Pagekoni (Diplodactylinae) jsou zvířata říše plazů blízce příbuzní s gekony. Patří pod čeleď gekonovití (Gekkonidae). Podobně jako gekoni nemají pohyblivá víčka a svislou zorničku, ale mají většinou lamely, tzv. příchytný orgán gekonů.
Kladou 2 vajíčka až na pár výjimek. Spolu s gekony jsou rozšířeni téměř po celém světě, hlavně v tropech a subtropech, ale výjimky můžou žít i v mírném podnebném pásu, například v Austrálii a v Jižní Americe.
Zástupci:
Pagekoni (Diplodactylinae) jsou zvířata říše plazů blízce příbuzní s gekony. Patří pod čeleď gekonovití (Gekkonidae). Podobně jako gekoni nemají pohyblivá víčka a svislou zorničku, ale mají většinou lamely, tzv. příchytný orgán gekonů.
Kladou 2 vajíčka až na pár výjimek. Spolu s gekony jsou rozšířeni téměř po celém světě, hlavně v tropech a subtropech, ale výjimky můžou žít i v mírném podnebném pásu, například v Austrálii a v Jižní Americe.
Zástupci:
Pagekon LupenoocasýDie Doppelfingergeckos (Diplodactylidae) sind eine in Australien, Neuseeland und Neukaledonien lebende Familie der Geckoartigen.
Wie den Echten Geckos (Gekkonidae) fehlen ihnen die Augenlider. Es gibt bodenbewohnende und auf Bäumen lebende Arten, die je nach Lebensweise gut entwickelte oder fehlende Haftlamellen an den Füßen haben. Sie sind stimmfähig. Zwei auf Neuseeland endemische Gattungen, Naultinus und Hoplodactylus sowie der auf Neukaledonien vorkommende Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus sind ovovivipar, die übrigen legen pro Gelege zwei weichschalige Eier.
Doppelfingergeckos gehörten früher als Unterfamilie zu den Gekkonidae. Heute werden sie, da sie als Schwestergruppe der australischen und neuguineischen, beinlosen Flossenfüße (Pygopodidae) gelten, als eigenständige Familie angesehen. Je nach Autor werden 11 bis 25 Gattungen zu den Doppelfingergeckos gezählt. Ein Teil der früher zur Unterfamilie Diplodactylinae gehörenden Gattungen bildet heute eine weitere neue Familie der Geckoartigen, die Carphodactylidae.
Derzeit werden 130 Arten in 25 Gattungen unterschieden[1]:
Stand: 25. März 2015
Die Doppelfingergeckos (Diplodactylidae) sind eine in Australien, Neuseeland und Neukaledonien lebende Familie der Geckoartigen.
The Diplodactylidae are a family in the suborder Gekkota (geckos), with over 150 species in 25 genera.[2] These geckos occur in Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia.[3][4] Diplodactylids are the most ecologically diverse and widespread family of geckos in both Australia and New Caledonia, and are the only family of geckos found in New Zealand.[5][6] Three diplodactylid genera (Oedura, Rhacodactylus, and Hoplodactylus) have recently been split into multiple new genera.[7][8][9]
In previous classifications, the family Diplodactylidae is equivalent to the subfamily Diplodactylinae.[10]
Like other geckos, Diplodactylidae often live in warm areas that are around the temperature of 24–29 °C (75–85 °F). They mostly live in rain forests, up in the trees for protection. However, they are also found in cooler climates such as those found in southern New Zealand, where they have been found to be active in temperatures ranging from 1.4 to 31.9C.[11]
Viviparity is notable as a trait unique to diplodactylids within Gekkota, with two species in New Caledonia from the genus Rhacodactylus and all species in New Zealand exhibiting this form of reproduction.[12]
All species possess some form of toepad, except Lucasium damaeum which shows strong evidence of toepads being secondarily lost.[3][13]
With the help of their adhesion ability they have on their feet, they are able to grip on to surfaces, making it easier for them to travel from one place to another.
Based on a study, geckos like to grip onto coarse sandpaper-like surfaces because this material is similar to the type of surfaces they grip on to in their natural habitats. It was concluded that Diplodactylidae like to grip on to rough surfaces.[14]
While diplodactylid geckos have been relatively well-studied, the family's placement and composition has experienced several revisions, with the systematics continuing to evolve.[9][15] Recent molecular work has helped to clarify phylogeny that was historically based primarily on morphological traits, justifying the monophyly of Diplodactylidae, revising intergeneric relationships between several genera, and uncovering significant cryptic diversity within the family.[16][17][3][18][19][20][21][22][23] However, the current understanding of the systematics and evolution of diplodactylid geckos remains limited, with certain genera and taxa still largely unstudied and significant underestimates in diversity at the species level left to resolve.[19][6]
Underwood completed the first comprehensive systematics analysis of geckos in 1954,[1] using morphological features like pupil shape and inferences around biogeography to establish three major families within Gekkota (or Gekkonoidea as it was also known): the Eublepharidae, the Sphaerodactylidae, and the Gekkonidae.[1][22][24] He designated Gekkoninae and Diplodactylinae as subfamilies within Gekkonidae. Underwood's Diplodactylinae comprised 22 genera from Australian regions and South Africa, including many of the diplodactylid and carphodactylid species known at the time.[22] Kluge disputed Underwood's classification, instead recognizing a single family, Gekkonidae (later equivalent to Gekkota) with four subfamilies that included the Eublepharinae, Sphaerodactylinae, Gekkoninae and Diplodactylinae.[13] He subdivided Diplodactylinae into two tribes, Diplodactylini with four genera, and Carphodactylini with nine.[13] As Kluge believed pupil shape alone to be too variable a diagnostic character, his classification was based on 18 morphological characters, as well as geologic and geographical origins.[13] This necessitated the reallocation of several Diplodactylinae genera (e.g., those from South Africa, those with “non-parchment-like” shelled eggs) to the Gekkoninae.[24][22]
In subsequent years, Kluge's classifications of genera, which built off Underwood's original groupings, were generally accepted. However, Kluge's subfamilial allocations—including his subdivision of Diplodactylinae—and his apparent assumptions around their respective monophyly proved problematic for some (e.g., Moffatt 1973, Hecht 1976), who suggested alternative or expanded hypotheses.[22] Kluge's 1987 publication continued to build on his earlier work by examining the relationship of the limbless Pygopodidae to the Gekkonidae.[25] He used a simple phylogenetic analysis of synapomorphies to place the pygopods within Gekkonidae as sisters to the Diplodactylinae, and delineated this clade as Pygopodoidea.[25][22] This grouping also made more sense biogeographically, as Kluge modified his earlier assumptions of gekkotan origins from fixed continents, landbridges, and oceanic dispersal, to lie more in line with the emerging plate-tectonics Gondwanan hypothesis.[26][13][22] While these revisions helped advance systematics closer to the contemporary understanding of Diplodactylidae, inconsistencies around how Carphodactylini were then defined and how they fit within the Australia-New Zealand vicariance left questions that required more sophisticated genetic analyses to answer.[26][17][3][25]
Many early assumptions of diplodactylid systematics have either been supported or invalidated with the improvement of phylogenetic analyses and more comprehensive sampling. Nuclear loci in particular have been helpful for resolving intergeneric relationships and origin questions. C-mos loci and 12S rRNA gene sequences to construct a molecular phylogeny helped to confirm the pygopods’ placement as a monophyletic sister lineage to the Diplodactylinae.[17] These results also corroborated that both the Diplodactylinae and its Diplodactylini subdivision were monophyletic, although monophyly of the Carphodactylini was not supported.[24][3][17] In the first gecko-wide genetic analysis by Han et al. (2004), c-mos loci again helped clarify placement within the Pygopodoidea.[3] Results showed evidence of paraphyly for Kluge's Diplodactylinae with Diplodactylini genera and padded carphodactylines instead supported as the sister group to pygopods and padless carphodactylines, which was upheld in later analyses.[27][6] These new pairings led Han et al. (2004) to reorder membership within the Diplodactylini and Carphodactylini and to propose a new taxonomy of geckos at the family level to reflect their findings.[3] The five new families proposed were the limbless Pygopodidae; Carphodactylidae, which included only padless Carphodactylini; Diplodactylidae, which now included all Kluge's Diplodactylini together with all pad-bearing Carphodactylini; Eublepharidae; and Gekkonidae.[24][3] This was a significant revision to Kluge's proposed order, and, excepting minor movement of genera and more extensive movement at the species level, is generally representative of the modern monophyletic Diplodactylidae.
The Australian endemic diplodactylids excepting Pseudothecadactylus, the New Caledonia diplodactylids together with the Australian Pseudothecadactylus, and the New Zealand endemics comprise the three well-supported clades within current-day Diplodactylidae.[7][15] Due to their closer divergence, the New Zealand and Australian endemics (without Pseudothecadactylus) form a sister clade, while the New Caledonian diplodactylids show evidence of their more recent and rapid radiation in short branch lengths.[7][15][6] Because the quick succession of genera can complicate phylogenetic reconstruction, it may remain difficult to produce well-supported intergeneric relationships for the eight New Caledonian diplodactylids in spite of a growing number of studies investigating them.[28][15][6][7] New Zealand genera have proved somewhat easier to analyze. The group has correspondingly gone through several taxonomic revisions to reach the current order of genera proposed by Nielson et al. in 2011.[29][7] Yet, a high amount of cryptic diversity remains unresolved, especially within Hoplodactylus.[29] Australia genera such as Diplodactylus, Lucasium, Rhynchoedura and Strophurus are generally considered well-studied, with many of their intergeneric relationships strongly supported and resolved.[27][20][8] The Pseudothecadactylus affinity to New Caledonian geckos has been informative and is under study,[27][7] while Oedura are being increasingly examined.[21][27][8][6] However, more work is still needed to understand the basal relationships and divergence of other “non-core” genera like Nebulifera, Amalosia, Hespeodura and Crenadactylus.[6]
Multiple studies in all three endemic clades of the Diplodactylidae have suggested and confirmed that high cryptic diversity exists at the species level.[21][20][19][18][7][28] Because undescribed diversity can have serious implications for not only evolutionary and ecological understanding, but also for effective conservation of the family, this is an issue to be resolved within the Diplodactylidae phylogeny. Endemic Gondwanan lineages, a diversity of habitats, and the relative isolation of the three Australian regions have allowed for a significant speciation of diplodactylids. In 2009 an additional 16 Diplodactylus species within the Australian radiation were described,[19] while evidence of deep divergence within Crenadactylus revised the single nominal species Crenadactylus ocellatus into 10 distinct lineages in 2010.[18] Likewise 16 new species in New Zealand were recognized in 2011.[7] In 2014 another seven genetically distinct and morphologically diagnosable taxa were described in Australia,[20] and two years later four additional species were added to Oedura.[21] In 2020 four new species were reported in New Caledonia.[28] Just within the past decade, diversity records within Diplodactylidae have increased substantially, from 54 species[19] to almost 140 species.[2] This is due in large part to improvement in taxon sampling and molecular analyses, as well as the growing recognition of the cryptic diversity that still exists within the family.
The following cladogram represents the structure of Diplodactylidae in a phylogenetic analysis by Skipwith et al., 2019.[6]
Diplodactylidae New Caledonian geckos New Zealand geckosWoodworthia (paraphyletic)
Amalosia (paraphyletic)
Although origins of the Diplodactylidae have long been debated,[3][25][13][7] the Gondwanan vicariance hypothesis has generally supplanted most arguments for dispersal across land-bridges or by sea. The first gecko-wide genetic analysis found support for a split of Eastern Gondwanaland from Western Gondwanaland and evidence that Eastern Gondwanan lineages of Diplodactylidae, Pygopodidae and Carphodactylidae appear older than lineages in the Gekkonidae.[3] These findings have been upheld and clarified in subsequent dating analyses. Most molecular divergence studies agree that diplodactylids were likely present prior to the final breakup of Australia and Antarctica[27][20] with diversification of crown diplodactyloids occurring between the late Cretaceous or the earliest Paleogene periods.[30][15][27][18][29][7] A recent phylogenomic analysis suggests independent colonization events to New Zealand and New Caledonia after the K-T extinction in the late Paleogene and early Neogene, respectively.[6] Due to the range of these dispersals, and fossil evidence showing that New Zealand was likely submerged during the Oligocene as was New Caledonia during the Paleocene, it has been suggested that both the New Zealand and New Caledonian colonizations may have been a result of over-water dispersal events after all.[15][6][7]
Of the approximately 149 species currently described, 30 are listed as Critically Endangered or Endangered, and 28 as Near Threatened or Vulnerable. Another three are listed as data deficient [as of October 2021].[31]
Data related to Diplodactylidae at Wikispecies
The Diplodactylidae are a family in the suborder Gekkota (geckos), with over 150 species in 25 genera. These geckos occur in Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. Diplodactylids are the most ecologically diverse and widespread family of geckos in both Australia and New Caledonia, and are the only family of geckos found in New Zealand. Three diplodactylid genera (Oedura, Rhacodactylus, and Hoplodactylus) have recently been split into multiple new genera.
In previous classifications, the family Diplodactylidae is equivalent to the subfamily Diplodactylinae.
Los diplodactílidos (Diplodactylidae) son una familia de gecos. Anteriormente se incluía dentro de Gekkonidae. Las especies de esta familia se distribuyen por Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Nueva Caledonia.
Se reconocen los siguientes géneros:[1]
Los diplodactílidos (Diplodactylidae) son una familia de gecos. Anteriormente se incluía dentro de Gekkonidae. Las especies de esta familia se distribuyen por Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Nueva Caledonia.
Diplodactylidae Gekkota taldearen barruan sailkatutako narrasti familia bat da. Australia, Kaledonia Berria eta Zeelanda Berrian bizi dira.
Diplodactylidae Gekkota taldearen barruan sailkatutako narrasti familia bat da. Australia, Kaledonia Berria eta Zeelanda Berrian bizi dira.
Les Diplodactylidae sont une famille de geckos. Elle a été créée par Garth Underwood en 1954.
Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Australie, en Nouvelle-Calédonie et en Nouvelle-Zélande.
Ce sont des geckos majoritairement arboricoles et nocturnes, vivant principalement dans des forêts humides.
Certaines espèces de cette famille portent des pièces adhésives sous la queue de même type que celles sous les doigts, les setae.
Certaines espèces de cette famille sont ovovivipares, et certaines sont parmi les plus grandes des geckos (Rhacodactylus ciliatus et surtout Rhacodactylus leachianus).
Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (20 décembre 2012)[1] :
Les Diplodactylidae sont une famille de geckos. Elle a été créée par Garth Underwood en 1954.
Diplodactylidae Underwood, 1954 è una famiglia di sauri dell'infraordine Gekkota la cui diffusione è limitata all'Oceania.
In passato questo raggruppamento era considerato come sottofamiglia (Diplodactylinae) della famiglia Gekkonidae.
Comprende i seguenti generi:[1]
Diplodactylidae Underwood, 1954 è una famiglia di sauri dell'infraordine Gekkota la cui diffusione è limitata all'Oceania.
Diplodactylidae er en gruppe gekkoer som bare finnes i Australia, New Zealand, Ny-Caledonia og Loyautéøyene.
Både utbredelsen og genetiske undersøkelser tyder på at disse gekkoene levde på den østlige delen av superkontinentet Gondwanaland før det delte seg. Finnefotøglene, som har en lignende utbredelse, er nært beslektet med Diplodactylidae. Tidligere ble medlemmene i gruppen regnet til underfamilien Diplodactylinae i en stor familie, Gekkonidae, som omfattet alle gekkoer. Noen australske arter fra den gamle Diplodactylinae er nå plassert i familien Carphodactylidae.
De fleste artene i gruppen legger egg med et mykt, pergamentaktig skall. Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus på Ny-Caledonia, og slektene Hoplodactylus og Naultinus fra New Zealand føder levende unger. Slekten Eurydactylodes har avlange egg med et hardt, kalkholdig skall.
Biologene har tidligere ment at Ny-Caledonia og New Zealand har ganske fattige krypdyrfaunaer, ettersom de fleste artene her er skinker og gekkoer. En har trodd at disse to gruppene av øgler har så lett for å spre seg at de ikke har særlig interesse for biogeografien, men dette har vist seg å være en feilaktig generalisering. Genetiske undersøkelser viser at medlemmene i Diplodactylidae på henholdsvis Ny-Caledonia og New Zealand er søstergrupper, og at de ikke har utvekslet arvestoff siden sen kritt, eller tidlig tertiær. Det har også vist seg at artsantallet av både skinker og gekkoer på disse øyene er sterkt undervurdert. Ny-Caledonia har minst 58 endemiske arter i Diplodactylidae.
Diplodactylidae er en gruppe gekkoer som bare finnes i Australia, New Zealand, Ny-Caledonia og Loyautéøyene.
Både utbredelsen og genetiske undersøkelser tyder på at disse gekkoene levde på den østlige delen av superkontinentet Gondwanaland før det delte seg. Finnefotøglene, som har en lignende utbredelse, er nært beslektet med Diplodactylidae. Tidligere ble medlemmene i gruppen regnet til underfamilien Diplodactylinae i en stor familie, Gekkonidae, som omfattet alle gekkoer. Noen australske arter fra den gamle Diplodactylinae er nå plassert i familien Carphodactylidae.
De fleste artene i gruppen legger egg med et mykt, pergamentaktig skall. Rhacodactylus trachyrhynchus på Ny-Caledonia, og slektene Hoplodactylus og Naultinus fra New Zealand føder levende unger. Slekten Eurydactylodes har avlange egg med et hardt, kalkholdig skall.
Biologene har tidligere ment at Ny-Caledonia og New Zealand har ganske fattige krypdyrfaunaer, ettersom de fleste artene her er skinker og gekkoer. En har trodd at disse to gruppene av øgler har så lett for å spre seg at de ikke har særlig interesse for biogeografien, men dette har vist seg å være en feilaktig generalisering. Genetiske undersøkelser viser at medlemmene i Diplodactylidae på henholdsvis Ny-Caledonia og New Zealand er søstergrupper, og at de ikke har utvekslet arvestoff siden sen kritt, eller tidlig tertiær. Det har også vist seg at artsantallet av både skinker og gekkoer på disse øyene er sterkt undervurdert. Ny-Caledonia har minst 58 endemiske arter i Diplodactylidae.
Diplodactylidae é uma família de répteis escamados pertencentes à subordem Scleroglossa.
Inclui vinte e dois gêneros:[1]
Diplodactylidae é uma família de répteis escamados pertencentes à subordem Scleroglossa.
Inclui vinte e dois gêneros:
Bavayia Roux, 1913 Correlophus Guichenot, 1866 Crenadactylus Storr, 1978 Dactylocnemis Steindachner, 1867 Dierogekko Bauer et al., 2006 Diplodactylus Gray, 1832 Eurydactylodes Wermuth, 1965 Hoplodactylus Fitzinger, 1843 Lucasium Wermuth, 1965 Mniarogekko Bauer, Whitaker, Sadlier & Jackman in Bauer et al., 2012 Mokopirirakau Nielsen, Bauer, Jackman, Hitchmough & Daugherty, 2011 Naultinus Gray, 1842 Oedura Gray, 1842 Oedodera Bauer, Jackman, Sadlier & Whithaker, 2006 Paniegekko Bauer et al., 2012 Pseudothecadactylus Brongersma, 1936 Rhacodactylus Fitzinger, 1843 Rhynchoedura Günther, 1867 Strophurus Fitzinger, 1843 Toropuku Nielsen, Bauer, Jackman, Hitchmough & Daugherty, 2011 Tukutuku Nielsen, Bauer, Jackman, Hitchmough & Daugherty, 2011 Woodworthia Garman, 1901
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 爬虫綱 Reptilia 目 : 有鱗目 Squamata 亜目 : トカゲ亜目 Sauria 下目 : ヤモリ下目 Gekkota 科 : イシヤモリ科 Diplodactylidae イシヤモリ科 Diplodactylidae は有鱗目の科の一つ。かつてはヤモリ科に含められていた。オーストラリア・ニュージーランド・ニューカレドニアに分布する。
25属130種が属する[1]。オーストラリア産の種が祖先的で、ニューカレドニア・ニュージーランド産の種はそれぞれ単系統群を構成する。
次のような系統樹が得られている[4]。
ニューカレドニア産種
ニュージーランド産種
돌도마뱀붙이과(Diplodactylidae)는 뱀목 도마뱀붙이하목에 속하는 파충류 과이다. 25개 속에 약 126여 종으로 이루어져 있다.[1] 오스트레일리아와 뉴질랜드, 누벨칼레도니에서 발견된다.[2][3] 3개 속(Oedura, Rhacodactylus, Hoplodactylus)은 최근에 새로운 여러 개의 속으로 분리되었다.[4][5][6] 이전 분류 체계에서 돌도마뱀붙이과는 돌도마뱀붙이아과(Diplodactylinae)로 분류되었다.
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