The Neriidae are a family of true flies (Diptera) closely related to the Micropezidae. Some species are known as cactus flies, while others have been called banana stalk flies and the family was earlier treated as subfamily of the Micropezidae which are often called stilt-legged flies. Neriids differ from micropezids in having no significant reduction of the fore legs. Neriids breed in rotting vegetation, such as decaying tree bark or rotting fruit. About 100 species are placed in 19 genera. Neriidae are found mainly in tropical regions, but two North American genera occur, each with one species, and one species of Telostylinus occurs in temperate regions of eastern Australia.
Most species of Neriidae are slender, long-legged flies. Many exhibit striped patterns that appear to provide camouflage against tree bark. Many neriids are sexually dimorphic, with males having more elongated bodies, heads, antennae, and legs than females. In some species, the male fore-tibia is greatly thickened distally. Neriid flies are saprophagous. Larvae develop in rotting vegetable matter, including bark and fruit. Neriid adults tend to aggregate on rotting vegetable matter or damaged tree trunks. Neriid adults are also attracted to flowers or other sources of sugar. The upper face has a medial division and the antennae are porrect. The arista on the antenna arises at the tip (not dorsally, as in the Micropezidae). The fore legs are long with prominent coxae. In the Micropezidae, the fore legs are reduced. The fore femora (and sometimes all femora) bear ventral spines in males. The fore tibia of males may have rows of spines or tubercles. The third and fourth veins of the wing converge at the tip and the first vein is not setulose.[14] Neriids have 1-5 frontal bristles, no ocellar bristles and some have reduced postvertical bristles.
For terms see Morphology of Diptera
Males of some species engage in spectacular combat for territory or access to females. The rivals elevate their bodies to an almost vertical posture, and pound each other with the ventral surfaces of their heads, strike each other with their forelegs, or try to place each other in a head-lock.[15] Photos of mating and combat can be seen here.
Research on the Australian neriid Derocephalus angusticollis has shown that adult body size and shape are extremely sensitive to larval diet: larvae reared in nutrient-rich substrates exhibit greater body size as adults, and males have more elongated bodies, compared to flies reared in nutrient-poor substrates.[16] The expression of male secondary sexual traits is particularly sensitive to the protein content of the larval diet.[17] Developmental plasticity in response to variation in larval diet quality has diversified among populations of Telostylinus angusticollis along the east coast of Australia.[18]
Research on Derocephalus angusticollis has also shown that a male's larval diet can influence the body size of his offspring. Males reared on a nutrient-rich larval diet produce larger offspring than their brothers reared on a nutrient-poor larval diet,[19] and this paternal effect appears to be sensitive to the male's social environment.[20] In addition, recent research on this species has led to the discovery of a new form of nonparental transgenerational effect, whereby a male's larval diet quality can influence the body size of offspring sired by a subsequent male that mates as much as two weeks later with the same female.[21] This effect is a form of telegony.
As in some tephritoid flies, neriid larvae in their final instar are capable of skipping. To skip, a maggot bends its body into a 'C', grasps its posterior end with its mouth-hooks, tightens the muscles in its body wall, and then releases its hold, causing its posterior end to recoil against the substrate. Although their skipping abilities are not as impressive as those of piophilid maggots, neriid maggots can skip distances> 20 cm.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) The Neriidae are a family of true flies (Diptera) closely related to the Micropezidae. Some species are known as cactus flies, while others have been called banana stalk flies and the family was earlier treated as subfamily of the Micropezidae which are often called stilt-legged flies. Neriids differ from micropezids in having no significant reduction of the fore legs. Neriids breed in rotting vegetation, such as decaying tree bark or rotting fruit. About 100 species are placed in 19 genera. Neriidae are found mainly in tropical regions, but two North American genera occur, each with one species, and one species of Telostylinus occurs in temperate regions of eastern Australia.
Les Neriidae sont une famille de diptères muscomorphe.
Selon BioLib (26 mai 2019)[2] :
Les Neriidae sont une famille de diptères muscomorphe.
Neriidae er en liten, tropisk familie av slanke, langbeinte fluer. De kalles "cactus flies" i USA og kan kanskje også kalles kaktusfluer på norsk selv om langt fra alle artene er knyttet til kaktus. Omtrent 110 arter er kjent fra tropene, bare to arter når så langt nord som Nord-Amerika og ingen til Europa.
Middelsstore (7 – 12 mm), slanke og langbeinte fluer, ligner på stankelbeinfluene, som de er beslektet med. De er brune eller svartaktige, av og til med gulaktig fargemønster. Kroppen har mange korte, piggaktige børster. Hodet er lengre enn høyt, flattrykt på oversiden, med runde fasettøyne som ikke møtes i pannen. Tinningene (området bak fasettøynene) er ganske lange. Pannen er ganske bred med tre punktøyne på en liten knøl. Antennene er tre-leddete, ofte ganske lange, og sitter festet høyt oppe på hodet. Ytterst på det tredje leddet sitter det en antennebørste (arista). Kinnbørste (vibrissa) mangler, og munndelene er lite fremtredende. Brystet (thorax) er langt og smalt, mye lengre og høyere enn bredt. Det er matt på grunn av bestøving og har mange korte, piggaktige børster men ikke fin hårkledning. Vingene er forholdsvis små og smale, uten fargeflekker. Tre lange årer når vingespissen, og det er fire lukkede celler i vingens indre halvdel. Beina er lange og nokså tynne, lårene har vanligvis kraftige pigger på undersiden. For- og baklårene er noe fortykket, midt-lårene er krumme. Bakkroppen er ganske kort, sylindrisk eller kjegleformet, hannens ytre kjønnsorganer er store og krøllet under bakkroppen, pekende framover. Hunnens bakkroppsspiss ender i et eggleggingsrør. Larvene er slanke, av vanlig maggot-type.
Ganske lite er kjent om biologien til disse fluene men de fleste utvikler seg trolig i saftige, råtnende plantedeler. Larver av arten Odontoloxus longicornis lever på råtnende kaktus og også råtnende stammer av papaya. En australsk art har blitt klekket fra saft som flyter ut fra sår i papaya-planter.
Neriidae er en liten, tropisk familie av slanke, langbeinte fluer. De kalles "cactus flies" i USA og kan kanskje også kalles kaktusfluer på norsk selv om langt fra alle artene er knyttet til kaktus. Omtrent 110 arter er kjent fra tropene, bare to arter når så langt nord som Nord-Amerika og ingen til Europa.
Neriidae (лат.) — небольшое семейство насекомых из инфраотряда круглошовных мух, близкое к Micropezidae.
Небольшие стройные мухи с длинными ногами (7—12 мм). Голова удлиненная. Ариста, как правило, концевая, голая или покрыта короткими волосками. Щупики хорошо развиты. Хоботок хорошо развит, втяжной. У большинства видов развит половой диморфизм. Самцы имеют гораздо более длинные ноги, голову и усики, чем самки. Щиток голый с парой длинных апикальных щетинок. Крылья узкие, прозрачные, желтоватые или коричневатые, но без выраженного рисунка. Ноги тонкие, длинные с нижней стороны бедер обычно расположены ряды толстых шипиков. Брюшко удлиненное с шестью видимыми сегментами[1].
Голова Telostylinus lineolatus
Odontoloxozus longicornis
Спаривание Nereiidae
Слева — самка Neriidae откладывает яица, справа — самец
Личинки развиваются в разлагающихся субстратах растительного происхождения, в гниющих кактусах, бананах, в разлагающихся корнях папайи. По характерной особенности биологии личинок в англоязычной литературе представителей семейства называют кактусовыми (cactus flies)[2][3] или банановыми (banana stalk flies) мухам[4]. Некоторые обитают под отмирающей корой деревьев и в гниющих стволах[1]. Продолжительность развития личинок составляет от двух до четырёх недель[5][6]. Имаго можно часто встретить в домах, особенно на стенах или окнах[7]. Самцы кактусовых мух обладают сложным социальным поведением, включающее докопуляционную территориальность на участках откладки яиц, привлечение самок, повторные спаривания и посткопуляционную охрану самок от других самцов[2]. Средняя продолжительность жизни имаго составляет от 50 до 60 дней[8]
Обитают, преимущественно, в тропиках Старого и Нового света. В России найден один вид на юге Дальнего Востока — Nerius femoratus Coquillett, 1898[9]. В Неарктической области встречается два вида Odontoloxozus longicornis (Coquillett, 1904) и Glyphidops flavifrons (Bigot, 1886)[1].
Семейство включает 112 видов из 20 родов[10]. На основании кладистического анализа был восстановлен статус рода Cerantichir[11][12].
TelostylinaeNeriidae (лат.) — небольшое семейство насекомых из инфраотряда круглошовных мух, близкое к Micropezidae.
.jpg)
.jpg)
