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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Sonnini de Manoncourt & Latreille 1801)的圖片
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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Sonnini de Manoncourt & Latreille 1801)

Description ( 英語 )

由AmphibiaWeb articles提供
The largest salamander in North America. This completely aquatic species reaches adult sizes of 24 to 40 cm snout to vent length (30-74 cm total length) (Dundee and Dundee 1965; Dundee 1971; Petranka 1998). These salamanders are excessively slimy and are dorso-ventrally flattened. The head is broad and the eyes are tiny and lidless. The large, paddle-like tail is laterally compressed. The skin is loose and wrinkled. The limbs have flaps on the posterior edges, and there is a floppy lateral fold of skin. Adults have a single gill slit on either side of the head and lack external gills. Larvae are stream type with small gills and a low tail fin. Hatchlings are are 25-33 mm total length. The limbs are incompletely developed at hatching (Dundee 1971; Nickerson and Mays 1973; Petranka 1998).Adult coloration is greenish, yellowish brown or slate gray with black spots or blotches (Petranka 1998). Two subspecies are recognized based on differences in geographic distribution (see below) and coloration. Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis, the Eastern hellbender, has small dark spots dorsally and a uniformly colored chin. Cryptobranchus a. bishopi, the Ozark hellbender, has larger black blotches dorsally and a darkly mottled chin region. The spiracle opening is also smaller in C. a. bishopi (Dundee and Dundee 1965; Dundee 1971; Nickerson and Mays 1973; Petranka 1998).Small larvae are uniformly dark dorsally with a white venter. Older larvae have dark spots dorsally and pigmented venters (Petranka 1998).Some authors have suggested that the two currently recognized supspecies should be treated as separate species. The ranges apparently do not contact, and the morphological differences suggest reproductive isolation and absence of gene flow between the forms (Collins 1991).The Last Dragons - Protecting Appalachia's Hellbenders (https://vimeo.com/108512185) from Freshwaters Illustrated (https://vimeo.com/wemayfly) on Vimeo (https://vimeo.com).See Cryptobranchus alleganiensis feeding in a video by Stephen Deban(image, http://amphibiaweb.org/images/amazing/amazing_logo.jpg) Featured in Amazing Amphibians on March 25, 2013 (http://amphibiaweb.org/amazing_amphibians/20130325_Crypto_alleganiensis.html)This species was featured as News of the Week on 4 February 2019:Eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) are entirely aquatic, giant salamanders, which inhabit fast-flowing streams in North America that have clean water and rocky bottoms. Eastern hellbender populations have been experiencing tremendous declines and are currently being considered for listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Wineland et al. (2018) evaluated eastern hellbender population persistence in West Virginia, a poorly studied portion of the species’ range. Using environmental DNA (eDNA), they found that over a third of sites in West Virginia that historically harbored hellbenders no longer do. Of the locations where hellbenders remained, many were in or near the Monongahela National Forest. Statistical models by Wineland and colleagues further suggested a higher density of roads surrounding historical populations may have led to population declines and extirpations. This is likely because roads and other impervious surfaces release substantial runoff that degrades water quality and alters stream flows. This work using eDNA highlights the importance of minimizing future landscape development while also protecting existing forests and reforesting degraded terrestrial landscapes to protect highly sensitive freshwater amphibians like imperiled hellbenders (Written by Max Lambert).

參考資料

  • Collins, J. T. (1991). "A new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles." Herpetological Review, 22, 42-43.
  • Dundee, H. A. (1971). ''Cryptobranchus, and C. alleganiensis.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 101.1-101.4.
  • Dundee, H. A., and Dundee, D. S. (1965). ''Observations on the systematics and ecology of Cryptobranchus from the Ozark Plateaus of Missouri and Arkansas.'' Copeia, 1965(3), 369-370.
  • Nickerson, M. A., and Mays, C. E. (1973). The Hellbenders: North American ''Giant Salamanders''. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI.
  • Peterson, C. L. (1988). "Breeding activities of the hellbender in Missouri." Herpetological Review, 19, 28-29.

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Distribution and Habitat ( 英語 )

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Hellbenders occur from New York to northern Alabama and extreme northeastern Mississippi, and westward to central and southern Missouri and northern Arkansas (Petranka 1998).Principally associated with tributaries of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Disjunct populations occur in the Susquehanna River (New York, Pennsylvania), the upper Savannah River (Georgia), and tributaries of the Missouri and Black rivers (Missouri, northern Arkansas) (Dundee 1971).Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis occurs in central Missouri and from southern New York south to northern Alabama and a small portion of Mississippi. Cryptobranchus a. bishopi ocurs in southern Missouri and adjoining portions of Arkansas (Petranka 1998).The preferred habitat is large streams and rivers with fast-flowing, clear water and a rocky substrate. Individuals are most easily found under large boulders. Water temperature is usually cold (20º C, sometimes as high as 25-30º C) and fairly constant through the year (Dundee 1971; Petranka 1998).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( 英語 )

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Siltation and pollution, including thermal pollution, are threats to populations of C. alleganiensis (Dundee 1971; Petranka 1998).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( 英語 )

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Hellbenders usually breed in the late summer and early fall (September), but eastern hellbenders may breed two months or more earlier than Ozark hellbenders (Dundee and Dundee 1965; Nickerson and Mays 1973; Peterson 1988). Hellbenders form breeding aggregations in and around nest sites, such as burrows in streamside banks or under large rocks. Males compete for access to mates (Nickerson and Mays 1973; Peterson 1988). Similar mating behavior has been observed in Andrias japonicus, the Japanese giant salamander, another member of the family Cryptobranchidae (Kawamichi and Ueda 1998). Fertilization is external, and chemical cues may be important in courtship and mating (Peterson 1988). Nests have been found containing from 138 - 334 eggs, and a female laid 200 eggs in captivity. Females may share oviposition sites, and over 1900 eggs have been found in a single nest. Males tend the eggs after oviposition and fertilization, and they guard against egg predation by conspecifics (Petranka 1998). Hatching occurs in late fall after a developmental period of 45 - 75 days, depending on locality (Peterson 1998; Petranka 1998).Hellbenders forage at night, sometimes on overcast days, and they retreat to crevices under rocks during the day (Nickerson and Mays 1973). The diet is varied including crayfish, small fish, mollusks, and worms. The slime produced by these animals is noxious to many predators, but they are occasionally preyed upon by large fish, turtles and water snakes. Eggs and larvae are frequently eaten by conspecifics. See Petranka (1998) for references. Hellbender densities have been estimated at over 400 animals/km of stream, and up to 10 animals/100 m2 (Nickerson and Mays 1973; Peterson 1988). Hellbenders are fairly long-lived and may reach ages of 20-30 years in the wild (Petranka 1998).
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Relation to Humans ( 英語 )

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Many fisherman consider hellbenders to be poisonous and will cut their line rather than unhook them (Conant and Collins 1991). Native Americans traditionally used this species as a food source (Petranka 1998).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 29 years (wild) Observations: This is a relatively long-lived species, and some estimates indicate these animals may live over 30 years in the wild (http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/neparc/).
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Life Cycle ( 英語 )

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Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Herman, J. 2000. "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis.html
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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The hellbender does not have a direct positive economic importance. However, the hellbender belongs to the suborder Cryptobranchoidea which is the most primitive of the living salamanders and may hold clues for scientists to use when studying the evolution of other salamanders (Cogger and Zweifel 1998).

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Herman, J. 2000. "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis.html
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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The hellbender is strictly carnivorous. The diet consists primarily of crayfish but insects, fish, and worms will also be eaten (Behler and King 1979). The hellbender has a very unique mechanism for capturing and consuming its prey. It exhibits a highly unusual mode of asymmetrical suction feeding in which the bilateral elements of the mandibles and hyoid move independently. Typically the hellbender only depresses one side of the mandible, dropping the jaw 10 to 40 degrees from the resting position and the prey is drawn in with a jet of water (Pough et al. 1998).

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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Although the hellbender has no special status given to it there are still a number of factors which may in the near future change it's status. Agricultural runoff and the acidic runoff from large scale mining operations threaten much of the hellbenders habitat. The most serious threat to the future of the hellbender is the impoudment of rivers and streams for the formation of recreational lakes and hydroelectric facilities. Another threat to the hellbender comes in the form of indiscrimante collecting, for both the pet trade and scientific research (Danch 1996).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Herman, J. 2000. "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis.html
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無標題 ( 英語 )

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There are two subspecies of hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis, Eastern hellbender, and C. a. bishopi, Ozark hellbender. The Ozark hellbender is smaller and often has more numerous and larger dark blotches on it's back, but the best way to tell them apart is solely based on geographic location (Danch 1996).

There is a wealth of folklore that surrounds the hellbender. It has been said that a hellbender will smear a fisherman's line with slime in an attempt to drive them out of the area. The hellbender has also been reported to chase off game fish and if disturbed they will inflict a poisonous bite. For these reasons the hellbender has been nicknamed Allegheny Alligator and Devil Dog. The problem is that the hellbender is completely harmless and avoids game fish altogether, or it risks being eaten, so this folklore leads to unwarranted persecution (Behler and King 1979).

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Distribution ( 英語 )

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The hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiesis, occupies the Susquehanna River drainage in southern New York and Pennsylvania, and large portions of the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi River drainage from western Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, extreme southern Indiana, most of West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, northern Alabama and Georgia, western North Carolina and Virginia. The subspecies Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi, or Ozark hellbender, is only found in the Black River and White River systems of Missouri and Arkansas (Danch 1996).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Herman, J. 2000. "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cryptobranchus_alleganiensis.html
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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The hellbender prefers clear fast-flowing larger streams and rivers with rocky bottoms and plenty of cover in the form of logs and debris (Behler and King 1979).

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams

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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
25.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
6.0 years.

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Morphology ( 英語 )

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The hellbender is a large totally aquatic salamander characterized by loose highly folded skin along the lower sides of the body. The folds of skin are used in respiration as the hellbender has no gills and the lungs are only used for buoyancy control (Danch 1996). The hellbender's body is dorsoventrally compressed and the head is extremely flattened. The hellbender undergoes incomplete metamorphosis so that adults lack eyelids and retain one pair of gill slits that are seen as circular openings on the neck. All adults have four digits on each forelimb and five digits on each hind limb (Cogger and Zweifel 1998). The hellbender is sexually dimorphic in size, with females being larger than males. The length in adults varies from 11-29 inches, with most being in the range of 11-20 inches. The other dimorphic characteristic for the hellbender is only seen in the breeding season when the male develops a swollen ring around the opening of the cloaca (Behler and King 1979). The body color varies from yellowish brown to almost black with very faint scattered dark or light spots in the adults. The young, once they lose their external gills at about 4 to 5 inches, have numerous irregular dark spots that are easily seen on a light body color (Conant and Collins 1998).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average mass: 358.1 g.

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.0253 W.

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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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Unusual among salamanders is the fact that the hellbender exhibits external fertilization. The breeding season shows a degree of geographic variability. With those in the eastern populations demonstrating breeding activity in late August through early September. While the western and southern populations begin breeding activity in early September to early November. At the onset of the breeding season the male will excavate a nest site that he will defend from other males. The nest site is usually beneath flat rocks or other debris. Males will persuade females to enter the nest site and lay their eggs. The eggs are between 5 and 7 millimeters in diameter and are spherical in shape. The eggs are always laid in paired rosary-like strings that form an egg mass that contains anywhere from 270 to 450 eggs. The male will float over the female and will undulate his lower body in order to disperse his milt throughout the nest cavity. Often times the male will attract more than one female to the nest site in a season so there could be as many as 1,000 or more eggs per nest site. The male will remain with the eggs until hatching to provide protection from predators. The eggs usually hatch 68 to 84 days after fertilization, with larvae ranging in size from 23 to 26 millimeters in length. The larvae retain their external gills for approximately one and a half years or until they reach about 4 inches in length. At this stage the larvae resemble the larvae of other salamanders and lack the pronounced flattening of the body and the dermal folds. The hellbender grows very slowly at a rate of about 2 centimeters per year, and may continue for five or six years before sexual maturity is reached, at which point the individual will be approximately 14 inches in length. The hellbender is long lived and captive individuals have been recorded to survive for 29 years (Danch 1996).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

Average time to hatching: 72 days.

Average number of offspring: 275.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
1825 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
1825 days.

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Threats ( 英語 )

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Deeply wrinkled with a dappled, muddy hue, the skin of the eastern hellbender—the giant Appalachian salamander—also serves as its lungs. This “water-breather” absorbs oxygen through its skin from the cool, fast-flowing mountain streams in which it lives. As a result the hellbender is extremely sensitive to its environment, be it the temperature of its water, pollutants, oxygen content or acidity...
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Sourd meur Amerika ( 布列塔尼語 )

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Sourd meur Amerika (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) a zo un divelfenneg lostek hag a vev e reter Stadoù-Unanet Amerika.

Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Cryptobranchus.

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Salamandra americana geganta ( 加泰隆語 )

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La salamandra americana geganta (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) és una espècie d'amfibi urodel de la família Cryptobranchidae pròpia de rius amb roques de l'est dels Estats Units d'Amèrica.[1] Arriben a mesurar fins a 70 cm de llarg, inclosa la cua. És parent proper de la salamandra xinesa geganta (Andrias davidianus) i té una forma similar, amb potes curtes, un cap gran i una pell arrugada i relliscosa.

Aquestes salamandres viuen en els rius i rierols de llera ràpida, i passen el dia amagades sota les roques. A l'estiu, les femelles ponen cadenes d'ous en la riba del riu i el mascle els cuida fins que s'obren.[1]

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 «Cryptobranchus alleganiensis» (en anglès). IUCN Red List. BGeoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips, 2004.. [Consulta: 24 abril 2015].
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Salamandra americana geganta: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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La salamandra americana geganta (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) és una espècie d'amfibi urodel de la família Cryptobranchidae pròpia de rius amb roques de l'est dels Estats Units d'Amèrica. Arriben a mesurar fins a 70 cm de llarg, inclosa la cua. És parent proper de la salamandra xinesa geganta (Andrias davidianus) i té una forma similar, amb potes curtes, un cap gran i una pell arrugada i relliscosa.

Aquestes salamandres viuen en els rius i rierols de llera ràpida, i passen el dia amagades sota les roques. A l'estiu, les femelles ponen cadenes d'ous en la riba del riu i el mascle els cuida fins que s'obren.

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Velemlok americký ( 捷克語 )

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Velemlok americký (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) je velemlok žijící v Severní Americe. Žije pod kameny a v potocích, kde hledá raky, měkkýše a malé ryby. Je dlouhý až 74 centimetrů.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Velemlok americký: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

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Velemlok americký (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) je velemlok žijící v Severní Americe. Žije pod kameny a v potocích, kde hledá raky, měkkýše a malé ryby. Je dlouhý až 74 centimetrů.

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Schlammteufel ( 德語 )

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Der Schlammteufel (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Gattung Cryptobranchus. Er ist neben dem Chinesischen Riesensalamander (Andrias davidianus) und dem Japanischen Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) die dritte rezente Art aus der Familie der Riesensalamander (Cryptobranchidae) und lebt in Nordamerika in großen Fließgewässern mit steinigem Grund.

Etymologie und Forschungsgeschichte

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Ozark-Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi)

Der Gattungsname Cryptobranchus setzt sich zusammen aus dem altgriechischen κρυπτός (kryptós): „verborgen“, „geheim“ und βράγχια (bránchia): „Kieme“. Der Artzusatzalleganiensis“ bezieht sich auf das Typusgebiet in den Allegheny Mountains, wobei sich die in der Erstbeschreibung zuerst verwendete französische Schreibweise als korrekte Artbezeichnung durchgesetzt hat.[1][2] Der Namensbestandteil „bishopi“ ehrt den US-amerikanischen Herpetologen Sherman C. Bishop.[1]

Im US-amerikanischen Sprachgebrauch existieren zahlreiche Trivialnamen für die Art. Neben dem am häufigsten verwendeten Namen „hellbender“ wird er unter anderem auch als „mud-devil“, „ground-puppy“, „water-dog“, „leverian water newt“, „alligator“, „little alligator“, „Allegheny alligator“, „young alligator“, „alligator of the mountains“, „big water lizard“, „devil dog“ oder „walking catfish“ bezeichnet.[3] Der deutsche Trivialname „Schlammteufel“ ist nach Oken eine wörtliche Übersetzung des englischen „mud-devil“.[4]

Eine erste Abbildung und Beschreibung des Schlammteufels wurde 1801 von Sonnini de Manoncourt und Latreille unter der Bezeichnung „La Salamandre des monts Alléganis“ veröffentlicht.[5] Als offiziell gültige Erstbeschreibung wird jedoch eine zwei Jahre später erschienene Arbeit von François-Marie Daudin gewertet, der die Art als Salamandra alleganiensis bezeichnete.[6] Beide Arbeiten stützten sich auf ein Belegexemplar, das der französische Botaniker und Forschungsreisende André Michaux nach Paris gebracht hatte.[5][6]

Nachdem er in anderen Schriften, unter verschiedenen Bezeichnungen, bereits darauf hingewiesen hatte, veröffentlichte Benjamin Smith Barton 1814 eine weitere Beschreibung der Art, für die er nunmehr die Bezeichnung Salamandra gigantea vorschlug. Er wusste zwar, dass Michaux ein Exemplar nach Paris gebracht hatte, kannte aber die entsprechenden Beschreibungen der französischen Wissenschaftler nicht. Barton erwähnte zudem einige Trivialnamen, darunter auch „Hell-Bender“, wobei er anmerkte, der Name ginge auf die Sklaven im Westen Virginias zurück, die der Meinung wären, die langsam schlängelnden Bewegungen der Tiere sähen aus, als würden sie Höllenqualen erleiden. Als Namen aus der Sprache der indigenen Bevölkerung führte er „To-ko-meg“ (Chippewa) und „Twechk“ oder „Tweeg“ (Delawarisch) an. Barton bevorzugte offenbar letztere Variante und verwendete sie durchgehend in seiner Arbeit, konnte jedoch keine Angaben zur Etymologie des Begriffes machen.[7]

1821 stellte Friedrich Andreas Sigismund Leuckart Salamandra gigantea als Cryptobranchus salamandroides in die von ihm neu etablierte Gattung Cryptobranchus. Er bezog sich dabei einzig auf Bartons Arbeit. Die Beschreibungen der französischen Wissenschaftler blieben weiterhin unbeachtet.[8] Richard Harlan bezeichnet die Art 1825 zwar als Abranchus alleghaniensis, weist die Herkunft des Artzusatzes jedoch Michaux zu und nicht Daudin.[9] Jan van der Hoeven verwendet 1837 erstmals die Kombination Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis, wenn auch mit veränderter Schreibweise des Artzusatzes.[1] Erst 1917 verwendeten Stejneger und Barbour erstmals die heute übliche Schreibweise und verwiesen auch korrekt auf Daudin als Erstbeschreiber.[1][10]

1943 wurde von Arnold B. Grobman eine zweite Art der Gattung Cryptobranchus aus den Ozarks als Cryptobranchus bishopi beschrieben.[11] Deren Status als eigenständige Art wurde 1953 allerdings verworfen und die in den Ozarks isoliert lebende Population als zweite Unterart Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi neben Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis gewertet.[1] Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen aus dem Jahr 2011 zeigten zwar deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Unterarten auf, jedoch auch ebenso große Unterschiede zwischen zwei Teilpopulationen von Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi. Eine Reetablierung des „Ozark-Hellbenders“ als eigenständige Art Cryptobranchus bishopi wurde von den Autoren der Studie zwar angedacht jedoch für nicht durchführbar gehalten. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis blieb damit die einzige Art der Gattung.[12]

Merkmale

Schlammteufel haben, wie alle Vertreter der Riesensalamander, einen sehr flachen Körper und Kopf, kleine Augen ohne Lider, dicke Hautfalten an den Flanken sowie kurze Beine mit vorne vier und hinten fünf Zehen.[1][13] Der Schwanz ist seitlich abgeflacht und ruderförmig.[3] Die Wirbel sind amphicoel (mit trichterförmigen Einbuchtungen an beiden Enden)[1] und dem Schädelskelett fehlen sowohl das Tränenbein als auch Septomaxilla und Os thyroideum.[13] Die Anordnung der inneren Zahnreihe am Pflugscharbein in Form eines Bogens parallel zur äußeren Zahnreihe der Maxilla ist ein Relikt des Larvenstadiums (Pädomorphie).[14] Lungen sind zwar vorhanden, die Atmung erfolgt jedoch hauptsächlich über die Haut mit ihren dicken Falten an den Flanken.[13]

Der Schlammteufel unterscheidet sich von seinen asiatischen Verwandten der Gattung Andrias insbesondere durch das Beibehalten je einer Kiemenspalte an beiden Nackenseiten.[13]

Angaben zu unterschiedlichen Körpergrößen von Männchen und Weibchen des Schlammteufels sind widersprüchlich. Während einige Autoren die Weibchen in Bezug auf Länge und Körpermasse wesentlich größer finden,[15] zeigen andere Arbeiten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern.[16] Das größte bekannte Tier wies eine Gesamtkörperlänge von 74 cm auf,[17] die durchschnittliche Gesamtkörperlänge der adulten Tiere liegt jedoch bei 29–60 cm.[1] Dabei können sie eine Körpermasse von bis zu 1 kg erreichen.[15]

Unterarten und Verbreitungsgebiete

 src=
Hauptverbreitungsgebiet des Schlammteufels (die disjunkten Populationen in Missouri und Arkansas sind in dieser Karte nicht dargestellt).

Die beiden Unterarten von Cryptobranchus alleganiensis kommen in zwei voneinander getrennten Verbreitungsgebieten in den östlichen und mittleren USA vor:

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis

Die Nominatform wird auch als „Eastern Hellbender“ bezeichnet und ist mit einer durchschnittlichen Länge von 45–60 cm die größere der beiden Unterarten.[12] Die Kiemenspalten sind relativ groß, das Seitenlinienorgan weist im Bereich des Beckengürtels warzenartige Erhebungen auf und der Rücken ist eher mit dunklen Punkten besetzt als mit größeren Flecken.[1]

Diese Unterart bewohnt die Flüsse und Bäche im Einzugsgebiet des Ohio und des Tennessee entlang der Appalachen.[17] Das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von New York bis Missouri und im Süden bis nach Georgia. Eine disjunkte Population lebt im Osten Zentralmissouris in Fließgewässern im Einzugsgebiet des Missouri und des Meramec, die das Gebiet nach Norden hin entwässern.[12]

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi

Der „Ozark-Hellbender“ bleibt mit einer durchschnittlichen Länge von 29–57 cm etwas kleiner als der „Eastern Hellbender“. Er unterscheidet sich vom „Eastern Hellbender“ durch die kleineren Kiemenspalten, eine glattere Seitenlinie im Beckenbereich und deutliche dunkle Flecken am Rücken.[12]

Diese Unterart bildet eine disjunkte Population im Bereich des Ozark-Plateaus im Süden von Missouri und im Nordosten von Arkansas. Sie lebt ausschließlich im Einzugsgebiet des White Rivers, der das Gebiet nach Süden hin entwässert.[12]

Lebensweise

Schlammteufel leben vollständig aquatisch und sind überwiegend nachtaktiv, obwohl, insbesondere bei Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis, häufig auch Aktivität tagsüber festgestellt wurde. Wie alle adulten Vertreter der Riesensalamander zeigen sie ein ausgeprägtes Territorialverhalten, wobei die Reviere der Weibchen in der Regel kleiner sind als die der Männchen. Vor allem während der Paarungszeit werden die Reviere in zum Teil heftigen Kämpfen, die nicht selten zu Verletzungen führen, gegen Artgenossen verteidigt.[17]

Die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung liegt bei etwa 20–30 Jahren.[12]

Habitat

Als Lebensraum bevorzugen sie kühle, rasch fließende, oligotrophe Gewässer mit steinigem Grund in Höhenlagen von bis zu 750 m über dem Meeresspiegel.[17]

Ernährung

Schlammteufel sind, wie alle Vertreter der Riesensalamander, hauptsächlich Lauerjäger, die ihre Beute durch Saugschnappen erlegen. Ihre bevorzugte Beute sind Flusskrebse. In Gebieten wo diese selten sind, fressen sie auch Neunaugen, kleine Fische, Insekten, Würmer, Schnecken oder Kaulquappen und Fischlaich. Auch Aas wird nicht verschmäht und glaubhafte Berichte über Kannibalismus liegen ebenfalls vor. Der Nahrungsbedarf ist in Relation zur Körpergröße jedoch gering.[17]

Fortpflanzung

Schlammteufel erreichen die Geschlechtsreife im Alter von vier bis sechs Jahren, bei einer Gesamtlänge von etwa 40 cm. Die Paarungszeit beginnt im September bis Oktober, kann sich aber je nach Unterart und Population auch bis in den Dezember oder Januar verschieben.[17]

Zu Beginn der Paarungszeit legen die Männchen, meist unter großen Steinen, flache Nistmulden an und präsentieren sich vor diesen den paarungsbereiten Weibchen. Die Weibchen legen Schnüre mit 200 bis 550 Eiern mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 6,5 mm in der Grube ab. Die Befruchtung erfolgt, wie bei allen Riesensalamandern, extern. Zuweilen kommt es vor, dass mehrere Weibchen ihre Eier in der Nistmulde des gleichen Männchens ablegen, so dass Gelege mit bis zu über 2000 Eiern entstehen können. Der Laich wird von den Männchen bewacht, durch Schwanzschläge mit sauerstoffreichem Wasser versorgt und gegen kannibalistische Artgenossen verteidigt.[17]

Die Larven schlüpfen, je nach Wassertemperatur, nach etwa zwei bis drei Monaten mit einer Körperlänge von rund 2,5 cm. Erst im Alter von etwa 1,5–2 Jahren, bei einer Gesamtkörperlänge von 10–13 cm, haben sich die externen Kiemenbüschel der Larven vollständig zurückgebildet.[17]

Gefährdung

In den USA wird die Unterart Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi im Sinne des Endangered Species Act seit 2011 als „endangered“ („gefährdet“) gelistet und die Unterart Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis wird seit 2013 als Kandidat für die Einstufung „threatened“ („bedroht“) geführt.[18] Von der IUCN wird die Art als „Near Threatened“ eingestuft, da ein Rückgang der Populationen zu verzeichnen ist.[19]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i H. A. Dundee: Cryptobranchus, and C. alleganiensis. In: Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (CAAR), Eintrag 101, 1971, S. 101.1–101.4, (Digitalisat).
  2. F. Hemming (Hrsg.): Direction 56: Completion and in certain cases correction of entries relating to the names of genera belonging to the classes Pisces, Amphibia and Reptilia made in the „Official List of Generic Names in Zoology“ in the period up to the end of 1936. In: Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, Band 1, Sektion D, Teil D.17, 1956, S. 353, (Digitalisat).
  3. a b M. A. Nickerson & Ch. E. Mays: The Hellbenders: North American „Giant Salamanders“. Milwaukee Public Museum, 1973, S. 57, (Digitalisat).
  4. L. Oken: Allgemeine Naturgeschichte für alle Stände. Band 6, Hoffmann'sche Verlags-Buchhandlung, Stuttgart, 1836, S. 449, (Digitalisat).
  5. a b C. S. Sonnini de Manoncourt & P. A. Latreille: Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, avec Figures dissinées d'après Nature. Band 4, Paris, 1801, S. 253, (Digitalisat).
  6. a b F.-M. Daudin: Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage Faisant suit à l'Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière, Composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et Rédigée par C.S. Sonnini, Membre de Plusieurs Sociétés Savantes. Band 8, Paris, 1803, S. 231–232, (Digitalisat).
  7. B. S. Barton: A Memoir concerning an animal of the class of reptilia, or amphibia, which is known in the United-States, by the names of Alligator and Hell-Bender. Philadelphia, 1814, 26 S. + 1 Tafel, (Digitalisat).
  8. S. Leuckart: Einiges über die fischartigen Amphibien. In: Isis von Oken, Band 9, 1821, S. 257–265, (Digitalisat).
  9. R. Harlan: Observations on the genus Salamandra, with the anatomy of the Salamandra gigantea (Barton) or S. Alleghaniensis (Michaux) and two new genera proposed. In: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, Band 1, 1825, S. 223–234, (Digitalisat).
  10. L. H. Stejneger & T. Barbour: A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1917, S. 7, (Digitalisat).
  11. A. B. Grobman: Notes on Salamanders with the Description of a New Species of Cryptobranchus. In: Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology - University of Michigan, Nummer 470, 1943, S. 1–13, (Digitalisat).
  12. a b c d e f R. S. Crowhurst, K. M. Faries, J. Collantes, J. T. Briggler, J. B. Koppelman & L. S. Eggert: Genetic relationships of hellbenders in the Ozark highlands of Missouri and conservation implications for the Ozark subspecies (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). In: Conservation Genetics, Band 12, 2011, S. 637–646, (Digitalisat).
  13. a b c d R. K. Browne, H. Li, Z. Wang, S. Okada, P. Hime, A. McMillan, M. Wu, R. Diaz, D. McGinnity & J. T. Briggler: The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part A. palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and morphology. In: Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Band 5, Nummer 4, 2012, S. 17–29, (Digitalisat).
  14. D. Vasilyan & M. Böhme: Pronounced Peramorphosis in Lissamphibians—Aviturus exsecratus (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae) from the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum of Mongolia. In: PLOS one, Band 7, Nummer 9, 2012, e40665, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040665.
  15. a b N. G. Burgmeier, S. D. Unger, T. M. Sutton & R. N. Williams: Population Status of the Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) in Indiana. In: Journal of Herpetology, Band 45, Nummer 2, 2011, S. 195–201, (Digitalisat).
  16. R. Makowsky, L. A. Wilson & Th. K. Pauley: Sexual Dimorphism in the Eastern Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis). In: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, Band 5, Nummer 1, 2010, S. 44–48, (Digitalisat).
  17. a b c d e f g h R. K. Browne, H. Li, Z. Wang, S. Okada, P. Hime, A. McMillan, M. Wu, R. Diaz, D. McGinnity & J. T. Briggler: The giant salamanders (Cryptobranchidae): Part B. Biogeography, ecology and reproduction. In: Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Band 5, Nummer 4, 2014, S. 30–50, (Digitalisat).
  18. M. Freake, E. O'Neill, S. Unger, St. Spear & E. Routman: Conservation genetics of eastern hellbenders Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis in the Tennessee Valley. In: Conservation Genetics, Band 19, 2018, S. 571–585, (Digitalisat).
  19. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2019. Eingestellt von: Hammerson & Phillips, 2004. Abgerufen am 2. Juni 2019.
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wikipedia DE

Schlammteufel: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Der Schlammteufel (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) ist die einzige Art der monotypischen Gattung Cryptobranchus. Er ist neben dem Chinesischen Riesensalamander (Andrias davidianus) und dem Japanischen Riesensalamander (Andrias japonicus) die dritte rezente Art aus der Familie der Riesensalamander (Cryptobranchidae) und lebt in Nordamerika in großen Fließgewässern mit steinigem Grund.

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Mudddüvel ( 低地德語 )

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De Mudddüvel (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is en groten Salamander, de in suurstoffrieke Strööm in Noordamerika leevt, de gau fleten doot un steenige Grünn hebbt.

Levensruum

De Levensruum vun de Ünneroort gemeen Mudddüvel (C. a. alleganiensis) reckt vun den Süüdwesten un Süden vun New York, bet in'n Süden vun Illinois, den Noordoosten vun Mississippi un den Noorden vun Alabama un Georgia. Ok in’n Oosten vun Zentral-Missouri leevt welke vun disse Deerter. De Ünneroort Ozark-Mudddüvel (C. a. bishopi) leevt in’t Rebeet vun’t Ozark-Plateau in’n Süüdoosten vun Missouri un angrenzen Rebeet in Arkansas.

Physiologie

De bruun bet gries farvten Mudddüvels hebbt en platten Lief un Kopp mit lütte Ogen. Jüst as all Salamanders, hebbt se korte Been un en dünnen Körper. De Steert hett en Kiel, dat he sik beter dör’t Water bewegen kann. Se hebbt veer Tehn an de Vörbeen un fiev an de Achterbeen. Op de Huut hett he Bulen, de lieks as Wratten utseht. De Mudddüvel hett Lungen, de ok arbeiden doot, aver ok op jede Siet vun sien Nack een Keem. Se warrt 45 bet 75 Zentimeters groot un bringt 1,5 bet 2,5 Kilogramm op de Waag. Freten doot se Kreeften, Snicken un Wörm. De Hekens sünd territorial un kämpt üm de Nestplätz. In Fangenschop köönt se bet to 29 Johren oolt warrn.

Üm Rövers aftoschrecken, scheedt se en giftigen Sliem af. Aver wenn se grötter as 50 Zentimeter sünd, denn hebbt de Mudddüvels kene Feenden mehr, denn sünd se för de Rooffisch to groot.

Vermehren

De Sekens leegt twischen 200 un 500 Eier in’n laten August un September. De Eier warrt in en Nest afleggt, dat vun dat Heken ünner en groten Felsbrocken boot worrn is. Dat Heken passt op dat Nest op, bet de Jungen na twee bet dree Maanden utslippt.

Kiek ok bi

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Mudddüvel: Brief Summary ( 低地德語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

De Mudddüvel (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is en groten Salamander, de in suurstoffrieke Strööm in Noordamerika leevt, de gau fleten doot un steenige Grünn hebbt.

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Ozark hellbender ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) is a subspecies of the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), strictly native to the mountain streams of the Ozark Plateau in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas.[1] Their nicknames include lasagna lizard and snot otter.[2] These large salamanders grow to average from 29-57 centimeters in length over a lifespan of 30 years.[3] Ozark hellbenders are nocturnal predators that reside under large flat rocks and primarily consume crayfish and small fish. As of 2011, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has listed the subspecies as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.[4] The species population decline is caused by habitat destruction and modification, overutilization, disease and predation, and low reproductive rates.[5] Conservation programs have been put in place to help protect the species.[6][5]

Taxonomy

Two distinct members of the family Cryptobranchidae, also known as "giant salamanders," are found in the United States, the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus a. alleganiensis), and the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus a. bishopi).[7]

Description

Hellbenders are known for their primitive body design and their large size. They have small eyes, a keeled tail, and a flat body to assist the Ozark hellbender in movement in rivers and streams.[8] They have folds along their sides that assist them in respiration, as oxygen is able to diffuse across the skin.[3] It is a strictly aquatic species, even though it technically lacks gills.[9] On average, they are about 29-57 centimeters in length.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Ozark hellbenders are endemic to the White River drainage in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. Historically they have been found in portions of Spring, White, Black, Eleven Point, and Current Rivers and their tributaries. Hellbenders are now considered extirpated in the mainstem White, Black, and Spring Rivers and Jacks Fork, and with their range being considerably reduced in the remaining rivers and tributaries.[10]

The Ozark hellbender is declining throughout its range with no population appearing to be stable throughout its range.[11] It is unknown whether a viable population exists in the mainstem of the White River, where few individuals have been found. Much of the potential habitat along this river has been destroyed by a series of dams constructed on the upper portion of the river in the 1940s and 1950s.[12] The North Fork White River has historically contained a high population of Ozark hellbenders and was considered the strong point for the species with a mark and recapture study in 1973 marking 1,150 individuals within a 1.7-mile reach of the river.[13] In recent years, this population is now beginning to experience a decline similar to those in populations in other rivers.[12] Though the overall population of the Ozark hellbender is known to be in decline, there is no data available on current population sizes, likely due to their small numbers and reclusive life history.[14]

There is currently no critical habitat designated for the Ozark hellbender.[4]

Ozark hellbenders are frequently found underneath large flat rocks in rocky, fast flowing streams in the Ozark Plateau at depths from less than 1 meter to 3 meters.[8] They are primarily nocturnal, remaining undercover until nightfall. Hellbenders are habitat specialists that are dependent on consistent levels of dissolved oxygen, temperature, and water flow.[15] Warmer stagnant waters with a low dissolved oxygen content do not meet the Ozark hellbenders respiratory needs.[15] It has been observed that Ozark hellbenders in warm stagnant waters sway or rock in order to increase oxygen exposure.[15]

Ecology and behavior

Ozark hellbenders are nocturnal predators, remaining beneath rock cover during the day and emerging to forage at night, primarily on crayfish.[16] They become diurnal during the breeding season, searching for mates.[3] They are highly sedentary, moving very little throughout their entire lifespan.[16] Ozark hellbenders are territorial and will defend their cover from other hellbenders.

They have been recorded living 25 to 30 years in the wild and grow slowly over time.[17] Wild Ozark hellbender populations are dominated by these older and larger individuals. Female Ozark hellbenders have been found to mature at 6 to 8 years old, while males tend to mature at around 5 years of age.[1][17][18] Some of the issues that Ozark hellbenders have in reproduction come from their late sexual maturity.[5]

Typically, Ozark hellbenders breed in mid-October, although certain populations that live in the Spring River area tend to procreate in the winter. Paternal care is present in this subspecies, even though it is rare to see this in tetrapods.[19] The males are responsible for preparing the nests and ultimately guarding the eggs. They build nests under submerged logs, flat rocks, or within bedrocks. Hellbenders mate via external fertilization.[1] Usually, around 138 to 450 eggs are present per nest,[3] and they hatch after approximately 80 days.[20] Once the eggs hatch, the larvae and juveniles hide under small and large rocks in gravel beds.[1][21] Ozark hellbenders are highly sedentary creatures, meaning that neither males nor females have long distance dispersal rates.[8]

Conservation status

The Endangered Species Act of 1973

The Ozark hellbender became a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act in 2001. It was assigned a priority level of 6 for threats due to habitat loss and fragmentation because of human activity and pollution.[22] In 2005 the Fish and Wildlife Service increased its listing priority number to a 3 because of increased pressures on the species from recreation activity in their habitat including gigging and boat traffic, and increases in the contamination of their waters.[23] The USFWS put forth the proposed rule to list the Ozark hellbender as endangered under the ESA in September 2010, and the listing of the species as endangered became effective November 7, 2011.[4][24] In April 2017, a five-year review of the subspecies’ status was initiated.[25]

IUCN

The subspecies of C. a. bishopi does not currently have its own IUCN listing, but the species C. alleganiensis was listed as near threatened in April 2004.[14]

Threats

Human impact

The construction of reservoirs in the White River has destroyed Ozark hellbender habitats and separated their populations.[5] These reservoirs also increase predation and the deposition of silt upstream from the reservoir, both of which threaten hellbenders.[5] Siltation endangers the larval salamanders because it fills in the gravel stream beds where they live, reducing their ability to find food and hide from predators. Silt can also destroy their eggs.[5] Agricultural and construction runoff, waste disposal, and mining activity within the hellbender’s range pollute and degrade their habitat and threaten hellbender survival.[5][23] Mining is especially detrimental as it increases zinc and leads hellbender habitats to dangerously high levels for aquatic life.[8] Human and livestock waste from the areas surrounding hellbender habitats have further decreased water quality.[23] Pollution is readily taken up by hellbenders due to the absorptive properties of their skin and decreases in water quality can make rivers and streams unlivable for this subspecies.[8][15]

Recreation in Ozark hellbender habitats also harms populations. Boat traffic, including canoes, kayaks, and motor boats may injure or kill hellbenders and further degrade their habitat.[8][23]

Additionally, direct removal from the environment has contributed to the decline of the Ozark hellbender. While Missouri and Arkansas have decreased or stopped issuing permits for scientific collection since the 1990s, illegal harvesting for the pet trade has continued.[5][8] The Ozark hellbender also experiences predation from non-native rainbow and brown trout stocked in river for sport fishing.[5][8]

Other threats

Like most amphibians globally, the Ozark hellbender is at risk of chytridiomycosis, a very infectious amphibian fungal disease. It has been detected in all but two rivers C. a. bishopi is currently found in. Additionally, unusual physical abnormalities have been observed in Ozark hellbenders in recent years, such as missing limbs or eyes and epidermal lesions, with increasing frequency, although the cause of these deformities is currently unknown.[5][8]

The small size of Ozark hellbender populations combined with their isolation from each other puts them at greater risk of extinction, as does the documented loss of genetic diversity within those populations.[5][8] They also suffer from very low reproductive rates as a result of their late sexual maturity and long lifespans. Their late sexual maturity makes them more likely to die before reproducing and the time between generations is extended when reproduction does occur. Very low numbers of juvenile Ozark hellbenders in most populations confirm these problems.[8] These threats are further worsened when combined with the other threats to this subspecies.[5][8]

Conservation efforts

The decline of the Ozark hellbender was first recognized in the 1990s. Since then, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission (AGFC) and Missouri Department of Conservation (MDC) have begun to track the health and wellbeing of the creatures. They also study trends in their size and overall presence in their natural habitat. From this information, they are able to predict population trends. Since this species is now considered endangered, there is more effort to protect the habitat and populations of the Ozark hellbender. Both USFWS and State agencies have enacted laws and policies to aid in hellbender protection.[5]

The most popular conservation strategy for the Ozark hellbender is captive breeding and reintroduction back into their natural habitats. There is currently only one successful example of successful captive breeding, which is taking place in the Saint Louis Zoo.[6] In regards to hellbender release after captive breeding, planning should include data on genetic information and the presence of chytrid fungus and other pathogens. Since there is little gene flow or genetic variation in the subspecies, it is hard to continue to build their numbers due to negative consequences from inbreeding. Some scientists suggest research into their genetic delineations for answers. Not much is known about their genetic history. Many scientists also suggest that translocation should not be a part of Ozark hellbender conservation plans, since they are habitat specialists and haven’t had translocation success in the past.[26] Other current conservation plans include population monitoring, protecting populations and habitat, and disease assessment and treatment [5]

Due to the impact of disease on the Ozark hellbender populations, there is more effort to study the physical deformities of the hellbenders affected by disease, as well as understanding how diseases cause the deformities. Research is also exploring the effects of the amphibian chytrid fungus. Heat treatment has seen some success as a method of treating chytrid cases.[5]

Other than captive release programs, the recommended way to meet the recovery needs of Ozark hellbenders is to protect and clean their habitat. It is necessary to decrease sedimentation and to protect areas where Ozark hellbenders reproduce.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Nickerson, M.A., and C.E. Mays. 1973. The hellbenders: North American giant salamanders. Milwaukee Public Museum Publications in Biology and Geology 1:1−106.
  2. ^ "VIDEO: Snot Otters Get A Second Chance In Ohio". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  3. ^ a b c d e Dundee, H.A., and D.S. Dundee. 1965. Observations on the systematics and ecology of Cryptobranchus from the Ozark plateaus of Missouri and Arkansas. Copeia 1965:369−370.
  4. ^ a b c Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for the Ozark Hellbender Salamander, 76 Fed. Reg. 61956 (Oct. 6, 2011) (to be codified at 50 C.F.R. pt 17).
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2012. Recovery Outline for the Ozark Hellbender. Columbia, Missouri. 13 pp.
  6. ^ a b A., Rachel, et al. “Quantitative Behavioral Analysis of First Successful Captive Breeding of Endangered Ozark Hellbenders.” Frontiers, Frontiers, 14 Nov. 2018, www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00205/full.
  7. ^ Hayes, Thomas. "Cryptobranchid update: eastern hellbender/Ozark hellbender 'North America's Largest Salamander'." Endangered Species Update, vol. 24, no. 2, 2007, p. 42+. Accessed 1 Apr. 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Regulations.gov". www.regulations.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  9. ^ Guimond, Robert W., and Victor H. Hutchison. “Aquatic Respiration: An Unusual Strategy in the Hellbender Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis Alleganiensis (Daudin).” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 21 Dec. 1973.
  10. ^ Johnson, T. R. (2000): The amphibians and reptiles of Missouri. Jefferson, MO: Missouri Department of Conservation.
  11. ^ Wheeler, B. A., E. Prosen, A. Mathis, and R. F. Wilkinson. 2003. Population declines of a long-lived salamander: a 20+-year study of hellbenders, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Biological Conservation 109:151–156.
  12. ^ a b Irwin, K. 2008. Ozark hellbender long-term monitoring SWG project. Final Report. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Benton, Arkansas.
  13. ^ Peterson, C. L., R. F. Wilkinson, Jr., M. S. Topping, and D. E. Metter. 1983. Age and growth of the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). Copeia 1983(1):225–231.
  14. ^ a b "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cryptobranchus alleganiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004-04-30. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  15. ^ a b c d Williams, R. D., J. E. Gates, and C. H. Hocutt. 1981. An evaluation of known potential sampling techniques for hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Journal of Herpetology 15(1):23–27.
  16. ^ a b Dierenfeld, E. S., K. J. McGraw, K. Fritsche, J. T. Briggler, and J. Ettling. 2009. Nutrient composition of whole crayfish (Orconectes and Procambarus species) consumed by hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis). Herpetological Review 40(3):324–330.
  17. ^ a b Peterson, C.L., Ingersol, C.A., and R.F. Wilkinson. 1989. Winter breeding of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi in Arkansas. Copeia 1989:1031–1035.
  18. ^ Taber, C.A., R.F. Wilkinson, Jr., and M.S. Topping. 1975. Age and growth of hellbenders in the Niangua River, Missouri. Copeia 1975:633−639.
  19. ^ Bishop, et al. “A Quantitative Field Study of Paternal Care in Ozark Hellbenders, North America's Giant Salamanders.” Journal of Ethology, Springer Japan, 1 Jan. 1970, link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10164-018-0553-0.
  20. ^ Bishop, S.C. 1941. Salamanders of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin 324:1−365.
  21. ^ LaClaire, L. V. 1993. Status review of Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus bishopi). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service status review. Jackson, Mississippi.
  22. ^ Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Plant and Animal Species That Are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened, Annual Notice of Findings on Recycled Petitions, and Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions, 66 Fed. Reg. 54811 (Oct. 30, 2001).
  23. ^ a b c d Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Native Species That Are Candidates or Proposed for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions, 70 Fed. Reg. 24877 (May 11, 2005).
  24. ^ Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Rule To List the Ozark Hellbender Salamander as Endangered, 75 Fed. Reg. 54561 (Sep. 8, 2010).
  25. ^ Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of Eight Endangered Animal Species, 82 Fed. Reg. 18156 (Apr. 17, 2017).
  26. ^ Arntzen, et al. “Genetic Relationships of Hellbenders in the Ozark Highlands of Missouri and Conservation Implications for the Ozark Subspecies (Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis Bishopi).” Conservation Genetics, Springer Netherlands, 1 Jan. 1999.

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Ozark hellbender: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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The Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) is a subspecies of the hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), strictly native to the mountain streams of the Ozark Plateau in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas. Their nicknames include lasagna lizard and snot otter. These large salamanders grow to average from 29-57 centimeters in length over a lifespan of 30 years. Ozark hellbenders are nocturnal predators that reside under large flat rocks and primarily consume crayfish and small fish. As of 2011, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has listed the subspecies as endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The species population decline is caused by habitat destruction and modification, overutilization, disease and predation, and low reproductive rates. Conservation programs have been put in place to help protect the species.

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Amerika giganta salamandro ( 世界語 )

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La malgrandaj okuloj kaj malfirma haŭto estas karakteroj de la Amerika giganta salamandro.

La Amerika giganta salamandroAligatora salamandro (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), konata surloke kiel hellbender, estas specio de akvoloĝanta giganta salamandro endemia de orienta Nordameriko.[1] Ĝi estas membro de la familio de Kriptobranĥedoj, estas la nura membro de la genro Cryptobranchus, kiu siavice kuniĝas nur kun unu alia simila genro de salamandroj nome (Andrias, kiu enhavas la speciojn de la Japana kaj la Ĉina gigantaj salamandroj) je familia nivelo. Tiuj salamandroj estas multe pli grandaj ol aliaj en sia teritorioj, ili uzas malkutiman riomedon de spirado (kiu implicas haŭtan gasinterŝanĝon tra kapilaroj kiuj troviĝas en siaj dorsventraj haŭtofaldoj), kaj ili plenigas partikularan niĉon — kaj kiel predanto kaj kiel predo — en siaj ekosistemoj, kiujn ili aŭ iliaj prauloj okupis dum ĉirekaŭ 65 milionoj da jaroj.[2][3] La specio estas listita kiel Preskaŭ Minacata.[4]

Referencoj

  1. (1981) “The Hellbender: A Nongame Species in Need of Management”, Wildlife Society Bulletin 9 (2), p. 94–100.
  2. (21 December 1973) “Aquatic Respiration: An Unusual Strategy in the Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin)”, Science 182 (4118), p. 1263–1265. doi:10.1126/science.182.4118.1263.
  3. (October 2009) “Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)”, Conservation Genetics 10 (5), p. 1235–1246. doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9655-5.
  4. Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips (2004). "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis". Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj. IUCN. 2004: e.T59077A11879843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59077A11879843.en. [1] Alirita la 10an de Februaro 2017.

Bibliografio

  • Petranka, James W. (1998) Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Spitzer, Mark (2016) GLURK! A Hellbender Odyssey, Augusta, Georgia: Anaphora Literary Press.

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Amerika giganta salamandro: Brief Summary ( 世界語 )

由wikipedia EO提供
 src= La malgrandaj okuloj kaj malfirma haŭto estas karakteroj de la Amerika giganta salamandro.

La Amerika giganta salamandro aŭ Aligatora salamandro (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), konata surloke kiel hellbender, estas specio de akvoloĝanta giganta salamandro endemia de orienta Nordameriko. Ĝi estas membro de la familio de Kriptobranĥedoj, estas la nura membro de la genro Cryptobranchus, kiu siavice kuniĝas nur kun unu alia simila genro de salamandroj nome (Andrias, kiu enhavas la speciojn de la Japana kaj la Ĉina gigantaj salamandroj) je familia nivelo. Tiuj salamandroj estas multe pli grandaj ol aliaj en sia teritorioj, ili uzas malkutiman riomedon de spirado (kiu implicas haŭtan gasinterŝanĝon tra kapilaroj kiuj troviĝas en siaj dorsventraj haŭtofaldoj), kaj ili plenigas partikularan niĉon — kaj kiel predanto kaj kiel predo — en siaj ekosistemoj, kiujn ili aŭ iliaj prauloj okupis dum ĉirekaŭ 65 milionoj da jaroj. La specio estas listita kiel Preskaŭ Minacata.

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Cryptobranchus bishopi ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Cryptobranchus bishopi es una especie de anfibio caudado de la familia Cryptobranchidae[1]​ nativo de América del Norte.[1][2]​ Es considerado por muchos autores como una subespecie de la salamandra americana gigante (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis).[2][3]

Referencias

  1. a b Frost, D.R. «Cryptobranchus bishopi». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 1 de abril de 2015.
  2. a b Cryptobranchus bishopi en el Catalogue of Life (en inglés).
  3. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi (TSN 208176)» (en inglés).

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Cryptobranchus bishopi: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Cryptobranchus bishopi es una especie de anfibio caudado de la familia Cryptobranchidae​ nativo de América del Norte.​​ Es considerado por muchos autores como una subespecie de la salamandra americana gigante (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis).​​

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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ( 巴斯克語 )

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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Cryptobranchus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Cryptobranchidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Cryptobranchus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Cryptobranchidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Liejupiru ( 芬蘭語 )

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Liejupiru (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) on kookas Pohjois-Amerikassa tavattava vesielämään sopeutunut salamanteri.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

 src=
Liejupirun pää.

Sukukypsät liejupirut ovat pituudeltaan 30–74 cm ja voivat painaa enimmillään 2,2 kiloa. Liejupirun pää ja ruumis ovat litteät, jalat lyhyet ja häntä pitkä. Liejupirujen naaraat ja urokset muistuttavat paljolti toisiaan. Urokset ovat keskimäärin hieman naaraita raskaampia ja leveämpiä. Liejupirujen väritys vaihtelee harmaasta oliivinruskeaan ja joskus kokonaan mustaan.[2] Liejupiruilla on keuhkot, mutta ne hengittävät pääasiallisesti kylkiensä läppäisen ihon läpi. Sen ihoa peittää lima, joka saattaa suojella liejupirua loisilta ja petoeläimiltä.[2]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Liejupirua tavataan Yhdysvalloissa eteläisestä Illinoisista ja eteläisestä Indiananasta New Yorkin lounaisosiin ja eteläisiin keskiosiin, Ohiosta, Pennsylvaniaan, Missourin keski- ja eteläosiin, Arkansasiin, Georgiaan ja Mississippin pohjoisosiin, Etelä ja Pohjois-Carolinan länsiosiin, Virginian länsiosiin, Länsi-Virginian osavaltiosta Kentuckyin ja Tennesseen Tennesseejoen länsipuolisiin osiin. Joitakin kokoelmiin kerättyjä yksilöitä on pyydetty Kansasista, mutta ne ovat todennäköisesti olleet tulosta ihmisten sinne tuomista yksilöistä. Varmentamattomien tietojen mukaan lajia tavattiin aikanaan myöls Iowassa. Vanhat havainnot lajista Louisianasta, Suurten järvien laskujoilta ja New Jerseystä ovat todennäköisesti vääriä. Lajia tavataan tyypillisesti kivipojaisilla ja kirkasvetisillä joilla ja puroilla. Liejupirut välttävät vesistöjä, joilla veden keskilämpötila ylittää 20 °C.[1]

Elintavat

Liejupirun pääasiallista ravintoa ovat ravut, mutta se pyytää myös muita selkärangattomia ja kaloja mahdollisuuden salliessa. Liejupiru saalistaa naamioitumalla esimerkiksi kiven alle ja odottaen saaliin tulevan paikalle. Liejupirut elävät yksin lukluun ottamatta lisääntymiskautta, jolloin ne saattavat kerääntyä kymmenen tai useamman yksilön joukoiksi. Urokset rakentavat pesäonkalon kiven alle ja joko houkuttelevat tai pakottavat naaraan onkaloon. Naaraat munivat 200-400 munaa, jotka uros hedelmöittää naaraan ruumiin ulkopuolella. Muninta tapahtuu myöhäiskesällä tai alkusyksystä. Muninnan jälkeen uros ajaa naaraan pesäonkalosta ja ne vartioivat munia niiden kehittymiseen asti 68-75 päivän jälkeen. Toukat ovat pituudeltaan 25–30 mm. Toukkien kuolleisuuden uskotaan olevan suurta monien päätyessä kalojen tai muiden saalistajien ravinnoksi. Liejupirut saavuttavat sukukypsyyden 5-7 vuoden ikäisinä. Liejupirut ovat yöaktiivisia ja ne nukkuvat päivät saalistaen öisin. Liejupirut voivat elää arviolta 25 vuotta luonnossa ja huomattavasti pidempäänkin vankeudessa.[2]

Uhat ja suojelu

 src=
Liejupirun mittailua luonnossa.

Kansainvälinen luonnonsuojeluliitto IUCN on määritellyt liejupirun silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi. Sen pääasiallinen uhka on elinympäristön häviäminen. Liejupiru hengittää pääasiallisesti ihonsa läpi ja se on riippuvainen kylmistä, happipitoisista ja nopeajouksuisista vesistöistä. Patojen rakentaminen vähentää virtauksia ja kaivostoiminta, metsähakkuut ja teiden rakennus saattavat lisätä veden sedimenttipitoisuuksia, joka taas saattaa tuhota vesistöjen kivi ja sotapohjan jota liejupirut tarvitsevat esimerkiksi pesiensä rakentamiseen ja sen saaliseläinten elinympäristöksi. Kaivostoiminnasta veteen mahdollisesti päätyvät saasteet ovat erityisen vahingollisia liejupirujen munille ja toukille. Osa kalastajista uksoo lajin olevan vaarallisen myrkyllinen ja uhka paikallisille kalakannoille. Uskomuksen seurauksena liejupiruja tapetaan mahdollisuuksien puitteissa. Aikanaan niitä pyrittiin myös hävittämään järjestäytyneesti.[1]

Monet liejupirujen tunnetuista kannoista esiintyvät liittovaltion tai osavaltioiden omistamilla tai suojelemilla alueilla, joilla liejupirujen suojelutoimet ovat mahdollisesti helppoja. Saint Louisin eläintarha kasvattaa liejupiruja vankeudessa.[1]

Lähteet

  1. a b c d Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips: Cryptobranchus alleganiensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2004. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c Hellbender Smithsonian’s National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute. Viitattu 23.5.2017. (englanniksi)
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Liejupiru: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Liejupiru (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) on kookas Pohjois-Amerikassa tavattava vesielämään sopeutunut salamanteri.

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Cryptobranchus bishopi ( 法語 )

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Cryptobranchus bishopi est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Cryptobranchidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique des monts Ozarks aux États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans le sud du Missouri et dans le nord de l'Arkansas.

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Sherman Chauncey Bishop.

Publication originale

  • Grobman, 1943 : Notes on salamanders with the description of a new species of Cryptobranchus. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, no 470, p. 1–12 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Cryptobranchus bishopi: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Cryptobranchus bishopi est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Cryptobranchidae.

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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ( 義大利語 )

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La salamandra alligatore (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) è un anfibio caudato della famiglia Cryptobranchidae. È l'unica specie del genere Cryptobranchus.

Note

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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La salamandra alligatore (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) è un anfibio caudato della famiglia Cryptobranchidae. È l'unica specie del genere Cryptobranchus.

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Modderduivel ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Herpetologie

De modderduivel[2] (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is een salamander uit de familie reuzensalamanders (Cryptobranchidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door François Marie Daudin in 1803. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Triton alleghaniensis gebruikt.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Deze soort kan 30 tot wel 74 centimeter lang worden en dat is erg groot voor een salamander. Zoals alle reuzensalamanders is ook deze soort neoteen; er vindt geen volledige gedaanteverwisseling plaats, hoewel de volwassen dieren wel de kieuwen verliezen en longen krijgen waardoor ze regelmatig adem moeten halen aan de oppervlakte. Ook heeft de salamander een huidplooi op de flank waarin zuurstofopnemende cellen zitten. De kleur is bruin tot grijs, meestal erg donker tot bijna zwart. De staart is sterk zijdelings afgeplat en de poten zijn erg kort en dik. De kop is plat en de huid lijkt enigszins los te zitten en is bedekt met wratachtige bultjes over het hele lijf. De ogen zijn nauwelijks zichtbaar en deze soort lijkt qua bouw sterk op de Japanse reuzensalamander (Andrias japonicus), maar blijft veel kleiner. De modderduivel kan meer dan dertig jaar oud worden.

Levenswijze

De modderduivel eet voornamelijk kreeftachtigen zoals rivierkreeften maar ook kleine visjes, slakken, wormen en amfibieënlarven. 's Nachts gaat de salamander op jacht en loopt over de bodem. Vijanden zijn voornamelijk roofvissen, maar exemplaren boven de 50 centimeter hebben geen echte natuurlijke vijanden meer vanwege de grootte. Om predatoren af te schrikken scheidt de modderduivel een giftig slijm af.

Voortplanting

De vrouwtjes leggen ongeveer 300 tot 400 eitjes die in lange strengen worden afgezet onder stenen onder het wateroppervlak. Het mannetje mengt er zijn sperma doorheen ter bevruchting en bewaakt de eitjes vanaf dat moment tot ze na enkele maanden uitkomen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort komt voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten.[4] De habitat bestaat uit stromende riviertjes met een stenige of grindachtige bodem en zuurstofrijk water. Meestal worden kleine, grot-achtige gaten of spelonken onder stenen als uitvalsbasis gekozen waar het dier overdag verstopt zit.

De grootste bedreiging voor deze salamander is het verdwijnen van de kleine kreeftachtigen waarvan hij leeft. Veel kreeftachtigen zijn zeer gevoelig voor vervuiling en eenmaal verdwenen valt het hoofdvoedsel weg waardoor de salamanders geen overlevingskans hebben.

Externe link

  • (en) Caudata.org - Afbeeldingen van de modderduivel - Website
Referenties
  1. (en) Modderduivel op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 361. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Cryptobranchus alleganiensis - Website Geconsulteerd 1 maart 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Cryptobranchus alleganiensis - Website
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Modderduivel: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De modderduivel (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is een salamander uit de familie reuzensalamanders (Cryptobranchidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door François Marie Daudin in 1803. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Triton alleghaniensis gebruikt.

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Dynndjevel ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Dynndjevel blir også kalt amerikansk kjempesalamander. Dyret kan bli opp til 75 cm lange. De lever i elver, for det meste i det østlige USA.

Eksterne lenker

zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Dynndjevel: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Dynndjevel blir også kalt amerikansk kjempesalamander. Dyret kan bli opp til 75 cm lange. De lever i elver, for det meste i det østlige USA.

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Skrytoskrzel ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Skrytoskrzel[3][4], diabeł błotny[3][4] (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) – gatunek płaza ogoniastego z rodziny skrytoskrzelnych występujący w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w rzekach i strumieniach. Jest jedynym przedstawicielem rodzaju Cryptobranchus i największym płazem ogoniastym Ameryki Północnej.

Zasięg występowania

Zamieszkuje południowo-wschodnią część Ameryki Północnej, na obszarze od południowego Illinois, Indiany, Ohio i Pensylwanii oraz południowo-zachodniej części stanu Nowy Jork do Missouri, północnego Arkansas i Missisipi, Alabamy, północnej Georgii, zachodniej części Karoliny Północnej i Południowej, Wirginii Zachodniej oraz zachodniej części stanów Wirginia i Maryland[2].

Budowa ciała

Osiąga od 29 do 76 cm długości[5]. Samice są nieco większe od samców. Głowa szeroka, silnie spłaszczona. Tułów wydłużony i spłaszczony grzbietobrzusznie. Ogon, stanowiący do1/3 długości całkowitej, jest masywny, wysoki, bocznie spłaszczony i otoczony fałdami skórnymi z których grzbietowy, w postaci niskiej listewki zachodzi niemal do połowy tułowia. Wzdłuż boków tułowia, od głowy do nasady ogona, oraz na zewnętrznych skrajach nóg występują szerokie, mięsiste, pomarszczone fałdy skórne. Nogi krótkie i grube - rzednie są zaopatrzone w 4 a tylne w 5 również krótkich i grubych palców. Otwór gębowy jest duży i głęboko wcięty, nozdrza położone są na samym końcu pyska. Oczy małe, pozbawione powiek są położone po bokach głowy. Dorosłe osobniki posiadają za głową parę otworów skrzelowych bądź tylko jeden otwór położony po lewej stronie. W komorze skrzelowej znajdują się cztery pary łuków skrzelowych.[6]

Ubarwienie zmienne - od szarego, przez szarobrązowe do czarnego z małymi, nieregularnymi jaśniejszymi i ciemniejszymi plamkami.[6]

Biologia i ekologia

Tryb życia

Prowadzi ściśle wodny tryb życia. Jego siedlisko stanowią duże, średnio głębokie strumienie i rzeki z kamienistym dnem i dobrze natlenioną wodą. Przebywa miejscach o szybkim nurcie i głębokości około 1 m gdzie kryje się wśród kamieni, korzeni itp. Jest aktywny w nocy, w czasie żerowania powoli kroczy po dnie bądź przepływa niewielkie odcinki przy pomocy bocznych ruchów ogona. Rzadko wypływa ku powierzchni w celu zaczerpnięcia powietrza.[6]

Odżywianie

Żywi się wszelkimi organizmami wodnymi, które jest w stanie połknąć. Są to najczęściej rozmaite robaki, ślimaki raki, płazy, ryby, ikra itp.[6]

Rozród

Okres godowy ma miejsce w sierpniu i wrześniu. W tym czasie samce wyróżniają się silnie uwypuklonymi wargami kloakalnymi. Samica składa skrzek w gnieździe zbudowanym przez samca pod dużymi kamieniami - do jednego gniazda zwykle składa jaja kilka samic. Skrzek jest składany w postaci dwóch długich, galaretowatych sznurów o charakterystycznym kształcie - każda komórka jajowa jest otoczona galaretowatymi, przezroczystymi osłonkami i jest połączona z następną przy pomocy galaretowatego sznureczka. Całość przypomina sznur koralików. Średnica komórki jajowej wynosi około 6 mm, średnica jaja wraz z osłonkami 18-20 mm. Zapłodnienie jest zewnętrzne. Jedna samica składa w okresie godowym łącznie 300-450 jaj.[6]

Samiec opiekuje się jajami oraz kijankami, siedząc w gnieździe i wychylają cz niego tylko głowę. Inkubacja jaj trwa, w zależności od temperatury wody, od 2 do 4 miesięcy. Kijanki świeżo po wylęgu mierzą około 3 cm. Wyrośnięta kijanka ma dobrze rozwinięte odnóża oraz skrzela zewnętrzne a także płetwę ogonową z wysokimi fałdami skórnymi. Przeobrażenie następuje po 18-20 miesiącach przy długości 10-13 cm.[6] Diabeł błotny przechodzi przeobrażenie niezupełne - u osobnika dorosłego pozostają szczeliny skrzelowe i skrzela wewnętrzne. Dojrzałość płciową uzyskuje w 5-6 roku życia[6].

Folklor

Zwierzę to jest po angielsku nazywane "diabelskim psem" lub "aligatorem z Allegheny". Ta duża salamandra, uznawana za brzydką, jest często napotykana przez zaskoczonych rybaków pod kamieniami i na końcu linki z przynętą. Niektórzy wierzą, że diabły błotne brudzą linkę wędkarską szlamem, odstraszają łowione ryby i potrafią ugryźć jadowicie. W rzeczywistości oprócz niejadowitego ukąszenia i niewielkiej ilości toksyn na skórze (w razie kontaktu nie należy dotykać swych oczu) są bezbronne. Ich obecność w strumieniu jest oznaką jego czystości.[potrzebny przypis]

Przypisy

  1. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b Praca zbiorowa: Zwierzęta: encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005, s. 421. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
  4. a b E. Keller (red.), J.H. Reinchholf, G. Steinbach, G. Diesener, U. Gruber, K. Janke, B. Kremer, B. Markl, J. Markl, A. Shlüter, A. Sigl & R. Witt: Gady i płazy. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 2003, s. 20, seria: Leksykon Zwierząt. ISBN 83-7311-873-X. (pol.)
  5. Joanna Mazgajska: Płazy świata. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2009. ISBN 978-83-01-15846-0.
  6. a b c d e f g Mały słownik zoologiczny gady i płazy. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1986. ISBN 83-214-0464-2.
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Skrytoskrzel: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Skrytoskrzel, diabeł błotny (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) – gatunek płaza ogoniastego z rodziny skrytoskrzelnych występujący w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w rzekach i strumieniach. Jest jedynym przedstawicielem rodzaju Cryptobranchus i największym płazem ogoniastym Ameryki Północnej.

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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis é uma salamandra gigante, nativa da América do Norte, que habita riachos de corrente rápida com fundos rochosos.

Distribuição

A distribuição de C. a. alleganiensis na América do Norte estende-se desde o sudoeste de Nova Iorque, indo para oeste no sul de Illinois, e para sul até ao nordeste do Mississippi e o norte do Alabama e Geórgia. Uma população disjunta ocorre no centro-este do Missouri. A subespécie C. a. bishopi existe isolada no sudeste do Missouri e no nordeste do Arkansas.

Esta espécie foi classificada como uma espécie ameaçada em Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Missouri e Ohio, e como "rara" ou "preocupante" na Geórgia, Kentucky, Nova Iorque, Carolina do Norte e Virginia. Este declínio das populações é causado por redução do habitat causado por retenção de água por barragens, poluição e siltação do solo.

Anatomia e fisiologia

Estes animais não têm dimorfismo sexual, tendo os adultos um comprimento de 24 a 40 cm medidos desde o focinho até à cloaca, com um comprimento total de 30 a 74 cm (contando com a cauda), fazendo com que seja a 3ª maior espécie de salamandra aquática do mundo (a seguir à Salamandra-gigante-chinesa e à Salamandra-gigante-japonesa) e a maior da América.[1] Um adulto pesa 1,5 a 2,5 kg. Chegam à maturidade sexual com cerca de cinco anos de idade, e podem viver trinta anos em cativeiro. Possuem mandíbulas poderosas que podem infligir uma mordidela poderosa.

Possuem corpo e cabeça achatada, com olhos dorsais brilhantes e pele viscosa. Como todas as salamandras, têm pernas curtas com quatro dedos nas patas anteriores e cinco nas posteriores, e a cauda é em forma de quilha para propulsioná-los pela água. Apesar de terem pulmões funcionais, apenas indivíduos imaturos possuem guelras; os animais desta espécie absorbem oxigénio da água através de capilares debaixo da pele.[2] A sua cor é castanha ou vermelho acastanhado, com barriga mais pálida.

São completamente aquáticos, e apesar de activos em dias cobertos, são primariamente nocturnos.

Habitat

As Cryptobranchus alleganiensis habitam correntes de água rochosas, rápidas e largas abaixo dos 750 metros de altura. Podem ser encontrados debaixo de rochas grandes em rápidos baixios. Elas são menos abundantes em áreas mais fundas de um riacho, ou em áreas que não tenham rochas chatas empilhadas que lhes ofereçam cobertura.

Durante o dia, ficam debaixo de rochas ou troncos caídos, pondo a cabeça de fora ocasionalmente. Podem sair durante a época de acasalamento ou em dias encobertos para se moverem pelo riacho. A maioria fica dentro de uma área de umas poucas centenas de metros quadrados, embora já tenham sido observadas viagens de 3500 metros. Defendem as rochas onde vivem de outros indivíduos da espécie, e raramente partilham casas.

Dieta

Lagostins e pequenos peixes são o tipo de comida principais consumidos pelos Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. A sua dieta muda pouco durante o ano. Também comem moluscos, minhocas e insectos. Já foram encontrados espécimes contendo lampreia, girinos, répteis aquáticos e mesmo um contendo um sapo e um outro com um pequeno mamífero. Adultos comem a sua própria pele depois da muda, os seus próprios ovos, ovos de outros, e mesmo larvas da sua própria espécie, junto com outros adultos mais pequenos.

Predadores

Indivíduos juvenis são predados por peixes maiores, tartarugas, e cobras de água. Os povos indígenas usavam-nos como fonte de alimento no passado. Por vezes são apanhados por pescadores inadvertidamente com anzóis. Animais mais pequenos são por vezes predados por animais maiores.

História evolutiva

Pouco se sabe sobre esta salamandra. Sabe-se apenas que apareceram no Japão, partes da China e na leste da América do Norte. Há poucos fósseis do género Cryptobranchus, não sendo possível retraçar a sua história. Actualmente há apenas duas subespécies na América do Norte; Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis e Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi.

Reprodução

A época de reprodução começa nos fins de Agosto ou princípios até meados de Setembro e pode durar até ao fim de Novembro, dependendo da região. Durante este tempo, a cloaca dos machos incha. Ao contrário da maioria das salamandras, esta espécie realiza fertilização externa.

Antes de acasalar, cada macho escava um local para depositar os ovos, uma depressão em forma de pires debaixo de uma rocha ou tronco com a entrada virada para longe da corrente directa, normalmente apontado para jusante. O macho permanece no local à espera de uma fêmea. Quando se aproxima uma fêmea, o macho guia-a até à sua toca e impede-a de sair até ter posto os ovos.

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis fêmea põem 150 a 200 ovos durante um período de 2 a 3 dias; os ovos têm 18–20 mm de diâmetro, ligados por cordões de 5–10 mm. Enquanto a fêmea põe os ovos, o macho coloca-se ao lado ou ligeiramente acima deles, pulverizando-os com sémen enquanto balança a cauda e mexendo as patas traseiras, o que dispersa o esperma uniformemente. Devido a canibalismo, o número de ovos num ninho desta espécie é bastante mais baixo do que seria previsto pela contagem nos ovários.

Depois da deposição dos ovos, os machos conduzem a fêmea para longe do ninho e guardam os ovos. Os machos enquanto chocam os ovos, balançam para a frente e para trás e ondulam as suas dobras de pele laterais, o que faz circular a água, aumentando o fornecimento de oxigénio tanto para os ovos como para o adulto. A incubação dura 45-75 dias, dependendo da região. Não é por isso surpreendente que o macho ou outros indivíduos da espécie comam os ovos antes de eles eclodirem.

Um recém-nascido têm 25–33 mm de comprimento, têm um saco vitelino como fonte de energia para os primeiros meses de vida e não têm membros funcionais.

Mitologia

Esta espécie é por vezes chamada de "devil dog" (cão diabo) e "Allegheny alligator" (jacaré de Allegheny) porque esta salamandra gigante e feia era muitas vezes encontrada por pescadores surpreendidos, debaixo de rochas ou no fim de uma linha com anzol. Lendas populares afirmam que os Cryptobranchus espalham um muco nas linhas de pesca, afugentam os peixes e tem uma mordedura venenosa, mas, de facto, à parte a mordidela (não venenosa) e uma toxina leve (não se deve tocar nos olhos depois de mexer no animal) na sua pele, estes animais são inofensivos. Se esta espécie existir num riacho, demonstra que é de excelente qualidade.

Na cultura

Um grupo de estudantes da Universidade Estatal do Arkansas tentou convencer a escola a mudar a mascote para o Hellbender após a Universidade ter decidido que era necessário mudar de mascote devido à pressão do NCAA.[3][4][5]

Referências

Bibliografia

 title=
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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis é uma salamandra gigante, nativa da América do Norte, que habita riachos de corrente rápida com fundos rochosos.

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Slamdjävul ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Slamdjävul (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) är ett stjärtgroddjur inom familjen jättesalamandrar och det tredje största stjärtgroddjuret i världen, efter kinesisk jättesalamander och japansk jättesalamander. Den lever (i motsats till sitt svenska namn) i klara, grunda strömmande vatten med stenig botten och god tillgång på syre. Till skillnad från de flesta andra salamandrar, men i likhet med till exempel grodor, har slamdjävulen yttre befruktning.

Utbredning

Arten återfinns naturligt enbart i de östra delarna av USA, från södra New York ner till de nordligaste delarna av Alabama och Georgia. Arten är indelad i två underarter: C. a. alleganiensis och C. a. bishopi, där den förra framförallt finns i östra–centrala Missouri och den senare, som framförallt känns igen på ett mer fläckigt utseende, på gränsen mellan sydöstra Missuori och Arkansas.

Utseende

Det finns ingen könsdimorfism hos slamdjävul, så hanar och honor ser i stort sett likadana ut. Arten blir som vuxen mellan 30 och 74 cm lång och väger 1,5–5,5 kg. Den är något tillplattad, har små grå ögon utan ögonlock och ett gulbrunt–olivgrönt skinn. Den är väl kamouflerad mot botten, särskilt på hösten när de är mer dagaktiva. Det är då svårt att se dem mot alla gula löv som fallit ner i vattendraget.

Slamdjävulen andas både med lungor och genom huden, vilket gör att den inte behöver komma upp till ytan och andas. Som yngel andas den med gälar, som faller av efter cirka 18 månader. Dess vetenskapliga namn Cryptobranchus betyder "gömda gälar", men det är missvisande, eftersom ynglen har tydliga gälar och de vuxna salamandrarna inga alls.

Ekologi

Slamdjävulen är huvudsakligen nattaktiv och bor under stenar, helst i forsar eller andra strömmande vatten. Ibland kommer de upp på land, men håller sig då nära stranden.

Under parningssäsongen på hösten gör hanen ett rede under en sten och väntar på en romstinn hona. När honan kommer förbi kommer hanen ut och föser in henne under stenen och släpper inte ut henne förrän hon har lagt rommen. Honan lägger vanligen sina romkorn, vilka är förbundna med varandra av en trådliknande struktur, i två strängar på botten och hanen sprutar därefter sädesvätska över dem. Hanen vaggar fram och tillbaka och böjer upp och ner på bakbenen för att få en jämn fördelning av sädesvätskan över äggen. Det kan ta två till tre dagar för honan att lägga alla ägg, som vanligen uppgår till 150–400 stycken. Hanen jagar sedan bort honan för att därefter vakta och syresätta äggen i 45–75 dagar. Ibland försöker han få in fler honor i boet efter den första parningen och därigenom få fler ägg att befrukta. Man har som mest uppmätt 1 946[2] ägg i ett bo. Ynglen är cirka 2,5 cm långa när de kläcks och har en gulesäck de första månaderna, som förser dem med näring.

Slamdjävulen blir cirka 25–30 år i naturen, i fångenskap har ett exemplar blivit 55 år. Den äter huvudsakligen kräftor, men även mindre fiskar, grodor, yngel och andra slamdjävlar. Den rör sig på natten för att söka föda och vandrar vanligen en sträcka på 9–18 meter, för att sedan återvända till sin sten. Hanar har ett större revir än honor och rör sig därför längre än dessa.

Artens naturliga fiender är större fiskar, sköldpaddor och vattenlevande ormar.

Slamdjävulen var förr relativt vanlig, men har minskat drastiskt i antal. Detta beror framförallt på att dess habitat förstörs av bottenutjämning, försiltning och utsläpp av giftiga ämnen. Arten är beroende av att det finns ett stort urval av stenar på botten, eftersom de i olika livsstadier och även på grund av olika storlek som adulter, behöver olika stora stenar att gömma sig under.

Referenser

Fotnoter

  1. ^ IUCN 2009. 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. (Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips 2004. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. <iucnredlist.org Arkiverad 27 juni 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine.>). Hämtdatum: 23 maj 2009.
  2. ^ Mattison, sid. 23

Tryckta källor

  • Chris Mattison (2005). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. The Brown Reference Group. sid. 20–23. ISBN 1840137940
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Slamdjävul: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Slamdjävul (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) är ett stjärtgroddjur inom familjen jättesalamandrar och det tredje största stjärtgroddjuret i världen, efter kinesisk jättesalamander och japansk jättesalamander. Den lever (i motsats till sitt svenska namn) i klara, grunda strömmande vatten med stenig botten och god tillgång på syre. Till skillnad från de flesta andra salamandrar, men i likhet med till exempel grodor, har slamdjävulen yttre befruktning.

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Критозябрець аллеганський ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 55—75 см, з яких одна третина припадає на хвіст, вага 1,5—2,5 кг. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиця більша за самця. Голова й тулуб доволі сплощені. Водночас досить масивні та товсті. На передніх сильних та коротких лапах 4 пальці, а на задніх — 5. З боків тулуба і краях задніх лап тягнеться хвиляста складка шкіри. Забарвлений у світло-сірий або бурий колір.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє швидкі поточні річки, але на дрібних, порожистих, кам'янистих місцях. Вдень, за винятком часу розмноження, лежить під камінням, вночі полює за хробаками, молюсками, раками, жабами і рибами. На поверхню піднімається рідко.

Парування відбувається наприкінці серпня — на початку вересня. У цей час самці будують гнізда під великими плоскими брилами або скелями у воді, привертаючи увагу самиць. У нього зовнішнє запліднення: самець поливає яйця насіннєвий рідиною в момент їх відкладання в гніздо. Самець зазвичай лежить в гнізді серед яєць, охороняючи їх, повернувши голову до виходу з гнізда. Самиця відкладає 300—450 яєць у вигляді довгих, переплутаних між собою шнурів. Іноді в одне гніздо відкладають яйця 2—3 самиці. Яйця блідо-жовті діаметром 6 мм (з оболонкою 17—20 мм). Розвиток яєць продовжується 68—84 дня. Личинка при появі завдовжки близько 3 см. У неї вже є короткі, але товсті лапи, сильний хвіст з плавниковими складками і добре розвинені зовнішні зябра. Личинки втрачають зябра у віці близько 1,5 року, досягаючи розмірів 10—13 см.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає у східних штатах США.

Джерела

  • Petranka, James W. (1998) Salamanders of the United States and Canada, Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis là một loài lưỡng cư có đuôi lớn đặc hữu miền Đông Hoa Kỳ.[6] Đây là một thành viên của họ Cryptobranchidae, là loài duy nhất trong chi Cryptobranchus, và ở cấp họ thì được xếp chung với chi Andrias. C. alleganiensis, một loài kỳ giông to lớn, có cách hô hấp khác thường (hô hấp qua da nhờ mao mạch trong nếp gấp da ngang thân), và đóng vai trò đặc biệt trong ổ sinh thái — cả kẻ săn mồi và con mồi — một vai trò mà loài này và tổ tiên nó đã đóng trong khoảng 65 triệu năm.[7][8] Đây là một loài sắp bị đe dọa.[2]

Mô tả

 src=
Khung xương và mô hình

C. alleganiensis có hầu và cơ thể dẹp, mắt nhỏ nằm trên mặt lưng, da nhầy. Như hầu hết kỳ giông, chúng có chân ngắn với bốn ngón trên chân trước, năm ngón trên chân sau. Đuổi nó quẩy nước giúp đẩy người đi. C. alleganiensis có phổi, khe mang thường đóng kín (con non có mang thực sự); chúng thở nhờ mao mạch trong các nếp gấp da dọc thân.[9] Chúng có mặt lưng màu nâu hay nâu-đỏ, mặt bụng nhạt màu hơn.

Cả con đực và cái đạt chiều dài khi trưởng thành 24 đến 40 cm (9,4 đến 15,7 in) từ mỏm tới huyệt, với tổng chiều dài 30 đến 74 cm (12 đến 29 in). Chúng là loài kỳ giông lớn thứ ba thế giới (sau kỳ giông khổng lồ Trung Quốckỳ giông khổng lồ Nhật Bản) và lớn nhất Bắc Mỹ.[10] Con trưởng thành nặng 1,5 đến 2,5 kg (3,3 đến 5,5 lb), làm chúng trở thành loài lưỡng cư nặng thứ tư, sau hai loài kỳ giông trên và ếch Goliath, dù những con cóc mía to nhất có thể nặng ngang ngửa C. alleganiensis. Chúng đạt thành thục sinh sản ở tuổi thứ năm, và có thể sống đến 30 năm trong điều kiện nuôi nhốt.[9]

C. alleganiensis mang những đặc điểm giúp nó dễ dàng được nhận ra, không thể đến kích thước, gồm cơ thể bè, dẹp theo mặt lưng bụng với những nếp gấp da hai bên thân, một cặp khe mang mở duy nhất, và chân sau năm ngón.[7][11]

Phân bố

C. alleganiensis có mặt ở một số bang miền đông Hoa Kỳ, từ nam New York tới bắc Georgia,[12] băng qua Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Missouri, và thậm chí một phần nhỏ của OklahomaKansas. Phân loài C. a. bishopi phân bố giới hạn ở dãy núi Ozark miền bắc Arkansas và nam Missouri, còn C. a. alleganiensis sống ở những nơi còn lại.[6]

Một vài quần thể—kể ra như ở Missouri, Pennsylvania, và Tennessee—trước đây đông đúc, nhưng nay giảm mạnh do ảnh hưởng từ con người.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Bredehoeft, Keila E.; Schubert, Blaine W. (2015). “A Re-Evaluation of the Pleistocene Hellbender, Cryptobranchus guildayi ”. Journal of Herpetology 49: 157. doi:10.1670/12-222.
  2. ^ a ă Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips (2004). Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2004: e.T59077A11879843. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59077A11879843.en. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 2 năm 2016.
  3. ^ Dundee, Harold A. (1971). "Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ". Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Account 101.
  4. ^ Nickerson, Max Allen; Mays, Charles Edwin (1973). The Hellbenders: North American "Giant Salamanders". Milwaukee Public Museum Publications in Biology and Geology No. 1. 106 pp.
  5. ^ Stejneger L, Barbour T (1917). A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, p. 7).
  6. ^ a ă Williams, R.D.; Gates, J.T.; Hocutt, C.H; Taylor, G.J. (1981). “The Hellbender: A Nongame Species in Need of Management”. Wildlife Society Bulletin 9 (2): 94–100. JSTOR 3781577.
  7. ^ a ă Guimond, R.W.; Hutchison, V.H. (21 tháng 12 năm 1973). “Aquatic Respiration: An Unusual Strategy in the Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin)”. Science 182 (4118): 1263–1265. PMID 17811319. doi:10.1126/science.182.4118.1263.
  8. ^ Sabatino, Stephen J.; Routman, Eric J. (tháng 10 năm 2009). “Phylogeography and conservation genetics of the hellbender salamander (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)”. Conservation Genetics 10 (5): 1235–1246. doi:10.1007/s10592-008-9655-5.
  9. ^ a ă Mayasich, J.; Grandmaison, D.; Phillips, C. (June 2003) Eastern Hellbender Status Assessment Report
  10. ^ Cryptobranchus alleganiensis AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2012. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: 15 November 2012).
  11. ^ Gehlbach, Frederick R. (1960). “Comments on the Study of Ohio Salamanders with Key to Their Identification”. Journal of the Ohio Herpetological Society 2 (3): 40–45.
  12. ^ Peterson, C.L; Metter, D.E.; Miller, B.T.; Wilkinson, R.F.; Topping, M.S. (tháng 4 năm 1988). “Demography of the Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis in the Ozarks”. American Midland Naturalist 199 (2): 291–303. JSTOR 2425812. doi:10.2307/2425812.

Tài liệu

  • Behler, John L.; King, F. Wayne (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, pp. 269–270 + Plate 24).
  • Bishop SC (1943). Handbook of Salamanders: The Salamanders of the United States, and of Lower California. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. 508 pp. (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, pp. 59–62; C. bishopi, p. 63).
  • Daudin FM (1803). Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage faisant suite aux Œuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du Cours complete d'Histoire naturelle rédigé par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs Sociétés savantes. Tome huitième [Volume 8]. Paris: F. Dufart. 439 pp. (Salamandra alleganiensis, new species, pp. 231–232, 437). (in French and Latin).
  • Grobman AB (1943). "Notes on Salamanders with the Description of a New Species of Cryptobranchus ". Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (470): 1-13. (Cryptobranchus bishopi, new species).
  • Holman JA (1977). "The Pleistocene (Kansan) herpetofauna of Cumberland Cave, Maryland". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 46: 157-172. (Cryptobranchus guildayi, new species).
  • Petranka, James W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Washington and London: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. ISBN 978-0-544-12997-9. (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis and C. bishopi, p. 38 + Plate 2).
  • Spitzer, Mark (2016). GLURK! A Hellbender Odyssey. Augusta, Georgia: Anaphora Literary Press.
  • Wellborn, Vera (1936). "Beschreibung eines neuen Molches der Gattung Cryptobranchus". Zoologischer Anzeiger, Leipzig 114 (3/4): 63-64. (Cryptobranchus terrasodactylus, new species). (in German).
  • Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. ("Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis [sic]", pp. 137, 139, 157).

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cryptobranchus alleganiensis  src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
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Cryptobranchus alleganiensis: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis là một loài lưỡng cư có đuôi lớn đặc hữu miền Đông Hoa Kỳ. Đây là một thành viên của họ Cryptobranchidae, là loài duy nhất trong chi Cryptobranchus, và ở cấp họ thì được xếp chung với chi Andrias. C. alleganiensis, một loài kỳ giông to lớn, có cách hô hấp khác thường (hô hấp qua da nhờ mao mạch trong nếp gấp da ngang thân), và đóng vai trò đặc biệt trong ổ sinh thái — cả kẻ săn mồi và con mồi — một vai trò mà loài này và tổ tiên nó đã đóng trong khoảng 65 triệu năm. Đây là một loài sắp bị đe dọa.

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Аллеганский скрытожаберник ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Подотряд: Cryptobranchoidea
Семейство: Скрытожаберники
Род: Cryptobranchus
Вид: Аллеганский скрытожаберник
Международное научное название

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
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Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 173587NCBI 43048EOL 331124FW 110601

Аллеганский скрытожаберник[1] (лат. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) — один из самых крупных видов саламандр в Северной и Южной Америке и одна из трёх гигантских саламандр в мире. Эти приземистые амфибии проводят всю свою жизнь на дне рек и ручьев.

Описание

Длина тела до 69 см у самцов, самки крупнее — до 74 см. Тело окрашено в серый или желтовато-серый цвет и покрыто чёрными пятнами.

Образ жизни

Аллеганский скрытожаберник — ночное животное. Днём он прячется под камнями. Ночью животное становится очень активным, но обычно сидит в засаде в ожидании добычи. Гигантские саламандры теряют жабры, когда из личинок превращаются во взрослых. Большую часть кислорода они поглощают через морщинистую кожу, но иногда поднимаются на поверхность воды, чтобы набрать воздуха в свои маленькие легкие.

Скрытожаберники размножаются в конце лета. Самец роет яму под камнем и позволяет проникнуть туда самкам, когда они откладывают икру. Несколько самок могут отложить икринки в одну ямку самца до того, как он оплодотворит их облаком спермы. Самец сторожит икру три месяца, пока из них не вылупятся личинки.

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 20. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.


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Аллеганский скрытожаберник: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Аллеганский скрытожаберник (лат. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) — один из самых крупных видов саламандр в Северной и Южной Америке и одна из трёх гигантских саламандр в мире. Эти приземистые амфибии проводят всю свою жизнь на дне рек и ручьев.

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美洲大鲵 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

美洲大鯢Cryptobranchus alleganiensis),是一種水生兩棲動物。分佈於美國東部,棲息于水淺、流速快及含氧量高的河流、溪流中。以魚和蝦為主食,偶爾吃腐肉。視力很差,嗅覺靈敏。人工飼養的美洲大鯢壽命在30歲左右。

生殖

一般產卵時期為8月,於體外受精,卵生,受精卵的孵化期約50天。

形狀

美洲大鯢體長32釐米;重約2公斤。身體扁平,身上佈滿粘液,擁有四肢和尾巴。

  1. ^ Bredehoeft, Keila E.; Schubert, Blaine W. A Re-Evaluation of the Pleistocene Hellbender, Cryptobranchus guildayi. Journal of Herpetology. 2015, 49: 157. doi:10.1670/12-222.
  2. ^ Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN). 2004, 2004: e.T59077A11879843 [23 February 2016]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59077A11879843.en.
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

美洲大鲵: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

美洲大鯢(Cryptobranchus alleganiensis),是一種水生兩棲動物。分佈於美國東部,棲息于水淺、流速快及含氧量高的河流、溪流中。以魚和蝦為主食,偶爾吃腐肉。視力很差,嗅覺靈敏。人工飼養的美洲大鯢壽命在30歲左右。

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ヘルベンダー ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
ヘルベンダー ヘルベンダー
ヘルベンダー Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
保全状況評価[a 1][a 2] NEAR THREATENED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 NT.svgワシントン条約附属書III類
アメリカ合衆国分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 有尾目 Urodela 亜目 : サンショウウオ上科
Cryptobranchoidea : オオサンショウウオ科
Cryptobranchidae : ヘルベンダー属 Cryptobranchus : ヘルベンダー C. alleganiensis 学名 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
(Daudin, 1803) シノニム

Salamandra alleganiensis
Daudin, 1803

和名 アメリカオオサンショウウオ
ヘルベンダー 英名 Hellbender

ヘルベンダーCryptobranchus alleganiensis)は、両生綱有尾目オオサンショウウオ科ヘルベンダー属に分類される有尾類。本種のみでヘルベンダー属を構成する。和名はアメリカオオサンショウウオ

分布[編集]

C. a. alleganiensis イースタンヘルベンダー(ヒガシアメリカオオサンショウウオ)
アメリカ合衆国[1][2]ニューヨーク州南部からミシシッピ州北部にかけて、ミズーリ州中部)[3]
C. a. bishopi オザークヘルベンダー
アメリカ合衆国[1]アーカンソー州北部、ミズーリ州南東部<オザーク高原のブラック川、ホワイト川水系>)[2]

形態[編集]

C. a. alleganiensis
全長45-75センチメートル[3]。皮膚はAndriasにみられるような密生する細かい突起を欠き、また、光沢に乏しく、全体に皺やヒダ状を呈する部分が目立つ。
C. a. bishopi オザークヘルベンダー
全長30-50センチメートル[2][3]。基亜種よりも若干小型で、背面や喉に暗色の斑紋が入る[1][3]。鰓穴は成体では塞がる個体もいる[1]

分類[編集]

  • Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803)  Eastern hellbender
  • Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi Grobman, 1942 オザークヘルベンダー Ozark hellbender

生態[編集]

大きな岩がある流れの速い河川などに生息する[3]。完全水生。岩や倒木の下を巣穴にする[3]

食性は動物食で、魚類甲殻類巻貝などを食べる[2]

繁殖形態は卵生。8-11月に倒木や岩などにある流れの直接当たらない穴に、数珠状になった150-500個の卵を産む[3]。オスは卵が孵化するまで新鮮な水を送り保護する[2][3]。卵は45-75日で孵化する[3]。幼生は孵化してから1か月は卵黄のみで育つ[3]。生後1-2年で幼体に変態し、5-8年、体長30cm程で性成熟に至る[3]

人間との関係[編集]

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されていた。流通量は少なく、主に基亜種が流通していた[3]。亜種オザークヘルベンダーは生息地の州法で厳重に保護されているため、ヨーロッパや日本国内で長期飼育された個体が極めてまれに流通していたのみ[1]。大型種のため大型のケージが用意できない限り一般家庭での飼育は薦められない。水流が強く溶存酸素量が多い環境を好むため、デュフューザーなどで強い水流を作ったり水中の溶存酸素量を増やし、場合によっては水槽用のクーラーを設置する[1][3]。水流の弱い場所には平石を組んだ隠れ家などを設置する[1][3]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ヘルベンダーに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにヘルベンダーに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g 海老沼剛 「CLOSE UP CREEPERS -注目の爬虫両生類-」『クリーパー』第40号、クリーパー社、2007年、139、150頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、230頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 山崎利貞 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド イモリ・サンショウウオの仲間 有尾類・無足類』、誠文堂新光社2005年、22-23頁。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ CITES homepage
  2. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • Geoffrey Hammerson, Christopher Phillips 2004. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ヘルベンダー: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

ヘルベンダー(Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)は、両生綱有尾目オオサンショウウオ科ヘルベンダー属に分類される有尾類。本種のみでヘルベンダー属を構成する。和名はアメリカオオサンショウウオ。

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헬벤더 ( 韓語 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

헬벤더(Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)는 북아메리카에 서식하는 대형 도롱뇽이다. 주로 크고 빠르게 흐르며 저면이 바위로 되어 있는 개울에 서식한다. 헬벤더("hellbender")라는 이름이 붙은 이유는, 사람들이 처음 이 종을 발견하였을 때, 지옥에서 온 악마같은 느낌이 든다고 해서 “헬밴더”라고 호명했다, 다른 이름으로는 아메리카장수도룡뇽, 아메리카왕도룡뇽, 악마개, 망나니 수달이라는 말이있다. 아메리카에서 가장 큰 양서류로, 최대 74cm까지 자란 경우도 보고 되었다.[1]

각주

  1. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2012. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: 15 November 2012).
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