The northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sand, mud and gravel bottoms at depths of up to 700 metres (2,300 ft), though it is most commonly found between 19 and 246 metres (62 and 807 ft). Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern Pacific, from Puget Sound to Alaska (overlapping the range of the rock sole), the Aleutian Islands and across the Bering Sea to the Kuril Islands and the Sea of Okhotsk (overlapping the range of the dusky sole). Males grow up to 69 centimetres (27 in) in length, whilst females can reach 49 centimetres (19 in). The maximum recorded lifespan is 18 years.[1]
Prior to 2000 the Northern rock sole and the rock sole, Lepidopsetta bilineata, were considered to be a single species under the genus Lepidopsetta, but work by Orr & Matarese published in 2000 reorganised the genus into three separate taxa.[2]
As a result of this reclassification and renaming, the rock sole L. bilineata may be referred to as the "southern" rock sole, in order to avoid confusion with the Northern rock sole L. polyxystra.[3]
The Northern rock sole occupies a moderately high trophic level in the food chain.
The diet of the Northern rock sole consists mainly of zoobenthos polychaetes and amphipods.[4]
Northern rock sole are eaten by marine mammals and other fish, including sharks, Alaska pollock, yellowfin sole, Pacific halibut and Pacific cod.[1][3]
Northern rock sole reach reproductive maturity at between 4 and 7 years old, and spawn in winter through to early spring. Eggs are demersal and stick to the surface on which they are laid; hatching takes from 6 to 25 days.[3]
Northern rock sole is fished commercially, and forms an important part of two trawl fisheries in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Although it was overfished in the 1960s stocks have recovered, and the biomass of Northern rock sole in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands fishery is now estimated to be very high, at twice the level required to support maximum sustainable yield. In 2008 the estimated Northern rock sole biomass in the Gulf of Alaska fishery was some 102,303 tons, compared to catches ranging from 453 tons in 2004 to 4,330 tons in 2006.[3]
Northern rock sole fishing off the coast of the United States is managed by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council, one of eight U.S. Regional Fishery Management Councils.[3]
The northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sand, mud and gravel bottoms at depths of up to 700 metres (2,300 ft), though it is most commonly found between 19 and 246 metres (62 and 807 ft). Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern Pacific, from Puget Sound to Alaska (overlapping the range of the rock sole), the Aleutian Islands and across the Bering Sea to the Kuril Islands and the Sea of Okhotsk (overlapping the range of the dusky sole). Males grow up to 69 centimetres (27 in) in length, whilst females can reach 49 centimetres (19 in). The maximum recorded lifespan is 18 years.
Lepidopsetta polyxystra Lepidopsetta generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.
Lepidopsetta polyxystra Lepidopsetta generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.
Lepidopsetta polyxystra est une espèce de poissons de la famille des Pleuronectidae.
Lepidopsetta polyxystrai é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes, familia dos pleuronéctidos e subfamilia dos pleuronectinos,[1] unha das tres que integran o xénero Lepidopsetta.[2]
Como todos os peixes da familia dos pleuronéctidos, as especies deste xénero teñen o corpo aplanado, asimétrico, e cos dous ollos situados no lado pigmentado do corpo.
A especie foi descrita no ano 2000 polos biólogos estadounidenses James Wilder Orr e Ann Matarese Kiernan.
Antes dese ano, Lepidopsetta polyxystra e Lepidopsetta bilineata considerábanse como unha única especie dentro do xénero Lepidopsetta, pero un traballo de Orr e Matarese publicado en 2000 reorganizou o xénero en tres taxa separados.[3]
Como resultado desta reclasificación, L. bilineata cambiou o seu nome em inglés, denomínandose agora "southern rock sole" para evitar a confusión coa especie L. polyxystra ou "northern rock sole".[4]
Trátase dun peixe mariño, demersal, que vive en fondos de area, lama e grava a profundidades de até os 700 m, aínda que comunmente se encontra entre os 19 e os 246 m. O seu hábitat natural son as augas temperadas do Pacífico norte, desde o estrecho de Puget,[5] e Alasca (onde coincide coa especie L. bilineata), as illas Aleutianas e, a través do mar de Bering até as illas Kuriles e o mar de Okhotsk (onde se comparte área de dispersión con L. mochigarei).[6]
Os machos poden chegar até os 69 cm de lonxitude, mentres que as femias alcanzan tan só os 49 cm. A lonxevidade máxima rexistrada para esta especie é de 18 anos.[6]
A especie ocupa unha moderadamente alta posición na cadea alimentaria.
A dieta de Lepidopsetta polyxystra consiste principalmente en organismos do zoobentos, poliquetos e anfípodos.[7]
Esta especie é depredada por mamíferos mariños e por outros peixes, incluíndo diversos tiburóns, o bacallau de Alasca (Gadus chalcogrammus) o bacallau do Pacífico (Gadus macrocephalus) e outros peixes planos, como o hipogloso do Pacífico (Hippoglossus stenolepis) e a limanda áspera (Limanda aspera).[4][6]
Lepidopsetta polyxystra alcanza a madureza reprodutiva entre os 4 e os 7 anos de idade. A desova prodúcese en inverno e principios da primavera. Os ovos son demersais e permanecen na superficie na que se depositan, A eclosión ocorre entre os 6 e os 25 días despois da posta.[4]
Lepidopsetta polyxystra péscase comercialmente e forma parte importante das pescarías de arrastre no mar de Bering e no golfo de Alasca. Aínda que a súa explotación foi excesiva nos anos 1960, as poboacións recuperáronse e hoxe en día estímase que a súa biomasa no mar de Bering e as illas Aleutianas é moi alta, até dúas veces o nivel necesario para o rendemento máximo sustentábel. En 2008 a súa biomasa estimada na pescaría do golfo de Alasca era dunhas 102.303 t, en comparación coas capturas, que oscilaron desde as 453 t en 2004 e as 4.330 t en 2006.[4]
Lepidopsetta polyxystrai é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes, familia dos pleuronéctidos e subfamilia dos pleuronectinos, unha das tres que integran o xénero Lepidopsetta.
Como todos os peixes da familia dos pleuronéctidos, as especies deste xénero teñen o corpo aplanado, asimétrico, e cos dous ollos situados no lado pigmentado do corpo.
Lepidopsetta polyxystra is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van schollen (Pleuronectidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2000 door Orr & Matarese.
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