförmig, sondern bildet immer einen aufrechten, mitunter aber auch schräg stehenden Stamm aus. Die Äste der Oberkrone sind relativ lang.
Die glatte Borke von Ästen und jungen Stämmen ist hellgrau gefärbt. Sie verfärbt sich später zimtbraun und wird unregelmäßig rissig. Altbäume besitzen meist einen Stamm, bei dem nur ein schmaler Borkenstreifen erhalten geblieben ist, der bis zur Krone reicht. Junge Zweige besitzen eine dunkelbraune Rinde und sind anfangs unregelmäßig behaart.
Das weiche Holz ist von gelbbrauner Farbe und mittlerem Gewicht. Das Parenchym ist relativ dickwandig und besitzt zahlreiche einfache Tüpfeln.
Die relativ steifen Nadeln werden 2 bis 4 Zentimeter lang. Sie sind ganzrandig und scharf zugespitzt. Die Nadeloberseite ist tiefgrün, während die Nadelunterseite graugrün gefärbt ist und weiße Stomatastreifen aufweist. Sie stehen besonders in den Spitzenbereichen der Triebe relativ dicht und sind zum Zweig hin etwas gekrümmt. Die Nadeln stehen immer zu fünft an Kurztrieben und bilden eine Rosette um die Bündelbasis. Sie sind namensgebend für diese Art. Wenn man die Nadeln zerreibt, verströmen sie einen angenehmen aromatischen Duft. Die Nadeln verbleiben zwischen 10 und 20 Jahre am Baum.
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer wird mit rund 20 Jahren mannbar. Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich von Juli bis August. Die Position und der Aufbau der Blütenzapfen unterscheidet sich nicht von anderen Kiefernarten. Die männlichen Blütenzapfen sind gelb gefärbt. Die sehr kurz gestielten Zapfen verjüngen sich zur Spitze hin und werden zwischen 7 und 13 Zentimeter lang und bis zu 5 Zentimeter breit. Unreife Zapfen sind stumpf schwarzblau gefärbt. Sie reifen im September bis Oktober des zweiten Jahres und sind dann dunkel rotbraun. Die schmalen Zapfenschuppen sind viereckig und besitzen einen sehr kleinen und leicht gebogenen Dorn.
Der geflügelte Samen ist matt purpurrot gefärbt und etwas gefleckt. Die Länge mit Flügel beträgt rund 25 Millimeter, ohne Flügel 6 bis 8 Millimeter. Der Flügel ist fest mit dem Samenkorn verwachsen. Das Tausendkorngewicht beträgt rund 27 Gramm. Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer keimt oberirdisch (epigäisch).
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[2]
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer ähnelt zwei nahe verwandten Kiefernarten. Von der Grannen-Kiefer (Pinus aristata) unterscheidet sie sich durch die fehlenden Harzflocken an den Nadeln, durch die länglichen und oft leicht gekrümmten rotbraunen Zapfen mit konisch verjüngter Basis und den sehr kurzen und dünnen Dornfortsatz der Zapfenschuppen. Zudem sind die jungen Triebe der Grannen-Kiefer kahl und nicht wie bei der Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer fein behaart. Von der Langlebigen Kiefer (Pinus longaeva) unterscheidet sie sich durch die gelben männlichen Blütenzapfen und den kurzen und dünnen Dornfortsatz der Zapfenschuppen.
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer ist in Kalifornien in zwei Teilarealen heimisch. Eines befindet sich im Nordwesten Kaliforniens und erstreckt sich von den Siskiyou Mountains und den Yolla Bolly Mountains im Süden bis zu den Klamath Mountains, den Scott Mountains und den Marble Mountains im Norden. Das zweite Teilareal liegt an den Osthängen der südlichen Sierra Nevada, wo es hauptsächlich die Sequoia-&-Kings-Canyon-Nationalparks umfasst. Ein Einzelvorkommen befindet sich an den Nordhängen des Siretta Peaks. Berichte liegen über Vorkommen im Onion Valley oberhalb von Independence und an der Ostseite des Mount Whitneys vor. In Europa ist die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer ausgesprochen selten gepflanzt worden. Zwei ältere Exemplare stehen im Botanischen Garten Edinburgh.
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer ist eine Lichtbaumart und besiedelt alpine Extremstandorte. Die Vegetationszeit beträgt meist nicht mehr als zwei Monate und schließt eine sommerliche Trockenperiode ein. Sie verträgt extreme Kälte, hohe Schneedecken, große Hitze und permanenten Wind. Das natürliche Areal ist meist stark zerklüftet und die Wasserversorgung erfolgt großteils über Schmelzwasser. Es werden vor allem exponierte und trockene Felshänge, Grate und Kuppen, meist ohne Bodendecke, besiedelt. Sie kommt in Höhenlagen von 1.500 bis über 3.000 Metern vor. Sie bildet kaum geschlossene Bestände und wächst meist einzeln. In niedrigen Höhen bildet sie Mischbestände mit der Weißstämmigen Kiefer (Pinus albicaulis), der Küsten-Kiefer (Pinus contorta), dem Westamerikanischen Wacholder (Juniperus occidentalis), dem Utah-Wacholder (Juniperus osteosperma), der Pracht-Tanne (Abies magnifica) und der Berg-Hemlocktanne (Tsuga mertensiana).
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer wird aufgrund ihrer schwer zu erreichenden Bestände kaum genutzt.
Am natürlichen Standort ist die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer frei von Krankheiten. Versuche im Labor haben gezeigt, dass die Art von Cronartium ribicola, dem Erreger des Strobenrostes, befallen wird, es also keine Resistenz gibt. Da der Strobenrost die Kiefer nicht befällt, ist der Erreger im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet nicht vertreten oder kann die Art dort nicht schädigen. Die beiden Zwergmistelarten Arceuthobium cyanocarpum und Arceuthobium campylopodium befallen gelegentlich die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer.
Das trockene und harzreiche Holz der Altbäume ist leicht zu entflammen. Es kommt häufig zu Blitzschlägen, die aber kaum Flächenbrände nach sich ziehen, da die Bäume dieser Art meist weit auseinander stehen und kaum eine Bodenflora vorhanden ist.
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer wird innerhalb der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) der Untergattung Strobus, der Sektion Parrya und der Subsektion Balfourianae zugeordnet. Die Art wurde 1853 durch John Hutton Balfour im Werk von Andrew Murray: Botanical expedition to Oregon, Band 8, Seite 1 erstbeschrieben.[3] Ein Synonym ist Pinus balfouriana subsp. austrina R.J.Mastrog. & J.D.Mastrog. Das Artepitheton ehrt den britischen Arzt und Botaniker John Hutton Balfour.
Die Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer (Pinus balfouriana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie ist in Kalifornien heimisch. Einzelne Exemplare können bis zu 2.110 Jahre alt werden.
Pinus balfouriana (лат. Pinus balfouriana) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись пожум увтырын (Ducampopinus субувтырын) торья вид. Пожумыс быдмӧ 10–20 метра вылына да овлӧ 2 метра кыза диаметрын. Пожум пантасьӧ Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэзын.
Pinus balfouriana (лат. Pinus balfouriana) – Pinaceae семьяысь Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсаз будӥсь пужым. Ӝуждалаез ог 10–20 м, модослэн диаметрез 2 м.
Сасна Бальфура (Pinus balfouriana) — дрэва рода сосен зь сямейства сасновых.
Радзімай сасны Бальфура зьяўляюцца паўночныя прыбярэжныя рэгіёны Каліфорніі і цэнтральныя раёны С'ера-Нэвады. Мае значнае зьнешяе падабенства да сасны віда Pinus aristata, у параўнаньні з апошнім вызначаецца даўжэйшымі голкамі (да 4 см) зь некалькі гастрэйшыйшымі кончыкамі. Тыповыя для Pinus aristata белыя смалістыя пушынкі на голках сасны Бальфура адсутнічаюць. Расьцёртыя голкі маюць салодкі смаляністы арамат.
— сховішча мультымэдыйных матэрыялаў
Сасна Бальфура (Pinus balfouriana) — дрэва рода сосен зь сямейства сасновых.
Радзімай сасны Бальфура зьяўляюцца паўночныя прыбярэжныя рэгіёны Каліфорніі і цэнтральныя раёны С'ера-Нэвады. Мае значнае зьнешяе падабенства да сасны віда Pinus aristata, у параўнаньні з апошнім вызначаецца даўжэйшымі голкамі (да 4 см) зь некалькі гастрэйшыйшымі кончыкамі. Тыповыя для Pinus aristata белыя смалістыя пушынкі на голках сасны Бальфура адсутнічаюць. Расьцёртыя голкі маюць салодкі смаляністы арамат.
Pinus balfouriana, the foxtail pine, is a rare high-elevation pine that is endemic to California, United States. It is closely related to the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, in the subsection Balfourianae.
P. balfouriana is a tree to 10–20 m (30–70 ft) tall, exceptionally 35 m (115 ft), with a trunk up to 2 m (7 ft) across. Its leaves are needle-like, in bundles of five (or sometimes four, in the southern Sierra) with a semi-persistent basal sheath, and 2–4 cm (1–1+1⁄2 in) long, deep glossy green on the outer face, and white on the inner faces; they persist for 10–15 years. The cones are 6–11 cm (2+1⁄2–4+1⁄2 in) long, dark purple ripening red-brown, with soft, flexible scales each with a 1-millimeter (1⁄16-inch) central prickle.
P. balfouriana occurs in the subalpine forest at an elevation of 1,950–2,750 m (6,400–9,020 ft) in the Klamath Mountains, and at 2,300–3,500 m (7,500–11,500 ft) in the Sierra Nevada. In the Sierra Nevada, Foxtail pines are limited to the area around Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. In both areas, it is often a tree line species.
There are two disjunct populations:
A small outlying population was reported in southern Oregon, but was proven to have been misidentified.[3]
It is thought that P. balfouriana can live up to 3000 years in the Sierra Nevada, although the highest currently proven age is 2110 years. In the Klamath Mountains, ages are only known to about 1000 years.
P. balfouriana is closely related to the bristlecone pines, being classified in the same subsection Balfourianae; it has been hybridised with the Great Basin Bristlecone Pine in cultivation, though no hybrids have ever been found in the wild.
Pinus balfouriana, the foxtail pine, is a rare high-elevation pine that is endemic to California, United States. It is closely related to the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, in the subsection Balfourianae.
Pinus balfouriana, el pino de Balfour,[2] es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas. Es un pino raro que es endémico de California, Estados Unidos, donde se encuentra en dos zonas con una subespecie separada en cada una, la subespecie balfouriana típica en los montes Klamath, y subespecie austrina en el sur de Sierra Nevada.[3]
Pinus balfouriana, los pinos de Balfour, aparecen en bosques subalpinos en estas montañas: con una altura de 1.950-2.750 msnm en la cordillera Klamath, y 2.300-3.500 msnm en Sierra Nevada. En Sierra Nevada, los pinos de Balfour se limita a la zona alrededor de los parques nacionales Sequoia y Parque nacional Cañón de los Reyes. En ambas zonas, a menudo es una especie de la línea de árboles.
El pino de Balfour, Pinus balfouriana, es un árbol de hasta 10-20 m de alto, excepcionalmente 35 m, y hasta 2 m de diámetro de tronco. Las hojas son aciculares, en racimos de cinco (o a veces cuatro, en el sur de la Sierra) con una vaina basal semi-persistente, y 2-4 cm de largo, verde brillante intenso en la cara exterior, y blanco en las caras interiores; persisten durante 10–15 años. Los estróbilos tienen 6-11 cm de largo, púrpura oscuro madurando a pardo rojizo, con escamas suaves y flexibles cada una y una espina central de un milímetro.
Se cree que el pino de Balfour puede vivir hasta 3.000 años en la Sierra Nevada, aunque la edad más acreditada actualmente es de 2.110 años. En los montes Klamath, solo se conocen edades de 1000 años.
El pino de Balfour está estrechamente relacionado con otras dos especies, estando clasificados en la misma subsección Balfourianae; se ha hibridado con el pino longevo en cultivo, aunque nunca se ha encontrado un híbrido en estado silvestre.
Pinus balfouriana fue descrito por John Hutton Balfour y publicado en Bot. Exped. Oregon 8: no. 618, 1, pl. 3, f. 1. 1853.[4][5][6]
Pinus: nombre genérico dado en latín al pino.[7]
balfouriana: epíteto
Datos: Q950688
Multimedia:
Especies: Pinus balfouriana
Pinus balfouriana, el pino de Balfour, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las pináceas. Es un pino raro que es endémico de California, Estados Unidos, donde se encuentra en dos zonas con una subespecie separada en cada una, la subespecie balfouriana típica en los montes Klamath, y subespecie austrina en el sur de Sierra Nevada.
Balfouri mänd (Pinus balfouriana) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu.
Mänd sai nime esmakirjeldaja, šoti botaaniku John Hutton Balfouri (1808–1884) järgi. Balfouri mänd kuulub koos igimänni (Pinus longaeva) ja ohtelise männiga (Pinus aristata) ühte alamsektsiooni Balfourianae.
Balfouri mänd on väga pikaealine ja aeglasekasvuline. Vanim leitud puu on 3400-aastane lõunapoolse alamliigi austrina esindaja. Põhjapoolse alamliigi balfouriana vanimad leitud puud on ligi 1600-aastased.[2]
Puu kasvab tavaliselt 6–15 m, harva kuni 22 m kõrguseks. Suurima leitud puu kõrgus on 23 m ning tüve läbimõõt 2,55 m.[2]
Võra on koonilise kuni ebakorrapärase kujuga[3]. Tüvi on sirge või kaldu, korp on üsna paks (5–8 cm), hall kuni punakas või pruunikas, rõmeline[3]. Oksad on kõverad ja võivad olla suunatud nii alla kui üles.
Pungad on munaja-koonusja kujuga, tuhmilt punakaspruunid, vaigused, 8–10 mm pikkused. Noored võrsed on punakaspruunid, siledad või nõrgalt karvased, hiljem muutuvad hallikaks ja siledaks.[3] Noored võrsed meenutavad väga metsosja.
Okkad on viiekaupa kimbus, 1½–4 cm pikad, ülespoole kõverdunud, sinakas- või kollakasrohelised, terava kuni tömpja tipuga, püsivad võrsetel 10–30 aastat.[3] Okaste alumisel küljel on selgesti näha valged õhulõhed.
Isasõisikud on punased, ellipsoidsed, umbes 6–10 mm pikad[3]. Emaskäbid on sümmeetrilised, silinderjad, 6–9 (11) cm pikkused, noorelt purpurjad, valminult punakaspruunid[3]. Käbid valmivad üle aasta, puistavad seemned tuulde ja pärast seda kohe varisevad. Seemned on ellipsoidsed kuni munajad, 5–10 mm pikad, kahvatupruunid, punaste triipudega, 10–12 mm pikkuse tiivakesega[3]. Seemne keskmine mass on 27 mg[3].
Balfouri männil eristatakse kahte alamliiki, mille levilad asuvad üksteisest umbes 480 km kaugusel.
Alamliikide erinevused:[6]
Tunnus Alamliik balfouriana Alamliik austrina Korp punakaspruun hall Okaste vaigukäigud silmatorkavalt erineva läbimõõduga peaaegu ühesuguse läbimõõduga Seemnete suurus 7–8 mm 9–10 mmLõunapoolse alamliigi austrina levila paikneb Sierra Nevada kuivematel idanõlvadel 2700–3000 m kõrgusel üle merepinna. Kliima on seal talvel külm ning suvel kuiv ja soe. Keskmine sademete hulk aastas on 500–750 mm. Kasvukohad paiknevad kuni 55% kaldega mäenõlvadel. Sellistel kõrgustel on sagedased kahjustused, mida põhjustavad jää ja liivatormid. Enamasti kasvab ta põhjasuunalistel nõlvadel sõmeratel muldadel, mille lähtekivimiks on graniit.[2]
Põhjapoolse alamliigi balfouriana levila asub Klamathi mägede nõlvadel 2100–2500 m üle merepinna. Kliimat mõjutab Vaikse ookeani lähedus, keskmine sademete hulk aastas on 1250–1750 mm. Kuna Klamathi mägedes pole palju kõrgemaid mäetippe, siis on levila tippude vahel hajutatud. Kasvupinnaste lähtekivimiteks on gabro, granodioriit, kildad, lubjakivi ja kõige levinum on serpentiin. Serpentiinist tekkinud muldadel moodustab Balfouri mänd peaaegu puhaspuistuid, kuna teised puuliigid taluvad neid muldasid vähem (välja arvatud Jeffrey mänd). Serpentiinmuldadel kasvab ta enamikul mäenõlvadel, orgude põhjas ja järvede madalikel. Teistel mullatüüpidel esineb Balfouri mänd üksikute mõnesajaliste puurühmadena mäetippudel või järskudel lääne- ja lõunanõlvadel, mille kalle on 15–32%.[2]
Balfouri mänd talub külma −23...–29 °C.[7]
Balfouri mänd kasvab mägedes tavaliselt kuni metsapiirini.
Lõunapoolne alamliik austrina kasvab tihti puhaspuistus. Tore nulg (Abies magnifica magnifica), läänekadaka alamliik (Juniperus occidentalis australis), keerdmänni teisend (Pinus contorta murrayana), Jeffrey mänd (Pinus jeffreyi) ja kaljumänd (Pinus flexilis) võivad esineda temaga madalamatel kõrgustel, valgetüveline seedermänd (Pinus albicaulis) aga kõrgematel mäenõlvadel.
Sierra Nevadas kasvavad Balfouri männid Sekvoia ja Kuningate kanjoni rahvuspargis.
Põhjapoolse alamliigi balfouriana levila on puuliikide poolest mitmekesisem kui tema lõunapoolsema alamliigi levila. Segametsade mitmekesisus on seda suurem, mida rohkem põhja levilas liikuda. Puhaspuistuid moodustab Balfouri mänd eelkõige serpentiinmuldadel. Valgetüveline seedermänd ja Mertensi tsuuga (Tsuga mertensiana) kasvavad koos temaga levila kõrgematel nõlvadel, parasniisketel põhjasuunalistel nõlvadel lisandub neile Breweri kuusk (Picea breweriana). 2200 meetrist allapoole lisanduvad kaasliikide hulga kuivematel muldadel Jeffrey ja Murray mänd ning niiskematel muldadel toreda nulu teisend (Abies magnifica shastensis) ja läänemänd (Pinus monticola). Levila kõige madalamatel kõrgustel kasvab Balfouri mänd koos läänemänni või halli nuluga (Abies concolor) ning harva kalifornia lõhnaseedri (Calocedrus decurrens) ja rohelise ebatsuugaga (Pseudotsuga menziesii menziesii).[2]
Balfouri mänd on ühekojaline okaspuu ning paljuneb seemnete abil. Puud hakkavad käbisid kandma 20–50 aasta vanuselt. Head käbiaastad korduvad 5–6 aasta järel. Tolmlemine toimub juulis-augustis. Seemned valmivad tolmlemisele järgneva aasta septembris-oktoobris ja levivad tuule abil. Lõunapoolse alamliigi seemnete idanevuseks on saadud laboratoorsetes tingimustes 86%. Seemikute arenguks on soodsad pehmed ja sademeterohked talved. Seemikute kasvukiiruseks on saadud 5–23 mm aastas. Täisealised puud kasvavad 100 aasta jooksul 6–8 cm levila kõrgemates osades ja 17–23 cm madalamal.[2]
Balfouri mändi ohustav kõige ohtlikum haigus on männi-koorepõletik, mille levila järjest laieneb. Laboratoorsete katsete ajal on nakatunud 75–100% Balfouri männi istikutest. See surmav seenhaigus on suur oht kõikidele Põhja-Ameerika viieokkalistele mändidele. Ülejäänud seenhaigustest esineb veel tüvemädanik ja okkaid kahjustav seenhaigus. Kõige pikemaealised ja vastupidavamad haigustele on lõunapoolse alamliigi esindajad, kuna nende levilas on kliima kuivem.[2]
Kahjurputukatest võivad Balfouri mändi rünnata mäestiku-männiürask (Dendroctonus ponderosae) ja kaks haruldast kooreüraski liiki (Pityophthorus sp.). Harvem kahjustab teda parasiittaim Arceuthobium cyanocarpum.[2]
Balfouri mändi raiutakse harva ja tema puidul pole majanduslikku väärtust. Siiski on ta tähtis dendrokronoloogias, sest vanimad männid võimaldavad uurida kuni 3500 aasta tagust perioodi.[2]
Balfouri mänd (Pinus balfouriana) on männiliste sugukonda männi perekonda kuuluv okaspuu.
Mänd sai nime esmakirjeldaja, šoti botaaniku John Hutton Balfouri (1808–1884) järgi. Balfouri mänd kuulub koos igimänni (Pinus longaeva) ja ohtelise männiga (Pinus aristata) ühte alamsektsiooni Balfourianae.
Pin de Balfour
Le pin de Balfour (Pinus balfouriana) est un arbre relativement rare de Californie, à l'ouest des États-Unis. Il pousse dans les forêts subalpines à 1 950-2 750 mètres dans les montagnes Klamath et à 2 300-3 500 mètres plus au sud, dans la Sierra Nevada. Il mesure généralement entre 10 et 20 mètres et certains spécimens atteignent 35 mètres de hauteur. Le pin de Balfour peut vivre 3 000 ans dans la Sierra Nevada, même si le plus vieil individu connu a 2 110 ans.
Pin de Balfour
Le pin de Balfour (Pinus balfouriana) est un arbre relativement rare de Californie, à l'ouest des États-Unis. Il pousse dans les forêts subalpines à 1 950-2 750 mètres dans les montagnes Klamath et à 2 300-3 500 mètres plus au sud, dans la Sierra Nevada. Il mesure généralement entre 10 et 20 mètres et certains spécimens atteignent 35 mètres de hauteur. Le pin de Balfour peut vivre 3 000 ans dans la Sierra Nevada, même si le plus vieil individu connu a 2 110 ans.
Skottufura (fræðiheiti Pinus balfouriana) er hálendisfura sem er einlend í Kaliforníu, Bandaríkjunum. Tveir aðskildir hópar eru annars vegar í suður Klamath Mountains (subspecies balfouriana) og hinsvegar í suður Sierra Nevada[2] (subspecies austrina). Hún hafði einnig verið tilkynnt í suður Oregon, en það reyndist ranggreint.[3]
P. balfouriana verður 10 - 20 m há, einstaka sinnum 35 m, meða bol sem verður að 2 m í þvermál. Barrnálarnar eru 5 saman í búnti (eða stundum fjórar í suður Sierra Nevada) með hálfvaranleg barrslíður, og 2 - 4 sm langar, gljáandi dökkgrænar að utan, og hvítar að innan; þær haldast í 10–15 ár. Könglarnir eru 6–11 sm langir, dökkfjólubláir í fyrstu og verða rauðbrúnir við þroska, með mjúkum sveigjanlegum köngulskeljum með 1mm gaddi fyrir miðju.
P. balfouriana er við skógarmörk í 1950-2750 m hæð í Klamath Mountains, og 2300-3500 m hæð í Sierra Nevada.
Það er talið að P. balfouriana geti náð allt að 3000 ára aldri í Sierra Nevada, þó er hæsti staðfesti aldur 2110 years. Í Klamath-fjöllum er aldur aðeins að 1000 árum.
P. balfouriana er náskyld broddfurum, í undirættkvíslinni Balfourianae; hún hefur blandast Pinus longaeva í ræktun, en engir blendingar þekkjast í náttúrunni.
.
Skottufura (fræðiheiti Pinus balfouriana) er hálendisfura sem er einlend í Kaliforníu, Bandaríkjunum. Tveir aðskildir hópar eru annars vegar í suður Klamath Mountains (subspecies balfouriana) og hinsvegar í suður Sierra Nevada (subspecies austrina). Hún hafði einnig verið tilkynnt í suður Oregon, en það reyndist ranggreint.
Il Pino coda di volpe (Pinus balfouriana Balf., 1853) è un raro pino endemico della California, negli Stati Uniti, dove risulta presente con due subpopolazioni ubicate nelle Klamath Mountains e nella Sierra Nevada.[1]
Il nome generico Pinus, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dall'antica radice indo-europea *pīt = resina.[2] Il nome specifico balfouriana fu assegnato in onore di John Hutton Balfour, che per motivi bibliografici deve essere accreditato della scoperta della specie.[3]
Albero alto fino a 22 m con tronco monopodiale, prevalentemente diritto o lievemente ricurvo, che può raggiungere 2,5 m di diametro, a chioma da largamente conica a irregolare; i rami del primo ordine sono corti e contorti, diramantisi orizzontalmente o assurgenti, quelli degli ordini superiori sono flessibili o spesso pendenti. I virgulti sono inizialmente di colore rosso-marrone, con l'età di colore grigio o giallo-grigio, glabri o puberolenti, con pulvini non decorrenti. I catafilli sono subulati, scariosi, lunghi 5-7 mm e di colore marrone, a margine intero e spesso decidui.[3][4]
Le foglie sono aghiformi, fascicolate in gruppi di 5, persistenti per 10-30 anni, di colore verde intenso o verde-glauco nella faccia abassiale e con bande stomatiche nelle facce adassiali; sono lunghe 2-4 cm, con margini interi e punte acute o acuminate. Le gemme sono acute e ovoidali, resinose, rosso-marroni, lunghe fino a 1 cm, quelle laterali più piccole.[3][4]
Sono strobili maschili inizialmente gialli (raramente rossi), poi marroni, di forma ellissoidale, lunghi fino a 1 cm e affollati nella parte terminale dei nuovi virgulti. I microsporofilli sono peltati, lisci e larghi circa 1 mm.[3][4]
Le pigne maturano in circa due anni, cadendo subito dopo il rilascio dei semi. Lunghe 6-10 cm e larghe 4-6, sono sub-terminali, solitarie o a coppie, quasi sessili. Da immature sono erette, ovoidali, di colore porpora scuro; a maturazione sono ovoidali-cilindriche, di colore rosso-marrone. Presentano apofisi spesse, da rombiche a triangolari, ricurve, di colore rosso-marrone. Gli umboni sono dorsali e trasversalmente triangolari alla base, talvolta terminanti con debole spina di 1 mm. I semi sono ellissoidali-obovoidali, con apice lievemente acuto, lunghi 10 mm, marroni-chiari screziati di rosso intenso e con parte alata lunga 10-12 mm. [4][3]
La corteccia è di color salmone-grigio o cinnamomo, profondamente solcata o divisa in placche irregolari.[4]
Foresta di P. balfouriana
Pigna matura
Esemplare adulto
Aghi e pigne immature
Tronco di pino a coda di volpe
Questi pini crescono nelle regioni subalpine e alpine a quote comprese tra 1600 e 2400 m nelle Klamath Mountains, a quote comprese tra 2900 e 3700 m nella Sierra Nevada. Le formazioni di P. balfouriana sono molto aperte e si ritrovano su secchi, rocciosi e esposti pendii o sulle creste, normalmente prive di altre forme di vegetazione arborea. Possono essere pure o miste in associazione con P. albicaulis, talvolta anche con Juniperus occidentalis. La rigenerazione è estremamente lenta e saltuaria, probabilmente legata a cicli climatici, tanto che le popolazioni sono costituite da individui adulti e longevi. A differenza della specie Pinus longaeva, contigua e affine, l'età degli esemplari più anziani è indeterminata, ma si pensa che possa essere maggiore di 2000 anni.[1]
Sono state trovate delle lievi differenze morfologiche e, presumibilmente, anche genetiche, tra le 2 popolazioni disgiunte delle Klamath Mountains e della Sierra Nevada, da taluni considerate come sottospecie o varietà. Questo orientamento è contestato da Farjon, A. (2017) e anche Plants of The World dei Kew Gardens non considera tali differenze.[3]
Sono stati riportati i seguenti sinonimi:[5]
Il pino coda di volpe non riveste importanza economica a causa della sua lentissima crescita e dell'inaccessibilità del suo habitat di vegetazione; il suo legno tuttavia è pregiato per talune lavorazioni artigianali, ma è vietata la raccolta anche dei tronchi morti. Fu introdotto a metà dell'800 in Inghilterra, e lì coltivato anche se la sua rara presenza si limita a poche collezioni di arboreti degli orti botanici; si conoscono solo due cultivars, di origine statunitense.[1]
Ha un areale primario di 136 km², diviso in due zone separate di 500 km tra loro, e con subpopolazioni frammentate e disperse con numeri di individui maturi che variano dalle poche unità alle centinaia di pini. Ogni esemplare anche milleniario si stima che effettui il ciclo riproduttivo molto saltuariamente e per questo motivo la rigenerazione della specie è estremamente lenta e episodica. Le minacce potenziali a questa specie sono legate alle polluzioni industriali e ai cambiamenti climatici, tuttavia la popolazione risulta stabile e ricade in aree fortemente protette. Per questi motivi P. balfouriana viene classificata come specie prossima alla minaccia (near threatened) nella Lista rossa IUCN.[1]
Il Pino coda di volpe (Pinus balfouriana Balf., 1853) è un raro pino endemico della California, negli Stati Uniti, dove risulta presente con due subpopolazioni ubicate nelle Klamath Mountains e nella Sierra Nevada.
Lapuodegė pušis (lot. Pinus balfouriana, angl. Foxtail Pine, vok. Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, pušų (Pinus) genties augalų rūšis. Šie medžiai savaime auga tik JAV pietvakariuose esančioje Kalifornijos valstijojos kalnų masyvuose. Tai viena iš trijų Balfūro pušų rūšių.
Lapuodegė pušis išauga 10–22 m aukščio ir iki 2,6 m skersmens kamienu, nors dažniausiai pasitaiko 6-15 m aukščio, o žmogaus krūtinės aukštyje medžių kamieno storis 30-60 cm skersmens.
Masyviausias šios rūšies medis buvo užregistruotas Trejybės valstybiniam miške (Šablonas:EnTrinity National Forest), kurio aukštis 23 m, kamieno skersmuo 255 cm. Trejybės Alpių kalnuose užregistruotas 36 m aukščio ir 121 cm kamieno skersmens medis. Pinus balfouriana var. austrina porūšio masyviausias medis užregistruotas Sekvojos nacionaliniame parke, kurio aukštis – 21,3 m, kamieno skersmuo 261 cm (2005 m.), netoliese kito augančio medžio aukštis 23,8 m, skersmuo – 244 cm.
Jų spygliukai susitelkę auga po penkis ar kartais po keturis (pietų Siera Nevados kalnagūbrių regione) 2–4 cm ilgio. Ant šakelių spygliukai išsilaiko 10–30 metų. Kankorėžiai 6-11 cm ilgio, tamsiai violetinės, subrendę – raudonai rudos spalvos.
Skiriami du Lapuodegės pušies porūšiai, kurių dvi skirtingas populiacijas skiria apie 500 km atstumas, tai:
Manoma, kad lapuodegės pušys Siera Nevadoje gali išgyventi iki 3000 metų, nors ilgiausias įrodytas jų amžius 2110 m. Klamato kalnuose žinomos tik 1000 metų amžiaus.
Tai reta ir endeminė medžių rūšis, laukinėje gamtoje natūraliai auganti tik Kalifornijoje. Paplitusi subalpiniuose miškuose, maždaug 1950–2750 m aukštyje Klamato kalnuose, ir nuo 2750 iki 3650 m aukštyje Siera Nevados kalnagūbrių regione. Siera Nevadoje labiau palitę apie Karalių kanjono ir Sekvojos nacionalinius parkus. Tiek Klamato kalnuose, tiek pietų Siera Nevadoje dažniausiai auga medžių ribos paplitimo pakraščiuose.
Lapuodegių pušų giraitė
Lapuogegės pušys Trejybės Alpių kalnuose
Lapuodegės pušys Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel laukinėje teritorijoe
Lapuodegės pušys (centre Baltakamienė pušis) prie Lone Pine ežero, Siera Nevadoje
Lapuodegė pušis (lot. Pinus balfouriana, angl. Foxtail Pine, vok. Fuchsschwanz-Kiefer) – pušinių (Pinaceae) šeimos, pušų (Pinus) genties augalų rūšis. Šie medžiai savaime auga tik JAV pietvakariuose esančioje Kalifornijos valstijojos kalnų masyvuose. Tai viena iš trijų Balfūro pušų rūšių.
Pinus balfouriana of de vossenstaartden is een groenblijvende conifeer uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De gebruikelijke naam in het Engels is foxtail pine. Het is een zeldzame soort die endemisch is in de Amerikaanse staat Californië. Er zijn twee geïsoleerde populaties, die tot andere ondersoorten behoren: de ondersoort balfouriana in de Klamath Mountains in het noorden van Californië en austrina in het zuiden van de Sierra Nevada. Hoewel de vossenstaartden zeldzaam is, zijn de populaties redelijk stabiel. Haar beschermingsstatus is 'gevoelig'. Buiten haar natuurlijke verspreidingsgebied komt de vossenstaartden amper voor. Ze is enkel aangeplant in enkele arboreta.
De soort is nauw verwant aan P. aristata en P. longaeva. P. balfouriana is een boom die 10 tot 20 meter hoog wordt, uitzonderlijk zelfs 35 meter. Ze groeit krachtiger dan P. aristata.
De boom draagt bladeren in bundels van vijf naalden. In de zuidelijke populatie kunnen dat er ook vier zijn. De naalden zijn 2 à 4 cm lang, diepgroen aan de buitenkant en wit aan de binnenkant. Het loof blijft 10 à 15 hangen en geurt naar marmelade.
De kegels zijn donkerpaars tot roodbruin en zijn 6 tot 11 cm lang. De schubben zijn zacht en flexibel, maar hebben kleine, dikke stekels.
P. balfouriana is een soort die in de buurt van de boomgrens voorkomt. Bomen van de noordelijke populatie van P. balfouriana groeien in subalpiene bossen in de Klamath Mountains, op een hoogte van 1950 à 2750 meter boven de zeespiegel. De zuidelijke populatie, in de Sierra Nevada, groeit van 2300 tot wel 3500 meter boven de zeespiegel. De zuidelijke ondersoort komt bijna uitsluitend voor in en nabij Sequoia National Park en Kings Canyon National Park.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesPinus balfouriana of de vossenstaartden is een groenblijvende conifeer uit de dennenfamilie (Pinaceae). De gebruikelijke naam in het Engels is foxtail pine. Het is een zeldzame soort die endemisch is in de Amerikaanse staat Californië. Er zijn twee geïsoleerde populaties, die tot andere ondersoorten behoren: de ondersoort balfouriana in de Klamath Mountains in het noorden van Californië en austrina in het zuiden van de Sierra Nevada. Hoewel de vossenstaartden zeldzaam is, zijn de populaties redelijk stabiel. Haar beschermingsstatus is 'gevoelig'. Buiten haar natuurlijke verspreidingsgebied komt de vossenstaartden amper voor. Ze is enkel aangeplant in enkele arboreta.
Revehalefuru (Pinus balfouriana) er en art i furufamilien. Denne furua vokser kun i fjellområdene i California i Nord-Amerika.
Denne botanikkrelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Revehalefuru (Pinus balfouriana) er en art i furufamilien. Denne furua vokser kun i fjellområdene i California i Nord-Amerika.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pinus balfouriana Grev. et Balf. ex Murray – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). P. balfouriana jest blisko spokrewniona z sosną ościstą (P. aristata) oraz z sosną długowieczną (P. longaeva). Niektórzy botanicy zaliczają je do tego samego gatunku, inni uznają, że mają jedynie wspólnego przodka. Gatunki te odróżniają się głównie obszarem występowania. P. balfouriana występuje w USA w stanie Kalifornia.
P. balfouriana to drzewo wiatropylne. Szyszki nasienne dojrzewają w ciągu 2 lat od zapylenia, uwalniają nasiona i opadają wkrótce potem. Igły pozostają na drzewie przez 10–30 lat. W liściu znajduje się jedna wiązka przewodząca i 2 kanały żywiczne. Jest drzewem wolno rosnącym, długowiecznym. Odnotowano okaz podgatunku austrina, który dożył 2110 lat, przy czym nie prowadzono systematycznych badań, więc możliwe, że żyją starsze drzewa. Zakłada się, że drzewa te mogą osiągać wiek 2500–3000 lat.
Pinus balfouriana występuje w piętrze subalpejskim. Podgatunek typowy występuje na północy zasięgu w Górach Klamath, na wysokości 1525–1830 m n.p.m. Tworzy stanowiska otwarte lub zwarte, jednogatunkowe do mieszanych. Podgatunek austrina tworzy jednogatunkowe (lub prawie) stanowiska w południowych górach Sierra Nevada, na wysokościach 2750–3650 m n.p.m.[3]. Populacje na północy zasięgu, skupione na stosunkowo odległych od siebie szczytach, z których niewiele osiąga powyżej 2000 m wysokości, są izolowane i ulegają dryfowi genetycznemu. W konsekwencji populacje te różnią się od siebie bardziej niż populacje na południu zasięgu[4].
Sosna ta jest sporadycznie gospodarzem rośliny pasożytniczej Arceuthobium cyanocarpum (pasożyt pędowy). Zainfekowane drzewa z podgatunku subsp. balfouriana znaleziono w północnej Kalifornii[5].
Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[6]:
Wyróżnia się dwa podgatunki[3]:
Początkowo Międzynarodowa Unia Ochrony Przyrody przyznała temu gatunkowi kategorię zagrożenia LR/cd (Lower Risk/conservation dependent, według klasyfikacji v2.3), uznając go za gatunek mniej zagrożony, o niskim ryzyku wymarcia, zależnym od podjętych działań ochronnych. Następnie, w 2013 roku przyznano mu kategorię NT (near threatened, według klasyfikacji v3.1)[2]. Zagrożeniem dla gatunku jest znaczne rozczłonkowanie zasięgu w połączeniu z niewielkim obszarem zajmowanym przez poszczególne populacje (stanowiska o powierzchni do 4 km²) i całość gatunku łącznie (136 km²). Liczebność populacji jest stabilna i nie ma symptomów jej zmniejszania w przeciągu ostatnich kilku wieków.
Prawie wszystkie stanowiska podgatunku austrina podlegają ochronie, gdyż znajdują się w obrębie Parku Narodowego Sekwoi i Parku Narodowego Kings Canyon.
P. balfouriana jest podatna na rdzę wejmutkowo-porzeczkową, chorobę wywoływaną przez grzyb Cronartium ribicola.
Pinus balfouriana Grev. et Balf. ex Murray – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae). P. balfouriana jest blisko spokrewniona z sosną ościstą (P. aristata) oraz z sosną długowieczną (P. longaeva). Niektórzy botanicy zaliczają je do tego samego gatunku, inni uznają, że mają jedynie wspólnego przodka. Gatunki te odróżniają się głównie obszarem występowania. P. balfouriana występuje w USA w stanie Kalifornia.
Pinus balfouriana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).[1]
Pinus balfouriana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).
Поширення: Сполучені Штати Америки (Каліфорнія, Орегон). Мешкає в субальпійській та альпійській зонах гір. На півночі знаходиться на висотах між 1600 м і 2400 м над рівнем моря, на півдні між 2900 м і 3700 м. Зростає на сухих, кам'янистих схилах і хребтах які, як правило, позбавлені іншої істотної рослинності.
Це дерево 10-20 м у висоту, і 2 м в діаметрі стовбура. Листя голчасте, зібрані в пучки по п'ять 2-4 см завдовжки. Верх голки темно-зелений, низ сіро-зелений. Голки залишаються від 10 до 20 років на дереві. Шишки червоно-коричневі, 6-11 см завдовжки. Гладка кора молодих гілок і стовбурів світло-сірого кольору. Пізніше стає корицевою і тріщинуватою. М'яка деревина жовто-коричневого кольору. Насіння блідо-пурпурового кольору, довжина крила становить близько 25 міліметрів, без крил 6-8 мм.
Найбільші дерева: дерево 23,0 м у висоту, діаметром 255 см, крона діаметром 10 м знаходиться у англ. Trinity National Forest; дерево 36,0 м у висоту, діаметром 121 см знаходиться в англ. Trinity Alps Wilderness. Регенерація і зростання вкрай повільні. Деяким з найстаріших дерев, ймовірно, більш 2000 років.
Лисохвоста сосна практично не використовується через важкодоступність.
Цей вид може опинитися під загрозою в довгостроковій перспективі в результаті зміни клімату. Цей вид головним чином присутній на охоронних територіях, у тому числі англ. Kings Canyon National Park and англ. Sequoia National Park.
Це незавершена стаття про родину Соснові.Pinus balfouriana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Balf. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1853.[1]
Pinus balfouriana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Balf. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1853.
Pinus balfouriana Greville & Balfour, 1853
Ареал
Сосна́ Бальфура (Pinus balfouriana) — растение, дерево рода сосна семейства сосновых. Редкий вид, эндемик штата Калифорния в США, в Северной Америке. Названа в честь шотландского ботаника Джона Хаттона Бальфура.
Дерево до 22 м высотой. Ствол прямой либо наклонный, до 2,6 м в диаметре. Крона может быть как широко конусообразная, так и несимметричная. Кора серая, желтовато-розовая или светло-коричневая; с чешуйчатыми пластинами неправильной формы и глубокими трещинами. Ветви искривлённые, направлены вверх либо вниз; маленькие веточки красно-коричневые, с возрастом серые или тускло-жёлто-серые; гладкие или покрыты лёгким пушком. Молодые ветви из-за листьев напоминают хвощ лесной (Equisetum sylvaticum).
Почки яйцевидно-заострённые, красно-коричневые, 0,8 — 1 см, смолистые. Листья по пять в пучке, искривлённые, живут 10 — 30 лет, 1,5 — 4 см длиной, 1 — 1,4 толщиной, в основном плотно прижаты друг к другу, тёмно-синие или тёмно-жёлто-зелёные; верхняя поверхность без центрального желобка, но обычно с двумя субэпидермальными, но хорошо заметными полосками, на нижней поверхности чётко видны белые устьичные линии; края в основном цельнокрайные или тупые, верхушка листа острая либо заострённая; влагалище листа 0,5 — 1 см, скорее в форме розетки, рано опадает.
Мужские шишки эллиптические, 6 — 10 мм длиной, красные. Женские шишки плодят раз в 2 года, разбрасывают семя и сразу опадают; широкие, симметричные; ланцевидно-цилиндричные с конусообразным основанием перед раскрытием, широко-яйцевидные или яйцевидно-цилиндрические после открытия; 6-9(-11) см длиной, фиолетовые, с возрастом красно-коричневые, почти бесчерешковые; апофизы утолщённые, округлые, возрастают по направлению к основанию; выступ по центру, обычно вогнутый; колючки отсутствуют либо слабо выражены, до 1 мм, смола выделяет янтарь. Семена эллипсоидные либо узкие яйцевидные, до 10 мм, тускло-коричневые, покрыты тёмно-красными крапинками; крыло 10 — 12 мм.
По характеристикам хвои очень трудно отличима от Сосны остистой (Pinus longaeva), но у сосны остистой крона строго конусообразной формы, с отчётливой короткой, впалой по центру верхушкой.
Эндемик американского штата Калифорния. Разделяется на два подвида, разделённых территориально на расстоянии приблизительно в 500 км друг от друга:
Сосна́ Бальфура (Pinus balfouriana) — растение, дерево рода сосна семейства сосновых. Редкий вид, эндемик штата Калифорния в США, в Северной Америке. Названа в честь шотландского ботаника Джона Хаттона Бальфура.
