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裸穗豬草

Ambrosia psilostachya DC.

Comments ( 英語 )

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Hybrids between Ambrosia psilostachya and A. artemisiifolia have been called A. ×intergradiens W. H. Wagner. Some botanists consider the type of A. cumanensis Kunth (1818) to be conspecific with that of A. psilostachya.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 21: 12, 15, 18 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Perennials, 10–60(–100+) cm. Stems erect. Leaves proximally opposite, distally alternate; petioles 0–25 mm (often ± winged); blades deltate to lanceolate, 20–60(–140) × 8–35(–50+) mm, pinnately toothed to 1-pinnately lobed, bases cuneate to truncate, ultimate margins entire or toothed, abaxial and adaxial faces hirsutulous to strigose and gland-dotted. Pistillate heads clustered, proximal to staminates; florets 1. Staminate heads: peduncles 0.5–2 mm; involucres obliquely cup-shaped, 2–4(–5) mm diam., hirsutulous; florets 5–15(–30+). Burs: bodies ± obpyramidal to globose, 2–3 mm, hirsutulous, spines or tubercles 0 or 1–6, mostly distal, stoutly conic to acerose, (0.1–)0.5–1 mm, tips straight. 2n = 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 100–104, 108, 144.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 21: 12, 15, 18 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Synonym ( 英語 )

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Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydberg) S. F. Blake; A. psilostachya var. coronopifolia (Torrey & A. Gray) Farwell; A. psilostachya var. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Blankinship; A. rugelii Rydberg
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 21: 12, 15, 18 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire use, prescribed fire, woodland

Response of vegetation to prescribed burning in a Jeffrey pine-California
black oak woodland and a deergrass meadow at Cuyamaca State Park,
California
, provides information on prescribed fire use and postfire
response of many mixed-conifer woodland species including Cuman ragweed.
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( 英語 )

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Cuman ragweed
common ragweed
perennial ragweed
western ragweed
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( 英語 )

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The degree to which Cuman ragweed provides environmental protection
during one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows:

                                MT      UT      WY
        Pronghorn              ----    Poor    Poor
        Elk                    ----    Poor    Poor
        Mule deer              ----    Poor    Poor
        White-tailed deer      ----    ----    Poor
        Small mammals          Poor    Fair    Poor
        Small nongame birds    Poor    Fair    Poor
        Upland game birds      ----    Poor    Poor
        Waterfowl              ----    Poor    Poor
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: forb, monoecious, warm-season

Cuman ragweed is a warm-season, native perennial forb.  The main stem
rises from shallow (2 inches [5 cm]) or deep, branching rhizomes which
extend down 3 to 6 feet (0.9-1.8 m) [6,70].  Stems are slender and
branched, usually 1 to 2 feet (30-60 cm) tall [59,70].  Plants are
monoecious with unisexual flowers; male flowers occur at the top of the
plant and female flowers are axillary [41].  Achenes have a short beak
and small blunt tubercles on top [41].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Cuman ragweed's range extends from southern British Columbia east to
Nova Scotia [51,81,107] and southward through the United States from the
Appalachians to the West Coast and into central Mexico
[38,74,90,104,108].  Cuman ragweed was introduced from North America
into Europe and southwestern Russia [115].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fire regime

As a component of North American grasslands, Cuman ragweed has evolved
with fire.  Soil can insulate roots from lethal temperatures during a
fire.  Surface rhizomes of Cuman ragweed may be killed during a fire;
however, the plant also has deep-seated rhizomes which would survive
most fires [6].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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Cuman ragweed has been classified as an increaser (by 100 percent or
more) on burned plots [77].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: geophyte

Geophyte
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: codominant, forb, forbs, grassland, heath, shrub, shrubs

Cuman ragweed grows in grasslands, savannas, and woodlands across
North America.  In addition to occurring in its native settings (such as
dry prairies, blowouts, washouts, sandy woods, meadows, and hills),
Cuman ragweed is a widespread weed in waste places, roadsides,
railroads, overgrazed rangeland, and other disturbed places
[41,75,99,107,126].

Climate ranges from continental to coastal with short, warm to hot
summers and long, cold winters [1,3,16,129].  Often, there are
moderately strong surface winds [1].  Humidity is semiarid to moist
subhumid [42,44,86].  Annual precipitation ranges from 5 to 34 inches
(114-880 mm) with 60 to 80 percent occurring during the growing season
[19,23,39,56,75,114,125].  Temperatures vary from an average 72 degrees
Fahrenheit (22 deg C) in July to a January average of 11 degrees
Fahrenheit (-11.5 deg C) [124].

Cuman ragweed grows at elevations ranging from 850 to 7,400 feet
(259-2,256 m) and in many types of soils [18,30,60,66,69].  Soil
textures are predominantly loams, varying from silty clay loams to fine
sandy loams [23,61,122].  Soil pH ranges from 5.7 to 7.9 [22,105].
Soils often have little organic matter and are low in fertility [34].

Cuman ragweed occurs in too many grassland ecosystems for associated
species to be reviewed here.  Listed below are some typical examples of
major grasslands and the plant components found with Cuman ragweed.
In addition to this brief listing, the reader is referred to specific
examples of more distinct and diverse grasslands in which western
ragweed occurs [11,15,18,19,20,22,25,26,28,29,32,33,39,42,49,129].

Southern Great Plains
Shortgrass prairie is dominated by buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides)
and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) with sand dropseed (Sporobolus
cryptandrus [132].  When trees occur, sand shinnery oak (Quercus
havardii) is dominant [45,118].

Mixed-grass prairie is dominated by sideoats grama (Bouteloua
curtipendula), buffalo grass, little bluestem, and tobosagrass (Hilaria
mutica) [132].  When an overstory is present, dominant trees are honey
mesquite (Prosopis glandulifera), Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei), post
oak (Quercus stellata), blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), and live oak (Q.
virginiana) [59,67,86,112].  Shrubs include cholla (Opuntia imbricata),
common broomweed (Xanthocephalum dracunculoides), and whitebrush
(Aloysia lycoiodes) [47,66,123].  An associated forb is Riddel daisy
(Aphanostephus riddellii) [47,65].

Tallgrass prairie is dominated by little bluestem, silver bluestem
(Andropogon saccharoides), and fewflowered panic (Dicanthelium
oligosanthes) [36].

Central Great Plains Shortgrass dominated by blue grama with
buffalograss, sand reedgrass (Calamovilfa longifolia), and prairie
dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) [82,122,132].  An associated forb is
horseweed (Conyza canadensis) [43].

Northern Great Plains Tallgrass prairie is dominated by big bluestem
with little bluestem, Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switchgrass
(Panicum virgatum) [132].  A shrub co-occurring with Cuman ragweed is
Louisiana sandwort (Artemisia ludoviciana) [120].  Codominant forbs are
heath aster (Aster ericoides), purple prairie-clover (Petalostemum
purpureum), and goldenrods (Solidago spp.)  [1,35,106,120].

Cuman ragweed occurs on floodplain woodlands with sand reedgrass and
Canadian wildrye (Elymus canadensis) [4,117].  The overstory is
dominated by floodplain cottonwood (Populus deltoides) with green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica) [117].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    42  Bur oak
    66  Ashe juniper - redberry (Pinchot) juniper
    68  Mesquite
    72  Southern scrub oak
    73  Southern redcedar
    89  Live oak
   220  Rocky Mountain juniper
   235  Cottonwood - willow
   238  Western juniper
   242  Mesquite
   244  Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
   255  California coast live oak
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES31  Shinnery
   FRES32  Texas savanna
   FRES33  Southwestern shrubsteppe
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES39  Prairie
   FRES42  Annual grasslands
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

   K033  Chaparral
   K035  Coastal sagebrush
   K053  Grama - galleta steppe
   K054  Grama - tobosa prairie
   K057  Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
   K058  Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
   K060  Mesquite savanna
   K061  Mesquite - acacia savanna
   K062  Mesquite - live oak savanna
   K063  Foothills prairie
   K064  Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
   K065  Grama - buffalo grass
   K067  Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
   K068  Wheatgrass - grama - buffalo grass
   K069  Bluestem - grama prairie
   K070  Sandsage - bluestem prairie
   K071  Shinnery
   K074  Bluestem prairie
   K075  Nebraska Sandhills prairie
   K076  Blackland prairie
   K078  Southern cordgrass prairie
   K081  Oak savanna
   K084  Cross Timbers
   K085  Mesquite - buffalo grass
   K086  Juniper - oak savanna
   K087  Mesquite - oak savanna
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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Cuman ragweed is top-killed by fire.  Shallow rhizomes may be killed
along with seeds on aerial stems.
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: forbs

Managers rate the forage value of Cuman ragweed as fair [121].  The
foliage and stems contain cinnamic acid and sesquiterpene lactones that
deter herbivory [129].  However, Cuman ragweed is not considered a
poisonous plant [88].  It is moderately important as ungulate forage
[24,31,48,98,103].  Cuman ragweed is used for food and nesting
material, and as a habitat component by small mammals and nongame birds
[10,52,63].  Cuman ragweed is an important food (seeds and foliage) on
activity sites for upland gamebirds [11,73,110,123].  In a study of the
relationship of grasshoppers to different pasture treatments and range
sites in Kansas tallgrass prairie, Cuman ragweed was one of the two
most abundantly available and most ingested forbs [78].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: codominant, forb, habitat type

Cuman ragweed is a principal or dominant forb in many grasslands, such
as little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) and shortgrass communities
[6].  It is of secondary importance in big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii
var. gerardii) communities, but it is still the dominant forb [6,113].
It is a dominant forb in the Cross Timbers range, sand plains, and
prairies of Texas [44,86].  Cuman ragweed is dominant in sand
tallgrass prairies and sand hills of the Midwest [105,120].  It is the
principal forb in the shortgrass-ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
woodlands of north-central Arizona [18,28,60].  Cuman ragweed is
present in the Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) grasslands of the west
[29,39].  Cuman ragweed is codominant in saltgrass (Distichlis
spicata) communities and in grasslands found above salt marshes [22,26,
34,42].

In riparian habitat types of Wyoming, Cuman ragweed is listed as
codominant with western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) in the
Grass/Sedge Meadow subtype [90].  Cuman ragweed is a important forb,
but not an indicator, in steppe habitat types of North Dakota and South
Dakota:  (1) needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata)/threadleaf sedge
(Carex filifolia), (2) green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)/common
chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), and in Montana:  (1) needle-and-thread
grass/sun sedge (Carex heliophila), (2) Idaho fescue (Festuca
idahoensis)/sun sedge, (3) bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria
spicata)/sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), (4) bluebunch
wheatgrass/threadleaf sedge, (5) fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica)/
bluebunch wheatgrass, and (6) fragrant sumac/Idaho fescue [64].

Publications that list Cuman ragweed as dominant are:

(1)  The vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland
     Districts of the Custer National Forest: a habitat type
     classification [64].
(2)  A physical and biological characterization of riparian habitat and its
     importance to wildlife in Wyoming [90].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: forb

Forb
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, duff, formation, litter

Cuman ragweed is one of the main hay-fever plants in late summer when
it is in bloom [70,74,130].

Cuman ragweed is a major invader of deteriorating rangeland.  It
readily moves into open habitat in prairies [19,121].  Cuman ragweed
is not drought resistant.  It was partially or totally eliminated from
mixed-grass prairies during the drought of the 1930s; however, western
ragweed recovered by the mid-1940s [40,121].

Livestock:  Cuman ragweed averaged 1,200 pounds of dry matter per acre
(1,342 kg/ha) on a clay upland range site near Hays, Kansas, and was
beneficial to grass production [83].  Grass yields were never less than
2,000 pounds per acre (2,237 kg/ha) from sites that produced 7,000
pounds per acre (7,830 kg/ha) Cuman ragweed [83].  A buildup of 3 to 5
inches (8-13 cm) of grass mulch on a lightly grazed rangeland delayed
Cuman ragweed growth in the spring; however, litter increased the
moisture supply [71,122].

For optimum use of Cuman ragweed on shortgrass rangeland, continuous
season-long or year-long grazing at moderate stocking rates, combined
with spring burning, is recommended [83].  Launchbaugh and Owensby [83]
recommend grazing Cuman ragweed early in the growing season.  Range
cattle consume Cuman ragweed by choice most heavily in April [48].

Cuman ragweed cover increases when it is grazed or disked
[44,57,94,123].  There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in
relative abundance of Cuman ragweed under moderate or heavy stocking
rates [67,69].  However, Cuman ragweed cover was significantly greater
on continuously grazed pasture compared with short duration grazing
[31,45].  Cuman ragweed herbage was significantly higher under thinned
ponderosa pine compared to unthinned areas [28].  Herbage production of
Cuman ragweed decreased as the depth of humus, duff, and litter
increased under ponderosa pine canopies [29].

Chemical Control:  Herbicide should be applied to Cuman ragweed during
the late vegetative stage before the formation of flowerbuds; western
ragweed is moderately or totally resistant during other growth phases
[93,111].  Before flowering, it is susceptible and may be controlled
with one foliage spray application at 1 pound active ingredient per acre
(1.1 kg ai/ha) for 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Silvex, 2,4,-D-B or 0.25 pound active
ingredient per acre (0.28 kg ai/a) Grazon PC and Banvel [43,83,93].
Grazon P + D will give control for more than 1 year [43].

Cuman ragweed root exudate significantly inhibited the formation of
nodules on legume roots, which decreases their ability to fix nitrogen
[128].

Cuman ragweed responds differently to different combinations of
disturbance and burning.  Cuman ragweed occurred significantly more on
unburned pocket gopher mounds than on burned; it occurred less
frequently on ant hills than on controls [55].  Cuman ragweed had
significantly higher average cover on burned areas immediately outside
of buffalo wallows compared to unburned controls [36].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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Mature Cuman ragweed seeds from an eastern Texas prairie contained 1
to 3 percent silica, which reduces digestibility; the seeds had 70 to
less than 90 percent dry matter digestibility [109].  However, the seeds
contained more than 25 percent protein.  Forage quality (seasonal crude
protein content and digestibility) of Cuman ragweed on a Texas range
was higher after spring burning [17].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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     AZ  CA  CO  CT  ID  IL  IA  KS  LA  ME
     MA  MI  MO  MN  MT  NE  NH  NC  ND  OH
     OK  OR  SC  SD  TX  UT  VT  WA  WI  WY
     AB  BC  MB  NS  ON  PE  PQ  SK  MEXICO
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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Cuman ragweed was used for medicinal purposes by American Indians.
Pueblo women in New Mexico drank a tea made from Cuman ragweed during
difficult labors at childbirth, and the Cheyenne of the Central Plains
used it to treat intestinal problems and colds [12].  Kiowa of Oklahoma
rubbed a preparation of Cuman ragweed on the sores of humans and
horses [12].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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Ragweeds are normally considered to be unpalatable but when treated with
2,4-D become palatable.  Treated plants may, however, accumulate
nitrates to a toxic level [76].  In Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, western
ragweed palatability is poor for ungulates and waterfowl.  Its
palatability has mixed ratings for the following species:

                           MT      UT      WY
    Small mammals                 Poor    Good
    Small nongame birds   Good    Poor    Good
    Upland game birds     Fair    Poor    Fair
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

Cuman ragweed is widespread, so specific dates for phenological stages
vary; however, stages of growth occur seasonally.  The months in
parentheses represent the center of its distribution.  Cuman ragweed,
a warm season plant, overwinters as a rosette [103].  In mid-spring
(April), seedlings germinate, and rosettes begin active growth of main
stems.  In late summer (August), Cuman ragweed flowers, and seedlings
may germinate with adequate rainfall [5].  It is at this time of year
that Cuman ragweed usually has its greatest biomass [96].  Flowering
continues through autumn [17,41,51,81,89,99].  Fruits form and seeds
disseminate through the late fall and winter (October to December) [5].
Aerial stems are killed by frost.
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, grassland

Season of burning, community type, and subsequent environmental
conditions determine Cuman ragweed response to burning.  In some
studies, no significant (P>0.05) difference was found in Cuman ragweed
postfire herbage, cover, or occurrence, despite the season burned
[4,72,79,82,92,131].

Cuman ragweed cover was significantly decreased by annual spring
burning in tallgrass prairies [2] and by a single spring fire in a
tobosa grassland ([66], see the Research Project Summary for more
information on this study). However, other studies showed that western
ragweed significantly increased in cover or was more abundant on spring
burned grasslands and oak savanna [7,13,68,124].  Late spring burning
decreased Cuman ragweed cover, and winter burning increased it [4,15,20]. 
The density of Cuman ragweed was increased by annual fall (October)
burning [16,21,106].

One year postfire, Cuman ragweed cover was significantly less on
burned areas compared to unburned areas [19].  Prescribed burning in
juniper (Juniperus spp.) communities of Texas in late winter or early
spring increased Cuman ragweed density 1 year postfire [100].  The
second and following years showed no further effects on Cuman ragweed
densities [100].

After a spring (May) fire in a Kansas tallgrass prairie, Cuman ragweed
increased significantly by year 3 in number of stems per 3.3 square feet
(1 sq m) [46].  Other tallgrass prescribed spring fires were conducted
annually and on a 4-year rotation.  Cuman ragweed cover was
significantly greater on the 4-year rotation compared to the annual
burning [3].  Four-year fire rotation was used to compare vegetative
response on shallow upland soils with lowland soils in tallgrass prairie
in Kansas.  Cuman ragweed was significantly more abundant on the
shallow upland soils after burning [54].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: herb, rhizome, secondary colonizer

Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: density, fruit, seed

Cuman ragweed colonizes sites by means of spreading rhizomes in the
surface 2 inches (5 cm) of soil, allowing it to propagate when
conditions are unfavorable to seedling establishment [6,48,127].
Cuman ragweed exhibits nonrandom replacement of ramets, which allows
it to exploit areas favorable to growth [87].

Seeds are reported to migrate into disturbed areas; however, the means
of dissemination was not identified [6].  In a germination trial using 1
square foot (0.09 sq. m) soil samples, Cuman ragweed seedlings did not
appear until week 6 or 7 [84].  After this time, seeds continued to
germinate for 3 weeks [84].

Once seeded into an area, Cuman ragweed may not set fruit until the
second year [37].  Under dry conditions, seed production is somewhat
inversely proportional to plant density.  A dense stand of western
ragweed in a dry summer resulted in stunted growth, and most plants died
without fruiting [72].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    3  Southern Pacific Border
    5  Columbia Plateau
    7  Lower Basin and Range
   10  Wyoming Basin
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, codominant, cover, forb, formation, frequency, phase, succession

Differing sets of seral stages have been suggested for secondary
succession in prairie ecosystems, and Cuman ragweed has been reported
to occur in all of them and in climax communities [97,102].  Western
ragweed establishes in closed communities that are opened up by heavy
grazing or other disturbance [103].  In old field succession, western
ragweed was present as a principal forb in stands aged 0 to 5 years and
was present with 4 to 15 percent cover after 23 to 29 years [33,48].  On
abandoned black-tailed prairie dog towns, Cuman ragweed was codominant
with an annual grass, prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), in an
intermediate seral stage [10,91].  In tallgrass sand prairie, western
ragweed was present in pioneer stages, occurred with greatest frequency
in an intermediate phase, but had greatest cover in the climax phase
[25].  Although reported as a pioneer species, Cuman ragweed occurs on
secondary sand dunes but does not occur on less stable sites such as
primary dunes or tidal flats [27].  Additionally, Cuman ragweed occurs
outside of buffalo wallows, which are considered safe sites for ruderal
species [36].

Cuman ragweed may have allelopathic or other inhibitory effects on
other pioneer species.  Leachate from Cuman ragweed leaves and roots
significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced growth of soil bluegreen bacteria (Lyngby
spp.)  cultures [102].  While soil collected in July near western
ragweed was stimulatory to pioneer weedy species (for example, Japanese
brome [Bromus japonicus]), soil collected in January had an inhibitory
or no effect on seedlings of the same species [102].  Leaf leachate from
leaves that overwintered on Cuman ragweed plants inhibited
germination, seedling topgrowth, and mature plant root formation of the
pioneer species [102].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( 英語 )

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Ambrosia psilostachya var. psilostachya
Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydb.) Blake
Ambrosia psilostachya var. lindeheimerana (Scheele) Blank.
Ambrosia rugelii Rydb.
Ambrosia coronopifolia T. & G.
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted name of Cuman ragweed is Ambrosia psilostachya
DC.; it is a member of the sunflower family (Asteraceae)[51].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: forb, reclamation, restoration

Although Cuman ragweed readily invades disturbed ground and is not
considered desirable forage, it is a native forb and is included in
prairie restoration plantings.  Adequate seedbed preparation is
important for successful plant establishment [37,117].  Western ragweed
was seeded for tallgrass prairie restoration in north-central Missouri
at 0.08 pounds bulk per acre (91 g bulk/ha) with a rangeland drill
[117].  In the reclamation of a sand and gravel pit in Ohio, western
ragweed was hydroseeded with native grasses; seeds were covered with
less than 0.5 inch (1 cm) of soil [37].  Cuman ragweed has established
on artificial levees made to reclaim marshland along the lower
Sacramento River in California [127].

Established Cuman ragweed may have to be controlled when planting
other native species in an area.  For example, when fourwing saltbush
(Atriplex canescens) was planted on shrublands in Texas, Cuman ragweed
was controlled with herbicides [95].
書目引用
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Ambrosia psilostachya. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Ambrosia rugelii Rydberg, sp. nov
An annual herb, with branched roots; stems 3-6 dm. high, densely hirsute, with spreading
hairs; leaves 5-8 cm. long, petioled, pinnately divided, dark-green, when dried almost black,
hispidulous on both sides, thick and strongly veined; petioles very short or those of the upper
leaves none; blades ovate in outline; segments oblong, acute, toothed; staminate heads usually
numerous, in racemes terminating the branches; involucre 5-lobed and crenate, 3-3.5 mm.
broad, hispidulous; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corolla puberulent; pistillate heads few,
in small clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; body of the fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, puberulent;
beak less than 1 mm. long; spines 5-6, sharp, conic-subulate, 0.3-4.0 mm. long.
Type collected in Florida, 1845, Rugel 508 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.; cotype, U. S. Nat. Herb.). Distribution: Florida and Georgia.
書目引用
Per Axel, Rydberg. 1922. CARDUALES; AMBROSIACEAE, CARDUACEAE. North American flora. vol 33(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Ambrosia californica Rydberg, sp. nov
Ambrosia psilostachya A. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1: 344, in part. 1876.
A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-10 dm. high, hirsute or pilose, with spreading hairs; leaves subsessile, pinnatifid, long-strigose and somewhat glandular-granuliferous on both sides; leaf-blades ovate in outline; segments linear-lanceolate or lanceolate in outline, acute, and entire, toothed, or incised; staminate heads numerous, in racemes at the ends of the branches; involucre broadly turbinate, shorter than the flowers, 3-4 mm. broad, pilose, usually dark-colored; paleae of the receptacle filiform; corollas puberulent; pistillate heads in the upper axils; body of the fruit elongate-obovoid, glandular-puberulent and slightly pilose towards the end, somewhat reticulate; beak fully 0.5 mm. long; spines 4-7, short, conic, acute.
Type collected at Santa Barbara, California, 1865, Torrey 226 (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard. and Columbia Univ.).
Distribution: California, from Cape Mendocino south, and Humbolt County, Nevada.
書目引用
Per Axel, Rydberg. 1922. CARDUALES; AMBROSIACEAE, CARDUACEAE. North American flora. vol 33(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Prodr. 5: 526. 1S36
Ambrosia Lindheimeriana Scheele, Linnaea 22: 156. 1849.
Ambrosia coronopifolia var. [asperula, &c] A. Gray, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. 6: 226. 1850. Ambrosia psilostachya Lindheimeriana Blankinship, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 173. 1907. Ambrosia psilostachya asperula (A. Gray) Blankinship, MS.
A perennial herb, with a creeping rootstock; stem 3-6 dm. high, branched above, striate,
hirsutulous with short ascending hairs; leaves subsessi'.e, lanceolate in outline, pinna tifid,
scabrous-hirsutulous and glandular-granuliferous, the hairs with pustulate bases; divisions
linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or the lower few-toothed; staminate heads numerous, terminating the branches; involucre oblique, broadly obconic, about 2.5 mm. broad, crenate on the margins, hispidulous, the hairs short, with conspicuous pustulate bases; pistillate heads solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axils of the upper leaves; body of the fruit 2.5 mm. long, obovoid, rugose, hirsutulous; beak nearly 1 mm. long; tubercles 4-6, very short but acute.
Type locality: Between San Fernando and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Distribution: Louisiana to New Mexico and Tamaulipas.
書目引用
Per Axel, Rydberg. 1922. CARDUALES; AMBROSIACEAE, CARDUACEAE. North American flora. vol 33(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Ambrosia psilostachya ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Ambrosia psilostachya és una espècie de planta herbàcia asteràcia. És nadiua de la major part d'Amèrica del Nord; inclou tot el sud del Canadà, Estats Units i Mèxic septentrional. S'ha difós a altres llocs del món incloent Catalunya.

 src=
Inflorescència
 src=
En el seu hàbitat

Descripció

Herbàcia perenne erecta amb tiges primes de fins a 2 metres d'alt. Les fulles són de fins a 12 cm de llargada amb molts lòbuls. Tija i fulles són piloses. Té un rizoma reptant.

Usos

A la Baixa Califòrnia se'n fan infusions contra el mal de panxa. Presenta els sesquiterpens ambrosiol, coronopilíl, cumanina i altres. Extracte alcohòlic amb acció microbiana contra Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis i Streptococcus faecalis.[1]

Taxonomia

Ambrosia psilostachya va ser descrita per A. P. de Candolle en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 526, 1836.[2]

Etimologia

psilostachya: epítet específic.

Sinònims
  • Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. trinitensis Griseb.
  • Ambrosia californica Rydb.
  • Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A.Gray
  • Ambrosia hispida Torr.
  • Ambrosia lindheimeriana Scheele
  • Ambrosia peruviana DC.
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydb.) S.F.Blake
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. coronopifolia (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw.
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Blank.
  • Ambrosia rugelii Rydb.[3]


Referències

Bibliografia

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Cronquist, A. J. 1980. Asteraceae. 1: i–xv, 1–261. In Vasc. Fl. S.E. U. S.. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  4. Cronquist, A. J. 1994. Asterales. 5: 1–496. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  5. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  6. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2011. Fl. China 20–21: 1–992. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
  7. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, e. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3. 21: i–xxii + 1–616. In Fl. N. Amer.. Oxford University Press, New York.
  8. Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
  9. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  10. Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.

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Ambrosia psilostachya: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Ambrosia psilostachya és una espècie de planta herbàcia asteràcia. És nadiua de la major part d'Amèrica del Nord; inclou tot el sud del Canadà, Estats Units i Mèxic septentrional. S'ha difós a altres llocs del món incloent Catalunya.

 src= Inflorescència  src= En el seu hàbitat
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Bratlys lluosflwydd ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Planhigyn blodeuol o deulu llygad y dydd a blodyn haul ydy Bratlys lluosflwydd sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Asteraceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Ambrosia psilostachya a'r enw Saesneg yw Perennial ragweed.

Daw'r gair "Asteraceae", sef yr enw ar y teulu hwn, o'r gair 'Aster', y genws mwyaf lluosog o'r teulu - ac sy'n tarddu o'r gair Groeg ἀστήρ, sef 'seren'.

Mae'n frodorol o Ogledd America ond bellach ar gael drwy Erwasia.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

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Bratlys lluosflwydd: Brief Summary ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Planhigyn blodeuol o deulu llygad y dydd a blodyn haul ydy Bratlys lluosflwydd sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Asteraceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Ambrosia psilostachya a'r enw Saesneg yw Perennial ragweed.

Daw'r gair "Asteraceae", sef yr enw ar y teulu hwn, o'r gair 'Aster', y genws mwyaf lluosog o'r teulu - ac sy'n tarddu o'r gair Groeg ἀστήρ, sef 'seren'.

Mae'n frodorol o Ogledd America ond bellach ar gael drwy Erwasia.

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Ambrosia psilostachya ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Ambrosia psilostachya is a species of ragweed known by the common names Cuman ragweed and perennial ragweed,[3] and western ragweed.

Distribution and habitat

The plant is widespread across much of North America (United States, Canada, and northern Mexico).[4] It is also naturalized in parts of Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America.[5] It is a common plant in many habitat types, including disturbed areas such as roadsides.[6][7][8][9][10]

Description

Ambrosia psilostachya is an erect perennial herb growing a slender, branching, straw-colored stem to a maximum height near two meters, but more often remaining under one meter tall. Leaves are up to 12 centimeters long and vary in shape from lance-shaped to nearly oval, and they are divided into many narrow, pointed lobes. The stem and leaves are hairy.[6]

The top of the stem is occupied by an inflorescence which is usually a spike. The species is monoecious, and the inflorescence is composed of staminate (male) flower heads with the pistillate heads located below and in the axils of leaves.[6] This bloom period is from June through November.

The pistillate heads yield fruits which are achenes located within oval-shaped greenish-brown burs about half a centimeter long. The burs are hairy and sometimes spiny. The plant reproduces by seed and by sprouting up from a creeping rhizome-like root system.[11]

Ecology

Ambrosia psilostachya is a host plant for the caterpillars of Bucculatrix transversata,[12] Cosmopterix opulenta, Exaeretia gracilis, Gnorimoschema saphirinella,[13] Schinia sexplagiata; the beetles Zygogramma disrupta, Zygogramma suturalis;[14] and the grasshopper Spharagemon collare.[15]

Medicinal uses

This plant had a number of medicinal uses among several different Native American tribes, including the Cheyenne, Kumeyaay (Diegueno), and Kiowa people.[16]

Chemistry

Ambrosia psilostachya contains a group of phytochemicals called psilostachyins.[17]

References

  1. ^ The International Plant Names Index
  2. ^ The Plant List Ambrosia psilostachya DC.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ Biota of North America Program 2104 county distribution map
  5. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile . accessed 2.14.2013
  6. ^ a b c Flora of North America Vol. 21 Page 18 Ambrosia psilostachya de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle
  7. ^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 877 裸穗豚草 luo sui tun cao Ambrosia psilostachya Candolle
  8. ^ Tropicos, specimen listing for Ambrosia psilostachya DC
  9. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Ambrosia con spighe rade, Ambrosia psilostachya DC. includes photos and European distribution map
  10. ^ Atlas of Living Australia, Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Perennial Ragweed
  11. ^ Neill, Robert L.; Rice, Elroy L. (October 1971). "Possible Role of Ambrosia psilostachya on Pattern and Succession in Old-Fields". American Midland Naturalist. 86 (2): 344–57. doi:10.2307/2423628. JSTOR 2423628.
  12. ^ American Entomological Society (1916). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society. Smithsonian Libraries. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society.
  13. ^ "Ambrosia". www.nic.funet.fi. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
  14. ^ Clark, S. M.; LeDoux, D. G.; Seeno, T. S.; Riley, E. G.; Gilbert, A. J.; Sullivan, J. M. (2005-03-01). "Host plants of leaf beetle species occurring in the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae, Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 98 (2): 243–244. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2005)098[0243:hpolbs]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0013-8746.
  15. ^ Pfadt, Robert. "Spharagemon collare". Grasshoppers of the Western U.S. Retrieved 2022-04-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Ambrosia psilostachya . accessed 2.14.2013
  17. ^ Wan, Shiqiang; Yuan, Tong; Bowdish, Sarah; Wallace, Linda; Russell, Scott D.; Luo, Yiqi (2002). "Response of an allergenic species, Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae), to experimental warming and clipping: Implications for public health". American Journal of Botany. 89 (11): 1843–6. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.11.1843. PMID 21665612. S2CID 14548075.

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Ambrosia psilostachya: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Ambrosia psilostachya is a species of ragweed known by the common names Cuman ragweed and perennial ragweed, and western ragweed.

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Ambrosia psilostachya ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El cotafiata o estafiate, Ambrosia psilostachya, es una especie de planta herbácea de la familia de las asteráceas. Es nativa de la mayor parte de América del Norte, incluye todo el sur de Canadá, casi la totalidad del territorio continental de Estados Unidos y la mitad norte de México.

 src=
Inflorescencia
 src=
En su hábitat

Descripción

Es una hierba perenne que crece erguida en delgados tallos, puede alcanzar hasta dos metros de altura, pero más a menudo no pasa de un metro. Las hojas son de hasta 12 centímetros de largo y varían en forma desde forma de lanza a casi oval, y se dividen en muchos lóbulos estrechos y alargados. El tallo y las hojas son tomentosas. La parte superior del vástago está ocupado por una inflorescencia que es generalmente una espiga. La especie es monoica, y la inflorescencia está compuesta por cabezas de flores estaminadas (masculino) y con flores pistiladas que se encuentran a continuación en las axilas de las hojas. Florece de junio a noviembre.

Las cabezas pistiladas producen el fruto que es un aquenio de forma ovalada de color marrón verdoso de alrededor de medio centímetro de largo. Las semillas, parecidas a cadillos, son peludas y espinosas a veces. La planta se reproduce por semilla y por brotes de un rizoma reptante.

Hábitat

Es una planta común en muchos tipos de hábitats, incluyendo las áreas perturbadas, como caminos. En Eurasia es una especie introducida.

Propiedades

El uso más común que se hace de esta planta es para aliviar el dolor de estómago, en Baja California y Durango, se prepara un té con las hojas y el tallo de esta planta, sola o con hierbabuena (Mentha piperita), y se toma dos o tres veces al día; si se trata de niños, entonces la planta se refriega en agua y se administra fría. En Durango, se usa para tratar otros padecimientos como las agridez y acidez, en cuyo caso las hojas se combinan con estafiate (Artemisia ludoviciana), se prepara una infusión y se bebe. En caso de vómito, las hojas se mastican con sal. En Baja California para expulsar la placenta, se prescribe una decocción con las hojas y el tallo, y se da de beber a la parturienta antes del alumbramiento.

Además, se la emplea contra la indigestión y las amebas.

Química

De la planta completa se han aislado los sesquiterpenos ambrosiol, coronopilíl, cumanín, su acetato y diacetato, 3-hidroxi-ñdamsín, parthenín, peruvín, peruvinín, psilostaquín y los compuestos B y C. En las hojas se ha encontrado el componente azufrado tiarubina A.

Farmacología

El extracto etanólico de la planta completa presentó actividad antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis y Streptococcus faecalis.[1]

Taxonomía

Ambrosia psilostachya fue descrita por A. P. de Candolle y publicado en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 5: 526. 1836.[2]

Etimología

Ver: Ambrosia

psilostachya: epíteto

Sinonimia
  • Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. trinitensis Griseb.
  • Ambrosia californica Rydb.
  • Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A.Gray
  • Ambrosia hispida Torr.
  • Ambrosia lindheimeriana Scheele
  • Ambrosia peruviana DC.
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydb.) S.F.Blake
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. coronopifolia (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw.
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Blank.
  • Ambrosia rugelii Rydb.[3]

Referencias

  1. «En medicina tradional mexicana». Archivado desde el original el 20 de diciembre de 2014. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2012.
  2. «Ambrosia psilostachya». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 28 de diciembre de 2012.
  3. Ambrosia psilostachya en The Plant List

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Ambrosia psilostachya: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El cotafiata o estafiate, Ambrosia psilostachya, es una especie de planta herbácea de la familia de las asteráceas. Es nativa de la mayor parte de América del Norte, incluye todo el sur de Canadá, casi la totalidad del territorio continental de Estados Unidos y la mitad norte de México.

 src= Inflorescencia  src= En su hábitat
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Kare ambroosia ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

由wikipedia ET提供

Kare ambroosia (Ambrosia psilostachya) on korvõieliste sugukonda kuuluv taimeliik.

Viited

Välislingid

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Kare ambroosia: Brief Summary ( 愛沙尼亞語 )

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Kare ambroosia (Ambrosia psilostachya) on korvõieliste sugukonda kuuluv taimeliik.

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Ambrosia psilostachya ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Ambrosia psilostachya, appelé communément ambroisie à épis lisses[1], ambroisie à feuilles de coronopus[2], ambroisie à épis grêles[3], ambroisie à épis glabres[4] ou ambroisie vivace[4], est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Asteraceae.

Description

Ambrosia psilostachya est une plante herbacée vivace érectile qui pousse une tige élancée, ramifiée et de couleur paille jusqu'à une hauteur maximale de près de 2 mètres, mais restant le plus souvent inférieure à 1 m. Les feuilles mesurent jusqu'à 12 cm de long et varient en forme de lance à presque ovale, et elles sont divisées en de nombreux lobes étroits et pointus. La tige et les feuilles sont velues.

Le sommet de la tige est occupé par une inflorescence qui est généralement un épi. L'espèce est monoïque et l'inflorescence est composée de capitules staminés (mâles) avec les pistils situés en dessous et à l'aisselle des feuilles. La période de floraison va de juin à novembre.

Les pistils donnent des fruits qui sont des akènes situés dans des fraises brun verdâtre de forme ovale d'environ un 0,5 cm de long. Les fraises sont velues et parfois épineuses. La plante se reproduit par graines et en poussant à partir d'un système racinaire rampant ressemblant à un rhizome[5].

Répartition

Ambrosia psilostachya est répandue dans une grande partie de l'Amérique du Nord (États-Unis, Canada et nord du Mexique). Elle est introduite dans certaines parties d'Europe, d'Asie, d'Australie et d'Amérique du Sud.

C'est une plante commune dans de nombreux types d'habitats, y compris les zones perturbées comme les friches et les bords de routes[1].

Écologie

Ambrosia psilostachya est une plante hôte pour les chenilles de Bucculatrix transversata (en), Cosmopterix opulenta (en), Exaeretia gracilis (en), Gnorimoschema saphirinella (en), Schinia sexplagiata (en) et les coléoptères Zygogramma disrupta et Zygogramma suturalis (en) et l'orthoptère Spharagemon collare.

Elle est aussi consommée par le Lapin à queue blanche.

Médecine

Bien qu'elle soit considérée en Europe comme allergène comme les autres ambroisies[1], Ambrosia psilostachya a un certain nombre d'utilisations médicinales parmi plusieurs tribus amérindiennes comme les Cheyennes, les Kumeyaay et les Kiowas[6].

Chimie

La plante contient des psilostachyines (en), composées organiques de la famille des lactones[7].

Références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a b et c Marilou Mottet, « Ambrosia psilostachya », sur especes-exotiques-envahissantes.fr/, 2018 (consulté le 14 août 2020)
  2. « Le groupe scientifique de l’EFSA recommande une évaluation plus poussée de l’ambroisie », sur Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments, 2007 (consulté le 14 août 2020)
  3. Fabienne Bernard et Cécile Brousseau, « Les ambroisies », sur ariegenature.fr, 2017 (consulté le 14 août 2020)
  4. a et b « Ambrosia psilostachya », sur Tela Botanica (consulté le 14 août 2020)
  5. (en) Robert L. Neill et Elroy L. Rice, « Possible Role of Ambrosia psilostachya on Pattern and Succession in Old-Fields », The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 86, no 2,‎ octobre 1971, p. 344-357 (lire en ligne)
  6. (en) « Ambrosia psilostachya DC. », sur Native American Ethnobotany (consulté le 14 août 2020)
  7. (en) Shiqiang Wan, Tong Yuan, Sarah Bowdish, Linda Wallace, Scott D. Russell, Yiqi Luo, « Response of an allergenic species, Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae), to experimental warming and clipping: implications for public health », American Journal of Botany, vol. 89, no 11,‎ novembre 2002, p. 1843-1846 (lire en ligne)

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Ambrosia psilostachya: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Ambrosia psilostachya, appelé communément ambroisie à épis lisses, ambroisie à feuilles de coronopus, ambroisie à épis grêles, ambroisie à épis glabres ou ambroisie vivace, est une espèce de plante nord-américaine de la famille des Asteraceae.

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Ambrosia psilostachya ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

L'Ambrosia con foglie di Coronopus (nome scientifico Ambrosia psilostachya DC., 1836) è una pianta erbacea appartenente alla grande famiglia delle Asteraceae, con piccole infiorescenze a capolino.

Etimologia

Il binomio scientifico attribuito in passato alla specie era Ambrosia coronopifolia. Il termine generico (Ambrosia) deriva dal greco e significa ”Cibo degli dei”[1]. Il termine specifico (coronopifolia) faceva riferimento alla somiglianza delle foglie con quelle delle specie del genere Coronopus Haller (famiglia delle Brassicaceae); il termine coronopi deriva da due voci greche: korone (= corona) e pous (= piedi)[2].

Descrizione

 src=
Le foglie e l'infiorescenza a racemi

L'altezza di queste piante può variare da 3 a 10 dm. La forma biologica della specie è geofita rizomatosa (G rhiz), ossia sono piante perenni erbacee che portano le gemme in posizione sotterranea. Durante la stagione avversa non presentano organi aerei e le gemme si trovano in organi ipogei chiamati rizomi, fusti sotterranei che annualmente producono nuove radici, fusti, foglie e fiori. È una specie monoica (i fiori maschili e femminili sono separati ma presenti sulla stessa pianta). Tutta la pianta è cenerino-villosa.

Radici

Le radici sono secondarie da rizoma.

Fusto

  • Parte ipogea: la parte sotterranea consiste in un rizoma legnoso e lungamente strisciante.
  • Parte epigea: la parte aerea del fusto è ascendente, fogliosa e ramosa con diversi racemi (da 1 a 60), quelli centrali sono ben sviluppati, mentre quelli laterali sono ridotti a brevi glomeruli. Il fusto si presenta cenerino-tomentoso. Lunghezza dei racemi terminali: 3 – 4 cm.

Foglie

Le foglie lungo il fusto sono disposte in modo opposto quelle inferiori e alterno quelle superiori; sono inoltre picciolate e a forma pennatopartita con 1 – 7 divisioni laterali (le foglie non sono incise fino alla nervatura centrale); i lobi (o segmenti) a forma di lacinia sono a loro volta dentati e revoluti sui bordi. I piccioli a volte possono essere alati. La lamina superiore è tomentosa e colorata di verde scuro; mentre quella inferiore è simile ma più chiara. Lunghezza delle foglie basali: 3 – 10 cm. Larghezza della porzione centrale indivisa: 5 – 15 mm. Larghezza delle lacinie: 1 – 2 mm. Lunghezza delle lacinie: 3 – 7 mm. Lunghezza dei piccioli: 0 – 25 mm.

Infiorescenza

Le infiorescenze sono composte da diversi capolini raggruppati in lunghi racemi laterali (simili a spighe). I capolini sono unisessuali, ossia divisi in capolini maschili (per aborto) a forma globosa e pendula (posizionati nella parte alta del racemo) e capolini femminili (in minoranza e nella parte inferiore del racemo – seminascosti all'ascella delle foglie superiori). La struttura dei capolini è quella tipica delle Asteraceae: un peduncolo sorregge un involucro (a forma campanulata nei capolini femminili) composto da più squame senza appendice e concresciute che fanno da protezione al ricettacolo sul quale s'inseriscono i fiori. Nei capolini maschili (da 5 a 15) i fiori sono tutti tubulosi e gialli o giallo-verdastri; nei capolini femminili il fiore è unico senza corolla e persistente al frutto[3]. Diametro dell'involucro dei fiori maschili: 3 – 4 mm. Diametro dei capolini: 3 – 5 mm.

Fiore

I fiori sono simpetali, attinomorfi(quelli tubulosi); sono inoltre tetra-ciclici (formati cioè da 4 verticilli: calicecorollaandroceogineceo) e pentameri (calice e corolla formati da 5 elementi).

  • Formula fiorale: per questa pianta viene indicata la seguente formula fiorale:
* K 0/5, C (5), A (5), G (2), infero, achenio[4]

Frutti

I frutti sono degli acheni con pappo assente o ridotto a 4 – 5 punte eretto-patenti (o spinule) inserite nella parte superiore del corpo.

Biologia

  • Impollinazione: l'impollinazione avviene tramite insetti (impollinazione entomogama) oppure tramite il vento (impollinazione anemofila). In effetti durante il periodo dell'antesi queste piante producono una grandissima quantità di granuli pollinici che vengono trasportati dal vento anche a distanze e altezze notevoli (creando non pochi problemi alle persone allergiche!).
  • Riproduzione: la fecondazione avviene tramite l'impollinazione dei fiori (vedi sopra).
  • Dispersione: i semi fondamentalmente vengono dispersi dal vento (disseminazione anemocora).

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Distribuzione della pianta in Italia
(Distribuzione regionale[5] – Distribuzione alpina[6])
  • Geoelemento: il tipo corologico (area di origine) è Nord Americano
  • Distribuzione: in Italia ha una distribuzione discontinua al nord e centro. Negli ultimi anni sembra stia espandendosi fino a Roma ed in altre regioni[3]; in tutti i casi viene considerata specie esotica naturalizzata[5]. Nelle Alpi si trova nelle province di Trento e Verona. Mentre oltreconfine, sempre nelle Alpi, è presente in Svizzera (cantoni di Vallese e Ticino). Sugli altri rilievi europei si trova nel Massiccio Centrale e nei Pirenei[6].
  • Habitat: l'habitat tipico per questa specie sono le macerie e luoghi sterili e sabbiosi; ma anche ambienti ruderali, aree abbandonate e scarpate sassose. Il substrato preferito è sia calcareo che siliceo con pH neutro, alti valori nutrizionali del terreno che deve essere arido.
  • Distribuzione altitudinale: sui rilievi queste piante si possono trovare fino a 300 m s.l.m.; frequentano quindi i seguenti piani vegetazionali: collinare, oltre a quello planiziale (a livello del mare).

Fitosociologia

Dal punto di vista fitosociologico la specie di questa voce appartiene alla seguente comunità vegetale[6]:

Formazione: delle comunità perenni nitrofile
Classe: Artemisietea vulgaris
Ordine: Onopordetalia acanthii
Alleanza: Dauco-Melilotion

Sistematica

La famiglia di appartenenza della Ambrosia psilostachya (Asteraceae o Compositae, nomen conservandum) è la più numerosa del mondo vegetale, comprende oltre 23000 specie distribuite su 1535 generi[7] (22750 specie e 1530 generi secondo altre fonti[8]). Il genere di appartenenza (Ambrosia) è composto da circa una trentina di specie quasi tutte di origine americana.
Il numero cromosomico di A. psilostachya è: 2n = da 18 a 144[9]; 2n = 72[10].

Ibridi

Con la specie di questa voce sono possibili degli ibridi con Ambrosia artemisiifolia:

  • Armbrosia × intergradiens W.H. Wagner

Sinonimi

Questa entità ha avuto nel tempo diverse nomenclature. L'elenco seguente indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:

  • Ambrosia californica Rydberg (1922)
  • Ambrosia coronopifolia (Torr. & A. Gray)
  • Ambrosia psilostachya Auct., non DC.
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. californica (Rydberg) SF Blake
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. coronopifolia (Torrey & A. Gray) Farwell
  • Ambrosia psilostachya var. lindheimeriana (Scheele) Blankinship
  • Ambrosia rugelii Rydberg

Specie simili

Una specie molto simile è Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.. Quest'ultima si distingue soprattutto per le foglie: sono più fittamente divise e la porzione centrale indivisa è più sottile (1 – 3 mm).

Note

  1. ^ Botanical names, su calflora.net. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2011.
  2. ^ Botanical names, su calflora.net. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2011.
  3. ^ a b c Pignatti, vol. 3 - p. 60.
  4. ^ Tavole di Botanica sistematica, su dipbot.unict.it. URL consultato il 20 dicembre 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 maggio 2011).
  5. ^ a b Checklist of the Italian Vascular Flora, p. 51.
  6. ^ a b c Flora Alpina, Vol. 2 - p. 474.
  7. ^ Botanica Sistematica, p. 520.
  8. ^ Strasburger, vol. 2 - p. 858.
  9. ^ eFloras - Flora of North America, su efloras.org. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2011.
  10. ^ Tropicos Database, su tropicos.org. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2011.

Bibliografia

  • Funk V.A., Susanna A., Stuessy T.F. and Robinson H., Classification of Compositae (PDF), in Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae, Vienna, International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT), 2009, pp. p.176. URL consultato il 16 marzo 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 aprile 2016).
  • Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C., The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol. VIII, Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales., Berlin, Springer, 2007.
  • Giacomo Nicolini, Enciclopedia Botanica Motta., Milano, Federico Motta Editore. Volume primo, 1960, p. 103.
  • Sandro Pignatti, Flora d'Italia. Volume terzo, Bologna, Edagricole, 1982, p. 60, ISBN 88-506-2449-2.
  • D.Aeschimann, K.Lauber, D.M.Moser, J-P. Theurillat, Flora Alpina. Volume secondo, Bologna, Zanichelli, 2004, p. 474.
  • 1996 Alfio Musmarra, Dizionario di botanica, Bologna, Edagricole.
  • Eduard Strasburger, Trattato di Botanica. Volume 2, Roma, Antonio Delfino Editore, 2007, ISBN 88-7287-344-4.
  • Judd-Campbell-Kellogg-Stevens-Donoghue, Botanica Sistematica - Un approccio filogenetico, Padova, Piccin Nuova Libraria, 2007, ISBN 978-88-299-1824-9.
  • F.Conti, G. Abbate, A.Alessandrini, C.Blasi, An annotated checklist of the Italian Vascular Flora, Roma, Palombi Editore, 2005, p. 51, ISBN 88-7621-458-5.
  • Conti F., Alessandrini A., Bacchetta G., Banfi E., Barberis G., Bartolucci F., Bernardo L., Bonacquisti S., Bouvet D., Bovio M., Brusa G., Del Guacchio E., Foggi B., Frattini S., Galasso G., Gallo L., Gangale C., Gottschlich G., Grunanger P., Gubellini L., Iiriti G., Lucarini D., Marchetti D., Moraldo B., Peruzzi L., Poldini L., Prosser F., Raffaelli M., Santangelo A., Scassellati E., Scortegagna S., Selvi F., Soldano A., Tinti D., Ubaldi D., Uzunov D., Vidali M., Integrazioni alla Checklist della flora vascolare italiana, in Natura Vicentina, n. 10, 2007, pp. 5-74.

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Ambrosia psilostachya: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

L'Ambrosia con foglie di Coronopus (nome scientifico Ambrosia psilostachya DC., 1836) è una pianta erbacea appartenente alla grande famiglia delle Asteraceae, con piccole infiorescenze a capolino.

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Zandambrosia ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De zandambrosia of ruwe ambrosia (Ambrosia psilostachya) is een overblijvende samengesteldbloemige plant uit het geslacht Ambrosia. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1836 gepubliceerd door Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.[1] De plant is in sommige flora's te vinden onder de naam Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A.Gray met de toevoeging Ambrosia psilostachya auct. non DC., wat aangeeft dat de soort volgens de auteur verkeerd gedetermineerd was.[2] Inmiddels wordt de naam van Torrey en Gray beschouwd als een taxonomisch (heterotypisch) synoniem van Ambrosia psilostachya, waarbij de naam van De Candolle als oudste prioriteit heeft.

Kenmerken

De plant is een geofyt. De bloeitijd is van augustus tot oktober. Uitbreiding vindt vaak plaats met behulp van lange wortelstokken. De plant groeit mede daardoor in groepen.

De plant heeft grijsviltige stengels. De bladeren zijn enkel geveerd, diep veervormig ingesneden en kort gesteeld of zittend. De bloemen zijn eenslachtig; de plant is eenhuizig. De bloemen zijn groenachtig. De mannelijke bloemhoofdjes hebben een dicht behaard omwindsel. De omwindselbladen zijn niet of nauwelijks getand. De vrucht is een dopvrucht of nootje met één zaad. Het vruchtomhulsel heeft vaak enkele zeer kleine knobbeltjes en een snavelvormige top van meestal minder dan 1 mm lengte, maar soms tot 2 mm.

Standplaats en verspreiding

De plant groeit op zonnige, open plaatsen op matig voedselarme tot meestal matig voedselrijke, vaak kalkhoudende, humusarme, omgewerkte grond (zand, vaak vermengd met ander materiaal, zoals puin) langs duinpaden, in bermen, in voedselrijke ruigten, langs spoorwegen, op haven- en industrieterreinen, in zandgroeven en langs zandige rivieroevers.

De soort komt van oorsprong voor in Noord-Amerikaanse prairiegebieden. Sinds 1900 is hij als graanadventief ingeburgerd in Europa. Ze vormt hier nauwelijks kiemkrachtige zaden.

In Nederland is de soort zeldzaam in de Hollandse duinen tussen Castricum en Katwijk, en zeer zeldzaam in het rivierengebied, in het midden van het land en in Zeeland. Sinds 1945 ingeburgerd. In Vlaanderen is de plant zeer zeldzaam; ingeburgerd in de duinen en in de Antwerpse Kempen, elders meestal onbestendig. In Wallonië werd de plant vroeger op enkele plaatsen gevonden. Nu waarschijnlijk weer verdwenen.

Hooikoorts

Het stuifmeel van deze soort kan heftige hooikoortsreacties veroorzaken en bijdragen aan het verlengen van het hooikoortsseizoen door haar grote pollenproductie en de late bloei die vanaf augustus tot en met oktober kan duren.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • De informatie op deze pagina, of een eerdere versie ervan, is overgenomen van de verspreidingsatlas van Floron https://www.verspreidingsatlas.nl (geraadpleegd 9 december 2017), waarvan de teksten beschikbaar zijn onder de Creative Commons licentie CC-BY-SA 3.0 René van Moorsel, 2014
  1. Candolle, A.P. de (1836). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 5: 526
  2. Zie onder meer Meijden, R. van der (1990). Heukels' Flora van Nederland, 21e druk: 419
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Zandambrosia: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De zandambrosia of ruwe ambrosia (Ambrosia psilostachya) is een overblijvende samengesteldbloemige plant uit het geslacht Ambrosia. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1836 gepubliceerd door Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. De plant is in sommige flora's te vinden onder de naam Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A.Gray met de toevoeging Ambrosia psilostachya auct. non DC., wat aangeeft dat de soort volgens de auteur verkeerd gedetermineerd was. Inmiddels wordt de naam van Torrey en Gray beschouwd als een taxonomisch (heterotypisch) synoniem van Ambrosia psilostachya, waarbij de naam van De Candolle als oudste prioriteit heeft.

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Ambrozja zachodnia ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Ambrozja zachodnia (Ambrosia psilostachya DC.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny astrowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej, ale rozprzestrzeniony został na różnych kontynentach. Jest zadomowiony także w Polsce. Gatunek szkodliwy w uprawach – znacząco obniża plony z powodu silnej konkurencyjności. Jego pyłek jest silnym alergenem. Powoduje spadek zróżnicowania gatunkowego w obszarach, gdzie jest inwazyjny[3].

Rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Zasięg gatunku uznawany za naturalny obejmuje Amerykę Północną bez jej północnych krańców po południowy Meksyk[4], przy czym według niektórych źródeł pierwotnie miał ograniczać się do zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych i na pozostałą część kontynentu roślina miała się rozprzestrzenić w końcu XIX wieku[3]. Jako roślina introdukowana rośnie w Kazachstanie[3], na Tajwanie, w Afryce (w Algierii, Republice Południowej Afryki[4] i na Mauritiusie[3]), w południowej i wschodniej Australii, na Nowej Kaledonii, w Brazylii oraz na rozległych obszarach Europy – od Hiszpanii i Francji na zachodzie, Włoch, Czarnogóry i Ukrainy na południu, europejskiej części Rosji na wschodzie, po Szwecję i Wielką Brytanię na północy[4].

W Polsce notowany jest od 1901 roku i lokalnie jest już całkiem zadomowiony[5]. Znany jest głównie z dużych aglomeracji miejskich[6].

Morfologia

 src=
Kwiatostany męskie z owłosionymi okrywami
Pokrój
Bylina z odroślami korzeniowymi[7]. Osiąga zwykle do 75 cm wysokości, rzadziej ponad 1 m[8].
Łodyga
Wzniesiona, w dole naga[8], w górze z włoskami przylegającymi[7], nierozgałeziona lub z rozgałęzieniami głównie w górnej części pędu, odgałęzienia wzniesione ku górze[8].
Liście
Szarawojasnozielone[7]. W dole ogonkowe i naprzeciwległe, w górnej części pędu siedzące i skrętoległe. W zarysie blaszka liściowa jest jajowata, osiąga 2–6 (rzadko do 10) cm długości i 0,8–3,5 (rzadko do 5) cm szerokości[9]. Blaszka jest od pierzasto ząbkowanej do pojedynczo pierzastodzielnej, po obu stronach mniej lub bardziej szorstko owłosiona i gruczołowato punktowana[9]. Łatki liścia równowąskie do podługowato eliptycznych[8].
Kwiaty
Rozdzielnopłciowe, rurkowate, zebrane w drobnych koszyczkach. Koszyczki męskie o średnicy 2–5 mm, wielokwiatowe zebrane są w szczytowych, kłosopodobnych kwiatostanach złożonych osiągających 10–20 cm długości (kwiatostany złożone na bocznych odgałęzieniach są nieco krótsze). Korony kwiatów ukryte w kubeczkowatej okrywie jasnożółte do zielonkawożółtych, pylniki białe[8]. Okrywa jest gęsto owłosiona[9][7]. Koszyczki żeńskie po 1–3 w pęczku, niepozorne, siedzą w kątach liściopodobnych podsadek w węzłach poniżej kłosopodobnych, męskich kwiatostanów złożonych[8].
Owoce
Niełupki jajowate, o długości 3–4 mm (razem z dzióbkiem), pozbawione szczecinek lub z kilkoma krótkimi, do 0,8 mm długości[8][9].
Gatunek podobny
Ambrozja bylicolistna (A. artemisiifolia) odróżnia się tym, że jest jednoroczna i nie tworzy odrostów, jej liście są podwójnie pierzasto-dzielne, ogonkowe (także w górnej części pędu), ciemnozielone. Łodyga w górze jest kosmato, odstająco owłosiona, a okrywy koszyczków męskich są nagie[7].

Biologia i ekologia

Bylina, hemikryptofit[7]. Pędy wyrastają w maju[3] i kwitną od lipca do października[7]. Roślina jest wiatropylna[3]. W jednym koszyczku żeńskim dojrzewa tylko jeden owoc, ale na rozgałęzionych pędach może ich powstać w sumie kilkadziesiąt. Nasiona bywają rozprzestrzeniane wraz z ziarnami zbóż, w których ambrozja rośnie jako chwast. Zachowują zdolność do kiełkowania przez co najmniej 4 lata (dłużej jeśli pogrzebane są pod powierzchnią gleby)[3].

Gatunek zasiedla głównie tereny przekształcone przez człowieka, najczęściej na podłożu gliniastym, alkalicznym, w miejscach wilgotnych[9]. Potrafi pokryć rozległe obszary na odłogach, pastwiskach, w sadach i innych uprawach, na przydrożach i przytorzach oraz w innych miejscach ruderalnych. Mimo małej ilości wytwarzanych nasion roślina w krótkim czasie potrafi pokryć dużą powierzchnię rozrastając się z odrośli korzeniowych – w ciągu jednego sezonu pojedyncza roślina może pokryć 2 m²[3].

Na amerykańskich preriach nasiona ambrozji zachodniej są ważnym źródłem pożywienia dla przepióra wirginijskiego (Colinus virginianus), a sama roślina jest chętnie spożywana przez mulaki[3].

Liczba chromosomów 2n = 72[7].

Mieszaniec

Gatunek tworzy mieszańca z ambrozją bylicolistną (A. artemisiifolia) o nazwie A. ×intergradiens W. H. Wagner. Stwierdzony został w Ameryce Północnej, gdzie rozrastał się wegetatywnie. Nie wiadomo, czy tworzy płodne nasiona[3].

Znaczenie użytkowe

Roślina szkodliwa w uprawach – znacząco obniża plony z powodu silnej konkurencyjności. Powoduje usychanie roślin uprawianych. Oddziaływanie może mieć charakter allelopatyczny – roślina wytwarza seskwiterpeny. Jej pyłek jest silnym alergenem wywołującym u ludzi katar sienny. Roślina powoduje także spadek zróżnicowania gatunkowego w obszarach, gdzie jest inwazyjna[3].

Zwalczanie

Zwalczanie mechaniczne jest mało skuteczne, ponieważ roślina łatwo odrasta z kłączy. Orka może wręcz ułatwiać rozprzestrzenianie się tego gatunku. W Ameryce Północnej stosowano z powodzeniem opryski 2,4-D. W celu zwalczania biologicznego ambrozji do różnych krajów europejskich i azjatyckich introdukowano północnoamerykańskiego chrząszcza Zygogramma suturalis, co przyniosło jednak ograniczone skutki pożądane[3].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2017-08-31].
  2. a b Ambrosia psilostachya DC.. W: The Plant List. Version 1.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2017-08-31].
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l Ambrosia psilostachya (perennial ragweed). W: Invasive Species Compendium [on-line]. CABI. [dostęp 2017-08-31].
  4. a b c Taxon: Ambrosia psilostachya DC.. U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. [dostęp 2017-08-31].
  5. B. Tokarska-Guzik, Z. Dajdok, M. Zając, A. Zając, A. Urbisz, W. Danielewicz: Rośliny obcego pochodzenia w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gatunków inwazyjnych. Warszawa: Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Srodowiska, 2012, s. 112. ISBN 978-83-62940-34-9.
  6. Adam Zając, Maria Zając (red.): Atlas rozmieszczenia roślin naczyniowych w Polsce. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, 2001, s. 55. ISBN 83-915161-1-3.
  7. a b c d e f g h Lucjan Rutkowski: Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe PWN, 2006, s. 474. ISBN 83-01-14342-8.
  8. a b c d e f g Ambrosia psilostachya Candolle. W: Flora of China [on-line]. eFloras.org. [dostęp 2017-08-31].
  9. a b c d e Ambrosia psilostachya de Candolle. W: Flora of North America [on-line]. eFloras.org. [dostęp 2017-08-31].
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Ambrozja zachodnia: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Ambrozja zachodnia (Ambrosia psilostachya DC.) – gatunek rośliny należący do rodziny astrowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej, ale rozprzestrzeniony został na różnych kontynentach. Jest zadomowiony także w Polsce. Gatunek szkodliwy w uprawach – znacząco obniża plony z powodu silnej konkurencyjności. Jego pyłek jest silnym alergenem. Powoduje spadek zróżnicowania gatunkowego w obszarach, gdzie jest inwazyjny.

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Sträv ambrosia ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Sträv ambrosia (Ambrosia psilostachya) är en växtart i familjen korgblommiga växter.

Källor

Externa länkar

Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Sträv ambrosia: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Sträv ambrosia (Ambrosia psilostachya) är en växtart i familjen korgblommiga växter.

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Ambrosia psilostachya ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Ambrosia psilostachya là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được DC. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1836.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Ambrosia psilostachya. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Ambrosia psilostachya  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Ambrosia psilostachya


Bài viết tông cúc Heliantheae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Ambrosia psilostachya: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Ambrosia psilostachya là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được DC. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1836.

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裸穗豬草 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Ambrosia psilostachya
DC., 1753

裸穗豬草学名Ambrosia psilostachya)为菊科豬草屬下的一个种。

参考文献

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裸穗豬草: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

裸穗豬草(学名:Ambrosia psilostachya)为菊科豬草屬下的一个种。

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