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欧洲玉黍螺的圖片
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欧洲玉黍螺

Littorina littorea (Linnaeus 1758)

Biology ( 英語 )

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The flat periwinkle grazes on detritus and microorganisms. It also feeds on green seaweeds such as sea lettuce (Ulva lactua) and species of Enteromorpha (2). Breeding may take place throughout the year, but tends to vary depending on temperature (4). The sexes are separate (individuals are either male or female), and fertilisation occurs internally after copulation (2). Egg laying is timed to coincide with the spring tide; the eggs are laid in the sea in gelatinous capsules that usually contain around three eggs (although up to 9 eggs per capsule has been known) (4). The egg capsules float in the sea and free-swimming 'veliger' larvae hatch after a few days. After 6 weeks spent in the ocean, the larvae settle on the shore. The young periwinkles attain sexual maturity at two or three years of age and may live for up to five years (2).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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Not relevant.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Periwinkles are a large family of gastropod molluscs found on the shore. The edible periwinkle is perhaps the best known species of this family, as it has been collected and eaten for centuries. After boiling, the soft body is 'winkled out' from the shell with a pin or a special 'winkle-picker' (3). This species is the largest periwinkle found in Britain. It has a dark grey or black conical shell that develops a smooth surface with age. The flattened tentacles bear obvious black bands, a feature which allows young specimens to be identified easily. Males can be distinguished during the breeding season by the presence of a penis on the right side of the body (4).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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This periwinkle is found from the upper shore down to the sublittoral and may also occur on mudflats and in estuaries (2). Large aggregations may arise in more suitable areas, such as rock-pools (4).
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Range ( 英語 )

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Common on all rocky British coasts, but is absent from the Channel Isles and Isles of Scilly (4). Elsewhere it is found around north-west Europe (2).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Not threatened (2).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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This species is not threatened.
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Associations ( 英語 )

由BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK提供
Animal / parasite / endoparasite
cercaria of Cryptocotyle lingua endoparasitises Littorina littorea

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Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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Alikruiken kun je langs de hele kust vooral op de dijken vinden. Wanneer een alikruik over een hard oppervlak kruipt laat hij slijmsporen achter. In dit slijm blijven algen plakken. Andere slakjes, bijvoorbeeld wadslakjes, maken hier gebruik van en begrazen de slijmsporen van de alikruik. Als je een alikruik oppakt, verstopt hij zich in zijn huisje. Als je er een paar tegelijk pakt en ze in je hand tegen elkaar schudt, komen ze tevoorschijn. Ze denken dan dat het hoogwater is en ze in het water terecht zijn gekomen.
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Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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Periwinkles are the pebbles of the sea. You find them along the entire coast, on breakwaters, dikes, piers, etc. When a periwinkle ventures high onto the dike on a hot summer day, it lets itself roll down the slope when it gets too hot, hoping to land in water. As it crawls over a hard surface, it leaves behind a trail of slime. All kinds of algae stick to this slime. Other snails, such as laver spire shells, graze upon these slimy trails. If you pick up a periwinkle, the snail will hide in its shell. Pick up several snails and shake them in your hands, then the snails often crawl out of their shell. They confuse the shaking with wave movement. They think that the tide has risen and it is time to look for food.
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Littorina littorea | The Exotics Guide ( 英語 )

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This very interesting article (with pictures) is from The Exotics Guide: Non-Native Marine Species of the Pacific Coast, and is about how the European Periwinkle has been spreading along North American coasts.

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Alikreukel ( 南非語 )

由wikipedia AF提供

Die alikreukel (Littorina littorea), is 'n spesie van 'n klein eetbare seeslak, 'n mariene buikpotige weekdier met kieue en 'n operkulum.

Dit is 'n robuuste intergety-spesies met 'n donker en soms gebande dop. Dit is inheems aan die rotsagtige kus van die VSA se noordooste, en ingevoer aan die noordwestelike Atlantiese Oseaan.

Eksterne skakels

Verwysings

  1. Linnaeus C. (1758).
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Alikreukel: Brief Summary ( 南非語 )

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Die alikreukel (Littorina littorea), is 'n spesie van 'n klein eetbare seeslak, 'n mariene buikpotige weekdier met kieue en 'n operkulum.

Dit is 'n robuuste intergety-spesies met 'n donker en soms gebande dop. Dit is inheems aan die rotsagtige kus van die VSA se noordooste, en ingevoer aan die noordwestelike Atlantiese Oseaan.

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Bigorn du ( 布列塔尼語 )

由wikipedia BR提供
lang="br" dir="ltr">
Ur pennad bigorn zo ivez.

Ar bigorn du (Littorina littorea) a zo ur blotvil gasteropod mat da zebriñ. Anvioù all zo: bili du, bilgod du[1].

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveoù

  1. Etre Perroz ha Pempoull, hervez Ichthyonymie bretonne, gant Alan-Gwenog Berr.
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Bigorn du: Brief Summary ( 布列塔尼語 )

由wikipedia BR提供
lang="br" dir="ltr"> Ur pennad bigorn zo ivez.

Ar bigorn du (Littorina littorea) a zo ur blotvil gasteropod mat da zebriñ. Anvioù all zo: bili du, bilgod du.

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Caragolí comú ( 加泰隆語 )

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El caragolí comú, (Littorina littorea), és una espècie marina de gastròpode comestible.

Closca

 src=
Closca de caragolí comú

La closca arriba a fer de 10 a 12 mm essentel límit superior de 30 mm.[1] La closca pot pesar 55 mm.

Distribució

Són originaris del nord-est de l'oceà Atlàntic, des de les costes del nord de la península Ibèrica, Irlanda, Escandinàvia i Rússia.

Expansió

Aquesta espècie ha estat introduïda a la costa de l'Atlàntic d'Amèrica del Nord de manera accidental durant el segle XIX i ara és el mol·lusc predominant des de Nova Jersey cap al nord. També s'ha trobat a la costa del Pacífic de Califòrnia a Washington. La seva presència causa danys a Nord-amèrica per la competència amb les espècis de mol·luscs natives

Hàbitat

Es troba en roques en la zona alta i mtjana entre marees. També es troba en bassiols marins i en estuaris i pot arribar a fondàries de 60 m.

Cicle vital

Les femelles del cargolí comú ponen entre 10.000 a 100.000 ous continguts en una càpsula còrnia de la que escapa la larva i es posa al fons marí. Si el clima ho permet pot alimentar-se durant tot l'any. Arriba a la maduresa amb 10 mm i pot viure entre 5 i 10 anys.

Alimentació

S'alimenta principalment d'algues però pot menjar invertebrats petits com les larves del percebe.

Ús

 src=
Restes de dinar al Magdaleniense Inferior Cantàbric (15.000 abans del present) de Altamira.

Ha servit d'aliment durant centenars d'anys. A Gran Bretanya, Irlanda i Bèlgica són molt consumits. Als Països Catalans són molt apreciats. També són considerats molt bons a les cuines africanes i asiàtiques. Tenen molta proteïna (15%) poc greix (!,4%) i poques calories.

Els caraolins poden servir d'esquer per a la pesca.

Referències

  1. Common periwinkle at marlin.ac.uk consultat 16.10.2008
  • Abbott, R. Tucker, 1974. American Seashells. Second edition. Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York
  • Abbott, R. Tucker, 1986. Seashells of North America, St. Martin's Press, New York

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
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Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Caragolí comú: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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El caragolí comú, (Littorina littorea), és una espècie marina de gastròpode comestible.

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Almindelig strandsnegl ( 丹麥語 )

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Den almindelige strandsnegl (Littorina littorea) , også kaldt den store strandsnegl, er en op til 35 millimeter høj snegl, der er udbredt langs Vesteuropas kyster fra det nordlige Spanien til Hvidehavet. Den lever især i tidevandszonen, hvor den lever af at raspe alger af underlaget med sin veludviklede raspetunge. Man finder den især på sten og andet fast underlag, men kan også træffes på sandbunden. Strandsneglen ånder udelukkende ved gæller.

I Østersøens udviklingshistorie kendes perioden 5.500 - 2.000 f.Kr. som Littorinahavet efter denne snegl.

Kilder/Henvisninger

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Almindelig strandsnegl: Brief Summary ( 丹麥語 )

由wikipedia DA提供

Den almindelige strandsnegl (Littorina littorea) , også kaldt den store strandsnegl, er en op til 35 millimeter høj snegl, der er udbredt langs Vesteuropas kyster fra det nordlige Spanien til Hvidehavet. Den lever især i tidevandszonen, hvor den lever af at raspe alger af underlaget med sin veludviklede raspetunge. Man finder den især på sten og andet fast underlag, men kan også træffes på sandbunden. Strandsneglen ånder udelukkende ved gæller.

I Østersøens udviklingshistorie kendes perioden 5.500 - 2.000 f.Kr. som Littorinahavet efter denne snegl.

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Große Strandschnecke ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供
 src=
Gehäuse von Littorina littorea

Die Große oder Gemeine Strandschnecke (Littorina littorea) ist eine häufige Meeresschnecke der Küstenzonen mit einem kegelförmigen Gehäuse und einem an ihrem Fuß verankerten Deckel. Sie wird auch als essbare Strandschnecke bezeichnet, da sie schon seit alter Zeit in den Küstenländern als Nahrung diente. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet ist der gesamte Nordatlantik ab dem 43. Breitengrad bis zur Nord- und Ostsee. Die Gemeine Strandschnecke zählt zu der Familie Littorinidae, welche innerhalb der klassischen Systematik zu den Mittelschnecken (Mesogastropoda) der Vorderkiemer (Prosobranchia) gestellt wird. In der hier verwendeten phylogenetischen Systematik werden die Littorinidae in der Ordnung Sorbeoconcha geführt.

Merkmale

Die Strandschnecke besitzt ein 1 bis 2 cm großes kräftiges und kegelförmiges Gehäuse, dessen Färbung variabel ist. Anhand der feinen Zuwachs- und Spiralstreifen auf der Gehäuseoberfläche, lassen sich bis zu sieben Umgänge erkennen, wobei die letzte große Windung den größten Teil bildet. Im Unterschied zu der ihr verwandten Art Littorea saxatilis (Kleine Strandschnecke) zeigt die Strandschnecke einen spitzen Gehäusegipfel und ihre äußere Mündungslippe führt in einem flachen Winkel an den Gehäuserand.

Vorkommen

 src=
Gemeine Strandschnecke

Der Lebensraum der Strandschnecke umfasst Weich- und Hartböden auf den weiten Wattflächen der Gezeitenzone geschützter Küstenbereiche. Besonders häufig findet man sie jedoch in der direkten Nähe von Muschelbänken, Buhnen und Molen. Hier findet sich eine Besiedlungsdichte von bis zu mehreren hundert Individuen pro m². Diese weiden mit ihrer Raspelzunge (Radula) die Algen und Tiere ab, die sich dort angesiedelt haben. Da sie die Schalen sessiler Muscheln reinigt, ist sie für das Überleben dieser Populationen oft von großer Bedeutung.

Der Hartboden stellt den bevorzugten Lebensraum der Strandschnecke dar. Auch an Steinen oder Pfählen nahe der Hochwasserlinie kriechen die Tiere empor. Im Schlick- und Mischwatt oder in den Seegraswiesen lassen sich nur wenige Tiere finden: die Verdriftungsgefahr durch Strömung und Brandung ist hier aufgrund fehlender oder nur mangelhafter Festhaftungsmöglichkeiten zu hoch.

Anpassung an den Lebensraum

Während des periodischen Trockenfallens ihres Habitats im Rhythmus der Gezeiten sammelt sich die Strandschnecke bei ablaufendem Wasser an feuchten und sonnengeschützten Orten und zieht das Gehäuse dicht an den Untergrund. Besonders an längere Trockenperioden ist die Strandschnecke durch das Verschließen des Gehäuses gut angepasst. Bei anhaltender Trockenheit kann sie ihr Gehäuse mit einem hornigen Deckel, dem Operculum, den sie auf dem hinteren Endes ihres Fußes trägt, verschließen. In diesem Zustand kann sie drei bis vier Wochen ohne Wasserbedeckung überdauern. Durch einen winzigen Spalt der Mündung kann die Schnecke Sauerstoff aus der Luft aufnehmen. Die Aufnahme von Luft-Sauerstoff kann aufgrund einer speziellen Anpassung der Atemorgane stattfinden. Die Kiemen der Strandschnecke sind zugunsten der Wand der Kiemenhöhlen, die stark mit Blutgefäßen durchsetzt sind, reduziert. Diese Anpassung ermöglicht nicht nur den Widerstand gegen unbeständige Wetterverhältnisse, sondern sie ist somit in der Lage, ein konkurrenzloses Habitat zwischen Land und Meer zu besiedeln. Im Lebensraum über der mittleren Hochwasserlinie, wo nur noch Wellen und Spritzer für Feuchtigkeit sorgen, können andere Meeresschnecken nicht mehr und Landschnecken noch nicht überleben. In dieser Zone können ihr nur Seepocken gefährlich werden, die sich auf ihren Schalen ansiedeln. Durch einen dicken Panzer von Seepocken können die Schnecken in ihrer Bewegungsfreiheit eingeschränkt werden und absterben.

Fortbewegung

Die Strandschnecke scheidet am Vorderkörper durch zahlreiche Drüsen ein 0,5–1 cm breites Schleimband aus, auf dem sie sich kriechend fortbewegt. Zusammen mit dem Körpereindruck sind diese Bänder als Kriechspuren in weichem Sediment des Wattboden gut zu erkennen.

Ernährung und Fressfeinde

Die Strandschnecke ist ein unselektiver Weidegänger. Mit der Radula werden Diatomeen und organische Partikel auf den Hart- und Weichböden abgeweidet. Auch junge Keimlinge von Algen und die Nauplien der Seepocken werden von der Strandschnecke gefressen.

Zu den Fressfeinden gehört u. a. die Strandkrabbe. Diese gibt chemische Signale von sich, welche die Strandschnecke wiederum als Warnsignal nutzt (Chemosensorik). Befindet sich jedoch Mikroplastik in der Umgebung, wird die Fluchtreaktion der Strandschnecke vermindert oder bleibt ganz aus.[1]

Fortpflanzung

In ihrer Fortpflanzung ist die Strandschnecke noch stark an das Meer gebunden. Die Eier werden bei Springtide ins Meer entlassen. Die Larven machen alle Entwicklungsstadien im Wasser durch, bevor sie an Land gehen. Andere Littorina-Arten schlüpfen direkt aus dem Ei oder sind sogar lebendgebärend wie die Kleine Strandschnecke (Littorina saxatilis).

Nutzung

 src=
Reste einer Mahlzeit. Strandschnecken aus Kantabrischen Magdalénien Schicht (15 000 vor heute) der Höhle von Altamira.

In Frankreich und Teilen der Britischen Inseln werden Strandschnecken als „Meeresfrüchte“ gegessen, siehe Schnecke (Lebensmittel).

Paläontologie

Als Leitfossil im Bereich der heutigen Ostsee führte sie zur Benennung des Littorinameeres.

Literatur

  • Bernhard Grzimek (Hrsg.): Grzimeks Tierleben. Enzyklopädie des Tierreichs in 13 Bänden. Band 3: Weichtiere und Stachelhäuter. Unveränderter Nachdruck der dtv-Ausgabe von 1979/80. Bechtermünz-Weltbildverlag, Augsburg, 2000 ISBN 3-8289-1603-1
  • S. Peter Dance: Muscheln und Schnecken. Dorling Kindersley, London, New York, Melbourne, Munchem und Delhi, 2000 ISBN 3-8310-0789-6

Einzelnachweise

  1. Laurent Seuront: Microplastic leachates impair behavioural vigilance and predator avoidance in a temperate intertidal gastropod. In: Biology Letters. 14, 2018, S. 20180453, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0453.
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Große Strandschnecke: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供
 src= Gehäuse von Littorina littorea

Die Große oder Gemeine Strandschnecke (Littorina littorea) ist eine häufige Meeresschnecke der Küstenzonen mit einem kegelförmigen Gehäuse und einem an ihrem Fuß verankerten Deckel. Sie wird auch als essbare Strandschnecke bezeichnet, da sie schon seit alter Zeit in den Küstenländern als Nahrung diente. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet ist der gesamte Nordatlantik ab dem 43. Breitengrad bis zur Nord- und Ostsee. Die Gemeine Strandschnecke zählt zu der Familie Littorinidae, welche innerhalb der klassischen Systematik zu den Mittelschnecken (Mesogastropoda) der Vorderkiemer (Prosobranchia) gestellt wird. In der hier verwendeten phylogenetischen Systematik werden die Littorinidae in der Ordnung Sorbeoconcha geführt.

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Fjørukúvingur ( 法羅語 )

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Fjørukúvingur (frøðiheiti: Littorina littorea) er vanligur fram við fjøruni.

Útsjónd

Fjørukúvingurin kann vera 5-10 mm høgur, gulligur, reydligur ella morgráur. Kvennkúvingurin er størri og bøllutari enn kallkúvingurin. Hann rívur smátara av klettinum. Á tunguni eru smáar tenn. Tungan er hvøss og verður nevnd rívitunga.

Liviøki

Fjørukúvingur situr á kletti og steinum í flóðarmálanum, har hann etur tað fína ábreiði av smátara, ið legst har. Eisini sæst hann á tara, har grunt er. Fjørukúvingur er lívseigur og tolir at sita uppi á turrum næstan ein mánað, og hann livir eisini leingi, hóast hann fær einki at eta. Hann er funnin 30-40 m uppi í bergi, har sjórok bara viðhvørt stendur á.

Nøring

Fjørukúvingur gýtir livandi ungar. Inni í honum er ein byrða – eitt klekirúm. Kvennkúvingurin ber eggini í byrðuni. Veruliga ber kvennkúvingurin 3 støddir í byrðuni: ung egg, ungar við ørtunnari skel og stórar, búnar, reyðmorreyðar ungar, sum líkjast vaksna kúvinginum, tá ið teir verða gýttir.

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Fjørukúvingur: Brief Summary ( 法羅語 )

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Fjørukúvingur (frøðiheiti: Littorina littorea) er vanligur fram við fjøruni.

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Gille-fionntrainn ( 蘇格蘭蓋爾語 )

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'S e seòrsa mhaorach a tha ann an gille-fionntrainn, cogarn, gairidean neo faochag (littorina littoralis)

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Grat strunsnek ( 北菲士蘭語 )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

At (grat) strunsnek (Hölker(ha.)) (Littorina littorea) lewet miast bi bragen an loonangen nai bi a huuchweeder kaant.

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Grat strunsnek: Brief Summary ( 北菲士蘭語 )

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At (grat) strunsnek (Hölker(ha.)) (Littorina littorea) lewet miast bi bragen an loonangen nai bi a huuchweeder kaant.

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Kreukel ( Vls )

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De kreukel of karrekolle (Littorina littorea) is e kieuwslekke die in de zêe leeft.

Uutzicht

De geweune kreukel is e slekke met e schelpe van ca. 3 cm hoge en max. 2,5 cm brêed. 't Huzetje is kegelvormig met e spitse top en 't het e gleddig ippervlak. De kleur is mêestol bruun of grysde met e dêel dounkerdere striepn. De windiengn zyn geribbeld. De buutnkant van d' openienge is dounker, de binnenkant is wit. Z' hen zworte dwarsbandn ip hunder tentoakels en z'oasemen deur kieuwn. By lêeg woater sluutn z' hunder of met e kleptje ('t operculum) vo nie uut te drogen.

Voedienge

Kreukels eetn surtout algn en zêewier da ze van de stêens schreepn.

Vôortplantienge

D' eitjes wordn ofgezet in deurzichtige eikapsels. Achter e poar doagn kruupn de larven der uut en bluuvn een ende zweven in 't zêewoater. Achter e poar weekn wordt de schelpe te zwoar en zakkn ze noa de bodem.

Leefgebied

Kreukels leevn ip e vastn ounderground, lik ip rotsn, stêens, houtn stoakn en brise-lames. De slekke zet hem vaste met e slymloagsje woadeure dat 'n nie meegesleurd wordt deur de zêestromienge en de boaren. Kreukels kommen algemêen vôren in 't Nôordzêegebied. Ze kunnen styf goed tegen vervuuld woater.

Culinair

De kreukel is in vele landn e delicatesse. De slekke wordt gekokt me kruudn, en met een kromme spelle of tandestoker uut z'n huzetje g'hoald. De smoake is te vergelykn me kieknvlêes.

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Kreukel: Brief Summary ( Vls )

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De kreukel of karrekolle (Littorina littorea) is e kieuwslekke die in de zêe leeft.

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Vignot ( 皮卡第語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src=
Vignots
(Littorina littorea)

Ech vignot (in frinsé bigorneau) .

Notes et références

  • Édsous-clache :
    • Prosobranchia
  • Princhipales familles :
    • Trochidae
    • Littorinidae
    • Muricidae
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Vignot: Brief Summary ( 皮卡第語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供
 src= Vignots
(Littorina littorea)

Ech vignot (in frinsé bigorneau) .

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Common periwinkle ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The common periwinkle or winkle (Littorina littorea) is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.[2]

This is a robust intertidal species with a dark and sometimes banded shell. It is native to the rocky shores of the northeastern, and introduced to the northwestern, Atlantic Ocean.

Description

Shell of the common periwinkle

The shell is broadly ovate, thick, and sharply pointed except when eroded.[3] The shell contains six to seven whorls with some fine threads and wrinkles. The color varies from grayish to gray-brown, often with dark spiral bands.[3] The base of the columella is white.[3] The shell lacks an umbilicus. The white outer lip is sometimes checkered with brown patches. The inside of the shell is chocolate brown.

The width of the shell ranges from 10 to 12 millimetres (0.39 to 0.47 in) at maturity,[4] with an average length of 16 to 38 millimetres (0.63 to 1.50 in).[3] Shell height can reach up to 30 to 52 millimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in),[4][5][3] The length is measured from the end of the aperture to the apex. The height is measured by placing the shell with the aperture flat on a surface and measuring vertically.[6]

Littorina littorea can be highly variable in phenotype, with several different morphs known. Its phenotypic variations may be indicative of speciation, as opposed to phenotypic plasticity. This is of particular importance to evolutionary biology, as it may represent an opportunity to observe a transitional phase in the evolution of an organism.[7]

Distribution

Common periwinkles are native to the northeastern coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, including northern Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Scandinavia, Russia, and Nigeria.[8]

There have been more than 14,000 observations made available as a dataset at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility - Littorina littorea,[9] which can be explored. More distribution information can also be found at Ocean Biographic Information System - Littorina littorea.[10] The NBN Gateway - Littorina littorea has a distribution map over the UK and Ireland.[11] These datasets may overlap.

Introductions to North America

Common periwinkles were introduced to the Atlantic coast of North America, possibly by rock ballast in the mid-19th century.[12] This species is also found on the west coast of the United States, from Washington to California. The first recorded sighting in the East was in 1840 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[12] It is now abundant on rocky shores from New Jersey northward to Newfoundland.[8][13] In Canada, its range includes New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador.[3]

L. littorea is now the most common marine snail along the North Atlantic coast. It has changed North Atlantic intertidal ecosystems via grazing activities, altering the distribution and abundance of algae on rocky shores and converting soft-sediment habitats to hard substrates, as well as competitively displacing native species.[8][13]

Ecology

Habitat

The common periwinkle is mainly found on rocky shores in the higher and middle intertidal zone.[8] It sometimes lives in small tide pools. It may also be found in muddy habitats such as estuaries[8] and can reach depths of 180 feet (55 m).[8] When exposed to either extreme cold or heat while climbing, a periwinkle will withdraw into its shell and start rolling, which may allow it to fall to the water.[14]

Zone

Movement both horizontally and vertically in response to light and dark as well as temperatures have been observed, but over a short timespan the movement seems to be random.

Experiments seem to indicate that the snail responds to light and current, and moves accordingly.[15]

Feeding

L. littorea is an omnivorous, grazing intertidal gastropod.[13] It is primarily an algae grazer, but it will feed on small invertebrates such as barnacle larvae. It uses its radula to scrape algae from rocks and, in the salt marsh community, pick up algae from cord grass or from the biofilm that covers the surface of mud in estuaries or bays. Macroalgae that are readily consumed include Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis;[16] if provided, blue mussel can also be eaten.

The radula is taenioglossate, consisting of seven teeth per row: one middle tooth, flanked on each side by one lateral and two marginal teeth. The radula is used to scrape algae and detritus.

FMIB 48521 Two rows of the radula of Littorina littorea L

Phlorotannins in the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum act as chemical defenses against L. littorea.[17]

Life cycle

L. littorea is oviparous, reproducing annually with internal fertilization of egg capsules that are then shed directly into the sea, leading to a planktotrophic larval development time of four to seven weeks.[13] Females lay 10,000 to 100,000 eggs contained in a corneous capsule from which pelagic larvae escape and eventually settle to the bottom.[8] This species can breed year round depending on the local climate.[8] Benson suggests that it reaches maturity at 10 mm and normally lives five to ten years.[8] while Moore suggests that maturity is reached in 18 months.[18] Some specimens have lived 20 years.

Female specimens have been observed to be ripe from February until end of May, when most are spawning. Male specimens are mainly ripe from January until the end of May and lose weight after copulation. The young seem to settle primarily from the end of May to the end of June, although other sources indicate earlier settlement.[18]

Growth rate

A study in Plymouth Sound suggests an initial growth reaching up to 14 millimetres (0.55 in) in height December the first year, and 17.4 millimetres (0.69 in) by the end of the second year. Females seem to grow more rapidly than males, and in specimens above 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in height, females seem to dominate.[18] Another study undertaken in Blackwater Estuary, Essex showed growth reaching up to 8 millimetres (0.31 in) the first winter.[19]

Parasites

The common periwinkle can act as a host for various parasites, including Renicola roscovita, Cryptocotyle lingua, Microphallus pygmaeus and Himasthla sp. More studies are needed before any conclusions regarding the effect of parasites on growth can be reached. It seems that growth rate is primarily affected on available food and time available for feeding, rather than parasites.[20]

Polydora ciliata has also been found to excavate burrows in the shell of the common periwinkle when the snail is mature (above 10 mm long). The reason why this happens only to mature snails is not yet known, but one hypothesis is that a mature snail will excrete a signal substance which attracts the P. ciliata larvae. Another hypothesis is that a mature snail has a change in the shell surface that makes it suitable for P. ciliata larvae to settle. The infection by this parasite does not seem to alter the growth and proportions of the snail shell.[21]

Mortality

A mortality rate of up to 94% per annum has been observed for the first two months, followed by up to 60% per annum for the rest of the first year:

 .. out of every 950 shells of all ages [collected] at that time, 850 are first year, and 100 are in their second or subsequent year. [22] 

Older individuals above 15 months old seem to have a mortality of only 23% per annum. Cercaria emasculans is known to be fatal to the snail, but this does not account for the observed mortality.[18]

Human use

Remains of an ancient meal. Winkle shells from Cantabrian Lower Magdalenian layer (15 000 before present) in the Altamira cave

This species appears in prehistoric shellfish middens throughout Europe, and is believed to have been an important source of food since at least 7500 B.C.E. in Scotland.[23] It is still collected in quantity in Scotland, mostly for export to the Continent and also for local consumption. The official landings figures for Scotland indicate over 2,000 tonnes of winkles are exported annually. This makes winkles the sixth most important shellfish harvested in Scotland in terms of tonnage, and seventh most important in terms of value. However, since actual harvests are probably twice reported levels, the species may actually be the fourth and sixth most important, respectively.[24]

Periwinkles are usually picked off the rocks by hand or caught in a drag from a boat. They are mostly eaten in the coastal areas of Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland, where they are commonly referred to as winkles or in some areas buckies, willicks, or wilks. In Belgium, they are called kreukels or caracoles.

They are commonly sold in paper bags near beaches in Ireland and Scotland, boiled in their local seawater, with a pin attached to the bag to enable the extraction of the soft parts from the shell.

Periwinkles are considered a delicacy in African and Asian cuisines. The meat is high in protein, omega-3 fatty acids and low in fat; according to the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, raw snails in general are about 80% water, 15% protein, and 1.4% fat.

Periwinkles are also used as bait for catching small fish. The shell is usually crushed and the soft parts extracted and put on a hook.

In accordance with their history as an ancient food source in Atlantic Europe, they are harvested and consumed in the Azores Islands by the Portuguese people, where they are usually called búzios, the generic name for sea snails.

The record for the farthest a human has spat a winkle was 10.4 metres by Alain Jourden (France) in 2006.[25]

Supply chain

As for seafood supply chains in general, the supply chain consists of a collector, processor, distributor and finally the retailer. The true nature of the supply chain is usually more complex and opaque, with the potential for records of harvesting areas and date of catch to be falsified.

Common supply chain for periwinkles.svg

Collection

Commonly harvested in buckets by workers walking in the intertidal zone on low tide; other methods have been tried.

In Maine, the snails are commonly collected by a dredge towed from a vessel.

In Norway, snorkeling has also been used.

A report on the state of the periwinkle industry in Ireland suggests a maximum catch size in order to preserve the population.

Processor

The processor buys in bulk from the collector, involving a possibly long transport route by land in a refrigerator truck or airplane, taking care to avoid temperatures below 0° Celsius.

If fresh seawater is readily available, the periwinkles are first graded if possible, using a machine custom built for the purpose. The method used for grading differs, but two proven methods include a Trommel screen with horizontal bars instead of a mesh, and a circle-throw vibrating machine also using bars. The price to purchase a complete sorting machine can be €10,000 or more.

Periwinkles are graded by number of snails per kilogram. The following table displays some common grades in France. The actual value depends upon supply and demand, with seasonal variations. The actual ranges may also differ from each establishment.

After grading, the periwinkles are "climbed" close to the consumer, which involves checking whether they are still alive. This can take anywhere from a few hours to several days, depending on how healthy the periwinkles are and the temperature of the water they climb in. Any periwinkles left immobile at the bottom are considered dead and are discarded. It is not uncommon to have up to 8% waste in a shipment.

Climbing Periwinkles.svg

Hereafter, the winkles are commonly packed in smaller quantities before being distributed to customers. Mesh bags from 3 to 10 kg are common.

Distributor

To sell large quantities, distributors are commonly used to move the periwinkles to the retailer. These have networks of transport available both internationally, regionally and locally inside a city. Several distributors are usually involved in the complete journal, each focusing on its own part of the transport network.

Retail

The common periwinkle is sold by fishmongers at seafood markets in large cities around the world, and is also commonly found in seafood restaurants as an appetizer or as a part of a seafood platter. In some countries, pubs may serve periwinkles as a snack.

Most of the volume fished, is consumed by France, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands.

Methods to increase commercial value

Ongrowing has been investigated as a potential way of increasing commercial value, but no documented pilot facilities have been established. By harvesting the periwinkle during the summer and storing them with feed until December, not only should the grade have been increased, but the market value should be higher since supply is lower in the cold winter months.[26]

Aquaculture

Raising the common periwinkle has not been a focus due to its abundance in nature and relatively low price; however, there are potential benefits from aquaculture of this species, including a more controlled environment, easier harvesting, less damages from predators, as well as saving the natural population from commercial harvesting.

Packaging

Commonly packed in 3 kg boxes by the processor, the box is usually polystyrene foam or thin wood, depending on the market demands. Holes in the box ensures that any water lost by the snails drains out, so that they remain in better condition for longer. A label indicates the fishing zone, packaging date, and any other information required by law.

Storing

In a fridge, the common periwinkle can usually be stored for up to a week, but this may vary depending on how long they have been stored prior to sale, and how they have been kept since the moment they are fished. As long as they are kept moist and cold, they can survive well for a longer period of time. It is not recommended to store at temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius, even if research has shown a Median Lower Lethal Temperature of -13.0 degree Celsius.[27] Even if the common periwinkle survives when put back into seawater, they seem to be unable to move and climb.

See also

References

This article incorporates a public domain text (a public domain work of the United States Government) from references [8][3] and CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference [13]

  1. ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
  2. ^ a b Reid, David G.; Gofas, S. (2011). Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140262 on 2011-05-16
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Benson A. J. (2011). Littorina littorea. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=1009 Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine RevisionDate: 4/21/2009.
  4. ^ a b Common periwinkle at marlin.ac.uk retrieved 20.04.2016
  5. ^ Welch J. J. (2010). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLoS ONE 5(1): e8776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008776.
  6. ^ Eschweiler, N., Molis, M. & Buschbaum, C. Helgol Mar Res (2009) "Habitat-specific size structure variations in periwinkle populations (Littorina littorea) caused by biotic factors" doi:10.1007/s10152-008-0131-x
  7. ^ Grahame J. (1975). "Spawning in Littorina littorea (L.) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata)". Journal of experimental marine Biology and Ecology 18: 185–196.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Benson A. (2008). Littorina littorea. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. <https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1009 Archived 2009-06-01 at the Wayback Machine> Revision Date: 8/20/2007
  9. ^ Global Biodiversity Information Facility - Littorina Littorea
  10. ^ Ocean Biographic Information System - Littorina Littorea
  11. ^ "NBN Gateway - Littorina Littorea". Archived from the original on 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
  12. ^ a b Chapman J. W., Carlton J. T., Bellinger M. R. & Blakeslee A. M. H. (2007). "Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail Littorina littorea in the northwestern Atlantic". Biological Invasions 9:737-750.
  13. ^ a b c d e Chang A. L., Blakeslee A. M. H., Miller A. W. & Ruiz G. M. (2011). "Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions: A Case History of Littorina littorea in California, USA". PLoS ONE 6(1): e16035. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016035.
  14. ^ "Edible periwinkle - Encyclopedia of Life".
  15. ^ The Biology of Rocky Shores, page 94 By Colin Little, J. A. Kitching
  16. ^ The Biology of Rocky Shores, page 83, Colin Little, J. A. Kitching
  17. ^ Polyphenols in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea. J. A. Geiselman and O. J. McConnell, Journal of Chemical Ecology,1981, Volume 7, Number 6, pages 1115-1133, doi:10.1007/BF00987632
  18. ^ a b c d The biology of Littorina littorea. Part 1. Growth of the shell and tissues, spawning, length of life and mortality. Hillary B. Moore,Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Volume 21, Issue 2, 1937, pages 721-742
  19. ^ Report on the Maldon (Essex) Periwinkle Fishery. F.S. Wright, Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Fishery Investigations. Ser. II, Vol. 14, no. 5 & 6., 1936
  20. ^ Influence of trematode infections on in situ growth rates of Littorina littorea. Kim N. Mouritsen, A. Gorbushin O and K. Thomas Jensen, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Volume 79, Issue 3, 1999, pages 425-430
  21. ^ On the shell growth of Littorina Littorea and the occurrence of Polydora Ciliata. Lars Orrhage, Zoologiska bidrag från Uppsala, Volume 38, 1969, pages 137-152
  22. ^ Moore, Hilary B. (March 1937). "The Biology of Littorina littorea. Part 1. Growth of the Shell and Tissues, Spawning, Length of Life and Mortality". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 21 (2): 739. doi:10.1017/S0025315400053844. S2CID 53869716. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  23. ^ Ashmore, quoted in McKay and Fowler 1997 b
  24. ^ McKay and Fowler 1997 b
  25. ^ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness World Records 2014. pp. 221. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
  26. ^ "Documents" (PDF).
  27. ^ Davenport, John; Davenport, Julia L. (May 2005). "Effects of shore height, wave exposure and geographical distance on thermal niche width of intertidal fauna" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 292: 41–50. Bibcode:2005MEPS..292...41D. doi:10.3354/meps292041.
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Common periwinkle: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The common periwinkle or winkle (Littorina littorea) is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum, and is classified within the family Littorinidae, the periwinkles.

This is a robust intertidal species with a dark and sometimes banded shell. It is native to the rocky shores of the northeastern, and introduced to the northwestern, Atlantic Ocean.

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Litorino ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供

La litorino (Littorina littorea) estas en la maro vivanta brankoheliko kun operkulo.

Ĝi havas tre fortan rondigitan konusforman konkon kun pinta supro. La alto de la konko egalas aŭ estas pli granda ol la larĝo.

La alto de la konko estas ĝis 40 mm, tamen plejofte pli malgranda (proksimume ĝis 24 mm). La larĝo de la konko estas ĝis 35 mm, tamen plejofte pli malgranda (proksimume ĝis 22 mm).

Ĝi estas manĝebla kaj en multaj landoj oni konsideras ĝin kiel bongustaĵo, la heliko estas boligita, eventuale kun spicherboj, kaj per kurbigita pinglodentopikilo prenita el la konko. La gusto iomete similas al kokaĵo.

 src=
Suba parto
 src=
Litorino

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Littorina littorea ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El bígaro común o caracolillo (Littorina littorea) es una especie de molusco gasterópodo de la familia Littorinidae.[1]​ Es comestible y consumida desde antiguo[2]​ y considerada como especie pesquera admitida en España.[3]​ No se reconocen subespecies.[1]

Descripción

La concha del bígaro puede llegar a alcanzar una altura de entre 2 y 4 cm, la cual es de color gris pardusco o gris verdoso, con bandas en espiral de tonalidad más clara.[4]

Distribución y hábitat

Es propia del océano Atlántico y del mar Mediterráneo,[5]​ encontrándose en las costas de Canadá y Estados Unidos,[6]​ y en Europa occidental, desde Noruega al mar Adriático.[7]​ Habita en rocas, plantas y construcciones portuarias.[4]​ Predomina en las piedras sueltas de pequeño tamaño bajo las cuales aguantan la humedad durante muchas horas, sobreviven a la bajamar a la sombra de estas piedras y con la pequeña cantidad de agua que pueden retener dentro de la concha.[8]

 src=
Restos de comida encontrados en la cueva de Altamira en el estrato del Magdaleniense Inferior Cantábrico (15000 años a. C.)

Referencias

  1. a b Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Littorina littorea (TSN 70419)» (en inglés).
  2. «Ictiofaunas musterienses de la Península Ibérica».
  3. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino (2009). Boletín Oficial del Estado, Núm. 80, Sec. III. Pág. 31694. Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2012.
  4. a b Fechter, R. y Falkner, G. (1993). Moluscos, Moluscos Europeos Marinos y de Interior. Barcelona, España: Ediciones Blume. p. 290. ISBN 84-8076-019-2.
  5. ICTIOTERM. «Littorina littorea». Consultado el 20 de junio de 2020.
  6. Reid, David G.; Gofas, S. (2011). World Register of Marine Species, ed. «Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)». Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2012.
  7. Menéndez Vaderrey, J. L. (2005). «Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758). Asturnatura.com [en línea].». Consultado el 6 de febrero de 2012.
  8. Arias García, Antonio Manuel (2007). El patrimonio natural y cultural de de Rota (Cádiz) y su conservación. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz. p. 63. ISBN 978-84-9828-137-8. |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)

 title=
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Littorina littorea: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El bígaro común o caracolillo (Littorina littorea) es una especie de molusco gasterópodo de la familia Littorinidae.​ Es comestible y consumida desde antiguo​ y considerada como especie pesquera admitida en España.​ No se reconocen subespecies.​

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Karrakela arrunt ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Karrakela arrunta, magurio arrunta edo mangolino arrunta (Littorina littorea) molusku gastropoda bat da. Atlantiko Iparraldeko kostaldetan bizi da. Nahiz eta espezie hau den ezagunena, orokorrean Littorina generoko espezie guztiei karrakela izena ematen zaie euskaraz[2].

Karrakelak gorputz biguna du eta oskol kiribildua eta puntaduna. Azalera latza du eta kolorea aldakorra da. Euskal Herrian beltz-beltza da bustia dagoenean eta operkulu bat du gorputzari itsatsia. Tamaina ere jatorriaren araberakoa da, batez beste 10 to 12 mm artean heldua denena[3].

Bizi zikloa

Emeek 10.000 eta 100.000 arrautza artean erruten ditu korneazko kapsula batean. Bertatik larba fasean ateratzen dira, itsas hondoan kokatzeko. Heldutasunera 10 mm dituztenena iristen dira, eta 5-10 urte bizi dira.

Sukaldaritza

Karrakelak egosiak jaten dira. Oskoletik orratz bat erabiliz ateratzen dira. Magnesio iturburu garrantzitsua da (400mg/100g).

Erreferentziak

  1. Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
  2. Karrakela sarrera Euskaltzaindiaren hiztegi batuan (2010-09-13)
  3. Karrakela arrunta marlin.ac.uk guenan (2008-10-16)


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Karrakela arrunt: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Karrakela arrunta, magurio arrunta edo mangolino arrunta (Littorina littorea) molusku gastropoda bat da. Atlantiko Iparraldeko kostaldetan bizi da. Nahiz eta espezie hau den ezagunena, orokorrean Littorina generoko espezie guztiei karrakela izena ematen zaie euskaraz.

Karrakelak gorputz biguna du eta oskol kiribildua eta puntaduna. Azalera latza du eta kolorea aldakorra da. Euskal Herrian beltz-beltza da bustia dagoenean eta operkulu bat du gorputzari itsatsia. Tamaina ere jatorriaren araberakoa da, batez beste 10 to 12 mm artean heldua denena.

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Rantakotilo ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Rantakotilo eli litorinakotilo (Littorina littorea) on rantakotiloiden heimoon (Littorinidae) kuuluva pieni etukiduskotilo, joka elää Pohjois-Atlantin rantavyöhykkeessä.[2][3]

Ulkonäkö

Rantakotilolla on luja kuori, joka on enintään 3,2 cm korkea ja 2,5 cm leveä. Kuoressa on viisi tai kuusi pulleaa kierrettä, joiden välissä on vain ohut sauma. Kierteiden muodostama spiraali on ulkoneva ja teräväkärkinen varsinkin nuorilla kotiloilla. Ylimmät kierteet ovat joskus täysin litteät tai jopa koverat, ja alin kierre voi olla peräti 85 % koko kotilon korkeudesta. Kuori näyttää sileälle vanhoilla kotiloilla, mutta siinä on lukemattomia kasvurenkaita ja hentoja, spiraalin suuntaisia harjanteita.[2]

Kuori on tavallisesti musta tai harmaanruskea, mutta joskus myös punainen, oranssi tai valkoinen. Väri on tummempi kierteiden välissä ja vaaleampi spiraalin kärjessä. Kuoren suuaukko on korvanmuotoinen ja kotilo voi halutessaan peittää sen kalkkikannella. Suuaukon tumma ulkoreuna saa alkunsa viimeisestä kierteestä ja paksu sisäreuna valkoisen keskuspylvään eli columellan tyvestä. Tuntosarvet ovat litteät ja leveät, ja niissä on mustia juovia.[2]

Levinneisyys

Rantakotilon alkuperäinen levinneisyysalue on Euroopassa ja ulottuu Pohjois-Espanjaan etelässä ja Vienanmerelle pohjoisessa. Sitä tavataan yleisesti Britteinsaarten, Alankomaiden ja Helgolandin rannikolla. Sen sijaan Englannin kanaalin ja Scillynsaarilla se on harvinainen.[2]

Laji on levinnyt Euroopasta ihmisen mukana Pohjois-Amerikan itärannikolle jo ennen 1800-luvun puoltaväliä. Nykyisin sitä tavataan paikoin myös Pohjois-Amerikan Tyynenmeren rannikolla.[3]

Litorinameri

Suolapitoisuus rajoittaa rantakotilon levinneisyyttä, eikä se tämän takia menesty nykyisessä Itämeressä. Itämeren varhaisvaiheista Litorinameren aikaan (noin 7000-4000 vuotta sitten) suolapitoisuus oli nykyistä korkeampi, ja tuon ajan kerrostumissa ranta- l. litorinakotilon kuoret ovat yleisiä Itämeren sisäosissakin. Näistä kuorista merivaihe on saanut nimensä.

Elintavat

Rantakotilot sietävät hyvin murtovettä ja viihtyvät kaikenlaisilla rannoilla suojattomia kalliorantoja lukuun ottamatta. Ne elävät yleensä vuorovesivyöhykkeessä, mutta levinneisyysalueen pohjoisosissa myös sen alapuolella 60 metrin syvyyteen saakka. Suojaisissa oloissa ne saattavat lähteä vaeltamaan liejuisille rannoille ravinnon perässä.[2]

Kalastus ja käyttö

Rantakotiloita kerätään ihmisravinnoksi keskimäärin 2 000–3 000 tonnia vuodessa pääasiassa Irlannissa.[4]

Lähteet

  1. Littorina littorea ITIS. Viitattu 28. helmikuuta 2010.
  2. a b c d e Littorina littorea (html) Marine Species Identification Portal. ETI BioInformatics. Viitattu 28. helmikuuta 2010. (englanniksi)
  3. a b Littorina littorea NAS - Nonindigenous Aquatic Species. USGS.
  4. FAO Capture Production of Littorina littorea FishBase. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics. Viitattu 28. helmikuuta 2010.
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Rantakotilo: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Rantakotilo eli litorinakotilo (Littorina littorea) on rantakotiloiden heimoon (Littorinidae) kuuluva pieni etukiduskotilo, joka elää Pohjois-Atlantin rantavyöhykkeessä.

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Littorina littorea ( 法語 )

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Bigorneau

Littorina littorea, plus connue sous le nom de Bigorneau (bigorneau vrai), est une espèce de mollusques gastéropodes marins à coquille spiralée du genre Littorina.

Dénominations

Le bigorneau vrai est aussi connu sous les dénominations francophones suivantes : bigorneau commun, bigorneau gris, bourgot, littorine, vignot (sur le littoral de la Manche), guignette (sur le littoral compris entre la Loire et la Gironde) et bigorneau anglais (au Canada où il a été introduit) ainsi que bigorne, brigaud, farin et berlingaou en Bretagne ... En anglais il se nomme Periwinkle.

Description

Le bigorneau a le corps mou et une coquille en spirale, conique et pointue. Il rampe sur son pied en broutant des bouts d'algues, en particulier d'algues vertes comme des ulves, dont la laitue de mer (Ulva lactuca). Le bigorneau est un gastéropode rugueux au toucher dont la couleur est variable. À 5 ans il peut mesurer 27 mm.

Alimentation

C'est un brouteur herbivore, il se nourrit d'algues vertes (ulves et entéromorphes) et de diatomées. Il se déplace en rampant sur son pied[1].

Reproduction

Cette espèce est gonochorique (mâle et femelle séparés). La maturité sexuelle est atteinte après environ 2 ans (taille de 12 à 14 mm). En période de reproduction (toute l'année mais principalement au printemps) les individus tendent à migrer vers le haut de l'estran pour former des rassemblements parfois denses (jusqu'à plusieurs centaines d'individus par m²)[2]. Après accouplement et fécondation interne, la femelle libère dans l'eau des groupes de 5 mm. Ces capsules flottent et se dispersent durant environ une semaine puis après un stade planctonique (6 mm à ce stade)[2].

Croissance

Le bigorneau mesure environ 5 mm à un mois, de 16 mm à un an et demi et 22 mm en moyenne à deux ans et demi et 27 mm à cinq ans. Une femelle adulte de plus de 24 mm pondra jusqu’à dix fois plus d’œufs qu’une jeune femelle tout juste mature de 14 mm[2].

Utilisation

  • Des restes de repas attestent de leur utilisation dès le Magdalénien inférieur cantabrique (15 000 ans Avant le Présent) dans la grotte d'Altamira en Espagne.
  • Les bigorneaux sont consommés cuits, souvent à l'apéritif. Ils sont retirés de leur coquille à l'aide d'une épingle. Les cuire dans une eau salée et éventuellement abondamment poivrée. Le bigorneau, avec le buccin, est sans doute la source la plus importante de magnésium parmi les aliments courants (400 mg/100 g).

Habitat et répartition

C'est une espèce littorale, même si on la retrouve parfois jusqu'à 60 m de profondeur. Ce mollusque vit sur toutes les côtes européennes et nord-atlantiques tempérées : Méditerranée, Atlantique, Manche et mer du Nord, Atlantique Nord-Ouest.

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

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Littorina littorea: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Bigorneau

Littorina littorea, plus connue sous le nom de Bigorneau (bigorneau vrai), est une espèce de mollusques gastéropodes marins à coquille spiralée du genre Littorina.

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Faocha ( 愛爾蘭語 )

由wikipedia GA提供

Is moileasc í an fhaocha (gioradán, miongán, seilmide cladaigh). Gastrapód is ea í. Is ball d'fhine na Littorinidae í. Tá Lios Miongán agus Cuaisín na Miongán suite i nGaeltacht Chorca Dhuibhne.

Naisc



Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Faocha: Brief Summary ( 愛爾蘭語 )

由wikipedia GA提供

Is moileasc í an fhaocha (gioradán, miongán, seilmide cladaigh). Gastrapód is ea í. Is ball d'fhine na Littorinidae í. Tá Lios Miongán agus Cuaisín na Miongán suite i nGaeltacht Chorca Dhuibhne.

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Caramuxo ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

O caramuxo, caramuxa, caramecha, mincha ou bígaro (Littorina littorea, Linnaeus 1767) é un molusco gasterópodo mariño, de pequeno tamaño, que vive nas zonas rochosas da costa. Pertence á familia dos litorínidos (Littorinidae), da orde dos Sorbeoconcha.

Morfoloxía

Presenta a cuncha cónica, en espiral e ápice en punta, alcanzando tamaños máximos de 2,5 cm de altura. A cor é habitualmente escura (parda a negra), mostrando bandas concéntricas claras e escuras. Na superficie vense numerosas estrías espirais.

A abertura da cuncha é ovoide e o opérculo, de natureza córnea, pecha esa abertura durante a baixamar.

O caramuxo ten dous tentáculos longos e os ollos na base deles. O pé é forte.

Hábitat e bioloxía

Vive sobre as pedras e algas da franza intermareal, distribuíndose no Atlántico e Mediterráneo.

Aliméntase, como as lapas, das algas que colonizan as pedras.

Aproveitamento pesqueiro e comercial

É un molusco comestible e bastante apreciado.

Existen outras especies semellantes, algunhas comestibles e outras non.

O caramuxo en Galicia

Outros nomes populares deste molusco son os de cornecho (común a outros gasterópodos de cuncha en espiral), cuco, meiga; en Malpica chámano mexacán [3].

Segundo Eladio Rodríguez dunha muller pequena de corpo dise que é unha mincha.

Sarmiento contaba o seguinte:

Los mariscos caramujos se venden en Pontevedra muy baratos, y los chicos los compran a trueque de zoquetes de pan. Véndense cocidos y para comerlos se saca con un alfiler la poca comida que tienen pues no es la décima parte de la que tiene un caracol de tierra.

Galería de imaxes

Notas

  1. Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
  2. Reid, David G.; Gofas, S (2011). "Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)". World Register of Marine Species. Consultado o 16 de maio de 2011.
  3. Ríos Panisse non se define sobre a orixe deste nome se poida deber á planta do mesmo nome (Taraxacum officinale), a que produza algún tipo de irritación na pel (mexacán ou coxo) ou á síncopa dun posible ameixa de can.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • RAMONELL, Rosa: Guía dos mariscos de Galicia. Galaxia, Vigo 1985.
  • RÍOS PANISSE, M. Carmen: Nomenclatura de la flora y fauna marítimas de Galicia (Invertebrados y peces). Anejo 7 (1977) de Verba.
  • SANTAMARINA, Antón (ed. e dir.): Diccionario de diccionarios. Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, Instituto da Lingua Galega, 3ª ed. 2003.

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Caramuxo: Brief Summary ( 加利西亞語 )

由wikipedia gl Galician提供

O caramuxo, caramuxa, caramecha, mincha ou bígaro (Littorina littorea, Linnaeus 1767) é un molusco gasterópodo mariño, de pequeno tamaño, que vive nas zonas rochosas da costa. Pertence á familia dos litorínidos (Littorinidae), da orde dos Sorbeoconcha.

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Fjörudoppa ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Fjörudoppa (fræðiheiti: Littorina littorea) er sæsnigill af Fjörudoppuætt.

Útbreiðsla

Fjörudoppa er algeng við strendur Norður-Atlantshafs og útbreidd í Evrópu, frá Hvítahafi í norðri til suðurstrandar Portúgals. Hennar hefur jafnvel verið getið á Svalbarða, en þó hefur ekki fengist staðfest að hún lifi svo norðarlega nú á dögum. Hún er algeng við flestar breskar og danskar strendur og nær inn í EystrasaltBorgundarhólmi. Sunnar er hún algeng við Bretagneskaga og suður til Oléron-eyju en syðstu mörk hennar virðast vera við Algarve í Portúgal.

Í Vestur-Atlantshafi er fjörudoppan dreifð allt frá Belle-eyju við Nýfundnaland til Virginíufylks í suðri. Strönd Connecticut virðist vera syðsta hentuga búsvæði hennar, en þó kemur fyrir að straumar flytji lirfur lengra til suðurs, allt að New Jersey og Delmarvaskaga þar sem dýrið hefur stundum sest að. Syðst hefur tegundin náð í Norður-Ameríku til Wachapreague í Virginíuríki.

Fjörudoppan lifir einkum á föstum og stöðugum botni í flestum fjörugerðum nema helst mjög opinni klettaströnd. Venjulega heldur fjörudoppan sig á steinum eða klettum milli há- og lágflæðimarka innan um þörunga. Einnig lifir hún á leirbotni og í einstaka tilvikum á sandbotni þar sem er traust festa. Fjörudoppan lifir allt niður á 60 metra dýpi við norðurströnd Bretlands og í Skagerrak.

Skelin (kuðungurinn)

Littorina littorea 02.JPG

Fjörudoppan verður fullorðin yfirleitt á milli 16 til 38 mm á hæð og 10 til 12 mm á breidd, allt eftir lífsskilyrðum á hverjum stað. Hafa þó fundist 52 mm á hæð. Kuðungurinn er traustur, ýmist grár eða grábrúnn og oft með dökkum þverröndum. Munninn skástæður, nær hann því sléttskaraður upp á næsta vinding, hvítur á lit en útröndin oft með brúnum flekkjum. Vindingar 6-7, grunnvindingurinn sínu stærstur, miðlungs kúptir, saumurinn grunnur. Með lágri keilulaga hyrnu og yddum hvirfli.

Almennt

Fjörudoppan þolir allháan hita, en þó meiri í lofti en sjó. Fjörudoppan fellur í dá við 32 °C lofthita og 31 °C sjávarhita. Hitadauði varð við 42 °C lofthita og 40 °C sjávarhita hjá eintökum úr Firth of Forth í Skotlandi. Ef hitastig fellur niður fyrir 8 °C leggjast flest dýrin í dvala og eyða hluta af vetrinum án þess að nærast.

Fjörudoppa finnst oft við ármynni og stundum halda dýrin inn í firði og upp í árósa þar sem seltan er aðeins um 9-10%. Hún lifir mest á kísilþörungum, þörungagróum og gróðurleifum, en einstaka sinnum á dýraleifum. Kvendýrið gýtur um það bil 500 sviflægum eggjum er klekjast út á 5-6 dögum. Lirfan er einnig sviflæg og er sviftíminn oftast 4-5 vikur. Dýrið virðist geta náð allt að 20 ára aldri. Fjörudoppa er sumstaðar talið mikið góðgæti, rétt eins og beitukóngur eða ígulker.

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Fjörudoppa: Brief Summary ( 冰島語 )

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Fjörudoppa (fræðiheiti: Littorina littorea) er sæsnigill af Fjörudoppuætt.

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Littorina littorea ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La littorina comune (Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un mollusco gasteropode della famiglia Littorinidae.[1]

Descrizione

 src=
Conchiglia di littorina comune

Le conchiglie, sia di individui maschi che di femmine, alla maturità hanno una dimensione da 10 a 12 mm, con un limite massimo di 30 mm[2], mentre l'altezza della conchiglia può raggiungere i 55 mm.

Biologia

Comportamento

Come quasi tutte le lumache, le littorine strisciano usando il piede muscoloso, che viene lubrificato da una pellicola di muco. Quando non è attiva, spesso si rifugia in una fessura o cavità. Durante la bassa marea quando è esposta all'aria, essa può sigillare l'apertura tra la sua conchiglia e la roccia con il muco onde prevenirne l'essiccazione. Quando è slegata dal substrato essa può effettivamente sigillare la sua conchiglia sia contro l'essiccamento che contro i predatori usando il suo opercolo.

Riproduzione

Le femmine depositano 10.000-100.000 uova contenute in una capsula cornea da cui le larve fuoriescono e si sistemano sul fondo. Essa può generare tutto l'anno secondo il clima, pervenendo a maturazione a 10 mm e vivendo 5–10 anni.

Alimentazione

Principalmente si nutre d'alghe, ma anche di piccoli invertebrati come le larve di cirripedia. Le littorine pascolano lungo la superficie sulla quale esse vivono, ed usano la loro radula per raschiare le alghe dalle rocce, e, nella comunità dell'acquitrino salato, raccoglie alghe dalle spartine (cord-grass)[3] o dalla pellicola che copre la superficie del fango negli estuari o baie.

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Un ammasso di littorine comuni nell'isola di Sylt, Germania

La distribuzione nativa di queste specie è nel nord-est dell'Oceano Atlantico: costa della Spagna settentrionale, Irlanda fino a Scandinavia e Russia.

La littorina comune viene principalmente trovata sulle coste rocciose nella più alta e media zona intercotidale. Talvolta vive in piccole pozze di marea nella roccia create dal ritiro dell'alta marea. È stata anche trovata in ambienti fangosi come gli estuari, situati nella battigia, al limite estremo dell'alta marea e può raggiungere anche la profondità di 60 m.

Introduzioni

Rappresenta una specie aliena sulle rive nord-occidentali dell'Oceano Atlantico del Canada e Stati Uniti e sembra possa essere stata introdotta con le rocce di zavorra verso la metà del Ottocento.[4]

Venne trovata per prima nel Nord America nel 1840 nel Golfo di San Lorenzo meridionale (Canada).[4] ed è attualmente un mollusco predominante dal New Jersey in su, verso nord.

Negli U.S.A. viene trovata nelle zone costiere, sulla costa orientale (dal Maine alla Virginia) e sulla costa occidentale (dalla California a Washington). Ebbe inoltre un grande impatto negativo sugli ecosistemi invasi, poiché entrò in competizione con i gasteropodi nativi.

Usi alimentari

Per centinaia di anni le littorine comuni o edibili sono state raccolte sulle rive dalla gente per cibarsi. Di solito esse sono staccate dalle rocce a mano o catturate con una "rete a strascico" di pescatore dalla barca. Esse si mangiano nel Regno Unito e in Irlanda dove sono comunemente chiamate "winkles" (o in alcune aree "willicks" o "wilks"). Non è raro trovare littorine cotte vendute in sacchetti di carta sulle spiagge irlandesi, di solito condite con sale, con uno stecchino attaccato al sacchetto per agevolare l'estrazione del mollusco dalla conchiglia.

In Belgio, dove anche vengono mangiate, esse vengono riferite come "crickles". In Francia, si chiamano "Bigorneau" e sono presenti cotti su tutti i piatti di frutti di mare.

Le littorine sono una prelibatezza nella cucina africana ed asiatica.

La carne ha un alto contenuto in proteine, ma basso in percentuale di grassi; secondo l'USDA (database delle sostanze nutrienti nazionali per la consulazione ordinaria), le lumache crude in genere hanno circa l'80% d'acqua, il 15% di proteine e 1.4% di grassi.

Le littorine possono anche essere usate come esca per prendere piccoli pesci. La conchiglia di solito viene frantumata e la morbida littorina così estratta si infilza in un amo.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) MolluscaBase eds. (2020), Littorina littorea, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 28 novembre 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Biologia generale dell'adulto della littorina comune Archiviato il 4 giugno 2009 in Internet Archive., 16 ottobre 2008
  3. ^ La spartina (tipo d'alga lunga filamentosa) comprende 14 specie, native delle coste dell'Oceano Atlantico dell'Europa occidentale e meridionale, Africa nord-occidentale e meridionale, le Americhe e le isole dell'Oceano Atlantico meridionale; una o due specie si trovano anche sulle coste dell'Oceano Pacifico del Nord America e negli ambienti di acqua dolce nell'entroterrea delle Americhe.
  4. ^ a b Chapman, J. W., J. T. Carlton, M. R. Bellinger, e A. M. H. Blakeslee. 2007. La confutazione prematura di un'introduzione di specie marine per mano dell'uomo: la storia del caso della lumaca marina Littorina littorea nell'Atlantico nord-occidentale. Invasioni biologiche 9:737-750.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Abbott, R. Tucker, 1974. American Seashells. Second edition. Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York
  • (EN) Abbott, R. Tucker, 1986. Seashells of North America, St. Martin's Press, New York

Questo articolo incorpora testo di pubblico dominio (un'opera di pubblico dominio del Governo degli Stati Uniti) da:

  • Amy Benson. 2008. Littorina littorea. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. https://web.archive.org/web/20090601230252/http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=1009> Revision Date: 8/20/2007

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Littorina littorea: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La littorina comune (Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un mollusco gasteropode della famiglia Littorinidae.

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Alikruik ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De alikruik (Littorina littorea) is een in zee levende kieuwslak. In de provincie Zeeland, waar de alikruik in Nederland het meest wordt gevonden, verzameld en gegeten, noemt men deze slak ook wel kreukel (ook in Vlaanderen gangbaar), karakol, alikruuk, alekreukel of krukel.

Beschrijving

Schelpkenmerken

Deze soort heeft een zeer stevige afgerond kegelvormige schelp met een spitse top. De hoogte van de schelp is gelijk aan of groter dan de breedte. Er zijn 6 tot 7 bolle windingen met een oppervlaktesculptuur van horizontale spiraalribben. De schelp is meestal bruingrijs met evenwijdig aan de ribben verlopende donkere en lichtere kleurbanden. De mondrand en het callus is wit. Er is een dun bruin hoornachtig operculum met een spiraalvormige opbouw.

De schelphoogte is tot 40 mm, echter meestal kleiner (ongeveer tot 24 mm). De breedte van de schelp is tot 35 mm, echter meestal kleiner (ongeveer tot 22 mm).

Voortplanting

Bij de voortplanting worden de eitjes in kleine doorzichtige eikapsels afgezet waaruit na enkele dagen de larven kruipen. In tegenstelling tot op het land levende slakken kennen de larven een extra vrijzwemmend stadium (veligerlarve) waarbij ze totaal niet op de volwassen dieren lijken. De veligerlarven zweven in het zeewater en behoren in deze periode tot het zoöplankton. Na enkele weken wordt de larvale schelp te zwaar voor een zwevend bestaan en zinkt de larve naar de bodem. Alleen als ze in een geschikte omgeving terechtkomen groeien ze tot volwassen dieren uit.

Habitat en levenswijze

De soort leeft in en vlak onder de getijdenzone op vaste ondergrond zoals rotsen, stenen en algenmatten, maar ook wel op houten palen, strandhoofden en andere objecten. Het is een zeer sterke soort in meerdere opzichten. Zo kan de slak zeer lage zoutgehalten en vervuiling overleven, ook raakt een door de golven losgeraakte slak maar zelden beschadigd vanwege het zeer stevige huisje. De slak zet zich vast op objecten met behulp van een slijmlaagje waardoor de zeestroming en de golven het dier niet meeneemt. Bij laag water, als de slak niet meer in het water zit, wordt het huisje afgesloten met het operculum zodat het dier niet uitdroogt. Het voedsel bestaat uit algen en zeewier maar ook dode materialen worden gegeten.

Areaal

De slak is algemeen verspreid in het Noordzeegebied.

Fossiel voorkomen

De soort wordt in Nederland vrij algemeen, soms zelfs zeer talrijk gevonden in de Formatie van Maassluis die dateert uit het (Tiglien en Pretiglien). Het is een kenmerkende soort van de Zone van Mya arenaria en Hydrobia ulvae. In België en Engeland is de soort ook iets ouder bekend. Daar komt zij al in het Boven Plioceen voor. Dat is te verklaren uit het feit dat in Nederland schelphoudende ondiep mariene afzettingen uit deze periode ontbreken. In jongere afzettingen is deze soort bekend uit alle interglacialen waaruit mariene lagen in het Noordzeegebied bekend zijn.

Oorsprong

De oudste vertegenwoordigers van het geslacht Littorina zijn bekend uit het gebied van de Grote Oceaan. De oudste vertegenwoordigers in de Atlantische Oceaan zijn echter pas bekend uit het Plioceen. Men neemt aan dat ergens in het Plioceen vertegenwoordigers van deze groep via de Beringstraat van de Pacifische naar de Atlantische Oceaan zijn gemigreerd. Dit wordt voor veel soorten mollusken aangenomen. Andere vertegenwoordigers uit deze migratiegolf zijn de uitgestorven Acila cobboldiae en de nog recent voorkomende strandgaper, het nonnetje, de wulk en de purperslak.

Consumptie van alikruiken

De alikruik geldt in veel landen als delicatesse. De slak wordt gekookt, eventueel met kruiden (peper), en met een (kromme) naald of grote speld uit het huisje gehaald, nadat het zgn. "hoedje" er met de naald is afgehaald. Schelp en hoedje worden weggegooid. De smaak is te vergelijken met kippenvlees, maar is toch zo apart, dat veel mensen het niet lusten, maar dat komt dan toch meestal wel doordat het de vorm en uiterlijk van een slak heeft. Niet iedereen is gecharmeerd van kreukels.

Zie ook

Externe links

Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Littorina littorea op Wikimedia Commons.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Beets, C., 1946. The Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene Gastropods in the collections of the Geological Foundation in the Netherlands. Mededelingen Geologische Stichting (Haarlem), C-IV-I(6): 166 pp.
  • Bruyne, R.H. de, 2004 Veldgids Schelpen. KNNV Uitgeverij, ISBN 90-5011-140-8, 234 pag.
  • Fretter, V. & Graham, A., 1980. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark, 5. - Marine Littorinacea. Journal of Molluscan Studies, Supplement 7, pp. 241-284.
  • Meijer, T., 1988. Mollusca from the borehole Zuurland-2 at Brielle, the Netherlands (an interim report). Mededelingen van de Werkgroep voor Tertiaire en Kwartaire Geologie 25: 49-60.
  • Reid, D.G., 1989. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and evolution of the gastropod family Littorinidae. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 324: 1-110.
  • Spaink, G., 1958. De Nederlandse Eemlagen, I: Algemeen overzicht. Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging 29, 44 pp.
  • Spaink, G., 1975. Zonering van het mariene Onder-Pleistoceen en Plioceen op grond van mollusken fauna's. In: W.H.Zagwijn & C.J. van Staalduinen (eds), Toelichting bij geologische overzichtskaarten van Nederland. Rijks Geologische Dienst, Haarlem: 118-122.
  • Tesch, P., 1942. De Noordzee van historisch-geologisch standpunt. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, A.9: 1-23.
  • Vermeij, G.J., 1991. Anatomy of an invasion: the trans-Arctic interchange. Paleobiology, 17: 281-307.
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Alikruik: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De alikruik (Littorina littorea) is een in zee levende kieuwslak. In de provincie Zeeland, waar de alikruik in Nederland het meest wordt gevonden, verzameld en gegeten, noemt men deze slak ook wel kreukel (ook in Vlaanderen gangbaar), karakol, alikruuk, alekreukel of krukel.

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Strandsnigel ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NN提供

Strandsnigelen (Littorina littorea) er ein fjørelevande snigel. Dei finst hovudsakleg langs stein-, sand- eller gjørmestrender ved den atlantiske kysten, men også i brakkvatn og i små tidvasspyttar. Strandsniglar kan vera opp til 3,5 cm i høgda og har eit spiralforma skal.

Strandsniglar pustar med gjeller, og kjem seg rundt på ein slimvæta muskuløs fot. Dei er rasparar, med ei tunge som kan slipe som sandpapir. Dei lever av små algar, som dei skrapar av steinar eller sandkorn med tunga si.

Bakgrunnsstoff

Spire Denne biologiartikkelen er ei spire. Du kan hjelpe Nynorsk Wikipedia gjennom å utvide han.
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Strandsnigel: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NN提供

Strandsnigelen (Littorina littorea) er ein fjørelevande snigel. Dei finst hovudsakleg langs stein-, sand- eller gjørmestrender ved den atlantiske kysten, men også i brakkvatn og i små tidvasspyttar. Strandsniglar kan vera opp til 3,5 cm i høgda og har eit spiralforma skal.

Strandsniglar pustar med gjeller, og kjem seg rundt på ein slimvæta muskuløs fot. Dei er rasparar, med ei tunge som kan slipe som sandpapir. Dei lever av små algar, som dei skrapar av steinar eller sandkorn med tunga si.

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Vanlig strandsnegl ( 挪威語 )

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Littorina littorea 02.JPG

Vanlig strandsnegl, stor strandsnegl eller kattsnegl, er et bløtdyr og tilhører sneglene i gruppen strandsnegler. Denne marine sneglen lever under tidevannssonen på berg og klipper og er vanlig langs hele norskekysten.

Utseende

Vanlig strandsnegl er den største av strandsneglene i Norge og kan bli 4 cm lang. Larvestadier frittlevende (pelagisk) i vann og de ånder med gjeller.

Vanlig strandsnegl og spiss strandsnegl er ganske like, men kan skilles fra hverandre på formen på åpningen i sneglehuset, det vil si leppenes vinkel i forhold til spiret. Spiss strandsnegl finnes helst i den øvrerste halvdelen av fjæra, mens vanlig strandsnegl foretrekker den nedre halvdelen.

Levevis

Vanlig strandsnegl lever på 0-70 meters dyp, på steinbunn, vanligvis under tidevannsonen. Ikke på sandbunn. Den tåler ikke en lengre periode i luft, uten å tørke ut. Den har ikke utviklet lunge, slik som noen andre strandsnegler.

Mat

Vanlig strandsnegl er regnet som snacks i flere land, blant annet i England og Frankrike.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Eksterne lenker

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Vanlig strandsnegl: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供
Littorina littorea 02.JPG

Vanlig strandsnegl, stor strandsnegl eller kattsnegl, er et bløtdyr og tilhører sneglene i gruppen strandsnegler. Denne marine sneglen lever under tidevannssonen på berg og klipper og er vanlig langs hele norskekysten.

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Pobrzeżka pospolita ( 波蘭語 )

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Pobrzeżka pospolita (Littorina littorea) – gatunek średniej wielkości morskiego ślimaka z rodziny Littorinidae. Występuje pospolicie w litoralu i strefie pływów w północnym Atlantyku.

Etymologia nazwy

Nazwa rodzaju pochodzi od siedliska, w którym gatunek występuje (litoralis łac. – nadbrzeżny)[3]).

Cechy morfologiczne

 src=
Muszla pobrzeżki pospolitej (Littorina littorea).
 src=
Muszla pobrzeżki pospolitej (Granville, Normandia).

Wielkość muszli: długość 20-53 mm. Skrętów 6-7. Krawędź wargi zewnętrznej ostra. Muszla grubościenna, kulisto-stożkowa z wyraźnym, słabo zaznaczonym szwem i niską umiarkowanie wysklepioną skrętką. Gładka zewnętrzna powierzchnia muszli z delikatnymi, spiralnymi prążkami. Linie przyrostowe słabo widoczne. Na tle oliwkowo-brązowej powierzchni przebiegają niezbyt wyraźne, ciemnobrązowe lub purpurowobrązowe pasy. W niektórych populacjach muszle ciemnobrunatne, pomarańczowe, czerwone lub szare. Bez dołka osiowego. Wewnętrzna strona muszli z brązowawymi plamami. Ubarwienie, kształt i wielkość muszli wykazuje dużą międzyosobniczą zmienność[1][4].

Występowanie

Pierwotny zasięg obejmował północno-wschodnie wybrzeża Atlantyku (od północnej Hiszpanii do Rosji). W Bałtyku tylko w zachodniej, silniej zasolonej części. Zawleczony na wschodnie wybrzeże Ameryki, znajdowany również na zachodnim, pacyficznym wybrzeżu (m. in. w Kalifornii)[1][5][6].

Biologia i ekologia

Zajmowane siedliska

 src=
Grupa pobrzeżek pospolitych na kamieniu podczas odpływu (Sylt, Niemcy).

Żyją w litoralu, w strefie pływów, zajmują też jeziorka pływowe. Spotykane głównie na wybrzeżu skalistym lub kamienistym, mniej obficie na równiach pływowych, estuariach. Wytrzymują okresowe, zmniejszone zasolenie wody, pozostają aktywne również w czasie odpływu, gdy są wynurzone, o ile tylko przybój zapewnia zraszanie wodą[7][8].

Odżywianie

Roślinożercy, zdrapywacze, rozdrabniacze – żywią się trawami morskimi, glonami, peryfitonem[1]. Preferowane gatunki: Ulva lacuca i Enteromorpha intestinalis[9].

Rozmnażanie

Rozdzielnopłciowe, jajorodne. Jaja w galaretowatych kapsułach jajowych uwalniane wprost do wody, w trakcie przypływu. W pojedynczej kapsule zwykle 3-9 jaj. Rozwój złożony, z larwą swobodnie pływającą. Larwa osiedla się po ok. 6 tygodniach rozwoju[10]. Dojrzałość płciową młodociane osobniki osiągają po ok. 2-3 latach2. Długość życia – do pięciu lat 2[10][11].

Interakcje międzygatunkowe

Pobrzeżki są jednym z ważniejszych roślinożerców w strefie pływów, kontrolującym wzrost peryfitonu i glonów[12]. Pobrzeżki stanowią ważne źródło pokarmu dla organizmów z wyższych poziomów troficznych (np. drapieżnych ślimaków Polinices sp., Nassarius sp. Urosalpix cinerea), krabów i raków pustelników (Pagurus ssp.), rozgwiazd) oraz ptaków i ssaków związanych z morzem.

Ciekawostki

  • pobrzeżki pospolite są ważnym źródłem pożywienia dla ludzi. W Irlandii i Wielkiej Brytanii stanowią szósty, pod względem wielkości połowów, gatunek „owoców morza”, generujący przychody na poziomie 5 mln funtów rocznie[10].
  • brunatnice, które wchodzą w skład diety pobrzeżki, w siedliskach, w których są zagrożone przez żerujące ślimaki, aby je odstraszyć produkują toksyczne polifenole[13].
  • jedno ze stadiów rozwoju Morza Bałtyckiego nosi nazwę Morza Litorynowego od nazwy naukowej pobrzeżki pospolitej (Littorina littorea), która w tym czasie (ok. 4-5 tys. lat temu) była tam jednym z dominujących gatunków.

Przypisy

  1. a b c d Wąsowski R. 2000. Przewodnik: Muszle. Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza Sp. Z o.o., Warszawa, ​ISBN 83-7073-250-X​, str. 84.
  2. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vermes. Testacea: 700-781. Holmiae. (Salvius) str. 782.
  3. Kumaniecki K. 1975. Słownik łacińsko-polski. PWN Warszawa, pp. 546.
  4. S. PeterS.P. Dance S. PeterS.P., Muszle, seria: Kolekcjoner, Warszawa: Wiedza i Życie, 2001, ISBN 83-7184-921-4 .
  5. Chapman J. W., Carlton J. T., Bellinger M. R. & Blakeslee A. M. H. 2007. Premature refutation of a human-mediated marine species introduction: the case history of the marine snail Littorina littorea in the northwestern Atlantic. Biological Invasions 9: 737-750.
  6. Chang A. L., Blakeslee A. M. H., Miller A. W. & Ruiz G. M. (2011). "Establishment Failure in Biological Invasions: A Case History of Littorina littorea in California, USA". PLoS ONE 6(1): e16035. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016035.
  7. Umiński, T. 1986. Zwierzęta i oceany. WSziP, Warszawa, ​ISBN 83-02-02680-8​. str. 62-63 i 71.
  8. Tomanek L. & B. Helmuth. 2002. Physiological Ecology of Rocky Intertidal Organisms: A Synergy of Concepts. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42(4):771-775.
  9. Watson D.C. 1985. Dietary preferences of the common periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. 88(3): 193-211.
  10. a b c Littorina littorea w MarLIN The Marine Life Information Network; dostęp 6 kwietnia 2014
  11. Fish, J. D. 1972. The breeding cycle and growth of open coast and estuarine populations of Littorina littorea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 52: 1011-1019.
  12. Lubchenco J. 1983. Littornia and Fucus: Effects of Herbivores, Substratum Heterogeneity, and Plant Escapes During Succession. Ecology 64:1116–1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1937822
  13. Geiselman J. A. & O. J. McConnell. 1981. Polyphenols in brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum: Chemical defenses against the marine herbivorous snail, Littorina littorea. Journal Of Chemical Ecology 7(6): 1115-1133.

Bibliografia

  • Wąsowski R. 2000. Przewodnik: Muszle. Multico Oficyna Wydawnicza Sp. Z o.o., Warszawa, ​ISBN 83-7073-250-X​, pp.336.

Linki zewnętrzne

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Pobrzeżka pospolita: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Pobrzeżka pospolita (Littorina littorea) – gatunek średniej wielkości morskiego ślimaka z rodziny Littorinidae. Występuje pospolicie w litoralu i strefie pływów w północnym Atlantyku.

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Littorina littorea ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Littorina littorea (denominada, em inglês, common periwinkle[4][5][6] ou common winkle[4][7], shore periwinkle[8], edible winkle ou edible periwinkle[4][9]; em português, caramujo, borrelho, burgau, burrié[4][10] ou caracol-marinho (POR)[11]; em castelhano, caracolillo ou bígaro común; em alemão, Uferschnecke, gemeine Uferschnecke, gemeine Strandschnecke, Hölker[4][12]; em francês, bigorneau, bigorneau commun, littorine commun, littorine commune d'Europe, vignot e caracole[4][13]; em gaélico escocês, faocha; em italiano, littorina comune[4][14]; em sueco, vanlig strandsnäcka; em catalão, caragolí comú; em dinamarquês, store strandsnegl ou almindelige strandsnegl; em neerlandês, gewone alikruik ou alikruik; em finlandês, rantakotilo; em norueguês bokmål, storstrandsnegl; em norueguês nynorsk, storstrandsnigel)[4] é uma espécie de molusco gastrópode marinho-litorâneo do norte do oceano Atlântico, pertencente à família Littorinidae; sendo classificada por Carolus Linnaeus em 1758, como Turbo littoreus, na obra Systema Naturae; considerada a espécie-tipo do gênero.[1][3][15] Trata-se de uma espécie utilizada na alimentação humana[5], introduzida na costa leste da América do Norte; sendo coletada muitas vezes na costa do Pacífico, mas ainda não parecendo estar estabelecida em nenhuma região deste oceano.[16] Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.[6]

Descrição da concha e hábitos

Concha engrossada, de espiral cônica e moderadamente alta, com dimensões aproximadas entre 1.5, 4 a 5 centímetros e 5 a 6 voltas, quando desenvolvida[6][8], globosa ou moderadamente alongada e com ápice pontiagudo; de coloração negra, cinzenta, castanha, mais raramente avermelhada ou amarelada; muitas vezes decorada com faixas onduladas e oblíquas de cor mais clara e esculpida com linhas espirais finas, atravessadas por linhas de crescimento, verticais, fracamente marcadas; com interior e columela brancos. Opérculo córneo, plano e paucispiral (com poucas voltas); auxiliando o molusco a reter água durante os períodos de estiagem.[7][8][9][17]

É encontrada em águas rasas da zona entremarés e zona nerítica, até os 60 metros de profundidade; muitas vezes expostas às ondas e aderidas às rochas, seixos, ou em planícies de marés lamacentas ou arenosas; também em bancos de mexilhões (Bivalvia), rasos ou profundos, da espécie Mytilus edulis.[6][9] Os animais da família Littorinidae se alimentam de substâncias vegetais.[18] Esses moluscos se alimentam predominantemente de diatomáceas que se fixam sobre algas, mexilhões e cracas.[6]

Distribuição geográfica

Littorina littorea ocorria no mar Mediterrâneo[9] (ocupando toda a sua extensão, no Pleistoceno, com registros até o Golfo Pérsico).[6] Ela fora relatada por Di Natale (1982) na Sicília e por Barsotti e Campani (1982) perto de Livorno, no norte do mar Tirreno. A espécie não se estabeleceu e a população perto de Livorno fora extinta em 1988 (Johannesson, 1988). As introduções, pontuais e repetidas, são prováveis porque esta é uma espécie comercial, importada para países mediterrâneos através da Irlanda ou de outras áreas de produção na Europa Ocidental.[19] Ela é comum no canal da Mancha, mar do Norte e Báltico Ocidental[9][17]; e no nordeste do oceano Atlântico: do oeste da Groenlândia ao golfo de Kandalaksha, no mar Branco, até Portugal e Espanha, na Península Ibérica.[6][15] Ela se estabeleceu, como espécie introduzida, no leste da América do Norte; e embora tenha sido encontrada na costa do Pacífico, em várias ocasiões, desde descobertas de indivíduos soltos a populações de vários milhares de caramujos, a maioria delas desapareceu.[16]

Referências

  1. a b c d e f «Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  2. a b «Littorinidae Children, 1834» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  3. a b «Littorina Férussac, 1822» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  4. a b c d e f g h «Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) vernaculars» (em inglês). World Register of Marine Species. 1 páginas. Consultado em 10 de novembro de 2021
  5. a b ABBOTT, R. Tucker; DANCE, S. Peter (1982). Compendium of Seashells. A color Guide to More than 4.200 of the World's Marine Shells (em inglês). New York: E. P. Dutton. p. 56. 412 páginas. ISBN 0-525-93269-0 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  6. a b c d e f g «Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) common periwinkle» (em inglês). SeaLifeBase. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  7. a b DANCE, S. Peter (2002). Smithsonian Handbooks: Shells. The Photographic Recognition Guide to Seashells of the World (em inglês) 2ª ed. London, England: Dorling Kindersley. p. 47. 256 páginas. ISBN 0-7894-8987-2
  8. a b c «Littorina (Littorina) littorea» (em inglês). Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020. Arquivado do original em 11 de agosto de 2021
  9. a b c d e CAMPBELL, Andrew C.; NICHOLLS, James (1980). The Hamlyn Guide to the Seashore and Shallow Seas of Britain and Europe (em inglês). England: The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 150. 320 páginas. ISBN 0-600-34019-8 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda)
  10. «caramujo». Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora. 1 páginas. Consultado em 16 de agosto de 2020
  11. Valente, Maria João (2010). «Pequeno guia para identificação dos moluscos marinhos em contextos arqueológicos portugueses (v. 2)» (PDF). Universidade do Algarve - FCHS. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  12. LINDNER, Gert (1983). Moluscos y Caracoles de los Mares del Mundo (em espanhol). Barcelona, Espanha: Omega. p. 130. 256 páginas. ISBN 84-282-0308-3
  13. Fonteː Wikipédia em francês.
  14. Fonteː Wikipédia em italiano.
  15. a b «Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea (em inglês). MarLIN - The Marine Life Information Network. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  16. a b «Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758)» (em inglês). The Exotics Guide: Non-native Marine Species of the North American Pacific Coast. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020
  17. a b Kluijver, M.J. de; Ingalsuo, S. S.; Bruyne, R. H. de. «Mollusca of the North Sea - Littorina littorea» (em inglês). Marine Species Identification Portal. 1 páginas. Consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2020 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautores= (ajuda)
  18. LINDNER, Gert (Op. cit., p.44.).
  19. «CIESM Atlas of Exotic Molluscs in the Mediterranean» (em inglês). CIESM - The Mediterranean Science Commission (www.ciesm.org). Dezembro 2003. 1 páginas. Consultado em 21 de setembro de 2020
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Littorina littorea: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

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Littorina littorea (denominada, em inglês, common periwinkle ou common winkle, shore periwinkle, edible winkle ou edible periwinkle; em português, caramujo, borrelho, burgau, burrié ou caracol-marinho (POR); em castelhano, caracolillo ou bígaro común; em alemão, Uferschnecke, gemeine Uferschnecke, gemeine Strandschnecke, Hölker; em francês, bigorneau, bigorneau commun, littorine commun, littorine commune d'Europe, vignot e caracole; em gaélico escocês, faocha; em italiano, littorina comune; em sueco, vanlig strandsnäcka; em catalão, caragolí comú; em dinamarquês, store strandsnegl ou almindelige strandsnegl; em neerlandês, gewone alikruik ou alikruik; em finlandês, rantakotilo; em norueguês bokmål, storstrandsnegl; em norueguês nynorsk, storstrandsnigel) é uma espécie de molusco gastrópode marinho-litorâneo do norte do oceano Atlântico, pertencente à família Littorinidae; sendo classificada por Carolus Linnaeus em 1758, como Turbo littoreus, na obra Systema Naturae; considerada a espécie-tipo do gênero. Trata-se de uma espécie utilizada na alimentação humana, introduzida na costa leste da América do Norte; sendo coletada muitas vezes na costa do Pacífico, mas ainda não parecendo estar estabelecida em nenhuma região deste oceano. Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, incluindo a zona económica exclusiva.

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Vanlig strandsnäcka ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Vanlig strandsnäcka (Littorina littorea) är en snäcka som tillhör familjen strandsnäckor. Den har givit namn åt Littorinahavet, ett tidigare stadium av Östersjön som fanns för 3000 år sedan som hade betydligt saltare vatten än dagens Östersjö.

Systematik

Vanlig strandsnäcka beskrevs av Carl von Linné 1758 under det vetenskapliga namnet Turbo littoreus och är typart för släktet Littorina.

Kännetecken

Den vanliga strandsnäckan har en skallängd på upp till 35 millimeter. Storleken blir mindre ju sötare vattnet är. Skalet är oftast gråbrunt men kan variera mycket i färg. Toppen på snäckan bildar en spetsig vinkel.

Utbredning

Den vanliga strandsnäckan har sitt huvudsakliga utbredningsområde i Nordeuropa och Nordamerika. I Sverige finns den på västkusten ner till sydvästra Östersjön. Under Östersjöns tidigare utvecklingsstadium Littorinahavet förekom snäckan ända upp till mellersta Norrland.

Levnadssätt

Den vanliga strandsnäckan lägger äggkapslar med 1 till 5 ägg i varje. Ungarna lever pelagiskt i tre veckor innan de sätter sig på en stenig eller klippig strand ovanför medelvattenlinjen. Vid lågvatten befinner de sig ovanför vattenytan men vid högvatten under. De livnär sig på alger. De kan parasiteras av sugmaskar som har en livscykel som fortsätter i fåglar.

Användning

Den vanliga strandsnäckan går att äta, antingen efter kokning men även rå. Man har även hittat skal på stenåldersboplatsernas avskrädeshögar.

Källor

Externa länkar

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Vanlig strandsnäcka: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Vanlig strandsnäcka (Littorina littorea) är en snäcka som tillhör familjen strandsnäckor. Den har givit namn åt Littorinahavet, ett tidigare stadium av Östersjön som fanns för 3000 år sedan som hade betydligt saltare vatten än dagens Östersjö.

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Ốc mỡ ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Ốc mỡ (danh pháp khoa học: Littorina littorea) là tên gọi chung chỉ những loài ốc biển săn mồi, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Naticidae, họ ốc Mặt Trăng.[2] Các loại ốc mỡ bao gồm: ốc mỡ hoa, ốc mỡ trắng, ốc mỡ trơn...[3]Việt Nam, ốc mỡ phân bố khá phong phú và đa dạng cùng những đặc riêng có giữa các vùng miền như óc mỡ Cát Bà vỏ mịn và dẹt, không có hoa văn, ốc mỡ Đồ Sơn vỏ tròn hơn, hoa văn chấm xanh, xám, nâu, hồng sặc sỡ...

Đặc điểm

Ốc mỡ thường sống ở nước mặn ở nơi có đáy cát hoặc bùn, ăn động vật hai mảnh vỏ hoặc động vật chân bụng khác. Chúng khoan nhiều lỗ nhỏ trên vỏ của con mồi sau đó sử dụng lưỡi sừng (dãy răng kitin), chất bài tiết và sau đó chèn vòi vào để lấy dinh dưỡng, Naticid có thể tích luỹ nước ở chân và nước bắt buộc phải được đẩy ra ngoài qua những lỗ ở cuối chân trước khi thu chân vào trong vỏ.

Cái tên ốc mỡ được gọi vì khi còn sống, nhìn ốc bơi dưới nước giống như một miếng thịt mỡ nhỏ màu vàng nhạt. Về thịt, ốc mỡ ngon nhất là phần ruột. Nhiều người ăn ốc mỡ, theo thói quen chỉ ăn phần đầu, ốc mỡ nhỏ thì phần đầu còn mềm thơm, lớn hơn thì thịt vừa rắn vừa dai. Chỉ có phần đuôi của nó là có chất lượng ngon, bùi như lòng đỏ trứng vịt muối. Chính vì vậy, ốc mỡ còn là nguyên liệu để chế biến thành nhiều món ăn ngon như: ốc mỡ xào xả ớt, ốc mỡ xào satế, ốc mỡ xào me, ốc mỡ cháy tỏi, ốc mỡ rang me, ốc mỡ xào rau răm...

Xem thêm

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1-4], 1-824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
  2. ^ a ă Natica maculosa Lamarck, 1822. WoRMS (2009). Natica maculosa Lamarck, 1822. Truy cập qua Cơ sở dữ liệu sinh vật biển at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=208001 on 17 tháng 6 năm 2010.
  3. ^ “Khoa Học Phổ Thông Online”. Truy cập 20 tháng 6 năm 2014.

Tham khảo

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Ốc mỡ: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Ốc mỡ (danh pháp khoa học: Littorina littorea) là tên gọi chung chỉ những loài ốc biển săn mồi, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Naticidae, họ ốc Mặt Trăng. Các loại ốc mỡ bao gồm: ốc mỡ hoa, ốc mỡ trắng, ốc mỡ trơn... Ở Việt Nam, ốc mỡ phân bố khá phong phú và đa dạng cùng những đặc riêng có giữa các vùng miền như óc mỡ Cát Bà vỏ mịn và dẹt, không có hoa văn, ốc mỡ Đồ Sơn vỏ tròn hơn, hoa văn chấm xanh, xám, nâu, hồng sặc sỡ...

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Обыкновенная литорина ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
 src=
Раковина моллюска

Обыкновенная литорина[1], или литторина[2] (лат. Littorina littorea) — вид брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства литторин.

Обыкновенная литорина имеет яйцевидную раковину серого или черновато-бурого цвета различных оттенков, по большей части с более тёмными спиральными полосами, с острым завитком и 6—7 оборотами, разделёнными неглубоким швом. Длина раковины около 18—25 мм, реже больше. Тело моллюска желтовато-серое с чёрными точками и полосками. Питается водорослями и детритом. Размножается яйцами.

Вид распространён в северной Атлантике до Северного и Балтийского морей.

Во Франции и в части Британских островов моллюски употребляются в пищу в варёном виде.

Примечания

  1. Ершов В. Е., Кантор Ю. И. Морские раковины. Краткий определитель. — М.: Курсив, 2008. — С. 84. — 3 000 экз.ISBN 978-5-89592-059-6.
  2. Жизнь животных. Том 2. Моллюски. Иглокожие. Погонофоры. Щетинкочелюстные. Полухордовые. Хордовые. Членистоногие. Ракообразные / под ред. Р. К. Пастернак, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1988. — С. 26. — 447 с. — ISBN 5-09-000445-5
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Обыкновенная литорина: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
 src= Раковина моллюска

Обыкновенная литорина, или литторина (лат. Littorina littorea) — вид брюхоногих моллюсков из семейства литторин.

Обыкновенная литорина имеет яйцевидную раковину серого или черновато-бурого цвета различных оттенков, по большей части с более тёмными спиральными полосами, с острым завитком и 6—7 оборотами, разделёнными неглубоким швом. Длина раковины около 18—25 мм, реже больше. Тело моллюска желтовато-серое с чёрными точками и полосками. Питается водорослями и детритом. Размножается яйцами.

Вид распространён в северной Атлантике до Северного и Балтийского морей.

Во Франции и в части Британских островов моллюски употребляются в пищу в варёном виде.

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Distribution ( 英語 )

由World Register of Marine Species提供
Labrador to Maryland; Western Europe

參考資料

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution ( 英語 )

由World Register of Marine Species提供
Rare or absent in Isles of Scilly and Channel Isles

參考資料

Hayward, P.J. & J.S. Ryland (Eds.). (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. 627 pp.

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Habitat ( 英語 )

由World Register of Marine Species提供
intertidal, bathyal, infralittoral and circalittoral of the Gulf and estuary

參考資料

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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