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Zoanthidae Rafinesque 1815的圖片

Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton 1891

Brachycnemina ( 英語 )

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Brachycnemina is a suborder of zoanthids in the order Zoantharia.[1] Genetic analysis has been used to suggest Brachycnemina is a monophyletic group diverging within the paraphyletic Macrocnemina.[1]

Characteristics

Brachycnemia species habitate most environments, ranging from shallow tropical reefs to cold seeps in the deep sea. It forms large colonies on intertidal and shallow reef crests.[2] Due to the members of this suborder being loosely collected, there are no standard characteristics uniting them besides slight morphological, ecological and phylogenetic differences.[3]

Subdivisions

This suborder counts with 3 taxonomic families, namely Neozoanthidae, which is monogeneric; Sphenopidae, which includes sand-encrusted and colonial specimens like the commonly found Palythoa and Sphenopus, itself found in a few discrete areas; and Zoanthidae, whose belonging species do not show sand encrustation.[2] A total of 6 known genera and over 163 species are comprised within the Brachycnemina.[4] Palythoa and Zoanthus are two of the most common coral genera and are intensively studied for their bioactive compounds.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b Sinniger, F.; Montoya-Burgos, J. I.; Chevaldonné, P.; Pawlowski, J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes" (PDF). Marine Biology. 147 (5): 1121–1128. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3. ISSN 0025-3162.
  2. ^ a b c Pandya Khushali, M.; et al. (2014). "Occurrence of Zoanthid genus Isaurus from Saurashtra coast, Gujarat, India". European Journal of Zoological Research. 3 (2): 1–5.
  3. ^ REIMER, James Davis (2010). "Key to field identification of shallow water brachycnemic zoanthids (Order Zoantharia: Suborder Brachycnemina) present in Okinawa". Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies. 12 (1): 23–29. doi:10.3755/galaxea.12.23. ISSN 1883-3969.
  4. ^ "Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891". GBIF.org. GBIF.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
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Brachycnemina: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Brachycnemina is a suborder of zoanthids in the order Zoantharia. Genetic analysis has been used to suggest Brachycnemina is a monophyletic group diverging within the paraphyletic Macrocnemina.

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Brachycnemina ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 è un sottordine di esacoralli dell'ordine Zoantharia.[1]

Descrizione

Il carattere distintivo degli zoantari di questo raggruppamento è la presenza di un quinto paio di mesenteri incompleto.[2] Il sottordine comprende specie per la maggior parte coloniali, ma anche alcune specie solitarie, che, ad eccezione della famiglia Zoanthidae, presentano pareti profondamente incrostate di sabbia o altri detriti.[2] Tali incrostazioni possono coinvolgere tanto l'ectoderma quanto la mesoglea e possono arrivare a costituire sino al 45% del peso dei polipi.[3]

Biologia

La maggior parte delle specie del sottordine ospita nel proprio endoderma zooxantelle endosimbionti del genere Symbiodinium;[2] esistono comunque anche alcune specie azooxantellate (p.es Sphenopus spp.).[4]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questi antozoi popolano le barriere coralline delle acque tropicali e subtropicali sia dell'oceano Atlantico che dell'Indo-Pacifico.[2][5]

Tassonomia

Il sottordine comprende le seguenti famiglie:[1]

Alcune specie

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Brachycnemina, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 1º aprile 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d (EN) Low M.E.Y., Sinniger F., Reimer J.D., The order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): supraspecific classification and nomenclature, in ZooKeys, vol. 641, 2016, pp. 1-80.
  3. ^ (EN) Haywick D.W., Mueller E.M., Sediment retention in encrusting Palythoa spp. – a biological twist to a geological process, in Coral Reefs, vol. 16, 1997, pp. 39-46.
  4. ^ (EN) Irei Y., Sinniger F., Reimer J.D., Descriptions of two azooxanthellate Palythoa (Order Zoantharia: Subclass Hexacorallia) species from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan, in ZooKeys, vol. 478, 2015, pp. 1–26.
  5. ^ (EN) Irei Y., Nozawa Y., Reimer J.D., Distribution patterns of five zoanthid species at Okinawa Island, Japan, in Zoological Studies, vol. 50, n. 4, 2011, pp. 426–433, DOI:10.1186/1810-522X-52-38.

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Brachycnemina: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 è un sottordine di esacoralli dell'ordine Zoantharia.

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Brachycnemina ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Brachycnemina is een onderorde van neteldieren uit de klasse van de Anthozoa (bloemdieren).

Families

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Brachycnemina: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Brachycnemina is een onderorde van neteldieren uit de klasse van de Anthozoa (bloemdieren).

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