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Akashiwo sanguinea ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Akashiwo sanguinea (Synonym: Gymnodinium sanguineum, nicht zu verwechseln mit der Stramenopilen-Art Heterosigma akashiwo) ist ein mariner Dinoflagellat, der regelmäßig Algenblüten verursacht. Er ist ungepanzert (athekat), die Alveolen sind also nicht mit Zellulose verstärkt. Die Vermehrung erfolgt durch Zellteilung.[1]

A. sanguinea erbeutet verschiedene Organismen, obwohl er Chloroplasten besitzt[2], und wird deshalb als mixotroph betrachtet. Beispielsweise frisst A. sanguinea Cyanobakterien der Gattung Synechococcus.[3]

Merkmale

Zellen von A. sanguinea sind dorsoventral abgeplattet, ungefähr pentagonal und 40–75 µm groß. Die thekalen Platten, die bei thekaten Arten häufig zur Bestimmung benutzt werden, fehlen. A. sanguinea ist vergleichsweise groß, schwimmt langsam und ist leicht zu beobachten. Wie bei allen typischen Dinoflagellaten schlägt eine Geißel in der äquatorialen Furche, dem Cingulum. Eine zweite Geißel schlägt rechtwinkelig versetzt entlang des Sulcus und reicht über die Zelle hinaus, um die Geißel durchs Wasser zu bewegen.[4] Der Art fehlt die Kernmembran, und zusammen mit rDNA-Sequenzierungen gaben diese Merkmale Anlass zur Schaffung der neuen Gattung Akashiwo.[5]

Etymologie

Der Gattungsname Akashiwo kommt von japanisch 赤潮Rote Flut“ (im modernen Japanisch akashio).[5]

Verhalten und Physiologie

A. sanguinea vollzieht eine tägliche Vertikalwanderung, bei der die Zellen schon vor Sonnenaufgang aufwärts in Richtung Sonne und zum Abend aktiv wieder in die Tiefe schwimmen. Dieses Verhalten ist ein Beispiel für die Chronobiologie. In Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass dieses Verhalten nicht einfach durch Phototaxis erklärt werden kann.[6] Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann A. sanguinea ein messbares Chlorophyllmaximum in tieferen Wasserschichten bilden.[7] Beobachtungen vor der Küste des südlichen Kaliforniens ergaben, dass A. sanguinea solche tiefen Ansammlungen bildet, wenn der Nährstoff Nitrat nicht zur Verfügung steht. Diese tiefen Ansammlungen sind bedeutend für das Wachstum von Sardellenlarven, die bevorzugt A. sanguinea fressen.[7]

Algenblüten

Akashiwo sanguinea wird mit schädlichen Algenblüten (Roten Tiden) in Verbindung gebracht, und ist noch Gegenstand der Forschung. Ein Gift wurde bisher nicht identifiziert, jedoch wird die Art mit Vergiftungen in Verbindung gebracht.[8] A. sanguinea kann mycosporin-ähnliche Aminosäuren produzieren, die als wasserlösliche, grenzflächen-aktive Substanz (Surfactant) die Oberflächenspannung des Wassers reduziert. Eine Algenblüte von A sanguinea trat gleichzeitig mit einem Massensterben von 14 Vogelarten im November–Dezember 2007 in der Monterey-Bucht (Kalifornien) auf. Die betroffenen Vögel hatten proteinartige Ansammlungen im Gefieder, wodurch die Federn ihren wasserabweisenden Schutz verloren.[9]

Einzelbelege

  1. Carol M. Lalli & Timothy R. Parsons: Biological Oceanography: an Introduction, 2nd. Auflage, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993, ISBN 0-7506-3384-0, S. 42–45.
  2. K. R. Bockstahler & D. W. Coats: Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. In: Marine Biology. 116, Nr. 3, 1993, S. 477–487. doi:10.1007/BF00350065.
  3. Hae Jin Jeong, Jae Yeon Park, Jae Hoon Nho, Myung Ok Park, Jeong Hyun Ha, Kyeong Ah Seong, Chang Jeng, Chi Nam Seong, Kwang Ya Lee & Won Ho Yih: Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus. In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 41, Nr. 2, 2005, S. 131–143. doi:10.3354/ame041131.
  4. Charles B. Miller: Biological Oceanography. Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 0-632-05536-7, S. 26–32.
  5. a b N. Daugbjerg, G. Hansen, J. Larsen & Ø. Moestrup: Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. (PDF) In: Phycologia. 39, Nr. 4, 2000, S. 302–317.
  6. J. J. Cullen & S. G. Horrigan: Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens. In: Marine Biology. 62, Nr. 2–3, 1981, S. 81–89. doi:10.1007/BF00388169.
  7. a b F. M. H. Reid, E. Stewart, R. W. Eppley & D. Goodman: Spatial distribution of phytoplankton species in chlorophyll maximum layers off Southern California. In: Limnology and Oceanography. 23, Nr. 2, 1978, S. 219–226.
  8. Cardwell, R.D., Olsen, S., Carr, M.I. & Sanborn, E.W. (1979). Causes of oyster mortality in South Puget Sound. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL MESA-39.
  9. David A. Jessup, Melissa A. Miller, John P. Ryan, Hannah M. Nevins, Heather A. Kerkering, Abdou Mekebri, David B. Crane, Tyler A. Johnson & Raphael M. Kudela: Mass stranding of marine birds caused by a surfactant-producing red tide. In: PLoS ONE. 4, Nr. 2, 2009, S. e4550. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004550. PMID 19234604. PMC 2641015 (freier Volltext).
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Akashiwo sanguinea: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Akashiwo sanguinea (Synonym: Gymnodinium sanguineum, nicht zu verwechseln mit der Stramenopilen-Art Heterosigma akashiwo) ist ein mariner Dinoflagellat, der regelmäßig Algenblüten verursacht. Er ist ungepanzert (athekat), die Alveolen sind also nicht mit Zellulose verstärkt. Die Vermehrung erfolgt durch Zellteilung.

A. sanguinea erbeutet verschiedene Organismen, obwohl er Chloroplasten besitzt, und wird deshalb als mixotroph betrachtet. Beispielsweise frisst A. sanguinea Cyanobakterien der Gattung Synechococcus.

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wikipedia DE

Akashiwo sanguinea ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Akashiwo sanguinea is a species of marine dinoflagellates well known for forming blooms that result in red tides.[1] The organism is unarmored (naked). Therefore, it lacks a thick cellulose wall, the theca, common in other genera of dinoflagellates. Reproduction of the phytoplankton species is primarily asexual.[2]

Recently recognized as mixotrophic, A. sanguinea is capable of preying on various organisms.[3] For example, A. sanguinea is found to be capable of ingesting the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. at values comparable to other heterotrophic phytoplankton. This suggests implications it may have on the grazing impact of Synechococcus.[4]

Description

Despite its lack of thecal plates, a prominent feature helpful in identifying armored flagellates, A. sanguinea is relatively large and easily recognizable. Like most dinoflagellates, one flagellum is complex, wrapping around the equator of the cell in a groove. The other flagellum extends out from the cell to help aid its movement through the water.[5] A. sanguinea’s most prominent features are the lack of a nuclear envelope chamber and the apical groove's large, clockwise path when viewed from the front of the cell. These features, along with observations and data from LSU rDNA sequencing, recently helped declare a new genus for this species (Hansen & Moestrup).[6]

Etymology

The genus name akashiwo is Japanese for red tide.[6]

Distribution

Akashiwo sanguinea covers a broad range of distributions.[7] Frequent blooms exist off the coast of Florida and Southern California.[5][8] Blooms dominated by this species have also been observed in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island.[9]

Behavior and physiology

Akashiwo sanguinea exhibits a diurnal vertical migration pattern, observed to move toward the sun in field experiments even before the start of the light cycle. In laboratory settings, the migration is light dependent but the direction of movement is not solely explained by positive phototaxis. It has also been shown to swim across large gradients in temperature. However, more study is needed to determine the organisms’ migratory behavior.[10]

Akashiwo sanguinea responds to certain changes in the water column by forming subsurface chlorophyll maximum layers in the marine environment.[11] A study off of Southern California's coast observed a subsurface layer when nitrate was limiting to the organism.[10] A. sangiunea's subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer has contributed to the success of larval anchovy growth on California's coastline. The larva have been observed to ingest this organism and not other species such as Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. suggesting a preference for A. sanguinea over other dinoflagellates.[8]

Context and content

Synonyms Gymnodinium splendens (Lebour), Gymnodinium sanguineum (Hirasaka), Gymnodinium nelsoni (Martin)

The names listed above were used during prior research on the organism. The genus is now redefined into four new genera. Gymnodinium was one of many dinoflagellate genera declared when taxonomic nomenclature was limited to features only visible with the light microscope. In 2000, Hansen and Moestrup analyzed ultrastructural details of the organism using large-subunit (LSU) rDNA sequencing. Aided by this new technology, the scientists were able to declare variations in the path of the apical groove of the organism (found on the flagellar apparatus). Since the apical groove varies among species, the scientists used it to indicate differences between the unarmored flagellates. Akashiwo was one of four new genera that was redefined using the analysis.[1]

HAB implications

Akashiwo sanguinea has been correlated to harmful algal blooms (HABs), but more study is needed to make sense of the blooms.

The protist can produce mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) which are water-soluble surfactants. A red tide caused by A. sanguinea was coincident with widespread seabird mortality across fourteen different species of birds in November–December 2007 in Northeastern Monterey Bay, California. Plankton samples showed A. sanguinea as the dominant flagellate in the bloom. Affected birds accumulated a proteinaceous material on their feathers, causing a loss in the natural water repellency. However no toxins, such as domoic acid, saxitoxin or brevetoxin was detected in the water. It was the first documented case of its tide causing harm to birds.[7] In 2009 a huge foam event blamed on Akashiwo sanguinea killed vast quantities of sea birds from the northern Oregon coast to the tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state.[12]

The species’ blooms have also been linked to coral bleaching. More research is needed before predictions of HAB events that may be linked with this species.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Hargraves, P. E. (June 14, 2011). "Akashiwo sanguinea". Protists of the Indian River Lagoon. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  2. ^ Lalli, Carol M.; Parsons, Timothy R. (1993). Biological Oceanography: an Introduction (2nd ed.). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 42–45. ISBN 0-7506-3384-0.
  3. ^ Bockstahler, K. R.; Coats, D. W. (1993). "Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay". Marine Biology. 116 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1007/BF00350065. S2CID 84468485.
  4. ^ Jeong, Hae Jin; Park, Jae Yeon; Nho, Jae Hoon; Park, Myung Ok; Ha, Jeong Hyun; Seong, Kyeong Ah; Jeng, Chang; Seong, Chi Nam; Lee, Kwang Ya; Yih, Won Ho (2005). "Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus". Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 41 (2): 131–143. doi:10.3354/ame041131.
  5. ^ a b Miller, Charles B. (2004). Biological Oceanography. Blackwell. pp. 26–32. ISBN 0-632-05536-7.
  6. ^ a b Daugbjerg, Niels; Hansen, Gert; Larsen, Jacob; Moestrup, Øjvind (2000). "Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates" (PDF). Phycologia. 39 (4): 302–317. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1.
  7. ^ a b c Jessup, David A.; Miller, Melissa A.; Ryan, John P.; Nevins, Hannah M.; Kerkering, Heather A.; Mekebri, Abdou; Crane, David B.; Johnson, Tyler A.; Kudela, Raphael M. (2009). "Mass stranding of marine birds caused by a surfactant-producing red tide". PLoS ONE. 4 (2): e4550. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4550J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004550. PMC 2641015. PMID 19234604.
  8. ^ a b Lasker, Reuben (1975). "Field criteria for survival of anchovy larvae: the relation between inshore chlorophyll maximum layers and successful first feeding" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 73 (3): 453–462.
  9. ^ Smayda, Theodore J. (1957). "Phytoplankton studies in Lower Narragansett Bay". Limnology and Oceanography. 2 (4): 342–359. Bibcode:1957LimOc...2..342S. doi:10.1002/lno.1957.2.4.0342. JSTOR 2832835.
  10. ^ a b Cullen, J. J.; Horrigan, S. G. (1981). "Effects of nitrate on the diurnal vertical migration, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the photosynthetic capacity of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens". Marine Biology. 62 (2–3): 81–89. doi:10.1007/BF00388169. S2CID 82258412.
  11. ^ Reid, F. M. H.; Stewart, E.; Eppley, R. W.; Goodman, D. (1978). "Spatial distribution of phytoplankton species in chlorophyll maximum layers off Southern California". Limnology and Oceanography. 23 (2): 219–226. Bibcode:1978LimOc..23..219R. doi:10.4319/lo.1978.23.2.0219. JSTOR 2835393.
  12. ^ Terry, Lynne (October 22, 2009). "Foam from ocean algae bloom killing thousands of birds". OregonLive. Retrieved 2017-03-03.

Further reading

  • Badylak, Susan; Philips, Edward; Mathews, Loren; Kelley, Karen (September 2014). "Akashiwo sanguinea (Dinophyceae) extruding mucous from pores on the cell surface". Algae. 29 (3): 197–201. doi:10.4490/algae.2014.29.3.197.
  • Matsubara, Tadashi; Nagasoe, Sou; Yamasaki, Yasuhiro; Shikata, Tomoyuki; Shimasaki, Yohei; Oshima, Yuji; Honjo, Tsuneo (16 April 2007). "Effects of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 342 (2): 226–230. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.09.013.
  • Yang, Caiyun; Li, Yi; Zhou, Yanyan (December 2012). "Bacterial community dynamics during a bloom caused by Akashiwo sanguinea in the Xiamen sea area, China". Harmful Algae. 20: 132–141. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2012.09.002.
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wikipedia EN

Akashiwo sanguinea: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Akashiwo sanguinea is a species of marine dinoflagellates well known for forming blooms that result in red tides. The organism is unarmored (naked). Therefore, it lacks a thick cellulose wall, the theca, common in other genera of dinoflagellates. Reproduction of the phytoplankton species is primarily asexual.

Recently recognized as mixotrophic, A. sanguinea is capable of preying on various organisms. For example, A. sanguinea is found to be capable of ingesting the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. at values comparable to other heterotrophic phytoplankton. This suggests implications it may have on the grazing impact of Synechococcus.

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
Wikipedia authors and editors
原始內容
參訪來源
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wikipedia EN