Brief Summary
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englanti
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tarjonnut Ecomare
Pollacks are predator fish; they eat crustaceans and fish. They like to swim in the vicinity of ship wrecks, drilling platforms and rocky coasts. Pollacks have a good sense of hearing. When scuba divers are busy on the bottom, pollacks are often attracted by the noise. Young pollack are regularly found in eel traps located in the harbor of IJmuiden. They probably float in as eggs and larvae and migrate north later on.
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Diagnostic Description
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englanti
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tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
No barbel at tip of lower jaw. lateral line with a sharp dip between first and second do fins. Colour: variable, dorsally dark, sharply distinguished from silver-grey sides and belly, upper part of body with part of body with yellow to orange streaks or blotches. Fins uniformly dark except for yellowish pelvics. Lateral line greenish.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- tekijä
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Distribution
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englanti
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tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Northeastern Atlantic from Norway, the Faeroes (rare) and Iceland to thee Bay of Biscay.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
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- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Size
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englanti
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tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Possibly reaching 130 cm total length, but 75 cm is more common.
- bibliografinen lainaus
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- tekijä
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Brief Summary
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englanti
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tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Pelagic to benthopelagic,mostly close to shore but up to 200 m depth over hard bottoms.Young are pelagic and live near the coast up to 3 years, then migrate to the open sea where they are found mostly between 40 and 100 m depth. Spawns in March in the Bay of Biscay, in February in Spain, and in May in Norway, at ca. 150 m depth. Ireland. Growth is rapid but slower in the north. At 5 years, the fish attain lengths of 63 cm in the Bay of Biscay, 65 cm off Spain, 59 cm in the Celtic Sea and 52 cm off W. Maximum age and size are 8 years and 75 cm.Feeds mostly on fish and incidentally on cephalopods and crustaceans (shrimps and crabs).
- bibliografinen lainaus
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- tekijä
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Benefits
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englanti
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tarjonnut FAO species catalogs
Not particularly important commercial fish . The catch for 1987 reported in FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics totalled 16 751 t, all from the northeastern Atlantic (France: ca. 8 334 t; U K: ca. 2 546 t, Spain: 1 771 t; Norway: 1 526 t; Denmark: 1 091 t; Ireland: 951 t and others. The major fishing grounds are the Celtic Sea, the English Channel, and the northern Bay of Biscay. Caught with bottom trawl or pelagic trawl, longlines and gillnets. Marketed fresh and frozen.The total catch reported for this species to FAO for 1999 was 10 555 t. The countries with the largest catches were France (3 112 t) and Norway (2 928 t).
- bibliografinen lainaus
- FAO species catalogue. Vol.10. Gadiform Fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cods, Hakes, Grenadiers and other Gadiform Fishes Known to Date.Daniel M.Cohen Tadashi Inada Tomio Iwamoto Nadia Scialabba 1990. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. No. 125, Vol.10. Rome, FAO. 1990. 442p.
- tekijä
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
Diagnostic Description
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Lower jaw distinctly projecting beyond upper ones. Lacks a chin barbel. Dark lateral line that sharply curves over the pectoral fin and continues over whole body. No dark spot at pectoral fin base. Dorsal and anal fin interspaces short. Sensory canals with large pores on head. Body color is variable; dark dorsally, sharply distinguished from silver-gray sides and belly; the upper part of the body with yellow to orange streaks or blotches; the lateral line greenish. The fins uniformly dark except for the pelvic fins which are yellowish.
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Diseases and Parasites
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Anisakis Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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- FishBase
- Recorder
- Crispina B. Binohlan
Life Cycle
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Oviparous and gonochorous (Ref. 205).
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- FishBase
Migration
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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- FishBase
Morphology
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 29 - 33; Analsoft rays: 27 - 30; Vertebrae: 52 - 55
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Trophic Strategy
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Low- to mid-level predator. Juveniles feed mainly on crustaceans while adults prey mainly on fish but may also take cephalopods and pelagic crustaceans (Refs. 1371, 58137, 88187).
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- FishBase
Biology
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
Found in inshore waters but also down to 200 m depth, in areas with hard bottoms. Juveniles are pelagic, spending 2-3 years near the coast including rocky areas, kelp beds, sandy shores and estuaries (Ref. 1371, 58137, 89343, 89362). Juveniles may form schools with saithe (Pollachius virens) (Ref. 88187), and have also been found solitary and defending their feeding territory (Refs. 42174, 89363). Larger individuals move to the open sea and are often found around rocky areas at 40-100 m depth (Ref. 1371). Also observed around shipwrecks and oil platforms (Ref. 88187). Adults occur singly or in small dispersed shoals but is known to form dense shoals on spawning grounds (Ref. 89364). Suggested to undertake spawning migrations (Ref. 88171). Caught as bycatch in cod and saithe fisheries. Flesh is dry but of good flavor (Ref. 35388). Classified as a "hearing generalist" (89365); has also been found to produce sound. Juveniles have been reported to make repeated short grunts during competitive feeding and aggressive encounters (89366).
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- FishBase
Importance
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englanti
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tarjonnut Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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- tekijänoikeus
- FishBase
Pollachius pollachius
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englanti
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tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Pollachius pollachius is a species of marine fish in the family Gadidae. FAO uses the English name pollack for this species, whereas in American English it is known as European pollock. Other vernacular names include lythe, and in the Isle of Man, calig.[2]
It is common in the north-eastern parts of the Northern Atlantic, including the Bay of Biscay and North Sea.[1] Adults can grow up to 130 cm (51 in) and weigh up to 18 kg (40 lb), although more commonly their maximum length is 75 cm (30 in).[2][3]
Ecology and life history
Pollack are fast-growing and relatively short-lived.[3] The maximum reported age is 15 years.[4] They are said to spawn offshore, although their spawning grounds are poorly known; a study of a fjord population in Norway suggested local spawning.[5]
Pollack are benthopelagic, that is, they live near the sea floor.[3] They seem to be relatively sedentary.[5][6]
Fisheries
Pollack is of value to fisheries, although it mainly represents bycatch. Landings data show three fairly distinct centres of distribution, one in the northern North Sea/Skagerrak extending north along the Norwegian coast, one between the English Channel, the Irish Sea, and the northern part of the French west coast, and one in the Iberian waters.[4] Total reported landings are of the order of a few thousand tonnes.[7]
Pollack is an important species in recreational fisheries. In Norway, tourist fishers alone were estimated to catch 100 tonnes of pollack in 2009.[8] In France, 3,500 tonnes of pollock were estimated to be caught in all recreational fisheries.[9]
References
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^ a b Cook, R.; Fernandes, P.; Florin, A.; Lorance, P.; Nedreaas, K. (2014). "Pollachius pollachius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T18125103A45098355. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T18125103A45098355.en. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
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^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Pollachius pollachius" in FishBase. August 2022 version.
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^ a b c Cohen, Daniel M.; Tadashi Inada; Tomio lwamoto; Nadia Scialabba (1990). FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis. Rome: FAO. p. 442.
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^ a b ICES (May 2021). Stock Annex: Pollack (Pollachius pollachius) in Subarea 4 and Division 3.a (North Sea, Skagerrak and Kattegat). ICES Stock Annex. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 4 pp.
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^ a b Heino, M.; Svasand, T.; Nordeide, J. T.; Ottera, H. (2012). "Seasonal dynamics of growth and mortality suggest contrasting population structure and ecology for cod, pollack, and saithe in a Norwegian fjord". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 69 (4): 537–546. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss043.
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^ Jakobsen, Tore (1985). Tagging of pollack on the Norwegian west coast in 1979 (Report). ICES Document. Copenhagen: ICES. 3 pp. CM 1985/G: 24.
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^ "Global capture production Quantity (1950 - 2020)". FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
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^ Volstad, J. H.; Korsbrekke, K.; Nedreaas, K. H.; Nilsen, M.; Nilsson, G. N.; Pennington, M.; Subbey, S.; Wienerroither, R. (2011). "Probability-based surveying using self-sampling to estimate catch and effort in Norway's coastal tourist fishery". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 68 (8): 1785–1791. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr077.
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^ ICES (2010). Report of the Planning Group on Recreational Fisheries (PGRFS), 7-11 June 2010, Bergen, Norway (PDF). ICES Document. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. 168 pp. CM 2010/ACOM:34.
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Pollachius pollachius: Brief Summary
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englanti
)
tarjonnut wikipedia EN
Pollachius pollachius is a species of marine fish in the family Gadidae. FAO uses the English name pollack for this species, whereas in American English it is known as European pollock. Other vernacular names include lythe, and in the Isle of Man, calig.
It is common in the north-eastern parts of the Northern Atlantic, including the Bay of Biscay and North Sea. Adults can grow up to 130 cm (51 in) and weigh up to 18 kg (40 lb), although more commonly their maximum length is 75 cm (30 in).
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