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胶菀

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal

Comments ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Grindelia squarrosa is probably native to the Great Plains and, perhaps, Rocky Mountain areas; it is widely introduced in other areas. Some plants are intermediate between it and G. hirsutula (i.e., between G. squarrosa and G. perennis, which has been treated as a variety of G. squarrosa). Plants of G. squarrosa with relatively narrow leaf blades (lengths mostly 5–8 times widths), mostly from the western part of the range of the species, have been treated as G. squarrosa var. serrulata. G. L. Nesom (1990i) and others have treated discoid plants included here in G. squarrosa as distinct (as G. aphanactis, G. nuda, and/or G. nuda vars. aphanactis and nuda); Nesom reported cypselae to be dimorphic in heads of radiate plants and monomorphic in discoid plants and noted that populations with discoid plants occur mostly south and west of populations with radiate plants. According to Nesom, plants of G. nuda with stems usually reddish (versus sometimes greenish), lengths of blades of mid-cauline leaves 4–10 (versus 1.5–4) times widths, and cypselae ± deeply furrowed (versus striate to shallowly furrowed) should be called G. nuda var. aphanactis.

Hybrids between Grindelia squarrosa (nuda) and G. arizonica have been recorded from Arizona and New Mexico.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 20: 420,426, 429, 432, 433, 435 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Biennials, perennials, or subshrubs (perhaps flowering first year, usually short-lived), (10–)40–100 cm. Stems erect, usually whitish or stramineous, sometimes reddish or grayish, glabrous. Cauline leaf blades oval, ovate, obovate, or oblong to spatulate, oblanceolate, lanceolate, or linear, (10–)15–70 mm, lengths 2–5(–10) times widths, bases ± clasping, margins usually crenate to serrate (teeth mostly 3–6+ per cm, rounded to obtuse, resin-tipped), rarely entire, apices obtuse to acute, faces glabrous, strongly gland-dotted. Heads usually in open to crowded, corymbiform arrays, rarely borne singly. Involucres broadly urceolate to hemispheric or globose, 6–11 × 8–20+ mm. Phyllaries in 5–6 series, reflexed to spreading or appressed, filiform or linear to lance-linear or lance-subulate, apices usually looped to hooked, sometimes recurved to nearly straight, subterete to subulate, moderately to strongly resinous. Ray florets 0 or (12–)24–36(–40); laminae 8–14 mm. Cypselae whitish, stramineous, brown, or gray, 1.5–4.5 mm, apices smooth, coronate, or knobby, faces smooth, striate, or ± furrowed; pappi of 2–3(–8), straight or contorted to curled, smooth or barbellulate to barbellate, subulate scales or setiform awns 2.5–5.5 mm, shorter than disc corollas. 2n = 12.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 20: 420,426, 429, 432, 433, 435 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Synonym ( 英語 )

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Donia squarrosa Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 559. 1813; Grindelia aphanactis Rydberg; G. nuda Alph. Wood; G. nuda var. aphanactis (Rydberg) G. L. Nesom; G. serrulata Rydberg; G. squarrosa var. nuda (Alph. Wood) A. Gray; G. squarrosa var. serrulata (Rydberg) Steyermark
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 20: 420,426, 429, 432, 433, 435 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the terms: prescribed fire, restoration

The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments
in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana
provides
information on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species
including curlycup gumweed.
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( 英語 )

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curlycup gumweed
tarweed
resinweed
curly-top gumweed
sticky-heads
gumweed
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

The cover value of curlycup gumweed for several species of wildlife in
some western states is [8]:

                             MT       ND       UT

     Elk                    ----     ----     poor
     Mule deer              poor     fair     poor
     White-tailed deer      ----     fair     ----
     Pronghorn              good     fair     poor
     Upland game birds      fair     fair     fair
     Waterfowl              ----     fair     poor
     Small nongame birds    fair     fair     fair
     Small mammals          ----     poor     fair
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: achene, forb, fruit, rhizome, warm-season

Curlycup gumweed is a warm-season [17] perennial or biennial native forb
[8].  It grows 0.33 to 3.3 feet (0.1-1 m), with one to several branched
stems [14,12].  Flower heads are several to numerous.  The floral disk
is 0.6 to 2.75 inches (1.5-7 cm) wide.  The fruit is an achene [14].
Curlycup gumweed is taprooted, and develops a short, vertical rhizome.
The root system extends 6.5 feet (2 m) into the soil [1], with extensive
shallow root development [35].



Creative Commons photo, copyright 2010 Barry Breckling.

書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Curlycup gumweed is native to much of the area from Manitoba south to
Texas and east to Idaho and Arizona.  It is naturalized in eastern North
America and the Pacific Coast states [16,17].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, rhizome, seed

Curlycup gumweed may sprout from its short, vertical rhizome after fire.
However, no information was available concerning its sprouting
performance.

Curlycup gumweed seeds probably establishes on burned sites by
wind-dispersed seed.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: geophyte

Geophyte
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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Curlycup gumweed favors dry areas, but grows on moist soils that lack
other vegetation [17].  It is most common in dry prairies, waste places,
roadsides, railroads, depleted rangelands, and abandoned croplands.  It
often forms almost pure stands [14,15,31].

Curlycup gumweed growth is poor to fair on gravel, clay, and dense clay,
and good in sandy loam, loam, and clayey loam.  It makes fair growth on
saline soils, good growth on gentle and moderate slopes, and fair growth
on steep slopes.  Optimum soil depth is 10 to 20 inches (25-50 cm) [8].

In eastern North Dakota, curlycup gumweed occurred on saltflats and in
wet lowlands where salinity ranged up to 1.3 percent [28].

Curlycup gumweed occurs at the following elevations [8,15,29]:

                   Elevation (feet)    Elevation (m)

          CO         3,500-8,500        1,067-2,590
          MT         3,200-6,700          975-2,042
          SD         3,600-5,000        1,097-1,524
          UT            5,000              1,524
          WY         3,600-8,600        1,097-2,621
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

    42  Bur oak
    62  Silver maple - American elm
    67  Shin (Mohrs) oak
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   218  Lodgepole pine
   220  Rocky Mountain juniper
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir - western hemlock
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   239  Pinyon - juniper
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES30  Desert shrub
   FRES31  Shinnery
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES35  Pinyon - juniper
   FRES36  Mountain grasslands
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES39  Prairie
   FRES40  Desert grasslands
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K022  Great Basin pine forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K037  Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K039  Blackbrush
   K040  Saltbush - greasewood
   K041  Creosotebush
   K046  Desert: vegetation largely lacking
   K047  Fescue - oatgrass
   K050  Fescue - wheatgrass
   K051  Wheatgrass - bluegrass
   K055  Sagebrush steppe
   K056  Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
   K057  Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
   K063  Foothills prairie
   K064  Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
   K065  Grama - buffalograss
   K066  Wheatgrass - needlegrass
   K067  Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
   K068  Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
   K069  Bluestem - grama prairie
   K070  Sandsage - bluestem prairie
   K071  Shinnery
   K074  Bluestem prairie
   K075  Nebraska Sandhills prairie
   K081  Oak savanna
   K082  Mosaic of K074 and K100
   K098  Northern floodplain forest
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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Curlycup gumweed was eaten by sage grouse chicks aged 5 to 8 weeks in
central Montana.  It was used by 28 percent of chicks and made up 3
percent by volume of crop contents.  At ages 9 to 12 weeks it was used
by 39 percent of chicks and made up 4 percent of crop contents.  It was
not used by chicks younger than 5 weeks old [26].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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Associates of curlycup gumweed in sagebrush-grassland vegetation in
southeastern Montana include big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata),
plains prickly pear (Opuntia polyacantha), western wheatgrass
(Pascopyrum smithii), buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), and blue grama
(Bouteloua gracilis) [30].

Associates of curlycup gumweed on shortgrass rangeland in fair condition
in eastern Colorado include blue grama, buffalo grass, rush skeletonplant
(Lygodesmia juncea), wavyleaf thistle (Cirsium undulatum), pricklepoppy
(Argemone intermedia), and crazyweeds (Oxytropis spp.) [20].

Associates of curlycup gumweed in tallgrass and mixed-grass prairie in
southwestern Oklahoma include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var.
gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indiangrass
(Sorghastrum nutans), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), and
switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) [25].

Associates of curlycup gumweed on land adjacent to creek bottoms in
central Montana include wheatgrasses (Agropyron and Pascopyrum spp.),
foxtail barley (Critesion jubatum), brome (Bromus spp.), desert
saltgrass (Distichlis stricta), big sagebrush, silver sagebrush
(Artemisia cana), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), and rubber
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) [26].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: forb

Forb
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

Curlycup gumweed increases with grazing [18] and has a negative economic
impact on rangelands [8].  It forms dense, brushlike cover in rangelands
where there is much broken sod [35].  In the Central Great Plains, it is
not usually found on ranges of excellent or good condition, but is found
on ranges in fair condition [20].

Curlycup gumweed stems, leaves, and flowers produce a sticky exudate.
The coats of livestock can become gummed with it [2].

Curlycup gumweed is drought resistant due to deep roots and resinous
secretions [1].

Curlycup gumweed is a facultative selenium absorber [1].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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The energy value and protein value of curlycup gumweed for livestock is
poor.  Its food value for several species of wildlife in some western
states is [8]:
                              MT       ND       UT

     Elk                     ----     ----     poor
     Mule deer               ----     ----     poor
     Pronghorn               ----     ----     poor
     Upland game birds       good     good     fair
     Waterfowl               ----     ----     poor
     Small nongame birds     fair     good     fair
     Small mammals           ----     ----     fair
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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     AZ  CA  CO  CT  ID  IL  IN  IA  KS  ME
     MA  MI  MN  MO  MT  NE  NV  NH  NJ  NM
     NY  ND  OH  OK  OR  PA  RI  SD  TX  UT
     WA  WI  WY  AB  BC  MB  ON  PQ  SK
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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Native Americans used curlycup gumweed extracts to treat asthma,
bronchitis, colic, and skin rash [17].  The Pawnees boiled the flower
heads and leaves, and used the decoction for bathing saddle sores and
other skin irritations [1].  Today, medicinal uses include treatment of
bronchial spasm, whooping cough, asthma, and rashes caused by poison ivy
(Toxicodendron radicans) [17].  Curlycup gumweed extract is valuable as
a stimulant, sedative, astringent, purgative, emetic, diuretic,
antiseptic, and disinfectant [1].

Curlycup gumweed is used as an ornamental.  It produces flowers over a
long period, even when the soil is poor and dry [1].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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Curlycup gumweed is unpalatable to cattle, sheep, and horses [8,19],
though sheep will occasionally crop flower heads in the absence of other
forage [17].  Tannins, volatile oils, resins, bitter alkaloids, and
glucosides give curlycup gumweed an unpleasant taste [1].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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Curlycup gumweed forms a rosette the first year.  The next summer, the
plant grows erect stems which branch considerably and produce many
flower heads [12,35].

Curlycup gumweed flowering times are [1,10,14,22,23,31]:

                    Begin         Peak           End
                  Flowering     Flowering     Flowering

     CA             July          ----        September
     CO             June         August       September
     IL             July          ----        September
     KS             July          ----        October
     MT             July         August       August
     ND             July         August       September
     WY             July         August       September
     Great Plains   July          ----          ----
     New England    July          ----        September

In North Dakota, curlycup gumweed began growth in May, and by the end of
May had attained 50 percent of its yearly growth [13].  Curlycup gumweed
attained maximum height in August.  The average length of flowering
period was 41 days; the median date when flowering was 95 percent
complete was September 4 [4].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, natural, wildfire

Curlycup gumweed colonizes disturbed areas, and establishes or increases
after fire.

Curlycup gumweed was a trace species with 0.1 percent cover before a
natural range fire occurred in a cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)-sand
dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus)-red threeawn (Aristida longiseta)
community during the summer of 1956.  It was not present the first
growing season following the fire, in 1957.  At the end of the next
growing season, its cover was 1.2 percent.  During the next
2 years it was present only in trace amounts [5].

Curlycup gumweed populations increased following a 1983 or 1984 wildfire
of unknown intensity and season in a 9,600 square foot (800 sq m) area
in central Utah [21].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: herb, rhizome, secondary colonizer

   Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
   Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: pappus, seed

Curlycup gumweed is a biennial or short-lived perennial which reproduces
by seed [12].  Seeds have a pappus [14], and are dispersed by wind.

Curlycup gumweed seeds were stratified for 10 weeks with a cold, damp
regime.  When planted, germination time was 3 days [24].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    7  Lower Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: association, climax, forbs, succession

Curlycup gumweed is subdominant in climax prairie communities [6].  It
also occurs on disturbed sites [14].  It is highly drought resistant,
and may be abundant after dry periods [17].  However, by 1943 curlycup
gumweed in the mixed-grass prairie of Kansas showed only partial
recovery from the great drought of the 1930s [7].

In a black-tailed prairie dog town in a tallgrass prairie in
southwestern Oklahoma, prairie dogs of one colony progressively
retreated from the outside of the colony toward its center prior to
abandoning it.  Plant succession at this site was studied the summer
after the animals left.  Order of succession was apparent in concentric
rings of vegetation circumscribing a bare area at the center of the
colony.  Curlycup gumweed did not occur in the most recently abandoned
area, the colony center.  It did occur in longer-abandoned, surrounding
rings in association with annual threeawn (Aristida oligantha) and other
short grasses, forbs, and mid-sized grasses such as sideoats grama.  It
was not found in the undisturbed peripheral rings, which supported
climax tall grasses such as big bluestem [25].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name of curlycup gumweed is Grindelia
squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal [10,14]. It is in the sunflower family
(Asteraceae).

Recognized varieties are:

Grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa [1,10,12]
Grindelia squarrosa var. nuda (Wood) Gray [1,10,14]
Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis Lunnell [10,14]
Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata (Rydb) Steyerm. [10,12]
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
Curlycup gumweed occurred in only trace amounts on unreclaimed and
reclaimed bentonite mine spoils in southeastern Montana.  It occurred in
greater abundance on adjacent grasslands [30].

Curlycup gumweed was used in a roadside reseeding project in southern
Wisconsin.  It showed a high ability to survive and grow under adverse
conditions.  Seedlings transplanted easily to the field and grew
rapidly.  Results for both direct seeding and seedling transplant were
excellent [24].
書目引用
Walsh, Roberta A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 葡萄牙語 )

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Chile Central
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Behavior ( 葡萄牙語 )

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AMÉRICA DO NORTE
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CPQBA/UNICAMP
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Molecular Biology ( 葡萄牙語 )

由IABIN提供
Óleo essencial, tanino, resina, ácido fórmico, ácido acético, ácido graxo, glicose(17)
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Distribution ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由IABIN提供
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Grindélie rozkladitá ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供
 src=
Úbor nominátního poddruhu Grindelia squarrosa squarrosa
 src=
Úbor bez ligul Grindelia squarrosa nuda

Grindélie rozkladitá (Grindelia squarrosa) je okrasná dvouletá rostlina vysoká až 1 m, která v letních měsících květe žlutými květy sestavenými až do 20 úborů. Pochází ze Severní Ameriky, kde roste od jihu Kanady přes většinu území Spojených států až po střední Mexiko. Je pravděpodobné, že před rozsáhlým severoamerickým rozšířením se vyvinula na území Velkých planin a oblastí Skalnatých hor, kde se dosud vyskytuje do nadmořské výšky 2500 m n. m.

Tato nenáročná, hezky kvetoucí rostlina byla dovezena do Evropy a začala být pěstována v okrasných zahradách. Později byla rozšířena na Kavkaz, do Číny i na ruský Dálný východ, došlo k tomu pravděpodobně lidským přičiněním. Je bylinou s malých invazním potencionálem. Přestože je pěstována v okrasných zahradách, nejsou v České republice dosud důkazy pro to, že zplaňuje a uniká z kultivace do volné přírody.[1][2][3]

Ekologie

Je vhodnou květinou pro lehkou písčitou a středně těžkou, hlinitou půdu, která obsahuje jen málo živin. Půda může být kyselá, neutrální i zásaditá, důležitou podmínkou je však její dobré odvodnění, upřednostňuje spíše sucho než mokro. Na místech s výživnou a průběžně mírně vlhkou půdou vyrůstá rostlina do větší výšky a bývá rozložitější. Potřebuje dostatek slunce, ale na klima a nadmořskou výšku není příliš náročná. Období sucha dokáže dospělá rostlina přežít snížením emise vodní páry z listů.

Ve své domovině se obvykle vyskytuje na horských pastvinách, prériích, horských svazích, opuštěných polích, podél silnic, železničních tratí, na překladištích, skládkách a na jiných místech, kde byla v nedávné minulosti půda často narušována. Patří mezi prvé rostliny, které takovéto stanoviště osídlují, někdy se stává vážným plevelem pastvin. V prvém roce vyroste ze semene bazální růžice a druhým rokem se z kořenového systému vyvine jeden nebo více květonosných lodyh. Kvete od června do září. Ploidie druhu je 2n = 12.[1][2][4]

Popis

Dvouletá až krátce vytrvalá bylina s lodyhou vysokou 40 až 100 cm, vyrůstající z hrubého kořene s mnoha bočními vláknitými kořínky. Lodyha je pevná, vzpřímená, bohatě rozvětvená, lysá, zelená, nažloutlá nebo nafialovělá. Je porostlá střídavými, jednoduchými, přisedlými listy s čepelí podlouhlou, kopinatou nebo podlouhle vejčitou, dlouhou 3 až 5 cm, širokou 1 až 3 cm a lodyhu mírně objímající. Listy jsou poněkud zkroucené, na vrcholu zašpičatělé, po obvodě jemně zubaté s tupými žláznatými špičkami a na povrchu žláznatě tečkované, na dotek jsou mírně lepkavé a mají výraznou střední žilku. V horní části lodyhy jsou listy menší, více podlouhlé a někdy bývají po obvode hladké. Po poranění rostlina silně mlečí.

Na konci lodyhy a jejich větví vyrůstají samostatně nebo v chocholíku polokulovité úbory 2,5 až 3,5 cm velké s mnohořadým zákrovem, květenství mívá 3 až 20 úborů se sytě žlutými květy. Lůžko úboru je ploché nebo jen mírně vypouklé, uprostřed jsou oboupohlavné květy s pětičetnou korunou srostlou do trubky. Po obvodě je 24 až 36 jazykovitých, samčích květů s podlouhlou, jasně žlutou ligulou až 10 mm dlouhou a 3 mm širokou, která je zakončena třemi malými zuby. Zákrov úboru má silně lepkavé, namodralé, čárkovité, nazpět silně ohnuté nitkovité zákrovní listeny uspořádané v pěti či šesti řadách. Květy obsahují dostatek pylu i nektaru a jsou opylovány hlavně včelami i čmeláky.

V opylených květech vznikají plody, což jsou nažky 2 až 4 mm dlouhé, šedé až světle hnědé, podélně rýhované, s chmýrem 3 až 6 mm dlouhým.[1][2][4][5][6]

Rozmnožování

Rostliny se rozmnožují semeny (nažkami), která se vysévají na podzim, při jarním výsevu se pro dobré vzklíčení doporučuje tříměsíční stratifikace v chladu. Během prvého roku po vzejití semen se vytvoří jen nízká listová růžice s několika listy, která vytvoří hluboký kořínek. Během druhého roku z kořene vyroste jedna nebo více světle zelených, květných lodyh. Na stanovištích se rostliny většinou samy ze semen obnovují.[7]

Taxonomie

Grindélie rozkladitá se v Severní Americe vyskytuje ve třech poddruzích:

  • Grindelia squarrosa Pursh subs. squarrosa,
  • Grindelia squarrosa Pursh subs. nuda (Wood) A. Gray - úbory postrádají na vnějších květech liguly,
  • Grindelia squarrosa Pursh subs. serrulata (Rydb.) Steyerm. - má lodyhu porostlou větším počtem úzkých listů,

Nominátní poddruh squarrosa roste v celém areálu, ostatní poddruhy se vyskytují pouze ostrůvkovitě.[4][5][6][8]

Význam

Rostlina v současnosti slouží hlavně jako okrasná bylina nenáročná na substrát i klimatické podmínky. Obsahuje saponiny, oleanolové a grindelové kyseliny, pryskyřice, silice (borneol), flavonoidy třísloviny a mnohé minerální látky. V Americe byla dříve používána v léčitelství, má zklidňující a protikřečové účinky, snižuje srdeční frekvenci a podporuje při léčbě uvolňování hlenů a jejich vykašlávání, ceněna je hlavně při léčbě bronchiálního astmatu. Z listů a kvetoucích stonků se připravuje roztok používaný v homeopatii. Z kvetoucích úborů a nezralých plodů se získává žluté a zelené barvivo, listy jsou vhodné též k léčbě kožních ekzémů a popálenin. Grindelia squarrosa je schopná extrahovat z půdy selen.[1][2][7][9]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. a b c d SLAVÍK, Bohumil; ŠTĚPÁNKOVÁ, Jitka. Květena ČR, díl 7. Praha: Academia, 2004. 767 s. ISBN 80-200-1161-7. Kapitola Grindelia squarrosa, s. 123.
  2. a b c d HOSKOVEC, Ladislav. BOTANY.cz: Grindélie rozkladitá [online]. O. s. Přírodovědná společnost, BOTANY.cz, rev. 09.09.2011 [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (česky)
  3. HASSLER, Markus. Catalogue of Life: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. Naturalis biodiverzity Center, Leiden, NL, rev. 2018 [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. a b c Prairie Wildflowers of Illinois: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. Illinois Wildflowers, John Hilty, USA [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. a b Southwest Environmental Information Network: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. Southwest Biodiversity Consortium, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  6. a b STROTHER, John L.; WETTER, Mark A. Flora of North America: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA, USA [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  7. a b Plants For a Future: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. Plants For a Future, Dawlish, Devon, UK [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  8. The Plant List: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. Collaboration between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  9. The Jepson Manual, Vascular Plants of California: Grindelia squarrosa [online]. University of California, Oakland, CA, USA [cit. 2018-10-31]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Grindélie rozkladitá: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供
 src= Úbor nominátního poddruhu Grindelia squarrosa squarrosa  src= Úbor bez ligul Grindelia squarrosa nuda

Grindélie rozkladitá (Grindelia squarrosa) je okrasná dvouletá rostlina vysoká až 1 m, která v letních měsících květe žlutými květy sestavenými až do 20 úborů. Pochází ze Severní Ameriky, kde roste od jihu Kanady přes většinu území Spojených států až po střední Mexiko. Je pravděpodobné, že před rozsáhlým severoamerickým rozšířením se vyvinula na území Velkých planin a oblastí Skalnatých hor, kde se dosud vyskytuje do nadmořské výšky 2500 m n. m.

Tato nenáročná, hezky kvetoucí rostlina byla dovezena do Evropy a začala být pěstována v okrasných zahradách. Později byla rozšířena na Kavkaz, do Číny i na ruský Dálný východ, došlo k tomu pravděpodobně lidským přičiněním. Je bylinou s malých invazním potencionálem. Přestože je pěstována v okrasných zahradách, nejsou v České republice dosud důkazy pro to, že zplaňuje a uniká z kultivace do volné přírody.

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Grindelia squarrosa ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Grindelia squarrosa ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Grindelia in der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Sie gedeiht in den Steppen der Great Plains. Sie ist vor allem wegen ihres Harzes bekannt, das von den amerikanischen Ureinwohnern als Heilmittel verwendet wurde und in der Homöopathie eingesetzt wird. Der Gattungsname ehrt den deutsch-baltischen Arzt, Apotheker und Botaniker David Hieronymus Grindel (1776–1836).[1]

Beschreibung

 src=
Illustration
 src=
Blütenkorb im Detail

Vegetative Merkmale

Grindelia squarrosa wächst als zweijährige bis ausdauernde, krautige Pflanze oder Halbstrauch. Sie blüht allerdings für gewöhnlich schon im ersten Jahr und ist kurzlebig. Sie erreicht Wuchshöhen von selten nur 10 bis meist 40 bis 100 Zentimetern. Die selbstständig aufrechte Sprossachse ist kahl und weißlich oder strohfarben, selten rötlich oder gräulich.[2]

Die wechselständig an den Sprossachsen verteilt angeordneten Laubblätter sind im unteren Bereich gestielt, weiter oben sitzend. Die Blattbasis ist mehr oder weniger stängelumfassend. Die Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von selten 10 bis überwiegend 15 bis 70 Millimetern zwei- bis fünf-, selten bis zu zehnmal so lang wie breit. Die Form wird als oval, eiförmig, verkehrt-eiförmig oder länglichen bis spatelförmig, verkehrt-lanzettlich, lanzettlich oder linealisch beschrieben. Der Blattrand ist vorwiegend gekerbt bis gesägt, mit drei bis sechs oder mehr gerundeten bis stumpfen, harzigen Zähnen pro Zentimeter. Seltener ist er ganzrandig. Das obere Ende der Spreite ist stumpf oder spitz und beide Seiten sind kahl und stark drüsig punktiert.[2]

Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit reicht in Nordamerika von Juli bis September oder manchmal Oktober.[2] Die körbchenförmigen Blütenstände stehen selten einzeln, sondern meist in offenen oder gedrängten schirmtraubigen Gesamtblütenständen zusammen. Der Hüllkelch (Involucrum) ist bei einer Höhe von 6 bis 11 Millimetern sowie einem Durchmesser von 8 bis 20 Millimetern breit-krugförmig bis halbkugelig oder kugelförmig. Die in fünf oder sechs Reihen stehende Hüllblätter (Involucralblätter) sind zurückgebogen bis ausgebreitet oder angedrückt. Die Hüllblätter sind fadenförmig oder linealisch bis lanzettlich-linealisch oder lanzettlich-pfriemlich, mit pfriemlichem bis zylindrischem Querschnitt. Ihr oberes Ende ist nach außen oft mehr oder weniger umgebogen bis hakenartig oder eingerollt, seltener fast gerade. Die Hüllblätter sind moderat bis stark harzig.[2]

Ein Blütenkorb enthält 24 bis 36 (12 bis 40) Zungenblüten, zuweilen fehlen Zungenblüten ganz, und viele Röhrenblüten. Die Zungen der Zungenblüten sind 8 bis 14 Millimeter lang.[2]

Früchte

Die weißlichen, strohfarbenen, braunen oder grauen Achänen sind 1,5 bis 4,5 Millimeter lang sind. Ihre oberen Enden sind glatt, kronenartig oder knaufartig. Ihre Seiten sind glatt, streifig oder ± gefurcht. Der Pappus besteht aus meist zwei oder drei, selten bis zu acht Schuppen oder Grannen. Die glatten oder bärtigen, ahlenförmigen Schuppen können gerade, gewunden oder gekraust sein. Die Grannen sind borstenförmig. Der Pappus ist mit einer Länge von 2,5 bis 5,5 Millimetern kürzer als die Röhrenblüten.[2]

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt x = 6; es liegt Diploidie mit einer Chromosomenzahl von 2n = 12 vor.[3][2]

Vorkommen

Ursprünglich war Grindelia squarrosa wohl in den Great Plains und an den Rocky Mountains verbreitet. Von dort aus hat sie sich stark ausgebreitet und ist in Nordamerika vom südlichen Kanada über die gesamten Vereinigten Staaten mit Ausnahme des Südostens bis in den nördlichen mexikanischen Bundesstaat Chihuahua weitverbreitet.[2]

Neophytische Vorkommen wurden auch aus der Ukraine und aus Mitteldeutschland[4][5] gemeldet.

Grindelia squarrosa gedeiht auf Ödland und an Wegrändern auf bevorzugt trockenen Böden, aber auch auf feuchterem Untergrund. Auf überweideten Arealen ist diese Art oft bestandsbildend.

Systematik

Die Erstveröffentlichung erfolgte 1813 unter dem Namen (Basionym) Donia squarrosa durch Frederick Traugott Pursh in Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, ..., 2, Seite 559. Die Neukombination zu Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal wurde 1819 durch Michel Félix Dunal in Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 5, Seite 50 veröffentlicht.[6] In der Flora of Northamerica 2010 gelten Grindelia aphanactis Rydberg, Grindelia nuda Alph.Wood, Grindelia nuda var. aphanactis (Rydberg) G.L.Nesom, Grindelia serrulata Rydberg, Grindelia squarrosa var. nuda (Alph.Wood) A.Gray, Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata (Rydberg) Steyermark als Synonyme für Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal.[2]

Von Grindelia squarrosa wurden Varietäten beschrieben, die allerdings von vielen Autoren[2] nicht anerkannt sind:

  • Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal var. squarrosa
  • Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata G.L.Nesom
  • Grindelia squarrosa var. nuda (Alph.Wood) A.Gray – Umstritten ist auch, ob es sich bei diesen Pflanzenexemplaren ganz ohne Zungenblüten um eine eigene Art Grindelia nuda Wood handelt.[2]

Grindelia squarrosa bildet natürliche Hybriden mit Grindelia arizonica in Arizona und New Mexico.[2]

Heute sind vier Arten, die gemeinsam als Kalifornische Grindelien bezeichnet werden und Stammpflanzen für die pharmazeutische Droge Grindelia herba bzw. Grindeliakraut sind:

Verwendung

Grindelia squarrosa wurde von vielen nordamerikanischen Ureinwohnern als Medizinpflanze verwendet. Die Blackfoot verwendeten Wurzelextrakte bei Leberbeschwerden. Die Cheyenne setzten das Blütenharz bei Hautkrankheiten ein. Andere Völker verwendeten Extrakte aus dem Harz der Pflanzen bei Erkältungen, Bauchschmerzen oder als Verhütungsmittel.[7]

Die Pflanze wird aufgrund ihres hohen Gehalts an Mono- und Di-Terpenen, die in einen Kerosin- oder Düsentreibstoff ähnlichen Treibstoff umgewandelt werden können, als potenzielle Quelle für Biokraftstoffe untersucht.[8] Die Anpassung der Pflanze an das trockene Klima macht sie attraktiv, da ihr Anbau in Wüstengebieten nicht mit traditionellen Nahrungspflanzen konkurrieren würde.

Literatur

  • John L. Strother, Mark A. Wetter: Grindelia squarrosa. In: Flora of North America. Band 20. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-530564-7, S. 429 (online [abgerufen am 16. Januar 2010]).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Lotte Burkhardt: Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen. Erweiterte Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k l John L. Strother, Mark A. Wetter: Grindelia squarrosa. In: Flora of North America. Band 20. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-530564-7, S. 429 (online [abgerufen am 16. Januar 2010]).
  3. Grindelia squarrosa bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  4. Peter Gutte: Flora von Leipzig einschließlich Markkleeberg. Weissdorn, Jena 2006, ISBN 3-936055-50-5.
  5. Anselm Krumbiegel: Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal - ein Neubürger in Mitteldeutschland. In: Mitt. florist. Kart. Sachsen-Anhalt 23, 2018, S. 3–26 PDF.
  6. Grindelia squarrosa bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 24. Februar 2018.
  7. Daniel E. Moerman: Native American Medicinal Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Timber Press, Portland 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-987-4, S. 222 (Volltext in der Google-Buchsuche [abgerufen am 16. Januar 2010]).
  8. Bishnu P. Neupane, David Shintani, Hongfei Lin, Charles J. Coronella, Glenn C. Miller: Grindelia squarrosa: A Potential Arid Lands Biofuel Plant. In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5, Nr. 1, 22. November 2016, , S. 995–1001. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02315.
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Grindelia squarrosa: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Grindelia squarrosa ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Grindelia in der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae). Sie gedeiht in den Steppen der Great Plains. Sie ist vor allem wegen ihres Harzes bekannt, das von den amerikanischen Ureinwohnern als Heilmittel verwendet wurde und in der Homöopathie eingesetzt wird. Der Gattungsname ehrt den deutsch-baltischen Arzt, Apotheker und Botaniker David Hieronymus Grindel (1776–1836).

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Âhkévó'êstse

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Âhkévó'êstse

Âhkévó'êstse (Grindelia squarrosa)

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Grindelia nuda ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Grindelia squarrosa, also known as a curly-top gumweed or curlycup gumweed, is a small North American biennial or short-lived perennial plant.[2]

Description

G. squarrosa is a decumbent to erect, much-branched perennial herb or subshrub growing up to 100 centimetres (39+12 inches) tall. The leaves are 1.5–7.5 cm (12–3 in) long,[3] gray-green, crenate with each tooth having a yellow bump near its tip, and resinous.[4][5]

The plant produces numerous flower heads in open, branching arrays. Each head usually contains 12–40 yellow ray flowers, though sometimes the rays are absent. These surround many small disc flowers. The plant blooms from July through late September.[4][6][5] The brown seed is usually four-angled, with loose scales.[3]

A form with rayless flowers is sometimes considered a distinct species.

Varieties

  • Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis[7]
  • Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata[8]
  • Grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa[9]

Distribution and habitat

The species is native to western and central North America, from British Columbia east to Québec and New England, and south as far as California, New Mexico, Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas. The species may possibly be naturalized in much of the eastern part of that distribution.[10][11][4][12]

It is often found in dry, open areas[3] and disturbed roadsides and streamsides, occurring between 700 metres (2,300 feet) and 2,300 metres (7,500 feet) in elevation.[4]

Ecology

The species is listed by the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network as of "Special Value to Native Bees."[12]

Toxicity

The plant concentrates selenium from the soil,[3] and can be toxic when ingested by cattle, humans, and other mammals.[4]

Uses

The flowers and leaves are used by Great Plains Tribes as a medicinal herb to treat illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis or skin rashes.[12][13][14] The powdered flowers were also once smoked in cigarettes to ease asthmatic symptoms.[15]

It is used as a traditional medicinal plant by Shoshone peoples in various regions.[13] The Gosiute language name for the plant is mu’-ha-kûm.[16] The Lakota language name for the plant is pteíčhiyuȟa.

Hispanos of New Mexico boiled the buds to make a drink to treat kidney disorders.[3] Extracts have been made to treat skin irritations, asthma, and rheumatism.[3] The resin has been used to treat poison ivy rashes topically.[17]

The plant is being explored as a potential source of biofuel due to its high content of mono- and di-terpenes which can be converted to a fuel analogous to kerosene or jet fuel.[18] The plant's adaptation to arid climates makes it an attractive option as its cultivation in desert areas would not compete with traditional food crops.

References

  1. ^ "Grindelia squarrosa". The Global Compositae Checklist (GCC) – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ "Grindelia squarrosa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 376–377. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  4. ^ a b c d e Jepson Manual, University of California (TJM2)
  5. ^ a b Strother, John L.; Wetter, Mark A. (2006). "Grindelia squarrosa". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ Kansas Wildflowers & Grasses
  7. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Grindelia squarrosa var. quasiperennis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  8. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Grindelia squarrosa var. serrulata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  9. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Grindelia squarrosa var. squarrosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  10. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Grindelia squarrosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
  11. ^ "Grindelia squarrosa". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  12. ^ a b c "Grindelia squarrosa". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.
  13. ^ a b University of Michigan at Dearborn, Native American Ethnobotany Database: Grindelia squarrosa
  14. ^ Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 382. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  16. ^ Chamberlin, Ralph Vary (1911). "The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah" (PDF). Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Vol II, Part 5. Retrieved 2007-11-12.
  17. ^ Fagan, Damian (2019). Wildflowers of Oregon: A Field Guide to Over 400 Wildflowers, Trees, and Shrubs of the Coast, Cascades, and High Desert. Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-4930-3633-2. OCLC 1073035766.
  18. ^ Neupane, Bishnu P.; Shintani, David; Lin, Hongfei; Coronella, Charles J.; Miller, Glenn C. (2016-11-22). "Grindelia squarrosa: A Potential Arid Lands Biofuel Plant". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 5 (1): 995–1001. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02315. ISSN 2168-0485.

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Grindelia nuda: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Grindelia squarrosa, also known as a curly-top gumweed or curlycup gumweed, is a small North American biennial or short-lived perennial plant.

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Grindelia squarrosa ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Una forma con flores sin rayos a veces se considera una especie separada.

Grindelia squarrosa, es una especie de planta fanerógama de la familia Asteraceae. Es una pequeña planta de América del Norte.

Distribución

Es una planta bienal o de corta duración planta perenne que crece hasta una altura máxima de 90 cm y lleva flores con pétalos de color amarillo a partir de julio hasta finales de septiembre.[1]​ Fue utilizado por las tribus de Great Plains como una hierba medicinal para tratar enfermedades como el asma, la bronquitis o erupciones en la piel.[2]

En idioma shoshoni el nombre para la planta es mu’-ha-kûm.[3]

Taxonomía

Grindelia ciliata fue descrita por (Pursh) Dunal y publicado en Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle 5: 50. 1819.[4]

Sinonimia
  • Aurelia amplexicaulis Cass.
  • Aurelia squarrosa Cass. ex Steud.
  • Donia squarrosa Pursh
  • Grindelia aphanactis Rydb.
  • Grindelia arguta A.Gray
  • Grindelia nuda Alph.Wood
  • Grindelia nuda var. aphanactis (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom
  • Grindelia pinnatifida Wooton & Standl.
  • Grindelia serrulata Rydb.[5]

Referencias

  1. Kansas Wildflowers & Grasses
  2. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center
  3. Chamberlin, Ralph Vary (1911). «The Ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah». Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association Vol II, part 5. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2007.
  4. «Grindelia squarrosa». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 13 de septiembre de 2014.
  5. Grindelia squarrosa en The Plant List

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Grindelia squarrosa: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供
 src= Una forma con flores sin rayos a veces se considera una especie separada.

Grindelia squarrosa, es una especie de planta fanerógama de la familia Asteraceae. Es una pequeña planta de América del Norte.

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Гринделія розчепірена ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Морфологічна характеристика

Стебло розгалужене, до 60 см заввишки. Листки довгасті, стеблообгортні, цілісні. Квітки жовті, в кошиках, що утворюють волоте- або щиткоподібне смолянисте суцвіття; крайові квітки — язичкові, неплідні; серединні — трубчасті, двостатеві. Цвіте у червнівересні. Плідсім'янка.

Поширення

Росте повсюди як бур'ян, найчастіше уздовж доріг на сухих місцях.

Спочатку цей вид був, ймовірно, поширений на Великих рівнинах і Скелястих горах. Звідти він поширювався і далі, розповсюдився по всій території Сполучених Штатів, за винятком південного сходу, на півдні Канади і на півночі Мексики. Пізніше, випадки поширення гринделії, було зареєстровано в Україні і Центральній Німеччині [1].[1]

Використання

Грінделія використовувалася багатьма племенами індіанців як лікарська рослина. Кореневі екстракти застосовували Blackfoot, під час скарг на печінку. Cheyenne, прикладали смоляні квіти, у разі шкірних захворювань. Екстракти смоли рослини, вживали за застуди, під час бронхіту або як контрацептиви. [2][2]

Для лікарських потреб заготовляють надземну частину рослини під час цвітіння.

Рослина містить глікозиди, борнеол, сапоніни, флавоноїди, фітостерол, фенол, селен.

Галенові препарати гринделії розчепіреної мають спазмолітичні, антисептичні, протиалергічні, відхаркувальні, сечогінні властивості. Застосовують при фарингіті, трахеїті, бронхіті, набряках, гіпотонії, алергії.

Внутрішньо — настій трави гринделії розчепіреної (20 г сухої трави заливають 200 мл окропу, настояти 50 хв) пити по 1 ст ложці 4 рази на день. Настоянку трави гринделії (10 г сухої трави на 50 мл 70 % розчину спирту, настоювати 5 днів) приймати по 40 крапель тричі на день. Зовнішньо — настоянку гринделії розчепіреної (1:5 на 70 % розчині спирту) для компресів та примочок перед застосуванням її розводять кип'яченою водою (1:3). Добрий ефект дає настоянка розведена на воді 1:2 при вуграх, гноячкових пошкодженнях шкіри обличчя.

Див. також

Література

Посилання

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Grindelia squarrosa ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Grindelia squarrosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được (Pursh) Dunal mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1819.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Grindelia squarrosa. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Grindelia squarrosa  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Grindelia squarrosa


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết tông cúc Astereae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Grindelia squarrosa: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Grindelia squarrosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được (Pursh) Dunal mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1819.

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