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北美球子蕨

Onoclea sensibilis L.

Associations ( 英語 )

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Foodplant / open feeder
larva of Strombocerus delicatulus grazes on frond of Onoclea sensibilis
Other: major host/prey

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Comments ( 英語 )

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Onoclea sensibilis occurs in eastern North America, principally east of the Great Plains. Leaf forms with pinnae intermediate between those of sporophylls and sterile leaves, or with pinnae fertile only on one side of the blade, can occur on plants that also bear normal leaf forms. These do not merit taxonomic recognition (J. M. Beitel et al. 1981).

Onoclea sensibilis resembles Woodwardia areolata (Linnaeus) T. Moore, with which it often grows. Onoclea has entire pinna margins and nearly opposite basal pinnae whereas Woodwardia areolata has serrate pinna margins and alternate pinnae.

As in Matteuccia struthiopteris (Linnaeus) Todaro, sporophylls of Onoclea sensibilis persist through the winter and release the green spores in spring before the sterile leaves expand (R. W. Hill and W. H. Wagner Jr. 1974; L. G. Labouriau 1958; R. M. Lloyd and E. J. Klekowski Jr. 1970). Onoclea sensibilis is occasionally cultivated; it has a tendency to spread rapidly and become weedy. The name "sensitive fern" refers to the susceptibility of the leaves to even a light frost.

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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Leaves irregularly spaced along stem. Sterile leaves yellow-green, deltate, coarsely divided, 13--34 × 15--30 cm. Petiole of sterile leaf black, 22--58 cm, flattened at base; rachis winged, becoming broader toward apex. Pinnae 5--11 per side, lanceolate; proximal pinnae 9--18 cm, margins entire, sinuate, or laciniate. Sporophyll leaves green, becoming black at maturity, oblong, 7--17 × 1--4 cm. Petiole 19--40 cm, base sparsely scaly. Pinnae linear, 5--11 per side, 2.5--5 cm; ultimate segments revolute to form beadlike structures, 2--4 mm diam. Sori borne on free veins, enclosed by ultimate segments. 2 n = 74.
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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St. Pierre and Miquelon; Man., N.B., Nfld., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; e Asia.
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Sporophylls produced May--October. Open swamps, thickets, marshes, or low woods, in sunny or shaded locations, often forming thick stands; 0--1500m.
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym ( 英語 )

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Onoclea sensibilis forma hemiphyllodes (Kiss & Kümmerle) Gilbert; O. sensibilis forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Gilbert; O. sensibilis var. obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Torrey
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Rhedynen leiniog ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Planhigyn blodeuol sy'n frodorol o Hemisffer y De yw Rhedynen leiniog sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Onocleaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Onoclea sensibilis a'r enw Saesneg yw Sensitive fern.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Rhedynen Groendenau.

Fe'i ceir yn rhannau deheuol Hamisffer y De: o'r Isartig i rannau deheuol Affrica, De America ac Awstralia. Mae'n perthyn yn agos i'r olewyddan, yr onnen, jasmin, a'r leilac.[2] Mae'r dail wedi'u gosod bob yn ail.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gerddi Kew; adalwyd 21 Ionawr 2015
  2. Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
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Rhedynen leiniog: Brief Summary ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Planhigyn blodeuol sy'n frodorol o Hemisffer y De yw Rhedynen leiniog sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Onocleaceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Onoclea sensibilis a'r enw Saesneg yw Sensitive fern. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Rhedynen Groendenau.

Fe'i ceir yn rhannau deheuol Hamisffer y De: o'r Isartig i rannau deheuol Affrica, De America ac Awstralia. Mae'n perthyn yn agos i'r olewyddan, yr onnen, jasmin, a'r leilac. Mae'r dail wedi'u gosod bob yn ail.

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Onoklea citlivá ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Onoklea citlivá (Onoclea sensibilis) je druh kapradiny z čeledi onokleovité a jediný zástupce rodu onoklea. Je to kapradina původní ve vlhkých oblastech v Severní Americe a východní Asii.[3] Je považována za jedovatou.

 src=
Plodný list s výtrusnicemi.

Popis

Onoklea dorůstá asi 50 cm a vytváří bohaté trsy se světlými, zářivě zelenými listy na dlouhém tenkém řapíku. Plodolisty jsou mnohem menší, hnědé barvy, nezelené. Výtrusnice s výtrusy jsou seskupeny svisle podél řapíku jako malé kulaté hrozny nebo korálky.

Pěstování

Jde o méně známou kapradinu, velmi vhodnou do vlhkých stanovišť. Snáší slunce i polostín. Množí se generativně výtrusy nebo vegetativně dělením oddenků. Poměrně rychle roste a na vlhkých místech se jí dobře daří i v ČR.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. SKALICKÁ, Anna; VĚTVIČKA, Václav; ZELENÝ, Václav. Botanický slovník rodových jmen cévnatých rostlin. Praha: Aventinum, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7442-031-3. (česky)
  3. http://www.zahradnitrvalky.cz/sortiment-trvalek/kapradiny/onoclea-l-/ [online]. [cit. 2015-01-11]. [www.zahradnitrvalky.cz Dostupné online].

Externí okdkazy

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Onoklea citlivá: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Onoklea citlivá (Onoclea sensibilis) je druh kapradiny z čeledi onokleovité a jediný zástupce rodu onoklea. Je to kapradina původní ve vlhkých oblastech v Severní Americe a východní Asii. Je považována za jedovatou.

 src= Plodný list s výtrusnicemi.
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Druebregne ( 丹麥語 )

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Druebregne-slægten (Onoclea) er en slægt af bregner i Mangeløv-familien. Slægten er formentlig monotypisk med kun én art. Denne art er naturligt udbredt i det østlige Asien og i det østlige Nordamerika. Herfra er den spredt, formentlig med mennesker, bl.a. til Nordeuropa. I Danmark og det øvrige Skandinavien er den meget sjælden.

Druebregne vokser i skovbundens skygge, helst i fugtig jord. Den er flerårig med indtil 3 meter lange jordstængler. De sterile skud er blegt gulgrønne til mellemgrønne, indtil 90 cm høje, udgår spredt fra jordstænglen. De fertile skud (dvs. skud med sporehuse) er rødbrune og meget små med tætte bladflige. Sporehusgrupperne sidder i små klaser, der kan minde om drueklaser – deraf navnet.

Druebregne fremstår som en lille busk, med bladplader som minder lidt om de ferske, unge skud af ask. Unge skud er blegrøde.

Art
  • Druebregne (Onoclea sensibilis)


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Perlfarn ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Perlfarn (Onoclea sensibilis) ist die einzige Pflanzenart der Gattung Onoclea[1] innerhalb der Familie der Onocleaceae. Ihr disjunktes Areal umfasst das östliche Nordamerika und das östliche Asien. Das Artepitheton sensibilis bezieht sich auf die ausgeprägte Frostempfindlichkeit der sterilen Wedel.[2]

Beschreibung

 src=
Illustration
 src=
Fertile Wedel (ihr Aussehen führte zum Trivialnamen Perlfarn)
 src=
Gametophyt (Prothallium) von Onoclea sensibilis, dessen flacher Thallus befindet sich am Boden. Der Sporophyt beginnt darauf zu wachsen.

Onoclea sensibilis wächst als sommergrüne, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 30 bis 90 Zentimetern.[3] Als Speicher- und Überdauerungsorgan besitzt die Art ein lang kriechendes Rhizom.[3] Die lang gestielten und weit überhängenden sterilen Wedel stehen einzeln oder zu wenigen zusammen und sind von gelb-grüner Farbgebung.[4] Die Spreite ist fiederschnittig mit netzig verbundenen Nerven, am Grund jedoch häufig gefiedert.[3] Sie ist von ledriger Konsistenz. Die Fiederabschnitte weisen eine dreieckige Form auf.[2] Die aufrecht stehenden fruchtbaren Wedel sind kürzer als die sterilen Wedel. Die Spreite ist zweifach gefiedert, wobei die Fiederchen sich kugelig um die Sori einrollen.[3][2] Die Ausbreitung erfolgt über Sporen und das Rhizom.[2]

Vorkommen

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Onoclea sensibilis ist das östliche Nordamerika und das östliche Asien.[2] In Deutschland finden sich einige neophytische Vorkommen in Berlin, Braunschweig und im westlichen Ruhrgebiet, die aus Verwilderungen entstammen.[5]

Onoclea sensibilis gedeiht am besten in feuchten Wälder und Grabenrändern.[3] In der Nähe von Bächen, in feuchten Wiesen und um Quellen ist sie ebenfalls anzutreffen.[6][2]

Obwohl Onoclea sensibilis zur Winterhärtezone = USDA-Klimazone 2 zählt, ist sie spätfrost-empfindlich.[6]

Verwendung

Der Perlfarn wird gelegentlich als Zierpflanze in Gehölzgruppen und feuchten Wiesen verwendet. Er ist seit etwa 1799 in Kultur.[3] Der Neuaustrieb gilt allgemein als attraktiv.[6] Bekannt ist die Sorte Rotstieliger Perlfarn, die sich durch rote Blattstiele auszeichnet.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Onoclea im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  2. a b c d e f Onoclea sensibilis - Datenblatt bei Missouri Botanical Garden.
  3. a b c d e f g Eckehardt J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (Hrsg.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Band 5: Krautige Zier- und Nutzpflanzen. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, S. 103, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8
  4. David M. Johnson: Onoclea: Onoclea sensibilis - textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 2 - Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, Oxford University Press, New York 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7.
  5. Fuchs, R. & Keil, P. (2004): Onoclea sensibilis L. – der Perlfarn im Duisburg-Mülheimer Wald (Westliches Ruhrgebiet, Nordrhein-Westfalen). – Floristische Rundbriefe (Bochum) 37(1/2): 103–107.
  6. a b c J. Reif & W. Härtel: Foerster-Stauden Kompendium. Potsdam 2010.
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Perlfarn: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Perlfarn (Onoclea sensibilis) ist die einzige Pflanzenart der Gattung Onoclea innerhalb der Familie der Onocleaceae. Ihr disjunktes Areal umfasst das östliche Nordamerika und das östliche Asien. Das Artepitheton sensibilis bezieht sich auf die ausgeprägte Frostempfindlichkeit der sterilen Wedel.

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Onoclea sensibilis ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Onoclea sensibilis, the sensitive fern, also known as the bead fern, is a coarse-textured, medium to large-sized deciduous perennial fern. The name comes from its sensitivity to frost, the fronds dying quickly when first touched by it. It is sometimes treated as the only species in Onoclea,[2] but some authors do not consider the genus monotypic.[3]

Description

The sterile and fertile fronds of Onoclea sensibilis have independent stalks originating from the same rhizome, quite different from other ferns.[4] The bright, yellow-green trophophylls (sterile fronds) are deeply pinnatifid and are typically borne at intervals along the creeping rhizome. The sterile fronds are deciduous with trophopods, swollen bases, that serve as over winter storage organs.[5][6] The sterile fronds of O. var. sensibilis have a length of 1–1.3 m (3–4 ft) with 5–11 pinnae, leaf pairs, evenly spaced along the stipe.[7] O. var. interrupta Maxim. fronds are shorter, 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, with fewer pinnae, only 5–8 pairs.[8]

Sporophyte "Beads"

The sporophylls (fertile fronds) are smaller, 20–45 cm (8–18 in) in length,[8] non-green at maturity and have very narrow pinnae. They are persistent, standing 2–3 years. The sori comprise clusters of sporangia (spore cases) 2–4 mm (1/10–1/6 in) in diameter,[7] like beads, on upright fertile fronds, hence the common name Bead fern.

Sori are typically bilaterally symmetrical, though leaf forms have been observed with pinnae fertile only on a single side of the rachis. This form, named O. sensibilis L. F. hemiphyllodes (Kiss & Kümmerle, 1926)[9] and a second, O. sensibilis L. F. obtusilobata having flat pinnules (not curled or bead shaped),[9] were deemed to be variations not meriting taxonomic recognition (J. M. Beitel et al. 1981).[10]

Onoclea sensibilis' fiddleheads and first fronds

The fiddleheads have a pale reddish color.

Morphology

The spermatogenesis process spans formation of spermatogenous cells to the release of spore. In homosporous ferns, like O. sensibilis L., developing spermatids are surrounded by two different walls at specific development stages, as opposed to a single wall reported in other species. Other differences include a delayed formation of the osmiophilic crest and during sperm release the cap cell removes intact, as opposed to forming a pore or collapsing altogether.[11] Spores are monolete with the antheridium, or sporangium, containing either 32 or 64 sperm spores,[11] usually being 64.[5] Regardless of the number, the capsule's volume remains nearly the same.[11]

The mechanics of spore release and its timing are controlled by springtime humidity.[12] The small fertile margins, that in live-form held spore in tightly rolled structures, maintain their dry, leathery shape over winter. These pinnules respond to spring's higher humidity by opening, releasing their spore into the air. Subsequent gametophytes are unisexual in early development, favoring cross-fertilization, later becoming bisexual to ensure species survival.[13]

Taxonomy

Taxonomic History

Species

The genus Onoclea was cast by Carl Linnaeus in 1751, separating from the fern's prior association with the Angiopteris genus.[14] The binominal name, Onoclea sensibilis, was published in his 1753 Species Plantarum.[15]

Varieties

Onoclea sensibilis has two geographically disjunctive varieties. Onoclea sensibilis var. sensibilis is native to North America; Canada's central and eastern regions and the United States' north, central and eastern regions.[6] Onoclea sensibilis var. interrupta Maximowicz (aka Maxim.) is native to Southeast Siberia, Japan and China.[8] The varietal difference is their ultimate height, O. var. interrupta Maxim. only reaching half the height of its sister.

Alternate names

Regional colloquial names for Onoclea sensibilis, the sensitive fern, focus on its characteristics.

  • bead fern, an alternate name based on its fertile beaded pinnae (leaflets)[16][17]
  • bolletjesvaren; Dutch, meaning "ball fern"[10]
  • druebregne; Danish, meaning "grape fern"[18]
  • dwa’hũdes gananitsga’kwaʼ; Cayuga, meaning "deer, what they lie on"[19]
  • harilik pärljalg; Estonian, meaning "common pearl leg"[20]
  • helmisaniainen; Finnish, meaning "mother of pearl"[21]
  • pärlbräken; Swedish, meaning "pearl bracts"[22]
  • unì·suwεkwaʼ; Onondaga, meaning "bait"[19]

Etymology

Onoclea sensibilis' name was descriptive. Onoclea comes from the Greek onos, meaning a vessel, and kleio, meaning to close, describing the closely rolled sori on its fertile fronds. Its species, from the Late Latin sensibilis, means sensitive, describing its high sensitivity to autumn's first frost and to drought.[23][17]

Distribution and habitat

Onoclea sensibilis is native to Northern Hemisphere temperate regions; the Russian Far East, China and Eastern Asia, and a wide native distribution in Northern America.[22] It ranges from Newfoundland south to Florida and west to Texas, the Rocky Mountains, North and South Dakota, Quebec, and Manitoba.[24][25][26]

It has become naturalized in western Europe[27] and New Zealand.[5]

Onoclea sensibilis can be found at elevations from sea level up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft)[7] in fresh water habitats,[10] not brackish, as its spore germination ceases at salt (NaCl) levels ≥ 0.6%,[28] moderately saline water and higher.

Onoclea sensibilis grows best in moist shaded or partially shaded areas, dwelling in a variety of swamp and wood habitats: wet meadows, thickets and bogs, as well as stream and riverbanks and roadside ditches. It tolerates extremely wet soils, appearing in soggy ground or at the very edge of water in shade or sun.[16] The plant can tolerate dryer conditions in shade.

It prefers acidic (pH<6.8), loose, sandy to loam, limestone-based soils.

Ecology

Gametophyte (the flat thallus at the bottom of the picture) with a descendant sporophyte beginning to grow from it (the small frond at the top of the picture)

The Onoclea sensibilis plant has remained essentially unchanged over millions of years. A fifty-seven million year old fossil of Paleocene epoch flora shows specimens virtually identical to modern samples.[6] It has a life cycle featuring alternation of generations, sexual and asexual reproduction; its sporophyte generation matures in autumn, casts its spores in the spring[7] and the gametophyte generation follows. Sporophytes require 5-10 years of growth before reaching their mature fern height.[29]

Sensitive ferns propagate by both spore dispersion and rhizome growth. Its growth clusters attract local fauna where small wildlife find habitat,[17] deer bed upon its dense mat[19] and in winter wild turkeys use the fertile spore stalks as a secondary food source.[17] They can become aggressive[23] and a nuisance if established near preferable vegetation. The University of Maine's Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries classifies the sensitive fern as a herbaceous broadleaf weed.[30]

Its deciduous fronds do not tolerate freezing temperatures, however, the plant survives USDA hardiness zones 4-8,[31] or minimum temperatures of -20 °C to -15 °C (-4 °F to 5 °F) having the Royal Horticultural Society's H6 rating.[32] Winter survival is enhanced if the dried frond petiole bases are left intact.[5][2]

Nutrient beneficial ectotrophic mycorrhizal associations may occur in Onoclea sensibilis, Pteridium aquilinum and Adiantum pedatum located in oak and hickory forests.[33]

Onoclea sensibilis is a wetland indicator, listed as a Facultative Wetland Hydrophyte in the 2013 (US) National Wetland Plant List due to its observed affinity for wetter soils.[34]

Opinion is mixed regarding the species' tolerance to disturbance of its growing environment. In one forest setting, a decade long decline was noticed following even single-cut tree felling operations.[17] In other settings sensitive ferns appear opportunistic, disturbance not being a problem.[26] They spread to form colonies, often the first species to inhabit disturbed areas.

Pests and diseases

Onoclea sensibilis hosts insects, fungi, bacteria and even a parasitic vine, Cuscuta gronovii (scaldweed), that can overgrow and constrict it.[35]

Phlogophora iris- Olive angle shades, aka olive sausage

Insects

Insects feeding upon the Onoclea sensibilis target both its leaves and rhizome roots. Amphorophora ampullata fern aphids,[4] Chirosia gleniensis fern miners[36] and the larvae of sawflies Hemitaxonus dubitatus[4] and Stromboceros delicatulus[37] feed on its leaves. Larvae of moth species Phlogophora iris (olive angle shades, pictured),[10] Callopistria cordata (silver-spotted fern moth)[10] and Papaipema inquaesita (Sensitive Fern Borer)[36][10] are known to feed on both stems and rhizomes.[4]

Fungi

Parasitic fungi include Ceratobasidium anceps, causing frond and stem necrosis; Ceratobasidium cornigerum, covering stems with saprophyte growths;[35] and Uredinopsis mirabilis,[35] a distinct rust species unique to the Sensitive Fern.[38] Invasive fungi like Taphrina filicina,[35] Taphrina hiratsukae[39] and Phyllactinia corylea, synonym Phyllactinia guttata[39] can infect leaves, causing blisters or white powdery mildew.

Fungi can develop beneath beech trees, where aphid honeydew secretions accumulate;[40][41] these strictly epiphyllous honeydew fungi, Sclerotiomyces colchicus[42] and Scorias spongiosa (Schwein.) Fr.,[43] have been recorded on Onoclea sensibilis, where their sooty mold buildup impairs leaf function.

Bacteria

Onoclea sensibilis can host Burkholderia plantarii[22] which causes stem lesions. B. plantarii is a pathogen of bacterial seedling blight in rice. In a multi-year study the weedy presence of O. sensibilis at rice paddy fields and a means to convey the bacterium (rainfall runoff) implicated it as the source of bacterial blight outbreaks when paired with enabling environmental conditions.[44]

Toxicity

Pharmacology

Onoclea sensibilis has two internally-synthesized chemical defenses against insects. Ingesting any part of the plant introduces thiaminase enzymes and phytoecdysteroid hormones which can disrupt an insect's molting cycle, preventing its full development.[6]

Mammal

Onoclea sensibilis has been implicated in equine poisoning and death,[45] especially if eaten in quantity.[4] The exact cause is unproven, but thiaminase poisoning, causing an extreme Vitamin B1 deficiency is suspected.[6]

Human

Its human toxicity is not well defined; no specific warnings for Onoclea sensibilis have been found.[31] Its summaries, however, frequently include precautionary statements that ferns, in general, may contain natural carcinogens and/or the enzyme thiaminase, the latter being dangerous in high concentration.[31][17] Historically, some Native American peoples have consumed Onoclea sensibilis without apparent distress; see Food uses in this article.

Uses

Food

Onoclea sensibilis has limited value for food use,[17] considered a famine food by some and reserved for times of scarcity. Cooking heat eliminates its thiaminase content.[31] The Iroquois treated Onoclea sensibilis as an early springtime vegetable, prepared like spinach, the fiddleheads cooked and "seasoned with salt, pepper or butter" (Waugh, 1916).[19] After removing the "brown scales" (sori), leaves were processed likewise.[31] Its young shoots have been sold as delicacies in Asian markets.[31]

Horticultural

It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in traditional and native plant gardens, and in natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects.[23][29] It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[32] Gardeners employ rhizome division[31] and are aided by spore harvesting guides.[46] Its decomposing fronds make an effective mulch, suppressing undergrowth.[31] Plantings can become aggressive,[29] weedy if not sited properly.

Decorative

Its cut fronds are used in dried flower arrangements.[16] [31]

Folk medicine

Historically, Native American peoples used Onoclea sensibilis for oral and topical indigenous treatments.[47]

Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Onoclea sensibilis.

Also see the Polish Wikipedia article for Onoclea sensibilis.

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Onoclea sensibilis: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Onoclea sensibilis, the sensitive fern, also known as the bead fern, is a coarse-textured, medium to large-sized deciduous perennial fern. The name comes from its sensitivity to frost, the fronds dying quickly when first touched by it. It is sometimes treated as the only species in Onoclea, but some authors do not consider the genus monotypic.

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Onoclea sensibilis ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Onoclea sensibilis es una especie de helecho perenne, de textura basta y tamaño mediano a grande. Su nombre hace referencia a que los colonizadores de América del Norte observaron que era muy sensible a las heladas, y sus frondas se extinguían con rapidez al ser alcanzadas por una helada. A veces se le considera la única especie del género Onoclea,[1]​ pero algunos autores no consideran que el género sea monotípico.[2]

Descripción

 src=
"Cuentas"

Las frondas estériles y fértiles de Onoclea sensibilis son bastante diferentes de las de otros helechos. Las frondas estériles de color amarillo verdoso brillante son profundamente pinnatifidas y típicamente se manifiestan a intervalos a lo largo de un rizoma rastrero. Crecen hasta aproximadamente 90 cm de largo, con un largo y suave estipe.

Las frondas fértiles son mucho más pequeñas, no verdes y tienen pinnas muy estrechas. El soro presenta una agrupación que asemeja cuentas o uvas en las frondas fértiles verticales, de ahí el nombre común de "helecho de cuentas". Los brotes enrollados son de color rojo claro.

Uso

Los brotes jóvenes aún enrollados, a veces llamados "cabezas de violín", se usan como verdura o se comen crudas. Se retiran las escamas marrones y luego se cocinan al vapor en muy poca agua. Los brotes jóvenes se comercializan como manjares en los mercados asiáticos.

Referencias

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Onoclea sensibilis: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Onoclea sensibilis es una especie de helecho perenne, de textura basta y tamaño mediano a grande. Su nombre hace referencia a que los colonizadores de América del Norte observaron que era muy sensible a las heladas, y sus frondas se extinguían con rapidez al ser alcanzadas por una helada. A veces se le considera la única especie del género Onoclea,​ pero algunos autores no consideran que el género sea monotípico.​

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Helmisaniainen ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Helmisaniainen (Onoclea sensibilis) on helmisaniaiskasvien (Onocleaceae) heimoon kuuluva saniaslaji. Sitä esiintyy Itä-Aasiassa ja Pohjois-Amerikan itäosassa. Lajia käytetään koristekasvina. Helmisaniaisen lehtiruodit ovat pitkiä ja harvaan suomuisia. Sillä on samaan heimoon kuuluvan kotkansiiven tapaan erilliset itiölehdet. Marrot lehdet ovat vaaleanvihreät, kolmiomaiset, nahkeat ja verkkosuoniset. Lehtilavat ovat jakaantuneet epävastakkaisiksi sormilehdyköiksi. Itiölehdet ovat pystyt, tummanruskeat tai mustat, tiheään lyhytliuskaiset. Helmisaniaisen itiöt kypsyvät syksyllä ja leviävät keväällä.

Lähteet

  • Mossberg, Bo & Stenberg, Lennart 2003: Suuri Pohjolan kasvio. (Suom. Vuokko, Seppo & Väre, Henry) Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki.

Viitteet

  1. Maiz-Tome, L.: Onoclea sensibilis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.1. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 11.8.2016. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä kasveihin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Helmisaniainen: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Helmisaniainen (Onoclea sensibilis) on helmisaniaiskasvien (Onocleaceae) heimoon kuuluva saniaslaji. Sitä esiintyy Itä-Aasiassa ja Pohjois-Amerikan itäosassa. Lajia käytetään koristekasvina. Helmisaniaisen lehtiruodit ovat pitkiä ja harvaan suomuisia. Sillä on samaan heimoon kuuluvan kotkansiiven tapaan erilliset itiölehdet. Marrot lehdet ovat vaaleanvihreät, kolmiomaiset, nahkeat ja verkkosuoniset. Lehtilavat ovat jakaantuneet epävastakkaisiksi sormilehdyköiksi. Itiölehdet ovat pystyt, tummanruskeat tai mustat, tiheään lyhytliuskaiset. Helmisaniaisen itiöt kypsyvät syksyllä ja leviävät keväällä.

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Onoclée sensible ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Onoclea sensibilis

L'Onoclée sensible[1] (Onoclea sensibilis) est une petite fougère de la famille des Woodsiacées (parfois incluse dans celle des Dryopteridacées).

Elle est native tant d'Amérique du nord (Est du Canada, Est des États-Unis) que d'Asie orientale (Russie -îles Kouriles, Sakhaline-, Chine, Japon, Corée).

Description

L'Onoclée sensible est dotée d'un rhizome rampant, formant sans cesse de nouvelles plantes et portant deux sortes de frondes : les unes purement végétatives, vert clair à très clair, foliacées, disparaissant à l'époque des gelées, les autres fructifères, rigides, persistant tout l'hiver, à divisions primaires contractées en un chapelet d'enveloppes sphériques qui dissimulent les spores.

Usages

Selon l'ethnobotaniste François Couplan, le rhizome de l'Onoclée sensible aurait autrefois été consommé par les amérindiens, après cuisson[2]

Galerie d'images

Notes et références

  1. L. Brouillet et al., « Onoclea sensibilis », sur VASCAN, la Base de données des plantes vasculaires du Canada (consulté le 15 mai 2011)
  2. Couplan, François (2009) Le régal végétal : plantes sauvages comestibles ; Editions Ellebore, 527 pages

Annexes

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Onoclée sensible: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Onoclea sensibilis

L'Onoclée sensible (Onoclea sensibilis) est une petite fougère de la famille des Woodsiacées (parfois incluse dans celle des Dryopteridacées).

Elle est native tant d'Amérique du nord (Est du Canada, Est des États-Unis) que d'Asie orientale (Russie -îles Kouriles, Sakhaline-, Chine, Japon, Corée).

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Bolletjesvaren ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De bolletjesvaren (Onoclea sensibilis) is een varen uit de bolletjesvarenfamilie (Onocleaceae). Het is de enige soort binnen het geslacht Onoclea, een zogeheten monotypisch geslacht.

De plant komt van nature voor in Oost-Azië en Noord-Amerika. Door cultivatie heeft de soort zich in Europa verspreid. In België en Nederland wordt de plant sinds enkele jaren in het wild gevonden.

Naamgeving en etymologie

  • Engels: Sensitive fern, Bead fern, Meadow brake
  • Frans: Onoclée sensible

De botanische naam Onoclea komt van het Griekse 'onos' (= vat) [bron?] en 'kleiein' (= sluiten), wat verwijst naar de manier waarop de sporenhoopjes worden afgesloten. De soortaanduiding sensibilis betekent 'gevoelig' en slaat op de gevoeligheid van de varen voor vorst.

De Nederlandse naam 'bolletjesvaren' slaat eveneens op de vorm van de sporenhoopjes.

Kenmerken

De bolletjesvaren is een overblijvende, kruidachtige plant. Uit een dunne, kruipende wortelstok ontspringen willekeurig verspreide bladen. Er is een duidelijk verschil tussen de steriele en de fertiele bladen.

 src=
Steriel blad

Bladen

De steriele bladen zijn geelgroen tot lichtgroen, tot 50 cm lang, breed driehoekig van vorm en veerdelig of eenmaal geveerd. In het laatste geval is de bladspil naar de top toe gevleugeld. De acht tot veertien zijblaadjes aan iedere kant zijn lancetvormig. De bladrand is gaaf, gegolfd of gekarteld. De bladsteel is een tot anderhalf maal zo lang als de bladschijf, donker gekleurd, onderaan afgeplat en niet beschubd.

De fertiele bladen ontstaan later (of soms zelfs niet) en lijken helemaal niet op de steriele bladen. Ze zijn langwerpig van vorm en tweevoudig geveerd. De bladsteel is in verhouding langer dan die van de steriele bladen, en het blad staat rechtop. De bladslipjes zijn lijnvormig, enkele millimeters breed en de zijblaadjes daarvan vouwen zich elk als een handje rond de sporenhoopjes. Het geheel doet denken aan een pluim met parelsnoeren, vandaar ook de naam bolletjesvaren. De jonge fertiele bladen zijn groen, maar worden later bruin tot zwart.

De steriele bladen zijn fragiel en verdwijnen bij de eerste vorst. De fertiele bladen zijn winterhard en laten de sporen pas vrij in de volgende lente.

Sporenhoopjes

De ronde sporenhoopjes zitten op de onderzijde van de fertiele bladen, volledig bedekt door de bladslipjes. Er is geen dekvliesje. De sporen overwinteren en komen vrij in de lente.

Habitat

De bolletjesvaren is een terrestrische plant die vochtige, matig voedselrijke tot voedselrijke, zure grond verkiest. De varen komt in natuurlijke omstandigheden voornamelijk voor in moerassen, laagveen en vochtige bossen, in de zon of de schaduw.

In de Benelux is de soort vooral te vinden op de plaatsen waar hij is aangeplant, zoals in tuinen, kasteeltuinen, parken en dergelijke. Daarbuiten komt de plant meestal voor op voldoende vochtige plaatsen waar tuinafval gestort wordt.

Op geschikte plaatsen heeft de bolletjesvaren de neiging om te gaan woekeren en andere planten te verdringen.

Voorkomen

De bolletjesvaren is oorspronkelijk afkomstig uit Oost-Azië en het oosten van Noord-Amerika. De varen is als tuinplant ook in Europa verspreid geraakt. De plant kan overleven en zich voortplanten in een gematigd klimaat met milde vorst.

Vondsten buiten de plaats van aangeplanting zijn er onder meer geweest in Dieren (Gelderland).

Verwante en gelijkende soorten

In België en Nederland kan de bolletjesvaren met geen enkele andere varen verward worden.

Zeldzaamheid en bescherming

De bolletjesvaren wordt noch op de Vlaamse Rode Lijst (planten), noch op de Nederlandse Rode Lijst (planten) vermeld.

Ondanks zijn neiging om te gaan woekeren, wordt de soort niet beschouwd als een invasieve soort, maar hoort thuis bij de categorie 'standhoudend'. De plant blijft zonder menselijke tussenkomst ter plaatse zonder of met beperkte mogelijkheid tot vermeerdering.

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Wikimedia Commons Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Onoclea sensibilis op Wikimedia Commons.
Wikibooks Wikibooks heeft meer over dit onderwerp: Ecologisch tuinieren - Bolletjesvaren.
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Bolletjesvaren: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De bolletjesvaren (Onoclea sensibilis) is een varen uit de bolletjesvarenfamilie (Onocleaceae). Het is de enige soort binnen het geslacht Onoclea, een zogeheten monotypisch geslacht.

De plant komt van nature voor in Oost-Azië en Noord-Amerika. Door cultivatie heeft de soort zich in Europa verspreid. In België en Nederland wordt de plant sinds enkele jaren in het wild gevonden.

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Onoclea sensibilis ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Onoclea sensibilis là một loài thực vật có mạch trong họ Woodsiaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Onoclea sensibilis. Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết liên quan đến họ dương xỉ Woodsiaceae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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wikipedia VI

Onoclea sensibilis: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Onoclea sensibilis là một loài thực vật có mạch trong họ Woodsiaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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球子蕨 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Onoclea sensibilis
L.

球子蕨学名Onoclea sensibilis)为球子蕨科球子蕨属下的一个种。

参考文献

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球子蕨: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

球子蕨(学名:Onoclea sensibilis)为球子蕨科球子蕨属下的一个种。

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コウヤワラビ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
コウヤワラビ Onoclea sensibilis kouyawrab01.jpg
コウヤワラビ
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : シダ植物門 Pteridophyta : シダ綱 Pteridopsida : ウラボシ目 Polypodiales : オシダ科 Dryopteridaceae : コウヤワラビ属 Onoclea : コウヤワラビ(広義) Onoclea sensibilis L. 亜種 : コウヤワラビ(日本の変種) var. interrupta 学名 Onoclea sensibilis L. var. interrupta Maxim. シノニム

Onoclea interrupta (Maxim.) Ching & P.C.Chiu[1]

コウヤワラビ Onoclea sensibilis L. var. interrupta Maxim. は、湿地に生えるシダ植物の1つ。独特の羽片の幅が広い栄養葉と球形の胞子嚢群を含む小羽片が数珠のように並ぶ胞子葉をつける。

特徴[編集]

夏緑性の草本[2]根茎は長く地下を横に伸び、径3-6mm、褐色で最初は鱗片があるが、後になくなって裸出する。最初だけある鱗片は淡褐色で膜質、卵形で縁はほぼ滑らか。

葉には2形がはっきりしている。

  • 栄養葉は葉柄の長さは8-30cm、藁色で基部はより褐色を帯びる。葉身は単羽状に深く裂け、草質で淡黄緑色から淡緑色で毛や鱗片はない。全体としては広卵形から三角状楕円形で、長さ8-30cm、幅8-25cm。羽片は5-11(-14)対あって、披針形で先端は丸く、中央から基部に向けては多少幅が狭くなる。下方の裂片は楔形で柄を持つこともあり、上の方のものではそのまま中軸の翼に流れ、他の羽片とつながる。羽片の縁はほぼ滑らかか、尖らない鋸歯が並ぶ形。葉脈は網目を作る。
葉面が広くて柔らかな感じはシダ類としては異色で、「海藻的」とか[3]ワカメのよう」とか[4]の声もある。
  • 胞子葉は栄養葉と同等かやや背が高い[5]。葉身は2回羽状複葉だが、外見的には1回羽状に見える。見かけの上では栄養葉の主軸と側羽片の中軸だけにして、その側羽片の中軸に多数の球体を数珠のように並べた姿となっている。この球体が小羽片であり、これは薄い透明な包膜に包まれた胞子嚢群が、小羽片の葉身に包まれたものである。日本のものでは小羽片は互いに2-3mmの間隔を置いて付き、北アメリカ産のものでは互いにほぼ接して着く。胞子葉は秋に出て、最初は緑で次第に黒く色づく[6]

和名は本種が和歌山県高野山に産すると思われたことによる。学名の種小名は「鋭敏な」の意味で、本種の栄養葉が採集して間もなくしなびてしまうことによる[7]

高野山との関わりについて[編集]

上記のように、本種の名は高野山に由来し、その地に本種があったことによるとされるが、実際には本種は高野山では見つからないし、正式には過去にも記録がない。高野山はこの名を冠した植物がいくつもあることでもわかるように、古くから多くの植物研究者の手が入っており、見落としがあるとは思えないし、このような誤解が生まれる理由も考えづらい。ただ紀州藩の本草家であった黒田伴存(くろだともあり)が嘉永年間に高野山の植物を調べて著した『野山草木通志』の中に本種の図を載せてあり、そこでは「ゼンマイカグマ」の名を付けているという。説明には「ゼンマイシノブ(イワヒトデ)に似て薄弱」とある。また高野山の近隣では紀美野町で生育している。本種の分布は北に偏っており、和歌山県で分布が確実なのはこの地しかない[8]

分布と生育環境[編集]

日本では北海道から九州まで分布し、九州では中央山地に産する。四国からは発見されていない。日本周囲では朝鮮中国東北部、南樺太、南千島シベリア東部にあり、更に北アメリカ東部に隔離分布する[9]

山麓から低山地、村落周辺にまで見られ、日当たりがよくて湿った場所を好む[10]沼地水田などに見られる[11]。根茎がよく這うので、群生してみられ、大きな群落を作ることもある[12]

分類[編集]

本種はその形態が独特であることから、かつては本種のみでコウヤワラビ属 Onoclea L. を立てた[13]が、その後にイヌガンソクがこの属に移され、この2種のみを含むことになった[14]。ただしイヌガンソクは以前に所属していたクサソテツ属 Matteucciaクサソテツ M. struthipteris (L.) の方に遙かに似ており、本種とは形質の共通点はあるものの、外見的にはほとんど似ていない。ちなみにイヌガンソクの方は現在は別属になっている。いずれにせよこの種はその姿が独特で、似ている種は他にない[15]

北米産が基準種であるが、比較すると日本産のものは胞子葉では球状の小羽片が連続せず、隣り合うものの間に隙間がある。このことから日本産のものを変種 var. interrupta Maxim. として区別する[16]

  •  src=

    基本変種・栄養葉

  •  src=

    同・胞子葉

  •  src=

    日本の変種・胞子葉

  •  src=

    日本の変種・胞子葉(拡大)

利害[編集]

特になし。

出典[編集]

  1. ^ Onoclea interrupta Tropicos
  2. ^ 以下、主として岩槻編著(1992),p.224
  3. ^ 光田(1986),p.57
  4. ^ 北川(2007),p.16
  5. ^ 光田(1986),p.57
  6. ^ 北川(2007),p.16
  7. ^ 牧野(1961),p.23
  8. ^ 南紀生物同好会編(1979)p.149-150
  9. ^ 岩槻編著(1992),p.224
  10. ^ 岩槻編著(1992),p.224
  11. ^ 加藤(1997),p.21
  12. ^ 北川(2007),p.16
  13. ^ 田川(1959),p.74
  14. ^ 岩槻編著(1992),p.223
  15. ^ 北川(2007),p.16
  16. ^ 牧野(1961),p.23

参考文献[編集]

  • 岩槻邦男編、『日本の野生植物 シダ』、(1992)、平凡社
  • 田川基二、『原色日本羊歯植物図鑑』、(1959)、保育社
  • 牧野富太郎、『牧野 新日本植物圖鑑』、(1961)、図鑑の北隆館
  • 光田重光、『しだの図鑑』、(1986)、保育社
  • 加藤雅啓、「クサソテツ」:『朝日百科 植物の世界 12』、(1997)、朝日新聞社:p.21
  • 南紀生物同好会編、『わかやまの生物』、(1979)、帯伊書店
  • 北川淑子、『シダハンドブック』、(2007)、文一総合出版
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コウヤワラビ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

コウヤワラビ Onoclea sensibilis L. var. interrupta Maxim. は、湿地に生えるシダ植物の1つ。独特の羽片の幅が広い栄養葉と球形の胞子嚢群を含む小羽片が数珠のように並ぶ胞子葉をつける。

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