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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 21.3 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen lived for 21.3 years (Richard Weigl 2005). Although these animals have been studied in captivity and are common in zoos, considering the longevity of similar species it is possible that maximum longevity is underestimated.
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Behavior ( 英語 )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Kapheim 2000. "Leontopithecus chrysomelas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_chrysomelas.html
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Leontopithecus chrysomela numbers have been significantly depleted over the past several years. The remaining wild population, which exists only in a small region of Brazil, includes a total of 200 animals. The main problems for L. chrysomela are habitat destruction and illegal live capture. Over the past several years, these tamarins have been captured for use in zoological parks, laboratories, and the pet trade. However, this is a small problem compared to the habitat destruction this species has been faced with (Mitchell and Erwin 1986, Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

Only 1-5% of Brazil's original Atlantic forest is left standing. Deforestation has occurred heavily over the past five years to provide lumber and space for agriculture, livestock pasture, and housing development (Mitchell and Erwin 1986, Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

There are currently a few conservation projects in effect in Brazil. Una Biological Reserve is a protected 11,000 ha area within L. chrysomela range. However, reports indicate that this amount of space is still inadequate to promote a recovery of the population. The United States, in conjunction with the World Wildlife Federation and many smaller Brazilian institutions, has had a conservation program running since 1979. However, population size has declined dramatically since then. A third conservation effort, the Rio de Janeiro Primate Center, has a captive breeding colony of L. chrysomela. However, the colony is made up of only 25 animals (Mitchell and Erwin 1986, Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Morphology ( 英語 )

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Head and body length: 200-336mm

Tail length: 315-400mm

The physical appearance of Leontopithecus chrysomela is similar to other species of tamarins. It has relatively large canines with a small head and body. It is mostly black with a thick, long golden mane (Nowak and Paradiso 1983). There is very little sexual dimorphism in this species; males and females are quite similar in appearance (Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

Range mass: 360 to 710 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
21.3 years.

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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Leontopithecus chrysomela lives in the tropical forests of South America at heights of 3 to 10 meters (Mitchell and Erwin 1986, Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Golden-headed lion tamarins are found only in Brazil. Due to habitat destruction, they are confined to the southern part of the state of Bahia, Brazil (Mitchell and Erwin 1986).

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Benefits ( 英語 )

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The cocoa industry is fairly large in Brazil. Because cocoa plants grow best in shade, plantation owners prefer to have forests surrounding their crop. Therefore, a few of the forests that would have been destroyed for development have been left intact (Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

The tamarins, after being pushed out of their native forests, have started to move into these plantation forests. Many plantation owners have complained that this movement is adversely affecting their crop (Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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Golden-headed lion tamarins are primarily insectivorous and frugivorous. However, they have been known to eat invertebrates such as spiders and snails. There are also records of this species eating lizards, bird eggs, and even small birds (Nowak and Paradiso 1983).

Animal Foods: birds; reptiles; eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Lundrigan, B. and K. Kapheim 2000. "Leontopithecus chrysomelas" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_chrysomelas.html
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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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In tamarin society, males and females mate for life and take equal part in raising their young.

Mating System: monogamous

Leontopithecus chrysomelas is a seasonal breeder. Breeding occurs mostly during the warm and wet season, September through March (Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso 1983).

Males and females reach sexually maturity at different times: males at approximately 24 months, and females at 18 months. Upon reaching sexual maturity, females begin an estrous cycle of two to three weeks. There is a gestation period of 125-132 days (Nowak, R.M. and J.L. Paradiso 1983)

Breeding season: Breeding occurs mostly during the warm and wet season, September through March

Range gestation period: 125 to 132 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 18 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 24 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Both males and females care for their young.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female)

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Biology ( 英語 )

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Like other lion tamarins, golden-headed-lion tamarins are diurnal. They feed mainly on fruits, and play an important role in seed dispersal. They also feed on flowers and nectar (2), and prey on small animals such as frogs, snails, lizards and spiders, and may opportunistically feed on gums, saps and latex from trees (3) (5). Animal prey is found in the forest floor litter and in the trees, in holes and crevices, and by breaking rotting wood to find large insects (6) (8). Their long hands and slender fingers help with this method of foraging (3) (5). These social monkeys live in small groups of about 2 – 11 individuals (average 5 – 8) in low densities of 0.5-1 group per km². There can be more than one adult male and female in the group but only one female actually breeds (7) (8). The other females' reproduction is suppressed by the behavioural domination by the reproductive female, and by the effects of her pheromones and genital gland scent (5). Males and other group members play a major role in caring for the young (9). The co-operative breeding system of callitrichids appears to be unique amongst primates, and serves to help the breeding female care for the offspring (6). Lactation and feeding the young demands a great deal of energy, and so males and other group members often carry the young, allowing the female more time to forage and feed, while other members of the group also help by surrendering food morsels to the young and breeding female (6). This explains why the female is usually larger in size than the male. In fact research suggests that smaller males are often preferred mating partners by the females as they are more nimble in the forest and therefore better food gatherers (5). Like other callitrichids, this lion tamarin usually gives birth to twins (3) (7). Gestation period is 125-130 days (9), and the offspring are born 9 – 15 % of the mother's weight, which is considerably heavier than those of other primates. They are carried everywhere rather than being left in nests (7). Once established as breeders in a group, a female can produce twins once a year, and sometimes twice (7).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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In the 1970s the numbers of these monkeys in zoos were declining as fast as those in the wild (5) (7). At this time, researchers from the National Zoological Park in Washington DC developed techniques for successfully breeding this species in captivity, and created a conservation plan to implement genetic and demographic management of the captive population involving long term studies of the species, educating local communities about conservation efforts, and increasing the extent of protected habitats (5). Lion tamarins are now flagship species used in education programmes as ambassadors for their endangered rainforest habitat. To save the species, the Atlantic coastal forest has to be saved, which encourages people to protect the whole ecosystem (3). In 1995 the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, combined with local Brazilian organizations, signed a formal contract to reinforce current conservation measures, and develop new ones. Vital projects included the purchase of new land, habitat regeneration, especially the planting of 'green corridors' between fragmented forest areas, community education and the training of local staff (3). Many other conservation organizations – such as Conservation International and the Wildlife Conservation Society - are also doing equally important work in Brazil (2). The survival of this species depends on this vigilant monitoring and management of wild populations, captive breeding and habitat restoration, otherwise it could still become extinct in the next decade (5). This is a great example of how conservation can work to save a species, but it also highlights how close we came to losing this extraordinary primate (6).
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Description ( 英語 )

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The golden-headed lion tamarin's name describes its striking appearance perfectly. The thick, long golden to orange mane around its face is indeed reminiscent of a male lion's mane (3). When in danger or defending its territory, this tamarin raises its fantastic mane and fluffs up its fur to give it the appearance of being bigger than it really is, whilst flicking its tongue at the intruder to scare them away (5). Females and males are very similar in appearance, as are the young, but unlike most other primates, it is the adult female that is usually larger than the adult male (6). The body is predominantly shiny and black, with golden to orange limbs and paws, and a black and golden coloured, long tail (7). Its fore and hind limbs are similar in size, allowing it to move quadrupedally through the forest (6). Their fingers are long and dextrous and, like all callitrichids, the nails have evolved into claws on all but the big toe, which has a flattened nail, allowing them to climb in a squirrel-like fashion through the trees (2) (3) (5).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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This species inhabits dense primary lowland and high-elevation forest (2). They exploit the forest in the early stages of succession for food but also depend on tall, mature forest for their sleeping holes, which are originally dug out by woodpeckers (5).
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Range ( 英語 )

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Just 2-5 % of the golden-headed lion tamarin's original habitat remains in Brazil (3). This species is now only found in the east of Brazil, in the southern portion of Bahia (2) (3) (7). Here, the majority are confined to the protected Una Biological Reserve (3). They were originally found much more widely across eastern Brazil; today, surviving populations are scattered and thinly distributed (7).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Classified as Endangered (EN B2ab(i-v); C2a(i)) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1), and listed on Appendix 1 of CITES (4).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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Golden-headed lion tamarins are among the world's most critically endangered mammals (8). Their habitat is one of the first to be cleared because they live in lowland forests. Currently only 2-5% of its original habitat remains (3), the rest being removed for timber or charcoal, and to make way for plantations, cattle pasture, and industry (7). Eastern and South-eastern Brazil was also one of the first areas to be colonised almost 500 years ago and is now one of the most densely inhabited areas in Brazil, exerting huge pressures on the land's resources (5) (8). Critically low numbers in the wild are due almost exclusively to habitat loss (2). This primate also suffers losses because of natural predators such as ocelots, snakes, hawks and eagles. In addition, this species has suffered from trade, as its amazing appearance makes it a prize pet and very popular in zoos (7) (9). However, captive breeding in zoos and subsequent reintroductions have also helped save this species from extinction, so its former collection for zoos has also had a very positive impact (2). Since it has been listed as Endangered by the IUCN and hunting and trade of the species has been banned (1) (4), it is hoped that hunting no longer poses a threat, though sadly there are still occasional reports of illegal trade in this species (7). Deforestation and habitat loss, however, are more difficult problems to solve (6).
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Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 布列塔尼語 )

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Leontopithecus chrysomelas[1] a zo ur spesad primated e-touez kerentiad ar Cebidae.

Emañ al loen en arvar da vont da get abalamour d'an digoadañ dreist-holl, ma ya e dachenn annez war goazhañ ingal.

Doareoù pennañ

Ur pevarzroadeg-deiz eo al loen-mañ.

Boued

Annez

 src=
  • ██ Tiriad Leontopithecus chrysomelas.
  • Kavet e vez e reter Brazil, e kreisteiz Bahia dreist-holl.

    Liamm diavaez


    Commons
    Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

    a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

    Notennoù ha daveennoù

    1. N'en deus al loen anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Brief Summary ( 布列塔尼語 )

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas a zo ur spesad primated e-touez kerentiad ar Cebidae.

    Emañ al loen en arvar da vont da get abalamour d'an digoadañ dreist-holl, ma ya e dachenn annez war goazhañ ingal.

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    Tití lleó de cap daurat ( 加泰隆語 )

    由wikipedia CA提供

    El tití lleó de cap daurat (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) és una espècie de mico de la família dels cal·litríquids que viu a l'estat brasiler de Bahia.

    Aspecte físic

    La longitud dels seu cos (inclòs el cap) ronda els 30 cm. La cua és lleugerament més llarga, entre 30 i 40 cm. Els exemplars adults pesen entre 480 i 700 grams. El seu pelatge és llarg en tot el cos. Al cap, a la part superior de la cua i als braços és de color daurat. La resta del pelatge és negre.

    Referències

    Enllaços externs

    En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
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    Tití lleó de cap daurat: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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    El tití lleó de cap daurat (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) és una espècie de mico de la família dels cal·litríquids que viu a l'estat brasiler de Bahia.

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    Lvíček zlatohlavý ( 捷克語 )

    由wikipedia CZ提供
    ikona
    Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
    Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

    Lvíček zlatohlavý (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) je endemický druh vyskytující se ostrůvkovitě v tropických pralesích brazilských států Bahia a Minas Gerais.

    Popis

    Délka těla je 24–29 cm, délka ocasu přibližně 35 cm. Váží přibližně 500–550 g.

    Potrava

    Má velmi širokou stravu. Konzumuje rostliny, ovoce, květiny, nektar a malé živočichy, například larvy hmyzu, pavouky, slimáky, žáby, ještěrky, ptáky a malé hady.

    Rozmnožování

    Samice pohlavně dospívají v 2 letech, samci v 18 měsících. Březost trvá asi 130 dní, mláďata se rodí od září do března. Samice přivede na svět 1-2 mláďata, odstavena jsou v 3-5 měsících.

    Způsob života

    Mladí jedinci zůstávají s rodiči do odstavu a pomáhají s péčí o nejmladší. Ve volné přírodě se dožívají asi 15 let, v lidské péči až 28 let.

    Ohrožení, ochrana

    Lvíček zlatohlavý je zařazen do CITES I. V důsledku kácení lesů je jeho areál nesouvislý a izolované populace natolik malé, že jim hrozí vyhubení. Ve volné přírodě žije asi 6000 až 15 000 jedinců (údaj z roku 2008).[2]

    Chov v zoo

    V Evropě chová tento druh přibližně 30 evropských zoo.[3] V Česku lvíčka zlatohlavého chová v rámci Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad Zoo Brno a Zoo Plzeň.[4] V letech 1995–2012 byl chován taktéž v Zoo Praha[3], kde se v roce 2005 podařil prvoodchov mezi českými zoo.[5]

    Reference

    V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Golden-headed lion tamarin na anglické Wikipedii.

    1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
    2. KIERULFF, M. C. M. Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Golden-headed Lion Tamarin). www.iucnredlist.org [online]. IUCN, 2008 [cit. 2018-09-02]. Dostupné online.
    3. a b www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2018-12-27]. Dostupné online.
    4. Ročenka Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad 2017
    5. HUBA, Mikuláš. O českých a slovenských metódach vyhnutia sa udržateľnému rozvoju. Envigogika. 2007-12-30, roč. 2, čís. 3. Dostupné online [cit. 2018-12-27]. ISSN 1802-3061. DOI:10.14712/18023061.124.
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    Lvíček zlatohlavý: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

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    ikona Tento článek není dostatečně ozdrojován a může tedy obsahovat informace, které je třeba ověřit.
    Jste-li s popisovaným předmětem seznámeni, pomozte doložit uvedená tvrzení doplněním referencí na věrohodné zdroje.

    Lvíček zlatohlavý (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) je endemický druh vyskytující se ostrůvkovitě v tropických pralesích brazilských států Bahia a Minas Gerais.

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    Goldkopflöwenäffchen ( 德語 )

    由wikipedia DE提供

    Das Goldkopflöwenäffchen (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Löwenäffchen, die zur Familie der Krallenaffen (Callitrichidae) gezählt wird.

    Beschreibung

    Goldkopflöwenäffchen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 24 bis 29 Zentimetern, eine Schwanzlänge von rund 35 Zentimetern und ein Gewicht von 500 bis 550 Gramm. Ihr Fell ist hauptsächlich schwarz gefärbt, die buschige Mähne und die Vorderpfoten sind rötlich oder gelb. Wie bei allen Löwenäffchen ist ihr Gesicht haarlos und die langen Finger enden mit Ausnahme der ersten Zehe der Hinterpfoten in Krallen.

    Verbreitung und Lebensraum

    Goldkopflöwenäffchen leben nur in einem kleinen Gebiet in der südlichen Küstenregion des brasilianischen Bundesstaates Bahia.[1] Lebensraum dieser Primaten sind vorwiegend tropische Wälder.

    Lebensweise

    Diese Tiere sind Baumbewohner und halten sich in einer Höhe von drei bis 10 Metern auf. Sie sind tagaktiv und schlafen in der Nacht meist in Baumhöhlen.

    Sie leben in Familiengruppen von zwei bis acht Tieren, die sich meist aus einem erwachsenen Paar und ihrem Nachwuchs zusammensetzen. Manchmal gibt es mehrere erwachsene Weibchen, dann pflanzt sich aber nur das dominante Weibchen fort. Die Gruppen sind durch ein ausgeprägtes Sozialverhalten geprägt, die Fellpflege und das Teilen der Nahrung spielen eine wichtige Rolle. Mit einer Reihe von Lauten verständigen sich die Gruppenmitglieder untereinander Die Reviergröße beträgt rund 75 Hektar, gegenüber Außenstehenden wird das Territorium vehement verteidigt.

    Nahrung

    Diese Tiere sind Allesfresser, sie ernähren sich sowohl von Insekten, Spinnen und kleinen Wirbeltieren als auch von pflanzlichem Material, vorwiegend Früchten. Die langen Finger und die großen Schneidezähne dienen dazu, kleine Beutetiere aus der Baumrinde hervorzuholen.

    Fortpflanzung

     src=
    Goldkopflöwenäffchen

    Einmal im Jahr, in der warmen, feuchten Jahreszeit (meist zwischen September und April), bringt das Weibchen nach rund 125- bis 132-tägiger Tragzeit den Nachwuchs zur Welt. Meist kommen Zwillinge zur Welt, aber auch Einzel- und Drillingsgeburten sind belegt. Die ganze Gruppe, vor allem aber der Vater, beteiligt sich an der Aufzucht der Jungen. Er trägt sie herum und sorgt für sie. Weibchen erreichen die Geschlechtsreife mit rund 18 Monaten, Männchen mit rund 24 Monaten. Das höchste bekannte Alter eines Tieres betrug 18 Jahre.

    Bedrohung und Schutz

    Wie alle Löwenäffchen leben Goldkopflöwenäffchen ausschließlich im südostbrasilianischen Regenwald, der besonders stark durch Rodung und Zersiedlung betroffen ist. Mehr als 90 % des Lebensraumes dieser Tiere sind verschwunden, sodass sie heute nur mehr in einem kleinen Gebiet im südlichen Küstenstreifen des Bundesstaates Bahia vorkommen. Neben der Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums war auch die illegale Jagd, um sie zu Haustieren zu machen, für die Art bedrohend.

    In den 1980er-Jahren wurde ein intensives Zucht- und Wiederaussiedlungsprogramm gestartet, dass dazu führte, dass sich die Bestände wieder deutlich erholten. Schutzgebiete wurden errichtet und mit Bildungsinitiativen wurde auf die Bedrohungen aufmerksam gemacht. Heute werden die Bestände auf 6000 bis 15000 Tiere geschätzt, was bei weitem die höchste Zahl aller Löwenäffchenarten darstellt. Trotzdem stellt die Zerstückelung ihres Verbreitungsgebietes ein Problem dar, sodass die IUCN die Art weiterhin als stark gefährdet (endangered) listet.

    Im Europäischen Erhaltungszuchtprogramm führt der Zoo Antwerpen das Zuchtbuch für das Goldkopflöwenäffchen. Es sind zurzeit 600 Individuen registriert.

    Literatur

    Einzelnachweise

    1. Almada Mata Atlântica Project: AMAP. Abgerufen am 30. November 2018.
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    Goldkopflöwenäffchen: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

    由wikipedia DE提供

    Das Goldkopflöwenäffchen (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Löwenäffchen, die zur Familie der Krallenaffen (Callitrichidae) gezählt wird.

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    Golden-headed lion tamarin ( 英語 )

    由wikipedia EN提供

    The golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore is considered to be an endangered species. It lives at heights of 3–10 metres (9.8–32.8 ft). Its preferred habitat is within mature forest, but with habitat destruction this is not always the case. Several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group, and the type of social system that may be apparent. The golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals, with the average size ranging from 4 to 7.[5] According to various sources, the group may consist of two adult males, one adult female, and any immature individuals,[6] one male and one female and any immature individuals,[7] or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members, usually offspring from previous generations.[8][9] There is not much known on its mating system, but according to different sources, and information on the possible social groups, it can be assumed that some may practice monogamous mating systems,[7] and some may practice polyandrous mating systems.[6] Both males and females invest energy in caring for the young,[7] and all members of the group also help with juvenile care.[8][9]

    Diet

    At the Zürich Zoo

    Raboy & Dietz, who completed a study at Una Biological Reserve on diet and foraging patterns, observed that the golden-headed lion tamarin tends to defend a large home range relative to its small body size,[10] (ranging from 40–320 hectares).[11] It has a very wide diet; it eats plants, fruits, flowers, nectar, insects and small invertebrates; which include insect larvae, spiders, snails, frogs, lizards, bird eggs and small snakes. Typically, fruits are eaten shortly after awaking, as the fruit sugars provide quick energy for hunting later on. It searches for animal prey within epiphytic bromeliads; if its home range does not contain many bromeliads, then it will also forage in crevices, holes in trees, between palm fronds and in leaf litter. It occasionally eats gum, but this behavior is rare in this species of tamarin. Since its habitat is fairly stable within the rainforest, its preferred food is available year-round and they do not need to resort to the low nutritional value of exudates.

    Behavior

    The study showed that in the wild the golden-headed lion tamarin spends about 50% of its time in only 11% of its home range. Its ranging patterns appear to be strongly influenced by resource acquisition and much less by territorial defense. The groups showed very few encounters with neighboring groups, but when it did occur, the encounters were always aggressive, and included intensive bouts of long-calling,[12] chases, and fights between the different groups.[10] The golden-headed lion tamarin spends much of its time foraging and traveling within its home range to the next foraging site. Keep in mind that this study was completed at the biggest intact forest available to L. chrysomelas, so its behavior may change depending on the habitat and resources available. At a golden-headed lion tamarin site in Lemos Maia, it was shown that groups had an average home range of only 63 hectares,[13] but they ranged in a patch of forest that was almost entirely discontinuous from the neighboring forests.[14][15]

    Range

    Its home range may be large in order to provide a sufficient amount of easily depletable fruit and prey foraging sites over the long term.[16][17] On average it defended home ranges that are 123 hectares. Space is not necessarily used exclusively, and golden-headed lion tamarin groups may occupy areas that overlap to some extent at their borders[18]

    Conservation

    Adult at Chester Zoo

    The IUCN Red List categorized the golden-headed lion tamarin as endangered in 1982. According to Costa, Leite, Mendes, and Ditchfield, Brazil accounts for about 14% of the world's biota and has the largest mammal diversity in the world, with more than 530 described species.[19] According to the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), out of the 24 endemic primates of the Atlantic Forest, 15 of them are threatened. Brazil's Atlantic forest is one of the most endangered ecosystems on earth, in which the majority of the original forest has been cleared for farming, mining, ranching & expanding urban centers.[20] The four species of lion tamarin have been studied and managed extensively, combining research on ecology, captive breeding, reintroduction and translocation, habitat restoration and protection, and environmental education.[19]

    Threats to survival

    The forest of Bahia, Brazil has been reduced to 2% due to farming, ranching, mining and urbanization.[21] The Atlantic Forest is highly fragmented, and the disappearance of this habitat is the main reason for the golden-headed lion tamarin's decline. The majority of the forest was once dominated by cocoa plants through a method known as cabruca. This is a system of shade cropping in which the middle and understory trees are removed and replaced with cocoa trees.[22] Although the tamarin's habitat is reduced, it still leaves old growth trees which give the tamarins a place to forage and to sleep. In 1989 farmers abandoned their cocoa plants due to a fungus that attacked their harvest. The old growth which was once available abundantly to the tamarins was destroyed to harvest timber, clear land for cattle or grow other crops.[21] The Atlantic Forest is now a mosaic of primary and secondary forest, and agricultural lands.[23]

    Conservation efforts

    In 1980 the Brazilian government created the Una Biological Reserve for the protection of the golden-headed lion tamarin and its habitat. Over the years the park has been growing slowly as the government acquires more land. The population at Una is the largest population in the most intact forest. There is also a captive breeding colony of 25 golden-headed lion tamarins at the Rio de Janeiro Primate Center. Due to a great amount of help, scientist believe that there are around 6000 Golden-headed lion tamarin in the wild.

    In the early 1990s, the Landowner's Environmental Protection Plan was created to educate the community about the importance of protecting the forest and the tamarin. The protection plan included conservation activities on over 70% of the neighboring farms, educating farmers on how to use sustainable agriculture in order to preserve the tamarin's habitat. The plan also educates school children, hunters and forest guards on conservation, property rights and land use. This method of educating and involving the community has had great success for preserving the tamarin and their habitat.[21]

    Kleiman and Mallinson summarize the conservation efforts that the IBAMA have made in order to help all four of the tamarin species with their population decline.[20] Between 1985 and 1991 IBAMA established four International Recovery and Management Committees (IRMCs). These IRMCs provide IBAMA with official guidance in the recovery efforts and management of the four species,[20] and they are recognized by the government of Brazil as technical advisors.

    Public concerns of the tamarin species occurred in the 1960s when Adelmar Coimbra-Filho brought to the attention the rapid declines of the golden lion tamarin due to exportation and habitat destruction. His input helped with the establishment of the biological reserves to protect lion tamarins. He founded the Rio de Janeiro Primate Center and he was the first person to breed the golden-headed lion tamarin. From 1983-1994 large numbers of golden headed lion tamarins were exported to Japan and Belgium as part of the exotic pet trade. IBAMA asked Jeremy Mallinson to form and become chair of an IRMC for the golden-headed lion tamarin. The initial objective of the committee was to have all of the tamarins returned to Brazil, and some of them were returned. The committees promotes lion tamarins as a flagship species with the ultimate intent being the preservation of the unique Atlantic Forest, ecosystem and its many endemic plants and animal.[20]

    The IRMC is divided into several tasks which include the captive management and research program, conservation and education program in Bahia, a Landowner's Environmental Education Program, and a field study of ecology and behavior in the Federal Una Biological Reserve. They provide IBAMA with recommendations concerning demographic and genetic management, research proposals for wild and captive populations, community conservation education programs, expansion of protected areas through land acquisition, and they also lobby appropriate agencies to support new legislation.[20] The IRMC members are international in composition with members from diverse disciplines, consisting of conservationists, field biologists, zoo biologists, educators, administrators, and IBAMA staff.[20]

    References

    1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
    2. ^ Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
    3. ^ Kierulff, M. C. M.; Rylands, A. B.; Mendes, S. L. & de Oliveira, M. M. (2008). "Leontopithecus chrysomelas". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T40643A10347712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40643A10347712.en. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
    4. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
    5. ^ Baker AJ, Bales K, Dietz JM. (2002). Mating system and group dynamics in lion tamarins. In: Kleiman DG, Rylands AB, editors. Lion Tamarins: biology and conservation. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 188-212.
    6. ^ a b Kleiman DG, Geist G. (2003). Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. 14th vol.
    7. ^ a b c Lundrigan, B. and K. Kapheim. (2000). Leontopithecus chrysomelas (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_chrysomelas.html.
    8. ^ a b Rothe H, Darms K. (1993). The social organization of marmosets: a critical evaluation of recent concepts. In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins. Systematics, behaviour and ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 176-199.
    9. ^ a b French JA. (1997). Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. In: Solomon NG, French JA, editors. Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 34-75.
    10. ^ a b Raboy BE, Dietz JM. (2004). Diet, Foraging, and Use of Space in Wild Golden Headed Lion Tamarins. American Journal of Primatology 63:1-15.
    11. ^ Rylands AB. (1993). The ecology of the lion tamarins, Leontopithecus: Some intrageneric differences and comparisons with other callitrichids. In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 296-313.
    12. ^ Ruiz-Miranda CR, Archer CA, Kleiman DG. (2002). Acoustic differences between spontaneous and induced long calls of golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. Folia Primatol 73:124-131.
    13. ^ Rylands AB. (1989). Sympatric Brazilian callitrichids: the black tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix kuhli, and the golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas. J. Hum. Evol. 18:679-695.
    14. ^ Rylands AB. (1982). The ecology and behaviour of three species of marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae, Primates) in Brazil. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    15. ^ Rylands AB. (1996). Habitat and the evolution of social and reproductive behavior in the Callitrichidae. Am. J. Primatol. 38:5-18.
    16. ^ Dietz JM, Peres CA, Pinder L. (1997). Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Am J Primatol 41:289-305.
    17. ^ Peres CA. (1989). Costs and benefits of territorial defense in wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:227-233.
    18. ^ Peres CA. (2000). Territorial defense and the ecology of group movements in small bodied neotropical primates. In: Boinski S, Garber PA, editors. On the move: how and why animals travel in groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 100-123.
    19. ^ a b Costa LP, Leite YLR, Mendes SL, Ditchfield AD. (2004). Mammal Conservation in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19(3) 672-679.
    20. ^ a b c d e f Kleiman DG, Mallinson JC. (1998). Recovery and Management Committees for Lion Tamarins: Partnerships in Conservation Planning and Implementation. Society for Conservation Biology 12(1)27-38.
    21. ^ a b c Cawthon Lang KA. (2005 July 20). Primate Factsheets: Golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/golden-headed_lion_tamarin.
    22. ^ Raboy BE, Christman MC, Dietz, JM. (2004). The use of Degraded and Shade Cocoa Forests by Endangered golden headed lion tamarins Leontopithecus chrysomelas. Oryx 38(1) 75-83.
    23. ^ Stallings, JR & Robinson, JG. (1991). Disturbance, forest heterogeneity and primate communities in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest Park. A Primatologia no Brasil 3:357-368.

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    Golden-headed lion tamarin: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

    由wikipedia EN提供

    The golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore is considered to be an endangered species. It lives at heights of 3–10 metres (9.8–32.8 ft). Its preferred habitat is within mature forest, but with habitat destruction this is not always the case. Several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group, and the type of social system that may be apparent. The golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals, with the average size ranging from 4 to 7. According to various sources, the group may consist of two adult males, one adult female, and any immature individuals, one male and one female and any immature individuals, or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members, usually offspring from previous generations. There is not much known on its mating system, but according to different sources, and information on the possible social groups, it can be assumed that some may practice monogamous mating systems, and some may practice polyandrous mating systems. Both males and females invest energy in caring for the young, and all members of the group also help with juvenile care.

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

    由wikipedia ES提供

    El tamarino león de cabeza dorada[2]​ (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) es una especie de primate platirrino de la familia Callitrichidae endémica de Brasil. Se encuentra sólo en las tierras bajas y el pie de monte de los fragmentos de bosque tropical del estado de Bahía, y se considera como una especie en peligro.

    Descripción

    La longitud de su cuerpo (incluida la cabeza) es de alrededor de 30 cm. Su cola mide un poco más, entre 30 y 40 cm. Pesa entre 480 y 700 g. Su pelaje es largo en todo el cuerpo: en la cabeza, la parte superior de la cola y los brazos es de color dorado. El resto del pelaje es negro.[2]

    Referencias

    1. Kierulff, M.C.M., Rylands, A.B., Mendes. S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. (2008). «Leontopithecus chrysomelas». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 5 de agosto de 2015.
    2. a b «El Tamarino León de Cabeza Dorada (Leontopithecus chrysopygus. El Zoológico Electrónico: Mamíferos, Primates Tamarinos y Titíes. Consultado el 12 de julio de 2008.

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

    由wikipedia ES提供

    El tamarino león de cabeza dorada​ (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) es una especie de primate platirrino de la familia Callitrichidae endémica de Brasil. Se encuentra sólo en las tierras bajas y el pie de monte de los fragmentos de bosque tropical del estado de Bahía, y se considera como una especie en peligro.

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 巴斯克語 )

    由wikipedia EU提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas Leontopithecus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Callitrichinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

    Erreferentziak

    1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
    2. Kuhl (1820) Beitr. Zool. Vergl. Aust. 51. or..

    Ikus, gainera

    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas Leontopithecus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Callitrichinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

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    Tamarin-lion à tête dorée ( 法語 )

    由wikipedia FR提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelasSinge-lion à tête dorée

    Le Tamarin-lion à tête dorée[1] ou Singe-lion à tête dorée[1] (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) est une espèce de primate de la famille des Callitrichidae. C'est un animal en voie de disparition.

    Description

    Le plus massif de tous les callitrichidés. Fourrure soyeuse noire sauf la crinière et la fraise (toutes deux abondantes), les avant-bras, les pieds et mains et la face supérieure de la première moitié de la queue qui sont de couleur dorée. Zone dorée à peine visible au bas de la cuisse. Face nue et relativement sombre. Corps 26 cm (de 24 à 30 cm). Queue 38 cm (de 36 à 40 cm). Poids de 540 à 700 g (M) et de 480 à 590 g (F).

     src=
    Tamarin Tête de Lion au Parc Zoologique de Paris

    Distribution

    Est du Brésil. Sud du Bahia, entre le Rio das Contas (14°S) au nord et le Rio Jequitinhonha (15°30’S) au sud. Très rare entre les Rios Pardo et Jequitinhonha. À l’ouest jusqu’au Rio Acara. Également présent dans l’extrême nord-est du Minas Gerais (municipalités de Jôrdania et Salto de Divisa), sur 2 % de la distribution. Sur une aire totale estimée à 19 462 km2.

    Habitat

    Forêt de plaine sempervirente et semi-décidue, de préférence primaire, à condition qu’il y ait toujours une abondance de broméliacées. Les forêts riveraines et marécageuses constituent des habitats importants pour cette espèce. Parvient à survivre dans les plantations de cabruca (cacaoyers plantés dans le sous-bois de la forêt primaire, sans la raser). Jusqu’à 112 m d’altitude.

    Sympatrie et association

    Sympatrique du titi masqué du sud du Bahia (Callicebus melanochir), du capucin à poitrine jaune (Cebus xanthosternos) et du hurleur brun du nord (Alouatta guariba guariba). Cohabite parfois avec l’ouistiti du Bahia (Callithrix kuhlii), les deux primates formant d’éphémères troupes mixtes.

    Domaine

    De 66 à 86 ha (RB d’Una, d’après Dietz) et chevauche peu celui des voisins (7 %). 123 ha (RB d’Una, d’après Raboy et Dietz) et passe la moitié de son temps dans 11 % de son territoire. 94,6 ha (dans tout le sud du Bahia). Très agressif à l’égard des congénères étrangers, il les chasse de son territoire exclusif, leur montre ses dents aiguisées en poussant des hurlements suraigus.

    Densité

    De 4 à 17/km² (RB d’Una). 4,5/km² (de 2,2 à 10,5/km²), dans tout le sud du Bahia.

    Locomotion

    Quadrupède.

    Comportements basiques

    Diurne. Arboricole.

    Activités

    Parcourt chaque jour de 1,552 à 1,954 km (d’après Rylands). Évolue entre 3 et 20 m de hauteur, sans descendre au sol. Budget d’activités : déplacements (43 %), alimentation végétale (24 %), recherche d’insectes (13 %), repos et contacts sociaux (20 %). Au coucher du soleil, il se réfugie dans un trou d’arbre pour dormir. Son dortoir est toujours situé dans la forêt primaire alors qu’il peut vivre pendant la journée dans la forêt secondaire. Tandis que l’ouistiti du Bahia fourrage plutôt dans les basses strates de la forêt, il cherche sa pitance dans les strates supérieures (12-20 m), à des hauteurs où les broméliacées poussent en abondance. Ainsi, ils ne se font pas concurrence. Le reste du temps, en revanche, il évolue préférentiellement à 3-12 m.

    Alimentation

    Frugivore-faunivore-exsudativore. Soixannte-dix-neuf espèces de plantes appartenant à trent-deux espèces différentes (d'après Raboy et Dietz). Budget alimentaire végétal (d'après Rylands) : fruits (de 74 à 89 %) et fleurs et résines (de 18 à 31 %). Nectar du manglier blanc bulandi (Symphonia globulifera) entre août et novembre. Gousses gluantes du visgueiro (Parkia pendula). Insectes et lézards traqués sur l'écorce, dans les trous d'arbres ou les crevasses. De petits oiseaux figurent parfois à son menu, menus volatiles dont les chants trillés sont assez semblables aux cris de ce primate !

    Taille du groupe

    De 4,5 à 7. Jusqu’à 15 temporairement. 34 pour 7 groupes (RB d’Una). Structure sociale et système de reproduction : Groupe multimâle-multifemelle ou groupe monoparental. Polyandrie, polygynie ou monogamie. Période de stabilité de 2 à 4,5 ans, à l’issue de laquelle des mâles immigrants intègrent un groupe (toujours de moins de 5 unités) soit en chassant les mâles reproducteurs soit en tant qu’assistants, tandis que les femelles immigrantes n’intègrent que des groupes sans femelle reproductrice. Ces périodes agitées de transition apparaissent simultanément dans les groupes voisins. La polygynie s’avère très rare en captivité et pourrait être associée dans la nature à la présence d’un mâle étranger, à l’abondance alimentaire voire à une faible opportunité de dispersion.

    Reproduction

     src=
    Tamarins lions à tête dorée
    (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)

    Accouplements saisonniers. La femelle manifeste activement sa réceptivité par une augmentation de ses présentations anogénitales, ce qui induit une multiplication des reniflements anogénitaux et des montes de la part des mâles, l’un d’entre eux émergeant en reproducteur dominant. Naissances entre octobre et avril (RB d’Una), avec presque autant d’enfants uniques que de jumeaux et seulement 27 % des femelles se reproduisant deux fois par an en dépit d’un environnement sans saison sèche. Gestation de 125 à 132 jours. Plusieurs cas d’infanticide ont été observés chez des spécimens captifs.

    Développement

    Durant les huit premières semaines, les enfants sont transportés ~15 % du temps par leur père contre moins de 1 % chez l’ouistiti du Nordeste (Callithrix jacchus) et la période de transport maternel exclusif est plus courte que chez le petit singe-lion doré (L. rosalia). Maturité sexuelle : 15 mois.

    Longévité

    Les tamarins peuvent atteindre 15 ans en captivité, bien que ce nombre soit beaucoup plus faible en milieu naturel.

    Menace

    Les principales menaces pesant sur le tamarin lion à tête dorée sont la déforestation (0,5 % de son habitat disparaît chaque année), les feux et la chasse.

    Effectifs

    De 6 000 à 15 500 (selon les méthodes de calcul).

    Conservation

    RB fédérale d’Una (~250) et PE de la Serra do Condurú (État du Bahia, Brésil). Les plantations de cacao à l’abri de la forêt (cabrucas) pourraient contribuer à sa sauvegarde.

    En captivité, le Tamarin lion à tête dorée bénéficie d'un EEP (Programme d'elevage européen).

     src=
    Tamarin lion à tête dorée du zoo de Mulhouse ( Leontopithecus chrysomelas )

    Parc Zoologique de Paris

    Le Parc zoologique de Paris détient au moins deux spécimens de Leontopithecus chrysomelas probablement un couple qui sont présentés au public, facilement observables lors de la visite du zoo, dans la grande serre tropicale. Ils sont maintenus dans un grand enclos fermé en compagnie de deux autres couples de petits singes (notamment Saguinus bicolor "tamarin bicolor"). Ces derniers disposent d'une grande cage d'au moins 10 mètres cubes. L'enclos est aménagé de plantes naturelles, de troncs d'arbres et autres cordes. Ils ne sont pas du tout farouches et se laissent aisément observer par le public (11/2014).

    Voir aussi

    Références taxinomiques

    Notes et références

    1. a et b (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne)
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    Tamarin-lion à tête dorée: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

    由wikipedia FR提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas • Singe-lion à tête dorée

    Le Tamarin-lion à tête dorée ou Singe-lion à tête dorée (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) est une espèce de primate de la famille des Callitrichidae. C'est un animal en voie de disparition.

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 加利西亞語 )

    由wikipedia gl Galician提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas é unha especie de primate platirrino da familia Callitrichidae endémica do Brasil. Atópase só nas terras baixas e o pé de monte dos fragmentos de bosque tropical do estado de Baía, e considérase como unha especie en perigo.

    Notas

    1. Kierulff, M. C. M.; Rylands, A. B.; Mendes, S. L. & de Oliveira, M. M. (2008). "Leontopithecus chrysomelas". Lista Vermella da IUCN (IUCN) 2008: e.T40643A10347712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40643A10347712.en. Consultado o 12 de xaneiro de 2018.

    Véxase tamén

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Brief Summary ( 加利西亞語 )

    由wikipedia gl Galician提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas é unha especie de primate platirrino da familia Callitrichidae endémica do Brasil. Atópase só nas terras baixas e o pé de monte dos fragmentos de bosque tropical do estado de Baía, e considérase como unha especie en perigo.

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 義大利語 )

    由wikipedia IT提供

    Il leontocebo dalla testa dorata (Leontopithecus chrysomelas Kuhl, 1820) è una scimmia del Nuovo Mondo appartenente alla famiglia dei Cebidi, endemica del Brasile.

    Descrizione

    Stavenn Leontopithecus chrysomelas 01.jpg

    È un primate di piccola taglia lungo 24 - 29 cm per un peso di 0,50 - 0,70 kg.

    L'elemento caratteristico di questa specie è rappresentato dalla folta criniera fulva, simile a quella di un leone, che circonda il capo. Tale elemento distintivo è presente sia nei maschi che nelle femmine. Il resto della pelliccia è di colore nero, fatta eccezione per gli arti che sono anch'essi ricoperti da pelo fulvo.

    Gli arti anteriori e posteriori sono della stessa lunghezza. Le dita sono lunghe e dotate di robusti artigli.

    A differenza di molti altri primati le femmine sono di dimensioni maggiori rispetto ai maschi.

    Biologia

    È una specie arboricola con abitudini diurne.

    La sua dieta si basa prevalentemente su frutti e fiori ed è integrata occasionalmente dalla predazione di piccoli animali quali rane, lucertole e insetti.

    Vive in piccoli gruppi da 2 a 10 individui all'interno dei quali esiste una femmina dominante che ha la prerogativa esclusiva della riproduzione. La femmina dominante, dopo una gestazione di 125-130 giorni, dà alla luce una coppia di cuccioli. I maschi si fanno carico della cura dei cuccioli, dando modo alla femmina di dedicare più tempo al procacciamento del cibo necessario a sostenere il dispendio energetico dell'allattamento.

    Distribuzione e habitat

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ha un areale molto ristretto (meno di 500 km²), rappresentato da frammenti di foresta tropicale nello Stato di Bahia (Brasile).

    Stato di conservazione

    Per la ristrettezza del suo areale la IUCN red list classifica questa specie come in pericolo di estinzione.

    Bibliografia

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

    由wikipedia IT提供

    Il leontocebo dalla testa dorata (Leontopithecus chrysomelas Kuhl, 1820) è una scimmia del Nuovo Mondo appartenente alla famiglia dei Cebidi, endemica del Brasile.

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    Auksagalvė liūtbeždžionė ( 立陶宛語 )

    由wikipedia LT提供
    Binomas Leontopithecus chrysomelas

    Auksagalvė liūtbeždžionė (lot. Leontopithecus chrysomelas, angl. Golden-headed Lion Tamarin, vok. Goldkopflöwenäffchen) – kabiauodegių beždžionių (Cebidae) primatų rūšis.


    Vikiteka

    Nebaigta Šis straipsnis apie zoologiją yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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    Goudkopleeuwaapje ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

    由wikipedia NL提供

    Het goudkopleeuwaapje (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is een kleine apensoort.

    Kenmerken

    Het goudkopleeuwaapje is ongeveer 20 tot 30 cm lang en weegt 0,5 tot 1 kg. Ze leven in Noordoost-Brazilië. Ze zijn zeldzaam en bedreigd. Ze hebben een glanzende goudgele kop en enkele goudgele delen.

    Leefwijze

    Ze eten vooral fruit, insecten, hagedissen, eieren en kleine vogels. De Antwerpse Zoo beheert en coördineert wereldwijd het stamboek van deze diersoort om de instandhouding te kunnen verzekeren.

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
    Wikispecies Wikispecies heeft een pagina over Leontopithecus chrysomelas.
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    Goudkopleeuwaapje: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

    由wikipedia NL提供

    Het goudkopleeuwaapje (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is een kleine apensoort.

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    Marmozeta złotogłowa ( 波蘭語 )

    由wikipedia POL提供
    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Marmozeta złotogłowa[1] (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny pazurkowcowatych. Gatunek endemiczny; występuje tylko w nizinnych fragmentach lasów tropikalnych w stanie Bahia w Brazylii. Jest uważany przez IUCN za zagrożony gatunek.

    Środowisko życia

    Lwiatka złotogłowa żyje w lasach tropikalnych Południowej Ameryki, przebywa na wysokościach od 3 do 10 metrów nad ziemią[4].

    Wygląd

    Gatunek ten przypomina wyglądem marmozetę lwią, główną różnicą jest ubarwienie - czarne futro pokrywa większą część ciała, z wyjątkiem łap i głowy, które mają złoty odcień. Cechuje je niewielka głowa i ciało oraz stosunkowo duże kły i bardzo długi ogon. Dymorfizm płciowy słabo zaznaczony. Długość ciała (bez ogona) wynosi 200–336 mm, ogon mierzy 315–400 mm. Masa ciała mieści się w przedziale 360–710 g[4].

    Tryb życia

    Prawie całe swoje życie spędzają na drzewach, włączając w to sen i reprodukcję. Prowadzą dzienny tryb życia. Tworzą grupy złożone z 2-8 osobników (zazwyczaj 3-4); okazjonalnie tworzą grupy liczące do 16 osobników. Typowa rodzina składa się z rodziców i ich najmłodszego potomstwa. Pary łączą się na całe życie, okres godowy rozpoczyna się około września i kończy w marcu. Ciąża trwa 125-132 dni. Oboje partnerów opiekuje się młodymi. Samce osiągają dojrzałość płciową w około 24. miesiącu życia, samice w 18. Dorosłe osobniki tej samej płci wykazują wobec siebie agresję terytorialną. Żywią się owocami i insektami, okazjonalnie uzupełniając dietę ślimakami i pająkami. Stwierdzono przypadki zjadania jaszczurek, jaj ptasich, a nawet piskląt[4].

    Przypisy

    1. a b c d Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 37. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    2. a b Leontopithecus chrysomelas, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
    3. Leontopithecus chrysomelas. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
    4. a b c Lundrigan, B. & K. Kapheim: ADW: Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Information. W: Animal Diversity Web [on-line]. University of Michigan, 2000. [dostęp 12 grudnia 2016].
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    Marmozeta złotogłowa: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

    由wikipedia POL提供

    Marmozeta złotogłowa (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny pazurkowcowatych. Gatunek endemiczny; występuje tylko w nizinnych fragmentach lasów tropikalnych w stanie Bahia w Brazylii. Jest uważany przez IUCN za zagrożony gatunek.

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    Mico-leão-de-cara-dourada ( 葡萄牙語 )

    由wikipedia PT提供

    O mico-leão-de-cara-dourada[4] ou mico-leão-da-cara-dourada[5] (nome científico: Leontopithecus chrysomelas), também referido genericamente como sagui, saguiúna ou sauim-una,[6] é um primata endêmico do Brasil pertencente à família dos cebídeos (Cebidae) e à subfamília dos calitriquíneos (Callitrichinae). Ocorre no sul da Bahia e extremo nordeste de Minas Gerais, ocupando uma área de aproximadamente 20 000 quilômetros quadrados. Entretanto, a única unidade de conservação nessa região é a Reserva Biológica de Una. Foi a primeira espécie de mico-leão a se diversificar, e portanto, é o táxon basal do gênero leontopiteco (Leontopithecus). Assim como as outras espécies de micos-leões, já foi considerado uma subespécie, sendo atualmente uma espécie distinta.

    Possui um padrão de coloração da pelagem bem característica. O corpo é todo negro, com as mãos, pelos da face e ponta da cauda de cor dourada, o que lhe conferiu seu nome popular. São animais insetívoros e frugívoros e às vezes se associam ao sagui-de-wied quando buscam alimento. É uma espécie que corre considerável risco de extinção por causa de sua distribuição geográfica restrita. Entretanto, das quatro espécies de mico-leões, é a que corre menor risco de extinção e que possui a maior população em liberdade.

    Etimologia

    Sagui derivam do tupi-guarani sa'gwi ou sa'gwĩ.[7] Saguiúna é a junção de sagui + una,[8] enquanto sauim-una é a junção de saium + una e deriva do tupi-guarani sawin-úna.[9] Por fim, mico originou-se, possivelmente através do espanhol, na extinta língua cumanagota do Caribe e significa "mono de cauda longa".[10]

    Taxonomia e Evolução

    O mico-leão-de-cara-dourada pertence ao gênero leontopiteco (Leontopithecus), grupo monofilético da família dos cebídeos (Cebidae) e subfamília dos calitriquíneos (Callitrichinae).[2] Foi descrito e classificado por Heinrich Kuhl, em 1820.[11][1] Já houve dúvida se era de fato um mico-leão, por alguns autores do início do século XX, como Elliot (1913) e Thomas (1922).[11] O gênero leontopiteco foi proposto por Hershkovitz (1977) como monotípico, sendo o mico-leão-dourado (Leontopithecus rosalia) a única espécie: o mico-leão-de-cara-dourada era uma subespécie (L. r. chrysomelas), junto com o mico-leão-dourado (L. r. rosalia) e com o mico-leão-preto (L. r. chrysopygus).[2][12] Essa classificação foi revisada e atualmente é considerado uma espécie distinta, como as outras espécies de micos-leões.[1][2][3][13]

    Evidências genéticas apontam para um período muito recente de diversificação dos micos-leões, a partir de refúgios de floresta no Pleistoceno.[14] Estudos filogenéticos corroboram com a hipótese de que o mico-leão-de-cara-dourada foi a primeira espécie a se separar das demais, sendo o taxon basal do clado do gênero leontopiteco.[15][16][17][18] No entanto, ainda não foi encontrado nenhum fóssil da linhagem do mico-leão-de-cara-dourada.[19]

    Distribuição Geográfica e Hábitat

    O mico-leão-de-cara-dourada é endêmico da Mata Atlântica do sul da Bahia, tendo o rio das Contas como limite norte de sua distribuição o rio Pardo como limite sul.[20][21] Há supostas ocorrências da espécie mais ao sul, perto do limite com o Espírito Santo, ao sul do rio Mucuri.[22] Estudos posteriores mostraram que tal hipótese não era válida.[21] Outrora, pareciam abundantes na região de Ilhéus.[22] Sua área de ocorrência chega a quase 20 000 quilômetros quadrados, mas parece que já se extinguiu de sua distribuição mais ao norte, entre o rio das Contas e o rio Ilhéus.[3] Sua ocorrência a oeste chega até a 150 quilômetros do litoral, já não ocorrendo mais à medida que aumenta a altitude, nas proximidades do planalto de Vitória da Conquista, se distribuindo ao longo do rio Gongoji no noroeste. Pode ser encontrado também no extremo nordeste de Minas Gerais, ao sul do rio Jequitinhonha.[20]

    Habita principalmente a floresta ombrófila de terras baixas, sendo também encontrados nas restingas e florestas secundárias.[23] Na área de ocorrência da espécie, não existe sazonalidade no regime de chuvas, que ocorrem de forma relativamente constante o ano todo.[23] Nota-se que o mico-leão-de-cara-dourada, ao contrário do mico-leão-dourado, evita áreas pantanosas, principalmente para dormir.[23] A cabruca, floresta alterada onde é feito o plantio de cacau, eventualmente é utilizada pelo mico-leão-de-cara-dourada desde que persistam altas árvores nativas.[23] Aparentemente, o mico-leão-de-cara-dourada ocorre em quase todos os ambientes florestados de sua distribuição geográfica.[23] Habita principalmente os estratos mais altos da floresta, entre 12 m e 19 m de altura, onde há grande abundância e diversidade de bromélias.[24]

    É a espécie de mico-leão que teve sua distribuição geográfica menos reduzida quando comparada às outras espécies do gênero, ocorrendo em quase toda a sua distribuição geográfica original.[25] Foi registrada a sua presença em cerca de 94 localidades nos estados da Bahia e de Minas Gerais. Entretanto, a única unidade de conservação dentro de sua área de distribuição geográfica é a Reserva Biológica de Una. Além disso, seu habitat se encontra cada vez mais fragmentado, o que causa preocupações em relação à sobrevivência da espécie.[20][11]

    Descrição

    Possui toda a pelagem de cor negra e brilhante, exceto ao redor da face, membros anteriores e posteriores, que são douradas, o que conferiu o nome popular da espécie.[26] Possui um crânio com conformação única dentre os mico-leões. A face é mais alongada em comparação com as outras três espécies e também é mais robusta.[27] Pesam entre 534 g (fêmeas) e 620 g (machos), com até 25 centímetros de comprimento, sem a cauda, que não é preênsil.[28]

    Ecologia

     src=
    Mico-leão-de-cara-dourada atropelado na BA-262, entre Ilhéus e Uruçuca

    Os micos-leões são animais frugívoros e insetívoros que apesar de seu pequeno tamanho ocupam áreas de vida relativamente grandes.[29] Micos-leões-de-cara-dourada estudados em Una ocuparam uma área de vida média de 123 hectares. Esta área é muito maior do que a ocupada por grupos de micos-leões-dourados. Entretanto, a maior parte do tempo os animais ocupam 11% de todo esse território.[29] Sua área de distribuição é simpátrica com a de sagui-de-wied (''Callithrix kuhlii), do qual se diferencia ecologicamente. O mico-leão-de-cara-dourada possui maior território, forrageia nos níveis mais altos da floresta e usa buracos em troncos de árvore como dormitórios.[24] Foram reportadas associações mistas entre essas espécie, embora elas não sejam muito frequentes.[26][19] Sua dieta constitui-se predominantemente de frutos maduros, néctar, insetos e pequenos vertebrados. O néctar tem menor importância na sua dieta, em relação às outras espécies de micos-leões.[29]

    Conservação

    O mico-leão-de-cara-dourada encontra-se em em perigo de extinção segundo a União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (UICN) e o Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio).[3][5][30] A Reserva Biológica de Una é a principal unidade de conservação em que a espécie ocorre. Entretanto a população é tamanho reduzido para se manter viável a longo prazo. Além disso, houve uma extrema redução da cobertura vegetal e fragmentação de habitats ao longo de toda sua distribuição geográfica. Ainda assim, é a espécie do gênero leontopiteco que possui a maior população na natureza, com estimativas variando entre 6 000 e 15 000 indivíduos.[20]

    Referências

    1. a b c Groves, C. P. (2005). «Leontopithecus chrysomelas». In: Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3.ª ed. Baltimore, Marilândia: Imprensa da Universidade Johns Hopkins. p. 133. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494
    2. a b c d Rylands AB; Mittermeier RA (2009). «The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy». In: Garber PA; Estrada A; Bicca-Marques JC; Heymann EW; Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation 3ª ed. Nova Iorque: Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    3. a b c d Oliveira, L. C.; Neves, L. G.; Kierulff, M. C. M.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Rylands, Anthony B. (2021). «Golden-headed Lion Tamarin - Leontopithecus chrysomelas». Lista Vermelha da IUCN. União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (UICN). p. e.T40643A192327573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40643A192327573.en. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    4. «Mico-leão-de-cara-dourada (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)». Fundação jardim Zoológico de Brasília
    5. a b Oliveira, Leonardo de Carvalho. «Mamíferos - Leontopithecus chrysomelas - Mico-leão-da-cara-dourada - Avaliação do Risco de Extinção de Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Kuhl, 1820) no Brasil». Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    6. «Mico-leão-de-cara-dourada». Michaelis. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    7. Houaiss, verbete sagui
    8. Houaiss, verbete saguiúna
    9. «Sauim-una». Michaelis. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    10. Houaiss, verbete mico
    11. a b c Rylands, A. B.; Mallinson, J. J.; Kleiman, D. G.; Coimbra-Filho, A. F.; Mittermeier, R. A.; Câmara, I. G.; Valladares-Pádua, C. B.; Bampi, M.I. (2008). «História da pesquisa e da conservação do mico-leão». In: Kleiman, D. G.; Rylands, A. B. Mico-leões: Biologia e conservação. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Brasil). pp. 23–69. OCLC 319218717 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    12. Seuánez, H. N.; Di Fiore, A.; Moreira, M. A.; Almeida, C. A. S.; Canavez, F. C. (2008). «Genética e Evolução dos mico-leões». In: Kleiman, D. G.; Rylands, A. B. Mico-leões: Biologia e conservação. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Brasil). pp. 165–186. OCLC 319218717 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |coautor= (ajuda) !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
    13. Horovitz, I.; Meyer, A. (1995). «Systematics of New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates) Based on 16S Mitochondrial DNA Sequences: A Comparative Analysis of Different Weighting Methods in Cladistic Analysis» (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 4 (4): 448-456 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    14. Forman, L.; Kleiman, D. G.; Bush, R. M.; Dietz, J. M.; Ballou, J. D.; Phullips, L. G.; et al. (1986). «Genetic variation within and among Lion Tamarins». American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 71: 1-11. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330710102 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link) !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    15. Mundy, N.; Kelly, J. (2001). «Phylogeny of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp) based on interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein intron sequences». American Journal of Primatology. 54 (1): 33-40. doi:10.1002/ajp.1010 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    16. Perez-Sweeney, B.M. (2002). The molecular systematics of Leontopithecus, population genetics of L. chrysopygus and the contribution of these two sub-fields to the conservation of L. chrysopygus. PhD Thesis. Nova Iorque: Universidade de Colúmbia
    17. Chaterjee, H. J.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Groves, C. (2009). «Estimating the phylogeny and divergence times of primates using a supermatrix approach». BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 1-19. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-259 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    18. Perez-Sweeney, B.M.; et al. (2008). «Examination of the Taxonomy and Diversification of Leontopithecus using the Mitochondrial Control Region». International Journal of Primatology. 29 (1): 245-263. ISSN 1573-8604. doi:10.1007/s10764-007-9224-7 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)
    19. a b Kleiman, D. G. (1981). «Leontopithecus rosalia» (PDF). Mammalian Species. 148: 1-7
    20. a b c d Pinto, L. P. S.; Rylands, A. (1997). «Geographic Distribution of the Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Implications for Its Management and Conservation». Folia Primatologica. 68: 161-180. doi:10.1159/000157244 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    21. a b Rylands, A. B.; Santos, I.B.; Mittermeier, R.A. (1991). «Distribution and Status of Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas, in the Atlantic forest of Southern Bahia, Brazil» (PDF). Primate Conservation. 12-13: 15-24 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    22. a b Coimbra-Filho, A.C.; Mittermeier, R.A. (1973). «Distribution and Ecology of the Genus Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840 in Brazil.» (PDF). Primates. 14 (1): 47-66. Consultado em 1 de outubro de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 27 de setembro de 2013 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    23. a b c d e Raboy, B. E.; Christman, M. C.; Dietz, J. M. (2004). «The use of degraded and shade cocoa forests by Endangered golden-headed lion tamarins Leontopithecus chrysomelas». Oryx. 38 (1): 75-83. doi:10.1017/S0030605304000122 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    24. a b Rylands, A. B. (1989). «Sympatric Brazilian callitrichids: The Black Tufted-Ear Marmoset, Callithrix kuhli, and the Golden-headed Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas». Journal of Human Evolution. 18 (7): 679-695. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(89)90100-0
    25. Rylands, A. B.; Kierulff, M. C. M.; Pinto, L. P.S . (2008). «Distribuição e status dos mico-leões». In: Kleiman, D. G.; Rylands, A. B. Mico-leões: Biologia e conservação. Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Brasil). pp. 69–105. OCLC 319218717 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    26. a b Auricchio, P. (1995). «Gênero Leontopithecus». Primatas do Brasil. São Paulo - Brasil: Terra Brasilis Comércio de Material didático e Editora LTda - ME. 168 páginas. ISBN 85-85712-01-5
    27. Rosenberger, A. L.; Coimbra-Filho, A. F. (1984). «Morphology, Taxonomic Status and Affinities of the Lion Tamarins, Leontopithecus (Callitrichinae, Cebidae)». Folia Primatologica. 42: 3-4. doi:10.1159/000156159 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    28. Cawthon, Lang K. A. (2005). «Primate Factsheets: Golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology .». Primate Info Net. Consultado em 1 de outubro de 2012
    29. a b c Raboy, B. E.; Dietz, J. M. (2004). «Diet, Foraging, and Use of Space in Wild Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins». American Journal of Primatology. 63 (1): 1-15. doi:10.1002/ajp.20032 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    30. Costa, L.; et al. (2005). «Conservação de Mamíferos no Brasil» (PDF). Megadiversidade. 1 (1): 103-112. Consultado em 1 de outubro de 2012. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 9 de novembro de 2013 !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (link)

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    Mico-leão-de-cara-dourada: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

    由wikipedia PT提供

    O mico-leão-de-cara-dourada ou mico-leão-da-cara-dourada (nome científico: Leontopithecus chrysomelas), também referido genericamente como sagui, saguiúna ou sauim-una, é um primata endêmico do Brasil pertencente à família dos cebídeos (Cebidae) e à subfamília dos calitriquíneos (Callitrichinae). Ocorre no sul da Bahia e extremo nordeste de Minas Gerais, ocupando uma área de aproximadamente 20 000 quilômetros quadrados. Entretanto, a única unidade de conservação nessa região é a Reserva Biológica de Una. Foi a primeira espécie de mico-leão a se diversificar, e portanto, é o táxon basal do gênero leontopiteco (Leontopithecus). Assim como as outras espécies de micos-leões, já foi considerado uma subespécie, sendo atualmente uma espécie distinta.

    Possui um padrão de coloração da pelagem bem característica. O corpo é todo negro, com as mãos, pelos da face e ponta da cauda de cor dourada, o que lhe conferiu seu nome popular. São animais insetívoros e frugívoros e às vezes se associam ao sagui-de-wied quando buscam alimento. É uma espécie que corre considerável risco de extinção por causa de sua distribuição geográfica restrita. Entretanto, das quatro espécies de mico-leões, é a que corre menor risco de extinção e que possui a maior população em liberdade.

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    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin ( 瑞典語 )

    由wikipedia SV提供


    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Heinrich Kuhl 1820. Leontopithecus chrysomelas ingår i släktet lejontamariner och familjen kloapor.[5][6] Inga underarter finns listade.[5]

    Utseende

    Påfallande är artens gyllene man kring ansiktet som gav upphov till djurets trivialnamn. Hanar och honor skiljer sig inte i utseende men honor är allmänt lite större. Övrig kropp har allmänt en svartaktig färg med undantag av extremiteterna och svansens ovansida som likaså är gyllen. Armarna och bakbenen är lika långa och individerna går på fyra ben över grenar. Med undantag av tummen, som bär en tillplattad nagel, är alla tår utrustade med klor.[7]

    Kroppslängden (huvud och bål) är 22 till 26 cm, svanslängden är 33 till 40 cm och vikten varierar mellan 480 och 700 gram.[7]

    Utbredning och habitat

    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin förekommer i ett 19 000 km² stort område i östra Brasilien (delstaterna Bahia och Minas Gerais) vid Atlanten. Arten vistas huvudsakligen i ursprungliga tropiska regnskogar. Den kan i viss mån anpassa sig till andra skogar eller människans kakaoodlingar.[1]

    Ekologi

    Denna kloapa är aktiv på dagen. Den äter främst frukter som kompletteras med blommor, nektar, gummi och trädens vätskor. Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin har även smådjur som insekter, grodor, snäckor, spindlar och ödlor som föda.[7]

    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin lever i flockar av upp till 11 individer (oftast 5 till 8) som vanligen består av ett föräldrapar och deras ungar. Ibland ingår flera könsmogna djur i gruppen men bara det dominanta paret fortplantar sig.[7] Flockens revir är mellan 40 och 100 hektar stort.[1]

    Efter dräktigheten som varar 125 till 130 dagar föder honan oftast tvillingar. Ungarnas vikt motsvarar 9 - 15 % av moderns vikt vad som är påfallande tung jämförd med andra primater. Honas kraft behövs nästan helt för födelsen och digivning och därför hjälper andra honor och hanar från flocken med ungarnas uppfostring. Med bra arbetsdelning i gruppen kan honan ha två kullar per år.[7]

    Status och hot

    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin har flera naturliga fiender som ozelot, större ormar och rovfåglar.[7]

    Regnskogen där arten bor blev kraftig decimerad och dagens utbredningsområde motsvarar bara 2 till 5 procent av det ursprungliga utbredningsområdet.[7] I odlingsområden lämnas numera delar av den ursprungliga skogen kvar vad som ger möjlighet till vandringar mellan olika populationer.[1] Tidigare fångades flera individer för djurparker men denna förlust har nu kompenserats av avlade individer som återlämnades i frihet.[7] Utbredningsområdet ligger delvis i Serra sa Lontras nationalpark samt i andra skyddsområden. Trots allt minskade beståndet med uppskattningsvis 50% under de senaste 21 åren. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad (EN).[1]


    Källor

    1. ^ [a b c d e] Kierulff, M.C.M., Rylands, A.B., Mendes. S.L. & de Oliveira, M.M. 2008 Leontopithecus chrysomelas Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
    2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
    3. ^ (1998) , website Leontopithecus chrysomelas, Mammal Species of the World
    4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
    5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 juni 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120618223324/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/services/res/2011AC_26July.zip. Läst 24 september 2012.
    6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
    7. ^ [a b c d e f g h] M. Richardson (16 januari 2006). ”Golden-headed Lion Tamarin”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 4 februari 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130204190038/http://www.arkive.org/golden-headed-lion-tamarin/leontopithecus-chrysomelas/. Läst 21 april 2013.

    Externa länkar

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    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

    由wikipedia SV提供


    Gyllenhuvad lejontamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Heinrich Kuhl 1820. Leontopithecus chrysomelas ingår i släktet lejontamariner och familjen kloapor. Inga underarter finns listade.

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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 烏克蘭語 )

    由wikipedia UK提供

    Поширення

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas зустрічається лише в Бразилії. Через знищення місць проживання вони приурочені до південної частини штату Баїя, Бразилія. Мешкає в тропічних лісах на деревах на висоті від 3 до 10 метрів.

    Опис

    Її маса від 360 до 710 г, в середньому 535 г. Довжина тіла — 200–336 мм, довжина хвоста: 315–400 мм. Зовнішністю схожа на інші види тамаринів. Вона має відносно великі ікла з маленькою головою і тілом. Велика частина тіла має чорну густу шерсть і довгу золотаву гриву. При цьому статевий диморфізм у цього виду дуже мало виражений, тобто самці і самиці дуже схожі за зовнішнім виглядом.

    Розмноження

    Розмноження відбувається в основному в теплий і вологий сезон, з вересня по березень. Вагітність від 125 до 132 днів. Вік сексуальної або репродуктивної зрілості самок в середньому триває 18 місяців. Вік сексуальної або репродуктивної зрілості в самців — у середньому 24 місяці.

    У групах самці і самиці беруть рівну участь у догляді та вихованні їхніх дитинчат. Leontopithecus chrysomelas — моногамні тварини, обоє батьків піклуються про молоде покоління.

    Примітки

    1. Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini). У Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. с. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
    2. Kierulff, M. C. M., Rylands, A. B., Mendes, S. L. & de Oliveira, M. M. (2008). Leontopithecus chrysomelas. 2008 Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи. МСОП 2008. Переглянуто 2 January 2009.


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    Leontopithecus chrysomelas ( 越南語 )

    由wikipedia VI提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Kuhl mô tả năm 1820.[2]

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Kierulff, M. C. M., Rylands, A. B., Mendes, S. L. & de Oliveira, M. M. (2008). Leontopithecus chrysomelas. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 1 năm 2009.
    2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Leontopithecus chrysomelas”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

    Tham khảo

    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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    wikipedia VI

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

    由wikipedia VI提供

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Kuhl mô tả năm 1820.

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    Золотистоголовая львиная игрунка ( 俄語 )

    由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
    Царство: Животные
    Подцарство: Эуметазои
    Без ранга: Вторичноротые
    Подтип: Позвоночные
    Инфратип: Челюстноротые
    Надкласс: Четвероногие
    Подкласс: Звери
    Инфракласс: Плацентарные
    Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
    Грандотряд: Euarchonta
    Миротряд: Приматообразные
    Отряд: Приматы
    Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
    Семейство: Игрунковые
    Вид: Золотистоголовая львиная игрунка
    Международное научное название

    Leontopithecus chrysomelas (Kuhl, 1820)

    Синонимы
    Leontopithecus chrysurus I. Geoffroy, 1827
    Ареал

    изображение

    Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
    Систематика
    на Викивидах
    Commons-logo.svg
    Изображения
    на Викискладе
    ITIS 572919NCBI 57374EOL 323894

    Золотистоголовая львиная игрунка[1], или золотистоголовая игрунка[2] (лат. Leontopithecus chrysomelas) — небольшой примат семейства Игрунковых. Эндемик Бразилии, где встречается в низинных тропических дождевых лесах в штате Баия.

    Описание

    Клыки относительно большие, голова и тело маленькие. Шерсть в основном чёрная, грива золотистая. На передних конечностях и хвосте также золотистые отметины. Половой диморфизм не выражен. Длина тела составляет от 200 до 336 мм, длина хвоста от 315 до 400 мм.[3][4]

    Рацион

    Всеядны, рацион очень широк. В рационе ростки растений, цветы, нектар, насекомые и их личинки, пауки, улитки, мелкие позвоночные, такие как лягушки, ящерицы, птичьи яйца и небольшие змеи. Дополнение к рациону служат древесные соки, хотя этот вид употребляет их достаточно редко.[5][6]

    Поведение

    В дикой природе золотистоголовые игрунки проводят около 50 % своего времени всего на 11 % своей территории. Их появление на том или ином участке леса связано больше с доступностью пищи, а не с защитой территории. Группы практически не взаимодействуют друг с другом, однако если столкновения происходят, животные ведут себя агрессивно, издают устрашающие звуки,[7] и провоцируют драки.[8][9][10] Территория группы достаточно большая для приматов такого размера.[11][12] В среднем площадь территории составляет более 100 гектаров. Территории разных групп сильно пересекаются.[13]

    Занимают средние ярусы леса на высоте от 3 до 10 метров. Предпочитают селиться в первичных, но также встречаются и во вторичных лесах. Количество особей в группе разнится от 2 до 11.[14] Состав группы определяется разными исследователями как одна самка, два самца и их потомство,[15] один самец, две самки и их потомство,[16] или один самец, одна самка и их потомство.[17][18] Соответственно этим приматам приписывают либо моногамию,[16] либо полигамию.[15] О потомстве заботятся как самки, так и самцы.[16][17][18]

    Статус популяции

    В 1982 году Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Вымирающий». С тех пор этот статус неоднократно подтверждался. По оценкам на 2008 год популяция сократилась более чем на 50 % за три поколения (21 год). Главная угроза популяции — разрушение и фрагментация среды обитания.[19][20][21]

    Примечания

    1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 457. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
    2. Соколов В. Е. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие : Справ. пособие. — М. : Высшая школа, 1986. — С. 136. — 519 с., [24] л. ил. — 100 000 экз.
    3. ADW: Leontopithecus chrysomelas: INFORMATION
    4. Golden-Headed Lion Tamarin | Animal Fact Sheet | Lincoln Park Zoo
    5. Raboy BE, Dietz JM. 2004. Diet, Foraging, and Use of Space in Wild Golden Headed Lion Tamarins. American Journal of Primatology 63:1-15.
    6. Rylands AB. 1993. The ecology of the lion tamarins, Leontopithecus: some intrageneric differences and comparisons with other callitrichids. In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 296—313.
    7. Ruiz-Miranda CR, Archer CA, Kleiman DG. 2002. Acoustic differences between spontaneous and induced long calls of golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. Folia Primatol 73:124-131.
    8. Rylands AB. 1989. Sympatric Brazilian callitrichids: the black tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix kuhli, and the golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas. J Hum Evol 18:679-695.
    9. Rylands AB. 1982. The ecology and behaviour of three species of marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae, Primates) in Brazil. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
    10. Rylands AB. 1996. Habitat and the evolution of social and reproductive behavior in the Callitrichidae. Am J Primatol 38:5-18
    11. Dietz JM, Peres CA, Pinder L. 1997. Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Am J Primatol 41:289-305.
    12. Peres CA. 1989b. Costs and benefits of territorial defense in wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 25:227-233.
    13. Peres CA. 2000. Territorial defense and the ecology of group movements in small bodied neotropical primates. In: Boinski S, Garber PA, editors. On the move: how and why animals travel in groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 100—123.
    14. Baker AJ, Bales K, Dietz JM. 2002. Mating system and group dynamics in lion tamarins. In: Kleiman DG, Rylands AB, editors. Lion Tamarins: biology and conservation. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 188—212.
    15. 1 2 Kleiman DG, Geist G. «Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins.» Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia. 2nd ed. 14th vol. 2003.
    16. 1 2 3 Lundrigan, B. and K. Kapheim. 2000. «Leontopithecus chrysomelas» (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_chrysomelas.html.
    17. 1 2 Rothe H, Darms K. 1993. The social organization of marmosets: a critical evaluation of recent concepts. In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins. Systematics, behaviour and ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 176—199.
    18. 1 2 French JA. 1997. Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. In: Solomon NG, French JA, editors. Cooperative breeding in mammals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 34-75.
    19. Costa LP, Leite YLR, Mendes SL, Ditchfield AD. 2004. Mammal Conservation in Brazil. Conservation Biology 19(3) 672—679.
    20. Kleiman DG, Mallinson JC. 1998. Recovery and Management Committees for Lion Tamarins: Partnerships in Conservation Planning and Implementation. Society for Conservation Biology 12(1)27-38.
    21. Leontopithecus chrysomelas (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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    Золотистоголовая львиная игрунка: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

    由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

    Золотистоголовая львиная игрунка, или золотистоголовая игрунка (лат. Leontopithecus chrysomelas) — небольшой примат семейства Игрунковых. Эндемик Бразилии, где встречается в низинных тропических дождевых лесах в штате Баия.

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    황금머리사자타마린 ( 韓語 )

    由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

    황금머리사자타마린 (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)은 비단원숭이과에 속하는 영장류의 일종이다. 브라질이 원산지이며, 사자타마린의 일종이다. 바이아주의 저지대와 열대우림에서 파편적으로만 발견되며, 그렇기 때문에 멸종위기종으로 간주된다.

    각주

    1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 133쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). 〈The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)〉. Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. 《South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Bahavior, Ecology, and Conservation》. Springer. 23-54쪽. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
    3. “Leontopithecus chrysomelas”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 2일에 확인함.
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