棘蟹守螺

Cerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1822

Strombus tuberculatus Linné, 1767:1213, no. 514 [type not located; type locality: “In Mare Mediterraneo;” no figure references, nomen dubium; not Strombus tuberculatus Born, 1778].—Dodge, 1956:289–290.

Rubus, Martyn, 1786, pl. 58 (Tonga) [non binomial].

Cerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1822:69–70 [leclotype, herein selected: MHNG 1097/18/1 and one paralectotype MHNG 1097/18/2; type locality: not given, herein restricted to Tulear, Madagascar; 42.6 mm];—Deshayes, 1843:291–292 [refers to Kiener, 1841, pl. 3: fig. 1].—Tesch. 1920:52–53. pl. 130: fig.173.—Salvat and Rives, 1975:268. fig. 58.

Cerithium mutatum Sowerby, 1834: No. 42 [no pagination, species 6, fig. 6; type not located, Sowerby's fig. 6 herein selected to represent the lectotype; type locality: not cited]; 1855:897.—Tryon, 1887:124, pl. 20: fig. 27.—Kay, 1979:122, fig. 45L.

Cerithium adansonii Bruguière.—Kiener, 1842:9–10, pl. 4: fig. 2 [not Cerithium adansonii Bruguière, 1792; is C. echinatum Lamarck, 1822].

Cerithium rubus Deshayes, 1843:310 [type not located, refers to Martyn, 1786, pl. 58; type locality: not cited; nomen dubium; not Cerithium rubus in sensu Sowerby, 1855, and later authors].

Cerithium album Hombron and Jacquinot, 1852, pl. 23: fig. 25 [holotype: MNHNP no number, type locality: Torres Straits; 37.5 mm × 18.3 mm]; 1854:101 [refers to Atlas, pl. 23: figs. 22, 23 in error: alba is fig. 25].

Cerithium tuberculiferum Pease, 1869:76–77 [type: not found, refers to Sowerby, 1865, pl. 2: fig. 11; type locality: Paumotus].—Kobelt, 1893: 100–101, pl. 20: figs. 3, 4.—Salvat and Rives, 1975:268, fig. 59.

Gourmya echinata (Lamarck).—Con, 1927:85–86, pl. 18: fig. 3.

Cerithium (Thericium) mutatum Sowerby.—Ladd, 1972:37, pl. 9: fig. 6.

Cerithium (Cerithium) rubus Deshayes.—Rehder, 1980:34–35, pl. 6: figs. 1, 2.

Cerithium (Cerithium) echinatum (Lamarck).—Springsteen and Leobrera, 1986:60. pl. 13: fig. 6.

DESCRIPTION.—Shell (Figures 51, 52): Shell thick, heavy, robust, conical-turrate, comprising 11 to 13 nodose, inflated, angulate whorls and attaining 65 mm length and 26 mm width. Protoconch (Figure 52E) 3.5 whorls. Protoconch 1 smooth; protoconch 2 sculptured with subsutural riblets and two spiral cords, lower one weakly beaded. Lower half of protoconch whorls with microscopic sculpture of lattice-like opisthocline lines below second spiral cord. Deep sinusigeral notch at aperture lip of protoconch. Early teleoconch sculptured with two main spiral cords and several weaker spiral lirae (Figure 51E) and becoming progressively spinose or nodular on second spiral cord of larger whorls (Figure 51D). Adult teleoconch sculptured with central spiral cord bearing large pointed nodes, incised spiral lines, and 3 or 4 minor, sometimes spinose, nodular, spiral cords. Penultimate whorl with 11–61 spiny nodes. Each whorl with broad subsutural ramp. Nodes and spines frequently drawn out axially, forming weak, broad ribs, especially on lower half of whorl. Suture deeply impressed. Body whorl very large, elongate. Aperture ovate, about one-third the shell length. Columella slightly concave with thick callus and well-developed lip. Anterior siphonal canal tubular, of moderate length, reflected dorsally and to left of shell axis. Anal canal large, formed by constriction of upper outer lip and bordered with large, parietal, columellar tooth extending well into aperture. Outer lip thick, highly crenulated and spinose at edge and with deep inner lines. Hook-like extension of base of outer lip crossing over, but not fused with anterior siphonal canal. Shell color white with tan or brown spiral lines, spots, and blotches. Brown to tan flamules sometimes present Aperture white. Protoconch pink; juveniles yellow, tan, or brown. Measurements (Table 19). Periostracum tan, thin. Operculum thick, brown and paucispiral with eccentric nucleus.

Radula (Figure 53): Type-1 radular ribbon (Figure 3A). Rachidian tooth (Figure 53D) rectangular, basal plate with narrow central, posterior extension and with pair of posterior basal ridges. Top of rachidian tooth slightly rounded; cutting edge with large spade-shaped main cusp flanked on each side by two, sometimes three, small denticles. Lateral tooth (Figure 53D–F) with wide central ridge with basal node and long basal posterior extension on broad basal plate. Cutting edge of lateral tooth with long, pointed main cusp, one inner flanking denticle and 3 or 4 outer flanking denticles. Marginal teeth (Figure 53C, D) with long narrow shafts, broad bases, and hooked apices with sharp pointed tips. Inner marginal tooth with long main cusp, 3 or 4 inner flanking cusps, and 3 outer flanking cusps. Outer marginal tooth same, but without outer flanking cusps.

Anatomy: Head-foot large, muscular, animal green with maroon blotches, with white and pink spots on head, and with dark brown blotches and iridescent blue lines on foot Cephalic tentacles slender, tapering, darkly pigmented at tips, and with broad peduncular bases. Eyes black, surrounded with orange. Snout wide, massive. Columellar muscle large, thick. Mantle edge scalloped and with many long, fine papillae. Top of mantle whitish orange, yellow and green. Inhalant siphon thick, muscular, darkly pigmented, and with many papillae along edge.

Osphradium yellow-brown, narrow, tall, tapering into inhalant siphon. Ctenidium white, long, very narrow, comprised of long, tapering, triangular filaments. Hypobranchial gland pale green, thick, wide, becoming narrow near exhalant siphon, and with transverse ridges. Rectum very wide.

Massive buccal mass with stout jaws. Thick, cord-like salivary glands passing through nerve ring, not distally coiled. Esophageal gland well developed, very wide. Stomach large, with extensive sorting area. Style sac and style short.

Type-A palliai oviduct (Figure 4A) with thick posterior albumen gland and with thick, white, median capsule gland. Sperm gutter opens at middle of medial lamina into large, posterior, spermatophore bursa. Small, orange seminal receptacle at dorsal-posterior of medial lamina opening into oviductal groove. Opening of anterior seminal receptacle of lateral lamina opposite opening to spermatophore bursa of medial lamina. Anterior seminal receptacle extending about two thirds length of lateral lamina.

SYNONYMIC

Cerithium echinatum is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae.