Philantomba monticola, commonly known as the blue duiker, is found throughout Central and Southern Africa. Its range includes Nigeria to Gabon and Kenya to South Africa.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Blue duikers are frugivores and primarily feed on fallen ripe and unripe fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi. They are ruminants, but have a relatively small rumen, which results in a rapid rate of food turnover. In association with rapid turnover, they prefer foods that are low in cellulose and starch with moderate fiber and protein content. They are, however, capable of digesting foods that are relatively high in tannins. Blue duikers spend up to 67 to 76% of their waking hours foraging for food within their territory.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers
Other Foods: fungus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore , Granivore )
Blue duikers live in forested areas and feed primarily on fallen fruit. The fruit that they find on the forest floor is often dislodged by monkeys that inhabit the same areas. In addition to fruit, blue duikers feed on seeds, however, they apparently do not aid in seed dispersal, because they fully masticate their food. Blue duikers may play host to several parasites. Externally, they are often afflicted with ticks. Internal parasites include several species of Nematoda, Coccidia, Strongyles, Trichuridae, and Moniezia.
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Blue duikers are among the most common duikers hunted for bushmeat. Many human groups living near the Congo basin rely heavily on the meat obtained from duikers for food and income.
Positive Impacts: food
Although this species sometimes occupies plantation fields, it is not known to be harmful to crops or humans.
Currently, blue duikers are listed as 'Least Concern' on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
CITES: appendix ii
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Blue duikers use auditory, visual, olfactory, and tactile senses for communication. They have several methods of displaying alarm to a mate or offspring, including vocalizing and flicking the tail. Auditory signals include snorting, whistling, hitting an object with the horns, and stamping the feet. Each of these displays conveys different messages and may communicate alarm or sexual excitement. Their primary visual display is tail flicking; flicking the black tail reveals a white underside, which is believed to communicate imminent danger. Blue duikers have several scent glands, the most notable of which are the preorbital glands. Preorbital glands are thought to be important in communicating social acceptance and territory ownership. Pair members may scent mark each other, their offspring, or trees in their home range. Individuals often lick one another, a behavior that is thought to indicate social acceptance. Licking is especially evident when a male is courting a female.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Blue duikers can be found in a variety of forested areas, including rain forests, riverine forests, dense thickets, and montane forests. They are often found near human dwellings, and may use plantations as corridors in their habitat. Piles of dead trees or lumber are sometimes used as resting sites. However, the majority of their time is spent resting in the open or at the base of a tree; this allows them to keep their line of vision clear.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest
Other Habitat Features: agricultural
The diminutive size of blue duikers leaves them vulnerable to many species, including but not limited to hyenas, wild dogs, African golden cats, leopards, crocodiles, baboons, python, civets, crowned eagles, monitors, and humans. They primarily use their visual and auditory senses in detecting predators. Once a predator is spotted, blue duikers will typically communicate alarm, which may include snorting, stamping, whistling, or flicking the tail, depending on the degree of danger. Once this message of danger has been received, a duiker's response is typically flight. Their long hind limbs make them excellent jumpers, able to quickly dive into dense vegetation and disappear. It is this ability that gave duikers their name, for the Afrikaans word meaning 'divers'.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
In captivity, blue duikers typically live for 10 to 15 years, but the oldest recorded captive individual survived until it was nearly 16 years of age. In the wild, lifespan is shorter, with the oldest known individual surviving to age 12. Captive duikers are commonly afflicted with several illness, most notable of those is 'sloshing syndrome' or rumen hypomotility syndrome. This illness is characterized by a build-up within the rumen caused by limited activity.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 12 (high) years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 16 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 10 to 15 years.
Blue duikers are the smallest of the duiker species, weighing no more than 4 to 6 kg. They are typically 55 to 72 cm long, with a 7 to 12.5 cm tail that is black with a white underside. Coat color varies, depending on where the animal lives but the coat is typically brown, often with a blue tint. All males have a pair of grooved horns that are about 5 cm in height. Females may have horns as well, however, horns are frequently not present in females. Blue duikers are very similar in appearance to Maxwell's duikers (Philantomba maxwellii). However, the two can be distinguished by several key features, most notably blue duikers have a smaller skull, with a narrower nasal passage.
Range mass: 4 to 6 kg.
Range length: 55 to 72 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: ornamentation
Blue duikers become sexually mature at 9 to 12 months for females and 12 to 18 months for males. Once sexually mature, they find a mate and remain paired for life. Although blue duikers are considered monogamous, males occasionally breed with other females.
Mating System: monogamous
Blue duikers are social animals and display a variety of social behaviors, but they do not form large groups, instead associating as mated pairs. An important aspect of behavior is their use of preorbital scent glands, which both genders use to mark their mate. Licking behavior is also displayed and is believed to indicate social acceptance.
Blue duiker pair members remain together throughout the year, spending much of their time in close proximity. Seasonality does not appear to influence their reproduction, as they continue to produce offspring without regard to time of year. After the female calves, the male leaves the territory for approximately one month, during which time other males may enter the territory. The return of the female's mate drives other males away.
Blue duikers have a gestation period lasting anywhere from 196 to 216 days and typically produce only one calf per reproductive event. Newborn calves weigh about 10% of the mother's body weight. After calving, the female conceals her offspring, and for the first several weeks after birth, the majority of contact between the calf and female takes place during nursing. Eventually, when the calf is more mature, it spends more time with its mother. The calf is weaned between 2.5 and 3 months of age, and eventually leaves the territory on its own accord. Female calves typically leave when they are sexually mature, which is between 1 and 1.5 years of age, and males when they are fully grown, at about 2 years of age. Usually, only one offspring associates with the parents at any one time, but occasionally a monogamous pair will share its territory with two offspring of different ages.
Breeding interval: Breeding interval is not reported, although mated pairs typically associated only with 1 or 2 offspring at a time until they mature at 1 to 2 years old, so breeding interval is likely to be once yearly.
Breeding season: Blue duikers breed throughout the year.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 196 to 216 days.
Range weaning age: 10 to 12 weeks.
Range time to independence: 1 to 2 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 to 12 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 12 to 18 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Blue duiker calves are extremely precocial and are able to run within 20 minutes of birth. The mother typically allows the calf to nurse approximately 3 times a day for the first month, after which the mother reduces nursing events until the calf is weaned at 2.5 to 3 months. Initially, the male is absent, taking leave shortly after the calf is born, and returning approximately one month later. However, he does not travel far, and does occasionally come back and spend time with his mate. It is believed that the male leaves his territory to aid in the protection of his offspring.
Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
Die blouduiker of bloubokkie is een van die kleinste van die antiloopsoorte. Hulle word in beboste gebiede van Sentraal- tot Suider-Afrika aangetref.
'n Volwasse blouduiker het 'n gemiddelde hoogte van 35 cm. Hulle het twee klein horinkies op hulle koppe; die langste horings wat aangeteken is, is 10 cm. Blouduikers vreet hoofsaaklik vrugte, alhoewel hulle ook soms vars blare eet wat op die grond geval het.
'n Blouduiker is 'n skugter dier en sal in die ruigtes induik wanneer hy gesteur word.
Ná 'n draagtyd van sewe maande, gee die ooi tussen September en November geboorte aan 'n enkele lammetjie. Blouduikers het 'n moontlike lewensduur van 9 jaar.
Wikiwoordeboek het 'n inskrywing vir blouduiker.Die blouduiker of bloubokkie is een van die kleinste van die antiloopsoorte. Hulle word in beboste gebiede van Sentraal- tot Suider-Afrika aangetref.
'n Volwasse blouduiker het 'n gemiddelde hoogte van 35 cm. Hulle het twee klein horinkies op hulle koppe; die langste horings wat aangeteken is, is 10 cm. Blouduikers vreet hoofsaaklik vrugte, alhoewel hulle ook soms vars blare eet wat op die grond geval het.
'n Blouduiker is 'n skugter dier en sal in die ruigtes induik wanneer hy gesteur word.
Ná 'n draagtyd van sewe maande, gee die ooi tussen September en November geboorte aan 'n enkele lammetjie. Blouduikers het 'n moontlike lewensduur van 9 jaar.
Göy duker (lat. Philantomba monticola) – philantomba cinsinə aid heyvan növü.
Mərkəzi Afrikada və Cənubi Afrikanın cənubundaklı meşəliklərdə rast gəlinir.
Göy dukerin süysününün hündürlüyü 35 sm-ə, kütləsi 4 kq-a çatır. Bu o deməkdir ki, göy duker antilopların ən kiçik nümayəndəsidir. [1].
Göy duker (lat. Philantomba monticola) – philantomba cinsinə aid heyvan növü.
Mərkəzi Afrikada və Cənubi Afrikanın cənubundaklı meşəliklərdə rast gəlinir.
Göy dukerin süysününün hündürlüyü 35 sm-ə, kütləsi 4 kq-a çatır. Bu o deməkdir ki, göy duker antilopların ən kiçik nümayəndəsidir. .
El duiquer blau (Philantomba monticola) és un petit duiquer que viu als boscos de l'Àfrica central i el sud de l'Àfrica austral.
Els duiquers blaus mesuren uns 35 centímetres d'alçada a l'espatlla i pesen uns quatre quilograms. Els duiquers blaus tenen un pelatge marró amb una lleugera tonalitat blava (que els dóna nom) i una regió ventral blanca. Tenen una escletxa glandular entre els ulls i una cresta molt lleugera entre les orelles. Els duiquers blaus tenen unes senzilles banyes còniques de 2-10 centímetres. A vegades, les femelles manquen de banyes.
El duiquer blau (Philantomba monticola) és un petit duiquer que viu als boscos de l'Àfrica central i el sud de l'Àfrica austral.
Els duiquers blaus mesuren uns 35 centímetres d'alçada a l'espatlla i pesen uns quatre quilograms. Els duiquers blaus tenen un pelatge marró amb una lleugera tonalitat blava (que els dóna nom) i una regió ventral blanca. Tenen una escletxa glandular entre els ulls i una cresta molt lleugera entre les orelles. Els duiquers blaus tenen unes senzilles banyes còniques de 2-10 centímetres. A vegades, les femelles manquen de banyes.
Den blå dykkerantilope (Cephalophus monticola) er den mindste antilopeart. Den når en skulderhøjde på 35 cm og vejer 4-10 kg. Den blå dykkerantilope lever i det centrale og sydlige Afrika. Her findes den som regel i regnskove, hvor den lever af frugter, blomster og blade og undertiden også af æg, insekter og små fugle.
Der Blauducker (Philantomba monticola, Syn.: Cephalophus monticola), auch Blauböckchen genannt, ist eine Antilopenart, die in ganz Afrika südlich des Äquators verbreitet ist.
Mit einem Körpergewicht von bis zu 4,7 Kilogramm und einer Schulterhöhe von 35 Zentimetern ist der Blauducker die kleinste Antilopenart im südlichen Afrika. Die Weibchen sind tendenziell etwas schwerer als die Männchen, die nur selten mehr als vier Kilogramm wiegen.[1] Die Oberseite ist schiefergrau bis dunkelbraun, hat jedoch einen graublauen Glanz. Die Bauchseite und die Schwanzunterseite sind weißlich. Durch diese Fellfärbung ist der Blauducker im gedämpften Licht der Wälder gut getarnt. Ein Merkmal ist, dass der Ducker ständig mit dem kurzen, buschigen schwarz-weißen Schwanz wedelt. Beide Geschlechter tragen winzige (durchschnittlich 3 cm lange), spitze Hörner, die manchmal von einem Haarschopf verborgen werden.
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Blauduckers erstreckt sich von den Küstenregionen des östlichen Kaps bis nach Westafrika. Der Blauducker hat damit eines der größten Verbreitungsgebiete aller Antilopen.[2] Auf Grund der Habitatanforderungen ist das Verbreitungsgebiet lückig. Er kommt unter anderem in den Naturschutzgebieten St.-Lucia-Komplex, Ndumo, Kafue, Südluangwa, Upemba, Mt. Elgon und Garamba vor. Durch Zerstörungen und Abforstung der Wälder schrumpfen die Vorkommen.
Diese Antilope benötigt dichte Wälder und Buschwerk, äst jedoch häufig auf Lichtungen. Wasser ist eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für ihren Lebensraum. Auf Grund der geringen Größe und des verborgenen Habitats bekommt man den Blauducker selten zu Gesicht. Kothäufchen und die winzigen Trittsiegel (24 Millimeter) sind oft die einzigen Anzeichen seiner Anwesenheit.
Blauducker leben vorwiegend paarweise und besetzen dauerhaft ein Territorium zwischen 0,4 und 0,8 Hektar.[1] Die Reviergrenze wird von beiden Geschlechtern markiert, indem die Duftdrüsen an Blättern, Zweigen, Baumstämmen und anderen Stellen gerieben werden. Blauducker pflanzen sich ganzjährig fort und sind tag- und nachtaktiv. Es wird jeweils ein Jungtier nach einer Tragzeit von 210 Tagen geboren. Dieses wiegt etwa 400 Gramm. Mit drei bis vier Monaten wird das Jungtier entwöhnt und in einem Alter von etwas mehr als einem Jahr aus dem elterlichen Revier vertrieben.
Der Blauducker (Philantomba monticola, Syn.: Cephalophus monticola), auch Blauböckchen genannt, ist eine Antilopenart, die in ganz Afrika südlich des Äquators verbreitet ist.
The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola) is a small antelope found in central, southern and eastern Africa. It is the smallest species of duiker. The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789. 12 subspecies are identified. The blue duiker reaches 32–41 centimetres (13–16 in) at the shoulder and weighs 3.5–9 kilograms (7.7–19.8 lb). Sexually dimorphic, the females are slightly larger than the males. The dark tail measures slightly above 10 centimetres (3.9 in). It has short, spiky horns, around 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and hidden in hair tufts. The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their colouration. The blue duiker bears a significant resemblance to Maxwell's duiker.
Activity is diurnal (limited to daytime). Secretive and cautious, the blue duiker confines itself to the forest fringes. Territorial, individuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories, nearly 0.4–0.8 hectares (0.0015–0.0031 sq mi) large and marked by preorbital gland secretions. The blue duiker feeds on fallen fruits, foliage, flowers and pieces of bark, provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat. The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies. The species is monogamous, with pairs remaining together throughout the year. The length of the gestational period has been estimated from as little as four months to as long as seven months. Births occur throughout the year, though the birth rate might fall in the dry season. The calf is mainly kept in hiding and weaning occurs at 2.5 to 3 months.
The habitat consists of a variety of forests, including old-growth, secondary, and gallery forests. Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through the canopy. Though categorized as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the blue duiker is under threat from extensive bushmeat hunting across its range.
The scientific name of the blue duiker is Philantomba monticola. It is placed in the genus Philantomba, along with Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwelli) and Walter's duiker (P. walteri), and the family Bovidae. The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789.[3] It is sometimes treated as a species of Cephalophus,[1] another genus of duikers, although Philantomba has been recognised as a genus by zoologists such as Peter Grubb and Colin Groves.[4] Owing to the remarkable similarities between the two species, some zoologists such as Theodor Haltenorth consider Maxwell's duiker as a race of the blue duiker.[3][5]
While the generic name Philantomba has no clear origin, the specific name monticola has been derived from the Latin words montis (mountain) and colo (meaning "I cultivate" or "I inhabit"), in reference to its montane habitat.[6] The common name "blue" refers to one of its typical coat colours.[7] The common name of duiker comes from the Afrikaans duik or Dutch duiker – both mean "diver", which refers to the practice of the animals to frequently dive into vegetation for cover.[8]
In 2012, Anne R. Johnston (of the University of Orleans) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker), that includes the three genera Cephalophus, Philantomba and Sylvicapra, based on mitochondrial analysis. Philantomba was shown to be monophyletic. It is sister to the rest of the subfamily, from which it diverged nearly 8.73 million years ago (in the late Miocene). The blue duiker split from Maxwell's duiker 2.68 to 5.31 million years ago.[9] This cladogram, however, did not include the newly discovered Walter's duiker. Marc Colyn (of the University of Rennes 1) and colleagues, who had discovered this species in 2010, had prepared a similar cladogram (below) that included it.[10]
PhilantombaBlue duiker (P. monticola)
Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwelli)
Walter's duiker (P. walteri)
As many as 16 subspecies of the blue duiker have been proposed. In 1997, Jonathan Kingdon demarcated seven major populations of the species.[7] In 2001, Groves and Grubb identified the following subspecies, bifurcating them into two groups on the basis of their colouration and geographical occurrence:[3][11][12]
The grey-legged or northern subspecies
The red-legged or southern subspecies
The blue duiker is a small antelope; in fact, it is the smallest duiker.[7] The head-and-body length is typically between 55 and 90 centimetres (22 and 35 in). It reaches 32–41 centimetres (13–16 in) at the shoulder and weighs nearly 3.5–9 kilograms (7.7–19.8 lb).[13] P. m. anchietae is the largest subspecies.[7] Sexually dimorphic, the females are slightly larger than the males.[6] The blue duiker is characterised by a flat forehead, large eyes, small ears with a line of white, large nostrils, a broad mouth and agile lips. The dark tail measures slightly above 10 centimetres (3.9 in). A remarkable feature of the tail is the row of white crinkly hairs on either flank that reflect light efficiently, so that when the animal moves its tail up and down, it looks like a luminous signal in the dark habitat.[7][13] The duiker has short, spiky horns, around 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and hidden in hair tufts.[7][14] A row of minute pores surrounded by a few hairs in the preorbital glands (near the eyes) secrete an opaque liquid consisting of 45 volatile compounds.[15] The pedal glands (near the hooves) produce a pungent, whitish fluid.[8]
The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their coloration. The coat can be a shade of blue, grey or brown, and even black. The grey-legged northern subspecies show a grey to brown coloration, with a posterior stripe that marks a transition from the rump to the buttocks. P. m. congicus has a bright grey to black back, with dull grey flanks; a dark brown stripe marks the shift from the black rump to the lighter buttocks. P. m. sundevalli is similar, though the difference between the flanks and the rump is less notable. P. m. aequatorialis is paler and browner than P. m. congicus with a less sharp transition. The stripe is fainter and the back darker in P. m. musculoides. P. m. lugens can be told apart from its darker coloration; the flanks and the dorsal parts are dark grey to brown, the underside grey and a black rump. The diminutive P. m. melanorheus stands apart as well, with black dorsal parts, pinkish grey sides, and long thick fur.
_Cephalophus_monticola.png)
_Cephalophus_maxwelli.png)
The southern subspecies, on the other hand, have reddish tan legs and reddish coats. P. m. hecki is a light fawn to greyish black with light red flanks and a white underbelly; a change in tone can be observed as the rump is a darker reddish fawn. The paler P. m. defriensi is grey in the middle portion of the back, with red to fawn sides, and dark rump and tail. P. m. monticola, light grey to fawn with a reddish rump, is darker than P. m. bicolor, that has reddish-orange flanks. P. m. anchietae is a pale grey or brown on the back with white underparts and a black tail; there is a clear transition from the grey sides and anterior parts to the reddish rump. P. m. simpsoni is distinguished by a facial stripe with white ventral parts; the rump is redder than the flanks.[7]
The blue duiker bears a significant resemblance to Maxwell's duiker. However, the latter is nearly twice as large and heavier as the former, with a larger skull. While coloration is more uniform in Maxwell's duiker, the blue duiker shows two different colorations. Another point of difference is the pedal gland (in the hooves), which has a simpler opening in the blue duiker.[7][16] Walter's duiker is notably lighter in colour; the flanks are brown instead of grey.[10]
The blue duiker is diurnal (active during the day). Secretive and cautious, it confines itself to the forest fringes. Territorial, individuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories, nearly 0.4–0.8 hectares (0.0015–0.0031 sq mi) large and marked by preorbital gland secretions.[14] The animal rubs the preorbital glands on trees and logs to mark its territory with the fluid produced by the glands.[8] A vocal bovid, bird-like chirps denote curiosity in the animal.[14] It can let out yowls typical of cats if distressed. A female not in oestrus will avoid the male's advances, and may even let out a whistling call.[7]
The diet consists of fallen fruits, foliage, flowers and pieces of bark, provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat.[14] Fungi, resin, particularly exudates from Albizia species[7] and animal matter such as ants (which are licked from the ground)[17] may also be included in the diet. The blue duiker can sustain itself on dead foliage better than other duiker species.[7] A 1990 study analysed 12 stomachs and determined the content of dicotyledonous leaves to be 70%, while fruits and seeds comprised 23% of the diets and fresh foliage was plenty and perennial. Fruits were, however, strongly preferred to foliage.[18] In 2001, American zoologist Don E. Wilson observed 18 stomachs, and concluded that nearly three-fourths were occupied by fruits, browse took 15 percent of the volume, while fungi and flowers took 5 percent each.[7] They may forage by tracking the movements of birds and monkeys.[13]
The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies. Wilson observed that females become mature before 13 months, and the minimum age was found to be eight months. He noted that males take longer to mature, nearly 11 to 14 months.[7] The species is monogamous, with pairs remaining together throughout the year.[19] The length of the gestational period has been estimated from as short as four months[20] to as long as seven months.[21][22] The former estimate is supported by observations in the Ituri Rainforest (Democratic Republic of Congo).[23] Births occur throughout the year,[24] though the birth rate might fall in the dry season.[7] The calf can start moving about on its own within 20 minutes of birth, and is nursed thrice a day. It is kept in hiding for most of the time. The nursing intervals become irregular towards weaning, which occurs at 2.5 to 3 months. Males visit their mates occasionally, though they disappear for about a month after the calf's birth to probably protect the calf.[19] A postpartum oestrus occurs three to five days after the birth.[7]
This species can survive in a variety of forests, including old-growth, secondary and gallery forests. Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through canopy.[14] They can also be found in pockets of degraded and regenerated forests from the sea level up to an altitude of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). This duiker can be found in several countries in the western, southern and eastern parts of Africa: Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[1][25]
The blue duiker is categorized as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). It is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). While the population trend is reasonably stable, the blue duiker is threatened by extensive bushmeat hunting across its range. Wilson claimed that the blue duiker has the greatest economic as well as ecological significance of any African ungulate .[1] Blue duiker meat is an important source of nutrition in its range.[14] However, the blue duiker can survive despite human interference in its habitat.[1][25]
P. monticola occurs in the following protected areas across its range: Semuliki National Park (Uganda); Dja Faunal Reserve and Lobéké National Park (Cameroon); Dzanga-Sangha Special Reserve and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park (Central African Republic); Monte Alén National Park (Equatorial Guinea); Lopé National Park and Gamba (Gabon); Odzala, Nouabalé-Ndoki and Conkouati-Douli National Parks and Lake Tele region (Congo-Brazzaville); the Okapi Wildlife Reserve and Maiko, Kahuzi-Biéga and Salonga National Parks (Congo-Kinshasa); and numerous others in Southern Africa.[1][25]
The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola) is a small antelope found in central, southern and eastern Africa. It is the smallest species of duiker. The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789. 12 subspecies are identified. The blue duiker reaches 32–41 centimetres (13–16 in) at the shoulder and weighs 3.5–9 kilograms (7.7–19.8 lb). Sexually dimorphic, the females are slightly larger than the males. The dark tail measures slightly above 10 centimetres (3.9 in). It has short, spiky horns, around 5 centimetres (2.0 in) long and hidden in hair tufts. The subspecies show a great degree of variation in their colouration. The blue duiker bears a significant resemblance to Maxwell's duiker.
Activity is diurnal (limited to daytime). Secretive and cautious, the blue duiker confines itself to the forest fringes. Territorial, individuals of opposite sexes form pairs and occupy territories, nearly 0.4–0.8 hectares (0.0015–0.0031 sq mi) large and marked by preorbital gland secretions. The blue duiker feeds on fallen fruits, foliage, flowers and pieces of bark, provided mainly by the forest canopies in their habitat. The age when sexual maturity is gained has been given differently by different studies. The species is monogamous, with pairs remaining together throughout the year. The length of the gestational period has been estimated from as little as four months to as long as seven months. Births occur throughout the year, though the birth rate might fall in the dry season. The calf is mainly kept in hiding and weaning occurs at 2.5 to 3 months.
The habitat consists of a variety of forests, including old-growth, secondary, and gallery forests. Forests are preferred as these provide the animal with shelter through the dense understory and forage through the canopy. Though categorized as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the blue duiker is under threat from extensive bushmeat hunting across its range.
El duiker azul (Philantomba monticola) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo perteneciente a la familia Bovinae, miembro del género Philantomba que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido por las selvas del África central y austral[2]
Se encuentran en el este de Nigeria hasta Kenia y Tanzania y el sur de Sudáfrica. También se produce en las islas de Zanzíbar, Pemba y Bioko.
El duiker azul (Philantomba monticola) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo perteneciente a la familia Bovinae, miembro del género Philantomba que se encuentra ampliamente distribuido por las selvas del África central y austral
Se encuentran en el este de Nigeria hasta Kenia y Tanzania y el sur de Sudáfrica. También se produce en las islas de Zanzíbar, Pemba y Bioko.
Philantomba monticola Philantomba generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cephalophinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Philantomba monticola Philantomba generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cephalophinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Céphalophe bleu
Le céphalophe bleu (Philantomba monticola) est une petite antilope vivant dans les forêts d'Afrique centrale ou du sud de l'Afrique du Sud.
Il atteint 35 cm au garrot pour environ 4 kg. Sa robe est brune avec un reflet bleuté — d'où son nom — et son ventre est blanc. On distingue en dessous de chaque œil une glande olfactive qui leur sert à marquer leur territoire. Leur tête est surmontée d'une légère crête et de petites cornes coniques de 2 à 10 cm. Les femelles n'ont pas toujours de cornes.
Ces animaux nocturnes vivent seuls ou en couple dans la forêt humide. Ils se nourrissent de fruits, de fleurs ou de feuilles tombées de la canopée, ou même d'œufs ou d'insectes. En retour, ils peuvent être la proie de l'aigle couronné. Très territoriaux, ils arpentent les limites de leur territoire pour les marquer de leurs crottes et d'excrétions de glandes placées au-dessus de leurs sabots et sous leurs yeux. Tout intrus sera expulsé et seuls leurs jeunes seront tolérés jusqu'à ce qu'ils atteignent 18 mois.
Le céphalophe bleu n'est pas du tout menacé. Il est même très commun : au Gabon on en dénombre jusqu'à 80 au kilomètre carré.
Il cefalofo azzurro (Philantomba monticola Thunberg, 1789) è un piccolo cefalofo diffuso nelle foreste dell'Africa centrale e delle regioni meridionali del Sudafrica.
Attualmente, gli studiosi riconoscono dodici sottospecie di cefalofo azzurro[1]:
Il cefalofo azzurro è la più piccola e una delle più numerose e diffuse specie di cefalofo[3][4][5]. Come altri suoi simili, questa piccola antilope ha un caratteristico corpo tozzo, grandi quarti posteriori, dorso arcuato e zampe brevi e snelle, tutti adattamenti che le consentono di muoversi con facilità tra la fitta vegetazione del sottobosco[3][6][7]. Il nome duiker, con cui i cefalofi sono noti in lingua inglese, è una parola afrikaans che significa «tuffatore», e si riferisce all'abitudine, propria di questi animali, di tuffarsi tra la vegetazione se disturbati[6][7]; nel cefalofo azzurro questo comportamento è spesso accompagnato da un forte fischio simile a uno starnuto emesso dal maschio[4][5][8]. Misura 55-90 cm di lunghezza, 32-41 cm di altezza al garrese e pesa 3,5-9 kg; la coda misura 7-13 cm. La colorazione del mantello, diversa da una località all'altra[3][4][5][8], varia dal grigio ardesia al marrone scuro, talvolta con dei riflessi bluastri sul dorso, che hanno attribuito al cefalofo azzurro il nome comune[3][5][9]. Le regioni inferiori sono biancastre[3][5], così come la parte inferiore della coda, dove i peli bianchi leggermente scompigliati riflettono la luce così bene che sullo scuro suolo della foresta questa parte del corpo, tenuta costantemente in movimento, sembra un piccolo lampo che si accende e si spegne[4][5][8].
I cefalofi azzurri hanno occhi grandi, orecchie relativamente piccole e una larga bocca flessibile adattata a una dieta frugivora[3][8]. I sessi sono simili[6] ed entrambi possiedono brevi corna a forma di spina, che talvolta possono mancare nella femmina o essere nascoste da una breve cresta di peli[3][9][10]. Le femmine possono essere leggermente più grandi dei maschi[3][10]. Tutti i cefalofi hanno un ottimo senso dell'olfatto[4] e possiedono grandi e appariscenti chiandole preorbitali, simili a fessure, davanti agli occhi, impiegate nelle marcature odorose[3][5][6][10].
I cefalofi azzurri sono ampiamente diffusi, seppur in modo discontinuo, in tutta l'Africa centrale, orientale e meridionale, dalla Nigeria al Kenya, a est, ad Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe e alcune regioni del Mozambico centrale, a sud, nonché sulle isole di Zanzibar, Pemba e Mafia, e sull'isola di Bioko. Vivono anche in alcune zone del Sudafrica, benché sembri esserci una spaccatura nell'areale della specie, tra la popolazione sudafricana e quelle presenti in Zimbabwe e Mozambico[2][5][6][8][11].
Il cefalofo azzurro abita una vasta gamma di foreste e habitat boschivi, tra cui foreste pluviali di pianura, foreste a galleria, aree coltivate arbustive costiere, fitte boscaglie e foreste di montagna fino a 3000 m di quota. Si incontra sia nelle foreste primarie che in quelle secondarie, e può anche sopravvivere in piccole chiazze di foresta e boscaglia modificate o degradate, comprese quelle nei pressi degli insediamenti umani[2][3][5][8].
I cefalofi azzurri sono più attivi all'alba e al tramonto[4][5][10][12] e si nutrono soprattutto di frutta, così come di foglie, fiori, funghi, semi. Come altri cefalofi, talvolta seguono i branchi di scimmie e uccelli che si nutrono nella foresta, raccogliendo i frutti che lasciano cadere[5][6][8].
Il cefalofo azzurro è monogamo, con coppie che in apparenza rimangono unite per la vita e che vivono in un piccolo territorio, difeso dall'intrusione di altri cefalofi azzurri e regolarmente marcato con secrezioni odorose[4][5][6][8]. La riproduzione può avvenire in ogni periodo dell'anno[3][10], con un unico piccolo che nasce dopo una gestazione di 196-216 giorni[4][5][13]. I piccoli sono in grado di correre mezz'ora dopo la nascita, sebbene di solito rimangano nascosti nel sottobosco per le prime settimane di vita[4][6]. I cefalofi azzurri raggiungono la maturità sessuale all'età di un anno, quando abbandonano il territorio dei genitori[6][10], ed è stato accertato che possano vivere fino a dieci anni[8][9].
Il cefalofo azzurro viene cacciato attivamente in tutto il suo areale e in molte aree è uno dei più importanti componenti del bushmeat[2][14][15]. Le specie di cefalofo sono particolarmente popolari tra i cacciatori, dal momento che sono facili da abbattere e trasportare, e da esse si ricava abbastanza carne da renderne proficua la cattura[16]. Tuttavia, il cefalofo azzurro sembra essere in grado di sopportare la pressione venatoria in modo migliore della maggior parte delle specie più grandi di cefalofo e attualmente è sempre molto diffuso e numeroso[2][8][15].
Tra gli altri potenziali fattori di minaccia ricordiamo la distruzione dell'habitat dovuta all'abbattimento delle foreste per ricavare combustibile e materiale da costruzione, e per lasciare spazio all'agricoltura e agli insediamenti umani[10]. L'abbattimento di alberi da frutta e l'uccisione di scimmie, in particolare, impoverisce l'habitat del cefalofo azzurro e la disponibilità di cibo[8]. Sebbene questa specie, ancora una volta, tolleri meglio questi fattori di altre specie di cefalofo, tanto che riesce a sopravvivere spesso in una vasta gamma di habitat modificati dall'impatto umano, caccia e perdita dell'habitat uniti insieme potrebbero minacciare le popolazioni di alcune aree, portando a diminuzioni locali[2].
Il cefalofo azzurro (Philantomba monticola Thunberg, 1789) è un piccolo cefalofo diffuso nelle foreste dell'Africa centrale e delle regioni meridionali del Sudafrica.
Mėlynasis dukeris (lot. Cephalophus monticola, angl. Blue Duiker, vok. Blauducker) – dukerių (Cephalophinae) pošeimio dykaraginių (Bovidae) žinduolis. Gyvena Vidurio ir Pietų Afrikoje.
De blauwe duiker (Philantomba monticola[2]) is een kleine blauwgrijze antilope uit de onderfamilie der duikers (Cephalophinae). De blauwe duiker komt voor in de bossen van Centraal- en Zuidoost-Afrika.
De blauwe duiker is een gedrongen antilope met dunne poten. Hij heeft een blauwgrijze of bruine vacht. Er zijn echter veel regionale verschillen en er worden verscheidene ondersoorten onderscheiden. Populaties uit vochtigere streken zijn vaker donkerder van kleur dan dieren uit drogere gebieden. De keel is lichter van kleur. Over de staart loopt een smalle, zwarte streep. De onderzijde en rand van de staart hebben witte, kronkelige haren die in het donker licht reflecteren. De blauwe duiker heeft grote ogen, vrij kleine oren een brede, beweeglijke bek. De hoorns zijn klein en kegelvormig. Bij het mannetje zijn deze vijf centimeter lang, bij het vrouwtje twee à drie centimeter.
De blauwe duiker heeft een kop-romplengte van 55 tot 90 centimeter een lichaamsgewicht van 3,5 tot 9 kilogram en een schofthoogte van 32 tot 41 centimeter. De staart is zeven tot dertien centimeter lang.
De blauwe duiker is voornamelijk een dagdier. 's Nachts rust hij onder of naast een boomstam, of in een door andere dieren gegraven kuil. Hij eet voornamelijk bessen en andere vruchten. In gebieden waar weinig fruitbomen groeien, eten ze meer bloemen, afgevallen bladeren, gommen, en insecten. Soms volgen ze vruchtenetende apen en vogels om gevallen vruchten te eten.
De duikers leven in paartjes in een klein territorium. Het territorium wordt afgebakend met stoffen uit de geurklieren tussen de hoeven en in het gezicht, en met uitwerpselen en urine. Vreemde duikers worden weggejaagd. Soms verlaten mannetjes tijdelijk het territorium om tijdelijke voedselbronnen te vinden. Blauwe duikers zijn facultatief monogaam, wat betekent dat mannetjes niet meehelpen met de zorg voor de jongen. Ook foerageren mannetjes en vrouwtjes apart. Wel bewaken mannetje en vrouwtje samen het territorium, en rusten ze samen dicht bij elkaar.
De draagtijd duurt waarschijnlijk vier of vijf maanden. Met zachte kreungeluidjes houdt het vrouwtje contact met haar jongen. Bij gevaar blijven ze stijf stilstaan. Alleen als ze onverwachts opschrikken, vluchten ze weg. Mannetjes maken dan een niezend geluid of een gil om aan te geven dat de rest moet wegrennen. Jongen blijven in het ouderlijk territorium tot ze achttien maanden oud zijn. Ze zijn na een jaar geslachtsrijp en na twee jaar volgroeid. Blauwe duikers worden tot tien jaar oud.
De blauwe duiker leeft van de Niger tot West-Kenia, Gabon en Angola, en langs de oostkust van Afrika van de Kaap tot de Tanarivier. Ook leeft hij op enkele eilandjes, als Zanzibar, Pemba en Bioko. Hij komt voor in allerhande gebieden met veel begroeiing: laagland- en bergbossen, vochtig struikgewas, rivier-, oever- en moerasbossen, galerijbossen en bosmozaïeken.
Ondanks dat de blauwe duiker fel wordt bejaagd voor het vlees, is de soort vrij algemeen en wijdverbreid.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe blauwe duiker (Philantomba monticola) is een kleine blauwgrijze antilope uit de onderfamilie der duikers (Cephalophinae). De blauwe duiker komt voor in de bossen van Centraal- en Zuidoost-Afrika.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dujkerczyk modry[3] (Philantomba monticola)[4] – gatunek ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny wołowatych, jeden z najmniejszych dujkerów.
Obecny zasięg występowania gatunku obejmuje obszary od wschodniej Nigerii przez Afrykę Środkową po południowo-zachodnią część Afryki Wschodniej.
Jego siedliskiem są tereny z gęstym podszytem.
Mała antylopa o brązowym ubarwieniu grzbietu, z niebieskim odcieniem, jasnym spodem. Spodnia część ogona jest biała. Krótkie rogi występują u przedstawicieli obydwu płci, u samców osiągając długość do 10 cm, u samic – do 4 cm. Samice są nieco większe od samców.
Dieta dujkera modrego jest uzależniona od pory roku i środowiska. Żywią się owocami, kwiatami, owadami, grzybami i drobnymi kręgowcami. Są aktywne w ciągu dnia, na noc wracają do stałego miejsca wypoczynku. Żyją 10–15 lat.
Prawdopodobnie gatunek monogamiczny. Samice osiągają dojrzałość płciową pomiędzy 9–12 a samce pomiędzy 12–18 miesiącem życia. W okresie rozrodu samce bronią zajmowanego terytorium, a samica opiekuje się młodym.
Gatunek jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES (załącznik II) – jako Philantomba monticola[5].
W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii LC (least concern – niskiego ryzyka)[2].
Dujkerczyk modry (Philantomba monticola) – gatunek ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny wołowatych, jeden z najmniejszych dujkerów.
A seixa (Philantomba monticola), também conhecida como cabrito-azul,[1] é um pequeno antílope encontrado do leste da Nigéria ao Quênia e Tanzânia e ao sul até a África do Sul. Ocorre também nas ilhas de Zanzibar, Pemba e Bioko.
A seixa (Philantomba monticola), também conhecida como cabrito-azul, é um pequeno antílope encontrado do leste da Nigéria ao Quênia e Tanzânia e ao sul até a África do Sul. Ocorre também nas ilhas de Zanzibar, Pemba e Bioko.
Blå dykare (Cephalophus monticola) är en dykarantilop som man hittar i de centrala delarna av Afrika och i södra Sydafrika.
Den blå dykaren har en mankhöjd på ungefär 35 centimeter och kan väga 4 kilogram. Pälsen är brun med skiftningar i blått och en vit undersida. Den har horn som kan vara mellan 2 och 10 centimeter långa. Ibland saknar honorna horn helt och hållet.
De lever i huvudsak i regnskogen där de äter frukt, blommor, löv, insekter, fågelägg och små fåglar. Den blå dykaren är ett natt levande djur och den lever ensam eller i par. Den har ett revir som den ständig patrullerar och försvarar. Den märker ut sitt revir med doftkörtlar som den har under ögonen och ovanför hovarna och deras avkomma tolereras bara tills de är ungefär 18 månader gamla sedan jagas de iväg.
Den blå dykarens naturliga fiende är den afrikanska kronörnen. Den är en ganska vanlig dykare och i till exempel Gabon kan det finnas ungefär 80 blå dykare på varje kvadratkilometer.
Blå dykare (Cephalophus monticola) är en dykarantilop som man hittar i de centrala delarna av Afrika och i södra Sydafrika.
Den blå dykaren har en mankhöjd på ungefär 35 centimeter och kan väga 4 kilogram. Pälsen är brun med skiftningar i blått och en vit undersida. Den har horn som kan vara mellan 2 och 10 centimeter långa. Ibland saknar honorna horn helt och hållet.
De lever i huvudsak i regnskogen där de äter frukt, blommor, löv, insekter, fågelägg och små fåglar. Den blå dykaren är ett natt levande djur och den lever ensam eller i par. Den har ett revir som den ständig patrullerar och försvarar. Den märker ut sitt revir med doftkörtlar som den har under ögonen och ovanför hovarna och deras avkomma tolereras bara tills de är ungefär 18 månader gamla sedan jagas de iväg.
Den blå dykarens naturliga fiende är den afrikanska kronörnen. Den är en ganska vanlig dykare och i till exempel Gabon kan det finnas ungefär 80 blå dykare på varje kvadratkilometer.
Linh dương hoẵng lam (danh pháp hai phần: Philantomba monticola) là một loài linh dương thuộc chi linh dương hoẵng, trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Thunberg mô tả năm 1789.[2]
Có 12 phân loài được xác định. Linh dương hoẵng lam cao 32–41 cm tại vai và cân nặng gần 3,5–9 kg. Con đực hơi lớn hơn con cái. Đuôi tối màu dài khoảng hơn 10 cm. Sừng dài khoảng 5 cm và ẩn trong lông. Các phân loài khác nhau nhiều về màu sắc. Chúng hoạt động về đêm, ít hoạt động ban ngày. Chúng thân trọng và kín đáo, chỉ giới hạn ở các bìa rừng. Các cặp đực cái sống với nhau. Chúng là loài có ý thức giữ lãnh thổ và đánh dấu lãnh thổ riêng bằng mùi với diện tích chiếm giữ gần 0,4-0,8 ha. Chúng ăn lá trái cây rụng, lá cây, hoa và các mảnh vỏ câyrụng, trái cây, được cung cấp chủ yếu bởi những tán cây rừng trong môi trường sống của chúng. Độ tuổi khi thành thục sinh dục là đã đạt được người ta xác định khác nhau theo các nghiên cứu khác nhau. Chúng có chế độ một vợ một chồng, các cặp ở với nhau trong suốt cả năm. Chiều dài của thời kỳ mang thai đã được ước tính từ khi ít nhất là bốn tháng đến tận bảy tháng. Sự sinh sản diễn ra trong suốt cả năm, mặc dù tỷ lệ sinh có thể rơi vào mùa khô. Con non chủ yếu được nuôi ở ở nơi che giấu và cai sữa xảy ra tại 2,5-3 tháng.
Các môi trường sống loài này bao gồm một loạt các khu rừng, trong đó có rừng lâu năm, rừng dọc sông thứ cấp. Rừng là nơi sinh sống được ưa thích vì chúng cung cấp loài này chỗ ở thông qua việc dày đặc cỏ lớp dưới và thông qua các tán cây. Loài này được phân loài là loài ít quan tâm bởi Liên minh Quốc tế Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên và Tài nguyên Thiên nhiên (IUCN). Trong khi xu hướng dân số là hợp lý ổn định, loài đang bị đe dọa bởi nạn săn bắn thịt rừng rộng lớn trên phạm vi phân bố.
Phương tiện liên quan tới Cephalophus monticola tại Wikimedia Commons
.png){kind=small}
Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Linh dương hoẵng lam (danh pháp hai phần: Philantomba monticola) là một loài linh dương thuộc chi linh dương hoẵng, trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Thunberg mô tả năm 1789.
Có 12 phân loài được xác định. Linh dương hoẵng lam cao 32–41 cm tại vai và cân nặng gần 3,5–9 kg. Con đực hơi lớn hơn con cái. Đuôi tối màu dài khoảng hơn 10 cm. Sừng dài khoảng 5 cm và ẩn trong lông. Các phân loài khác nhau nhiều về màu sắc. Chúng hoạt động về đêm, ít hoạt động ban ngày. Chúng thân trọng và kín đáo, chỉ giới hạn ở các bìa rừng. Các cặp đực cái sống với nhau. Chúng là loài có ý thức giữ lãnh thổ và đánh dấu lãnh thổ riêng bằng mùi với diện tích chiếm giữ gần 0,4-0,8 ha. Chúng ăn lá trái cây rụng, lá cây, hoa và các mảnh vỏ câyrụng, trái cây, được cung cấp chủ yếu bởi những tán cây rừng trong môi trường sống của chúng. Độ tuổi khi thành thục sinh dục là đã đạt được người ta xác định khác nhau theo các nghiên cứu khác nhau. Chúng có chế độ một vợ một chồng, các cặp ở với nhau trong suốt cả năm. Chiều dài của thời kỳ mang thai đã được ước tính từ khi ít nhất là bốn tháng đến tận bảy tháng. Sự sinh sản diễn ra trong suốt cả năm, mặc dù tỷ lệ sinh có thể rơi vào mùa khô. Con non chủ yếu được nuôi ở ở nơi che giấu và cai sữa xảy ra tại 2,5-3 tháng.
Các môi trường sống loài này bao gồm một loạt các khu rừng, trong đó có rừng lâu năm, rừng dọc sông thứ cấp. Rừng là nơi sinh sống được ưa thích vì chúng cung cấp loài này chỗ ở thông qua việc dày đặc cỏ lớp dưới và thông qua các tán cây. Loài này được phân loài là loài ít quan tâm bởi Liên minh Quốc tế Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên và Tài nguyên Thiên nhiên (IUCN). Trong khi xu hướng dân số là hợp lý ổn định, loài đang bị đe dọa bởi nạn săn bắn thịt rừng rộng lớn trên phạm vi phân bố.
Philantomba monticola (Thunberg, 1789)
Синонимы
Голубой дукер[1] (Philantomba monticola) — небольшое африканское млекопитающее семейства полорогих. Самый маленький вид своего подсемейства (Cephalophinae).
Голубой дукер очень маленькое животное, вес тела может составлять до 4,7 кг а высота в холке — до 35 см. Самки немного тяжелее чем самцы, которые редко весят больше чем 4 кг[2]. Окрас верхней части тела от сланцевато-серого до тёмно-коричневого цвета, имеет серо-голубой отлив. Брюхо и нижняя сторона хвоста белёсые. Эта окраска шерсти хорошо маскирует голубых дукеров в приглушённом свете леса. Дукеры постоянно виляют своим коротким, пушистым чёрно-белым хвостом. У самцов и самок крохотные (в среднем 3 см), острые рога, иногда прикрытые хохолком.
Ареал голубого дукера охватывает территорию Африки южнее экватора от Восточной Капской провинции ЮАР до Западной Африки. У данного вида, в сравнении с другими видами дукеров, самый большой ареал[3].
Голубой дукер обитает в густых лесных и кустарниковых зарослях, но часто появляется и на полянах. Обязательным условием для его местообитания является наличие водоёма.
Голубые дукеры живут преимущественно парами, длительно занимая территорию площадью 0,4 — 0,8 га[2]. Границы территории помечают животные обоих полов. Они трутся о листья, ветки и стволы деревьев, оставляя на них пахучие вещества из своих желёз. Активны как днём, так и ночью. Размножение происходит круглый год. Через 210 дней беременности на свет появляется один детёныш. Он весит примерно 400 г. В возрасте от 3-х до 4-х месяцев детёныш отлучается от матери, а в возрасте немного более одного года родители прогоняют его со своей территории.
Голубой дукер (Philantomba monticola) — небольшое африканское млекопитающее семейства полорогих. Самый маленький вид своего подсемейства (Cephalophinae).
蓝麂羚（学名 Cephalophus monticola） 是一种生活在中非和南非南部的小型森林麂羚。
蓝麂羚肩高约35厘米，体重4公斤，有著褐色的毛皮，略偏蓝色（它们也因此得名），腹部为白色。在头顶上有一细少红色的冠状物。蓝麂羚眼睛下方有微小裂缝，耳朵之间有小型冠状物。蓝麂羚长有2到10厘米的角，雌性蓝麂羚有时不长角。
蓝麂羚主要居住在雨林中，以水果、花和树叶为食，它们有时也吃鸟蛋、昆虫乃至小鸟。它们是冠鹰雕捕食的对象。蓝麂羚在夜间活动，一般为独处或成对。它们的领地意识很强。
蓝麂羚目前的数量比较多，没有灭绝的危险。在加蓬，蓝麂羚的密度达到每平方公里80头。
蓝麂羚（学名 Cephalophus monticola） 是一种生活在中非和南非南部的小型森林麂羚。
蓝麂羚肩高约35厘米，体重4公斤，有著褐色的毛皮，略偏蓝色（它们也因此得名），腹部为白色。在头顶上有一细少红色的冠状物。蓝麂羚眼睛下方有微小裂缝，耳朵之间有小型冠状物。蓝麂羚长有2到10厘米的角，雌性蓝麂羚有时不长角。
蓝麂羚主要居住在雨林中，以水果、花和树叶为食，它们有时也吃鸟蛋、昆虫乃至小鸟。它们是冠鹰雕捕食的对象。蓝麂羚在夜间活动，一般为独处或成对。它们的领地意识很强。
蓝麂羚目前的数量比较多，没有灭绝的危险。在加蓬，蓝麂羚的密度达到每平方公里80头。
ブルーダイカー（Cephalophus monticola）は、哺乳綱偶蹄目ウシ科ダイカー属に分類されるレイヨウ。
アフリカ大陸中部
体長60cm。肩高35-40 cm。体重4-6 kg。眼の下にある臭腺（眼下腺）は発達し黒い筋のように見える。
熱帯雨林に生息する。夜行性で群れは形成せず、単独で生活する。性格は臆病で、危険を感じるとすぐに茂みの中へ逃げ込む。天敵としてはチンパンジー、ヒョウ、ワシ、人間等が挙げられる。
LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))
生息地では食用とされることもある。
![[icon]](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／プロジェクト:生物）。
파란다이커(Philantomba monticola)는 숲에서 서식하는 작은 다이커의 일종이다. 중앙아프리카와 남아프리카공화국에서 발견된다. 어때 높이는 약 35cm이고 몸무게는 4kg 정도이다.
