Of all the senses, Phodopus campbelli relies primarily on smell. Wild Campbell’s hamsters, both male and female, utilize urine and feces to identify territory. Additionally, secretions originating from both the ventral sebaceous glands and the Harderian glands, located behind the animal’s ears, are utilized not only for territory identification, but also for communication. The oral sebaceous glands of Phodopus campbelli also serve to mark all of the contents that enter or leave the animal’s cheek pouches.
Communication Channels: chemical
Other Communication Modes: scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Known predators of tsaker falcon this species are corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac), eagle owls (Bubo bubo), steppe eagles (Aquila nipalensis), kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and saker falcons (Falco cherrug).
Known Predators:
Phodopus campbelli is very small in size and the pelage is short and silky. The underside of the animal is covered in soft, buff, light grey fur and the dorsal portions, including the head, are woody brown in color. The underfur is quite short and is a dark slate grey. A defined charcoal stripe runs from between the ears to the tail. The pads of all digits, and the small tail, are covered in silky white fur. Additionally, Campbell’s hamsters, like other members of the subfamily Cricetinae, possess large internal cheek pouches that terminate above the scapula. Males are larger than females.
Phodopus campbelli is often confused with Phodopus sungorus, Siberian hamsters. However, there are several physical characteristics that distinguish the two species. The ears of Phodopus campbelli are generally smaller than those of Phodopus sungorus. The mid-dorsal stripe of the Campbell’s hamster is both thin and defined and the area where the dorsal fur meets the ventral fur is a creamy light yellow. Moreover, the underfur of Phodopus campbelli is dark grey, whereas that of Phodopus sungorus is white.
Documentations of region-dependant color variations have been collected from several populations of Phodopus campbelli native to the Chuisaya Steppes. Campbell’s hamsters from this area are slightly greyer in color and possess a shorter mid-dorsal stripe.
Average mass: 23.4 g.
Range length: 80 to 103 mm.
Average length: 102 mm.
Range basal metabolic rate: 1.63 +/- 0.38 to 1.88 +/- 0.57 cm3.O2/g/hr.
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Minimal documentation exists regarding the lifespan of wild Phodopus campbelli. However, captive Phodopus campbelli have been extensively studied in various laboratory settings and their average lifespan ranges anywhere from 1.5 - 3 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 2 to 2.5 years.
Phodopus campbelli, like fellow members of the subfamily Cricetinae, creates and dwells within a system of subterranean tunnels. The burrow of a Campbell’s hamster is usually composed of four to six main tunnels, with both horizontal and vertical orientation. A nest is often constructed at the end of a tunnel and comprised of dry and insulating materials including but not limited to; grasses, feathers and wool. Seeds and nuts are, more often than none, cached in extremely close proximity to the nesting area.
Additionally, several region-dependant variations in Phodopus campbelli habitat preference have been documented. In the Barga and Great Kingan Regions of Manchuria, Campbell’s hamsters are known to share tunnels and burrows with several species of pikas, Ochotona dauria and Ochotona mantchuria. Moreover, Phodopus campbelli residing on the Mongolian Plateau do not dig their own burrows, but instead share the burrows of several species of Meriones, more commonly known as jirds or gerbils.
Range depth: 1 (high) m.
Average depth: .0025-.0030 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; mountains
Originally identified by O. Thomas in 1905, Phodopus campbelli, commonly known as Campbell’s hamsters or Djungarian hamsters, is a native inhabitant of the steppes and deserts of inner Mongolia and northeastern China.
Heavily inhabited areas of Mongolia include, but are not limited to; the Altai Mountains, Transbaikalia, Nei Mongol, and Tuvinskaya (Tuva) Autonomous Region. Bordering territories in northern China, the Heilungkiang and Hebei provinces more specifically, also maintain dense populations of Phodopus campbelli.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native )
The diet of wild Phodopus campbelli is primarily composed of a wide variety of seeds, nuts and vegetation, including Stipa capillata, Iris ruthenia and Iris flavisima. Additionally, the diet may be supplemented with small invertebrates and insects.
Captive Phodopus campbelli will welcome almost any commercially prepared hamster food, traditionally composed of an extensive assortment of corn, oats, sunflower, peanuts, dried fruits and dehydrated vegetables. The latter diet is often supplemented with alfalfa and minerals or salts.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks
Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers
Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Granivore )
Phodopus campbelli disperses the seeds of numerous plant species. Their burrows are not particularly destructive to the environment. They serve as a primary food source for corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac).
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Mutualist Species:
Phodopus campbelli, Phodopus roborovskii (desert hamsters) and Phodopus sungorus (Dzhungarian or Siberian hamsters) were collectively introduced to the American pet industry as “dwarf hamsters” in the mid-1990s. The small size, mild temperament and inexpensive maintenance of Phodopus campbelli make it both a novel pet for first-time pet owners and a particularly ideal pet for young children. Moreover, unlike larger species of the subfamily Cricetinae, Phodopus campbelli will contentedly cohabitate with one another.
The same characteristics that make the Campbell’s hamster an attractive pet also make it an ideal animal model for scientific study. Phodopus campbelli has been utilized in numerous cytogenetic and cancer investigations.
Positive Impacts: pet trade ; research and education
Because the natural habitat of Phodopus campbelli is large, undeveloped expanses of desert, steppe and mountain terrain, the Campbell’s hamster is not responsible for any documented significant negative economic impact.
Phodopus campbelli are inquisitive by nature, and individuals kept as pets have been known to nip humans when startled. However, the bite is primarily a reaction mechanism and nips rarely extend beyond the outermost, dermal, layer of tissue.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)
The natural habitat of Phodopus campbelli is an extremely dry, harsh and undeveloped environment. The Campbell’s hamster is not considered an endangered species and probably does not face extinction anytime in the near future.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
These hamsters are promiscuous.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Wild Phodopus campbelli breed 3-5 times per year, whereas captive Phodopus campbelli breed year-round. The breeding of the Campbell’s hamster varies by geographic location. Breeding begins in April and May, in the Tuva and Transbaikalia regions of Mongolia, respectively, and ends in late September or early October.
Breeding interval: Wild Phodopus campbelli breed 3-5 times per year, whereas captive Phodopus campbelli breed year-round.
Breeding season: The breeding of the Campbell’s hamster varies by geographic location. Breeding begins in April and May, in the Tuva and Transbaikalia regions of Mongolia, respectively, and ends in late September or early October.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 12.
Average number of offspring: 8.2.
Range gestation period: 13.5 to 22 days.
Average gestation period: 17.5 days.
Average weaning age: 17 days.
Average time to independence: 23 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 48 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 23 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; sperm-storing ; post-partum estrous
At birth, Phodopus campbelli are completely helpless and hairless. Incisors and small claws are present, but the ears and eyes are both sealed. The young depend on parental investment, until weaned approximately 17 days after birth. Prior to a study published in 2000 (Jones, 2000), it was widely held that female hamsters were primarily responsible for care of the young. However, recent evidence suggests that male hamsters may assist in the delivery process by consuming both amniotic fluid, placenta and fetal membranes.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female)
El hámster nanu de Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) una especie de rucador miomorfu de la familia Cricetidae. Foi afayáu por W. C. Campbell en 1902 en Tuvá, una área que tuvo rellacionada xeográficamente con China y Rusia. El hámster de Campbell tamién ye nativu de les estepes y árees semiáridas d'Asia central, les montes Altái, y les provincies de Heilongjiang y Hebei nel nordeste de China.
Esti hámster ye dacuando confundíu col hámster rusu o zúngaro. Hubo dellos alderiques sobre la clasificación del hámster nanu de Campbell, cuidao que ta cercanamente emparentáu col Hámster nanu de zungaria, pero anguaño los dos especies tán clasificaes como P. campbelli y P. sungorus, respeutivamente.
La escasa esperanza de vida del hámster de Campbell ye de 1 ½ a 2 años, magar pueden vivir más.
.El hámster nanu de Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) una especie de rucador miomorfu de la familia Cricetidae. Foi afayáu por W. C. Campbell en 1902 en Tuvá, una área que tuvo rellacionada xeográficamente con China y Rusia. El hámster de Campbell tamién ye nativu de les estepes y árees semiáridas d'Asia central, les montes Altái, y les provincies de Heilongjiang y Hebei nel nordeste de China.
Esti hámster ye dacuando confundíu col hámster rusu o zúngaro. Hubo dellos alderiques sobre la clasificación del hámster nanu de Campbell, cuidao que ta cercanamente emparentáu col Hámster nanu de zungaria, pero anguaño los dos especies tán clasificaes como P. campbelli y P. sungorus, respeutivamente.
La escasa esperanza de vida del hámster de Campbell ye de 1 ½ a 2 años, magar pueden vivir más.
Phodopus campbelli és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a Rússia, el Kazakhstan, Mongòlia i la Xina. Es tracta d'un animal nocturn o crepuscular que s'alimenta de llavors, plantes i insectes. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els herbassars, els semideserts i els deserts. Està amenaçat pel sobrepasturatge, les sequeres i l'esgotament dels recursos hídrics.[1]
L'espècie fou anomenada en honor del diplomàtic britànic Charles William Campbell.[2]
Phodopus campbelli és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a Rússia, el Kazakhstan, Mongòlia i la Xina. Es tracta d'un animal nocturn o crepuscular que s'alimenta de llavors, plantes i insectes. Els seus hàbitats naturals són els herbassars, els semideserts i els deserts. Està amenaçat pel sobrepasturatge, les sequeres i l'esgotament dels recursos hídrics.
L'espècie fou anomenada en honor del diplomàtic britànic Charles William Campbell.
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster (Phodopus campbelli) wird als Unterart dem Dsungarischen Zwerghamster oder wie hier als Art der Phodopus-sungorus-Gruppe zugeordnet. Er bewohnt die Steppen und Halbwüsten der Mongolei, des nordöstlichen Chinas sowie Dauriens, Tuwas und des Altai im südlichen Sibirien und ist nicht gefährdet.
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster wird acht bis zehn Zentimeter lang. Das weiche Fell der Oberseite ist gräulich-braungelb mit einem dunklen Aalstrich. Das Fell der Unterseite ist cremefarben-braungelb und verläuft an den Körperseiten in drei braungelben Bögen nach oben.
Der selbstgegrabene Bau des Campbell-Zwerghamsters besteht aus einem horizontalen Gang mit Nestkammer, in den mehrere vertikale Schächte münden. Häufig bewohnt er die Baue anderer Kleinsäuger. Er ernährt sich hauptsächlich von Pflanzensamen, weniger von Insekten.
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster wird als Heimtier gehalten und in vielen Farbvarianten gezüchtet. Er ist auch als Versuchstier im Einsatz. Die University of Alaska Anchorage entdeckte dabei, dass beim Campbell-Zwerghamster trotz Blutalkoholkonzentrationen von über sieben Gramm pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht keine Bewegungsstörungen auftreten.[1]
Die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge des Campbell-Zwerghamsters beträgt 80 bis 103 Millimeter, die Länge des Schwanzes 4 bis 14 Millimeter. Die Hinterpfoten sind 12 bis 18 Millimeter lang, die Ohrmuscheln 13 bis 15 Millimeter.
Zum Körpergewicht des Campbell-Zwerghamsters in der Natur gibt es nur wenige Angaben.[2] Zimmermann (1964) gibt das durchschnittliche Gewicht nahe Manjur und dem Hulun-See in der nördlichen Mandschurei gefangener Hamster mit 23,4 Gramm an.[3] Nach Herberg und Mitarbeitern (1980) beginnen Männchen unter natürlichen Bedingungen nach 45 Tagen größer zu werden als Weibchen und haben nach 145 Tagen ein statistisch signifikant höheres Gewicht.[4] Nach Sawrey und Mitarbeitern (1984) sind Männchen unter Laborbedingungen nach 35 Tagen signifikant größer als Weibchen.[5]
Im Sommer ist das Fell des Campbell-Zwerghamsters auf der Oberseite gräulich-braungelb. Die Haarspitzen sind schwarz, die Haarbasis ist schiefergrau. Vom Genick bis zur Schwanzwurzel verläuft ein klar abgegrenzter, dunkelbrauner Aalstrich.[8] Dieser ist an der schmalsten Stelle bis zu zweieinhalb Millimeter breit.[9] Die Ohrmuscheln sind graubraun,[10] Lippen und Backen cremefarben-weiß und Kehle, Unterseite, Schwanz sowie Gliedmaßen sind cremefarben-braungelb.[8] Die Haare der Unterseite besitzen ebenfalls eine schiefergraue Basis.[11] An Schulter, Flanke und Hüfte verläuft das Fell der Unterseite in drei braungelben Bögen nach oben. Die Oberseite der Pfoten ist silbrig-weiß.[8] Im Winter ist das Fell der Oberseite hellgrau ohne Gelbstich.[12]
Die Unterart Phodopus campbelli crepidatus kennzeichnen ein braungelber Schwanz, ein kürzerer Aalstrich, der zweieinhalb Zentimeter vor der Schwanzwurzel endet, eine etwas grauere Färbung sowie dunklere Kanten an der seitlichen Begrenzung des Rückenfells.[13]
Die Augen des Campbell-Zwerghamsters sind schwarz.[10]
Der Schädel des Campbell-Zwerghamsters ist kurz. Die Hirnkapsel ist verhältnismäßig groß und abgerundet.[14] Die Schneidezahnlöcher verlaufen parallel. Die Paukenblasen sind klein und abgeflacht mit trichterförmigen, knöchernen Eustachi-Röhren.[15]
Die Populationsdichte des Campbell-Zwerghamsters ist niedrig und stabil.[17] In Daurien lag die Anzahl der Fänge je 100 Fallentage zwischen 1944 und 1958 auf Getreidefeldern zwischen 0,01 und 6,0.[18]
In Daurien besteht der Bau des Campbell-Zwerghamsters aus einem horizontalen Gang mit Nestkammer, in den vier bis sechs vertikale Schächte münden. Der Gang ist bis zu einem Meter lang und die Nestkammer liegt meist 25 bis 30 Zentimeter unter der Erdoberfläche.[19][20] Das Nest besteht aus trockenem Gras[19] und Schafwolle.[21]
In den Hochsteppen und Halbwüsten der Barga-Hochebene in der nördlichen Mandschurei bewohnt der Campbell-Zwerghamster außerdem die Baue des Daurischen Pfeifhasen und in den Felsen und Klippen des Großen Hinggan-Gebirges die Baue des Mandschurischen Pfeifhasen.[22] Auf der mongolischen Hochebene, 160 Kilometer nördlich von Zhangjiakou zieht er die Baue der Mongolischen Rennmaus selbstgegrabenen Bauen vor.[23]
Die Ernährung des Campbell-Zwerghamsters variiert in verschiedenen Teilen seines Verbreitungsgebiets sowie von Jahr zu Jahr und ähnelt der Ernährung des teilweise im gleichen Gebiet lebenden Daurischen Zwerghamsters.[24]
In Daurien stellt Peschkow (1960) den Verzehr der Samen von 51 Pflanzenarten fest. An erster Stelle stehen die Samen von Haar-Pfriemengras, wildem Lauch, den Schwertlilien Iris ruthenica und Iris flavissima sowie Hohlzahn. Daneben werden die Samen von Fingerkräutern, Kuhschellen, Thermopsis, der Kreuzblume Polygala sibirica, Kalidium sinense und Seggen sowie Insekten, besonders Käfer, verspeist.[25]
In Tuwa stellen Flint und Golowkin (1961) den Verzehr der Samen von zehn Pflanzenarten und -gattungen fest. An erster Stelle stehen die Samen von Fingerkräutern, Salpeterkräutern, Pfriemengräsern, Aneurolepidum sowie Seggen. Tierliche Nahrung wird in geringeren Mengen verspeist, vegetative Pflanzenteile fast gar nicht. So stellen Flint und Golowkin bei über 90 Prozent der mit gefüllten Backentaschen gefangenen Hamster pflanzliche Nahrung fest, tierliche Nahrung dagegen nur bei 50 Prozent.[26]
Von den 51 in Daurien im Nahrungsspektrum des Campbell-Zwerghamsters festgestellten Pflanzenarten finden sich 36 auch beim Daurischen Zwerghamster, von den zehn in Tuwa festgestellten Arten und Gattungen finden sich neun. Das Nahrungsspektrum der daurischen und das der tuwinischen Population des Campbell-Zwerghamster weisen dagegen lediglich vier gemeinsame Arten auf.[24]
Die Backentaschen eines nahe Manjur in der nördlichen Mandschurei gefangenen Männchens enthielten 120 Pflanzensamen sowie einen Rüssel des Käfers Pacephorus umbratus.[27]
Zu den Fressfeinden des Campbell-Zwerghamsters gehören Uhu, Hochlandbussard, Steppenadler, Turmfalke, Sakerfalke und Steppenfuchs.
Zu den Außenparasiten gehören die Flöhe Amphipsylla longispina, Amphipsylla anceps, Amphipsylla schelkovnikovi, Paradoxopsyllus narnyi, Wagneria tecta, Wagneria schelkovnikovi und Neopsylla. Die Außenparasiten sind nicht auf den Campbell-Zwerghamster beschränkt.[28] Laut Ross (1995) wurden keine Innenparasiten beschrieben.[17]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Campbell-Zwerghamsters sind die Steppen und Halbwüsten der Mongolei, des nordöstlichen Chinas sowie Dauriens, Tuwas und des Altai im südlichen Sibirien. In China erstreckt sich sein Verbreitungsgebiet über die nördliche Innere Mongolei, das nördliche Hebei und angrenzende Teile Heilongjiangs sowie das westliche Xinjiang.[33][34][35] Die nördliche Grenze in Tuwa verläuft zwischen Chandagaity und Samagaltai[36] entlang dem Südrand des Tannu-ola-Gebirges.
Die Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN stuft den Campbell-Zwerghamster als nicht gefährdet ein.[37]
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster wird als Art der Phodopus-sungorus-Gruppe oder als Unterart dem Dsungarischen Zwerghamster zugeordnet. Sokolow und Mitarbeiter (1990) unterscheiden zwei Unterarten:[38]
Winogradow und Argiropulo (1941),[39] Ellerman und Morrison-Scott (1951),[40] Corbet (1978),[41] Pawlinow und Rossolimo (1987),[42] sowie Musser und Carleton (2005)[33] vereinen die beiden Formen, Hollister (1912)[43] betrachtet sie als eigenständige Arten.
Das Typusexemplar des Campbell-Zwerghamsters entdeckte Charles William Campbell am 1. Juli 1902 in der nordöstlichen Mongolei oder der Inneren Mongolei.[44] Da das als Fundort angegebene „Shaborte“ kein geografischer Ort, sondern die mongolische Bezeichnung für einen periodisch austrocknenden See ist, ist der genaue Fundort nicht bekannt[45] und es werden verschiedene Koordinaten genannt (Thomas 1905: 46° 40′ N, 114° 0′ O46.666666666667114;[46] Thomas 1908: 42° 40′ N, 116° 20′ O42.666666666667116.33333333333;[47] Allen 1940: 42° 40′ N, 110° 0′ O42.666666666667110.[48] Oldfield Thomas beschrieb das Typusexemplar 1905 als Cricetulus campbelli.[46]
Die Population der Tschujasteppe, 13 Kilometer südlich von Kosch-Agatsch (50° 0′ N, 88° 40′ O5088.666666666667) in der Republik Altai beschrieb Ned Hollister 1912 als Phodopus crepidatus – von lateinisch crepidatus „Sandalen tragend“. Neben dieser Population ordnete Hollister auch Cricetulus campbelli der Gattung Phodopus zu.[49]
1917 stellte Thomas den Campbell-Zwerghamster als Typusart in die neue Gattung Cricetiscus.[50] A. I. Argiropulo vereinte ihn 1933 als Unterart Phodopus sungorus campbelli mit dem Dsungarischen Zwerghamster.[51]
Die Population in Tuwa bezeichnen Orlow und Ischakowa (1974) als Phodopus sungorus tuvinicus.[52] Die Anforderungen an einen wissenschaftlichen Namen sind laut Pawlinow und Rossolimo (1987) mangels Beschreibung und Angabe der Autoren jedoch nicht erfüllt und sie stufen den Namen als Nomen nudum ein.[42]
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster kommt in vielen verschiedenen Farbschlägen vor. Während in Europa die Haltung des Dsungarischen Zwerghamsters in Privathaushalten sehr beliebt ist, ist in Nordamerika der Campbell-Zwerghamster viel bekannter. In deutschen Zoohandlungen ist er jedoch auch immer öfter zu finden.
Hauptsächlich verwendete Literatur:
Weitere mehrmals zitierte Literatur:
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster (Phodopus campbelli) wird als Unterart dem Dsungarischen Zwerghamster oder wie hier als Art der Phodopus-sungorus-Gruppe zugeordnet. Er bewohnt die Steppen und Halbwüsten der Mongolei, des nordöstlichen Chinas sowie Dauriens, Tuwas und des Altai im südlichen Sibirien und ist nicht gefährdet.
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster wird acht bis zehn Zentimeter lang. Das weiche Fell der Oberseite ist gräulich-braungelb mit einem dunklen Aalstrich. Das Fell der Unterseite ist cremefarben-braungelb und verläuft an den Körperseiten in drei braungelben Bögen nach oben.
Der selbstgegrabene Bau des Campbell-Zwerghamsters besteht aus einem horizontalen Gang mit Nestkammer, in den mehrere vertikale Schächte münden. Häufig bewohnt er die Baue anderer Kleinsäuger. Er ernährt sich hauptsächlich von Pflanzensamen, weniger von Insekten.
Der Campbell-Zwerghamster wird als Heimtier gehalten und in vielen Farbvarianten gezüchtet. Er ist auch als Versuchstier im Einsatz. Die University of Alaska Anchorage entdeckte dabei, dass beim Campbell-Zwerghamster trotz Blutalkoholkonzentrationen von über sieben Gramm pro Kilogramm Körpergewicht keine Bewegungsstörungen auftreten.
De campbelldwerchhamster of Campbells dwerchhamster (Latynske namme: Phodopus campbelli) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e hamsters (Cricetinae) en it skaai fan 'e dwerchhamsters (Phodopus), dat foarkomt yn Sintraal-Aazje, súdlik Sibearje en dielen fan East-Aazje. Wittenskiplike synonimen foar dizze soarte binne "Phodopus tuvinicus Orlov & Ischarova, 1974" en "Phodopus crepidatus Hollister, 1912". De campbelldwerchhamster wurdt gauris betize mei de Russyske dwerchhamster (Phodopus sungorus), mei't beide soarten wol Sibearyske of Dzjûngaarske hamsters neamd wurde. De campbelldwerchhamster is ferneamd nei W.C. Campbell, dy't op 1 july 1902 yn Mongoalje it earste eksimplaar fan dizze "nije" soarte fong.
Campbelldwerchhamsters komme foar yn Kazachstan, Mongoalje en dielen fan súdlik Sibearje, wêrûnder de autonome republiken Altai en Tûva. Yn Sina libje se yn dielen fan Sinkiang-Oeigoerje, Binnen-Mongoalje en Mantsjoerije, en teffens yn 'e noardeastlike provinsje Hebei.
De campbelldwerchhamster hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 8-10 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan ⅓-1⅓ sm en in gewicht fan 25-80 g. Yn finzenskip wurde de bistkes grutter as yn it wyld, mei't it foer dat har minsklike eigners har foarsette, streksumer is as it kostje dat se yn frijheid sels byinoar sykje. De pels is sêft en ticht, en oerdekt it hiele lichem, de soallen fan 'e poaten ynbegrepen. Op 'e rêch is it hier griis mei in hast swarte streek dy't yn 'e lingterjochting oer de wringe rint, fan 'e nekke hast oan 'e sturt ta. It hier op 'e bealch is witich of ljochtgrizich, en de snút is wyt.
Campbelldwerchhamsters hawwe klieren efter de earen dy't "rûkersguod" produsearje dêr't se har territoarium mei ôfsette. Krekt as oare soarten hamsters hawwe campbelldwerchhamsters wangpûden dy't se fluch folloegje kinne mei fretten om dat letter op in feiliger plak te beplúzjen. As se fol sitte, rikke dy wangpûden alhiel oan 'e skouderblêden ta, wat de beweging fan 'e kop beheint. De campbelldwerchhamster kin fan 'e nau besibbe Russyske dwerchhamster (Phodopus sungorus) ûnderskaat wurde troch syn lytsere earen en trochdat de swartige wringestreek by de Russyske dwerchhamster smeller en koarter is. Ek is it hier op 'e bealch fan 'e Russyske dwerchhamster witer as by de campbelldwerchhamster.
Campbelldwerchhamsters libje yn drûge biotopen, lykas steppen en healwoastinen. Teffens komme se foar yn beskate bercheftige gebieten, mar net op grutte hichte.
De campbelldwerchhamster libbet yn hoalen ûnder de grûn dy't oant 1 m djip wêze kinne, mar ornaris net djipper binne as 20-30 sm. De wanden fan 'e hoalen wurde tsjin 'e winterkjeld beklaaid mei drûge gers of byinoar fandele skieppewol. Hoewol't campbelldwerchhamsters faak har eigen hoalen grave, binne se yn noardlik Mantsjoerije soms ynwenjend by de Dauryske fluithazze (Ochotona dauurica). Yn parten fan Mongoalje diele se soms in hoale mei soarten gerbilrotten fan it skaai Meriones, en yn Tûva wenje se wol yn by oare soarten hamsters, lykas de Sineeske dwerchhamster (Cricetulus griseus), de woastyndwerchhamster (Phodopus roborovskii) of de langsturtdwerchhamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus). Mei't dy in oar dieet hawwe as de campbelldwerchhamster fynt der dus gjin konkurrinsje om fretten plak. Fierders sykje campbelldwerchhamsters soms ek minsken op; sa kringe se by 't winter soms Mongoalske joerten binnen om waarm te bliuwen. Lykwols kinne de bistkes temperatueren fan hast –32° C oerlibje.
De campbelldwerchhamster is in min ofte mear monogaam libjend bistke, dat pearkes foarmet dy't yn prinsipe foar it libben byinoar bliuwe. De peartiid begjint yn Tûva yn april en yn Mongoalje om begjin maaie hinne. Dizze perioade einiget lykwols altyd om begjin oktober hinne, al kinne campbelldwerchhamsters har yn finzenskip it hiele jier rûn fuortplantsje. Yn it wyld wurde der lykwols mar 3-4 nêsten fan trochinoar 8 jongen jiers produsearre. Dat bart nei in draachtiid fan 18-20 dagen. Opmerklik is dat it mantsje gauris helpt by de befalling, troch de jongen út it bertekanaal te lûken sadree't er se by it nekfel pakke kin. Dêrnei makket er de jongen skjin en/of siket er fretten byinoar foar it wyfke. De jongen binne by de berte keal en blyn, en weagje likernôch 1½ g. Mei 1 wike binne se yn 'e regel al folslein behierre en mei 2 wiken kinne se sjen. De wyfkes binne mei 2 moannen geslachtsryp. Yn finzenskip kin de campbelldwerchhamster him fuortplantsje mei de Russyske dwerchhamster (Phodopus sungorus). De libbensferwachting fan campbelldwerchhamsters bedraacht yn finzenskip oant 2½ jier, wêrby't de wyfkes oansjenlik âlder wurde as de mantsjes. De campbelldwerchhamster hat fiif wichtige natuerlike fijannen: de oehoe, de steppe-earn, de steppefoks, de reade wikel en de sakerfalk.
Hoewol't se yn prinsipe omnivoaren binne, libje campbelldwerchhamsters yn har natuerlike habitat suver allinnich mar fan plantaardich materiaal, mei dêropta noch wat wjirms en gravende ynsekten. Yn finzenskip krije se yn 'e regel streksumer fretten foarset, besteande út in mjuks fan drûge nôt, nuten en sied, oanfolle mei fruchten, grienten (boerekoal) en wylde planten (hynsteblommetiksels). Dêrnjonken litte se ek maitsen en wjirms net stean, dy't in heech aaiwytgehalte hawwe. As se as húsdier holden wurde, moat men campbelldwerchhamsters fierders ek noch wat hout jaan om op te gnaujen, mei't har kjiftosken, krektlyk as dy fan oare kjifdieren, nea ophâlde fan groeien, en dus allegeduerigen ôfsliten wurde moatte.
Fierders moatte guon dingen perfoarst net oan campbelldwerchhamsters opfuorre wurde, lykas sipels en knyflok, dy't giftich foar har binne, en molke, mei't folwoeksen eksimplaren laktoaze-yntolerant binne. Ek druven en rezinen kinne se net oer (fanwege it hege soergehalte), en kinne se tige siik fan wurde, sels oant de dea derop folget. Sûkelarje en oar kleverich spul, lykas nútsjesmoar (pindakaas), meie se graach oer, mar moat men se net jaan, want dat kin hurd wurde yn har wangpûden en dan ynfeksjes feroarsaakje dy't ek de dea ta gefolch hawwe kinne.
De campbelldwerchhamster hat de IUCN-status fan "net bedrige", mei't er yn syn romme ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt en de populaasje grut en stabyl is. Der is gjin wiid fersprate bedriging bekend, al is troch de tanommen feehâlderij op 'e Sintraalaziatyske steppen it gefaar grutter wurden dat de hoalen fan campbelldwerchhamsters tichttrape wurde. Yn woastinige dielen fan it areaal is fierders ek de beskikberens fan wetter in saak in soarch. Yn Kazachstan hat de campbelldwerchhamster yn 2006 in beskerme status krigen. Sûnt de jierren sechstich is dit bist fral yn it Westen in populêr húsdier wurden.
Der bestiet teminsten ien bekende ûndersoarte fan 'e campbelldwerchhamster. Dat is Phodopus campbelli crepidatus, dy't yn 1912 troch de Amerikaanske biolooch Ned Hollister ûntdutsen en beskreaun waard yn it Altaiberchtme fan súdlik Sibearje. Oarspronklik waard dit bist as in aparte soarte beskôge, mar neier ûndersyk hat útwiisd dat it hjir om in ûndersoarte fan 'e campbelldwerchhamster giet.
De campbelldwerchhamster of Campbells dwerchhamster (Latynske namme: Phodopus campbelli) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e hamsters (Cricetinae) en it skaai fan 'e dwerchhamsters (Phodopus), dat foarkomt yn Sintraal-Aazje, súdlik Sibearje en dielen fan East-Aazje. Wittenskiplike synonimen foar dizze soarte binne "Phodopus tuvinicus Orlov & Ischarova, 1974" en "Phodopus crepidatus Hollister, 1912". De campbelldwerchhamster wurdt gauris betize mei de Russyske dwerchhamster (Phodopus sungorus), mei't beide soarten wol Sibearyske of Dzjûngaarske hamsters neamd wurde. De campbelldwerchhamster is ferneamd nei W.C. Campbell, dy't op 1 july 1902 yn Mongoalje it earste eksimplaar fan dizze "nije" soarte fong.
Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli) is a species of hamster in the genus Phodopus. It was given its common name by Oldfield Thomas in honor of Charles William Campbell, who collected the first specimen in Mongolia on July 1, 1902. It is distinguished from the closely related Djungarian hamster as it has smaller ears and no dark fur on its crown. Campbell's dwarf hamster typically has a narrow dorsal stripe compared to the Djungarian hamster and grey fur on the stomach. This hamster may be raised in captivity and kept as a small pet.
In the wild, the breeding season for Campbell's dwarf hamster varies by location. For example, the breeding season begins towards the middle of April in Tuva and towards the end of April in Mongolia. However, in captivity, there is no fixed breeding season and they can breed frequently throughout the year. Females are usually sexually mature at two months of age and the gestation period is typically 20 days. Campbell's dwarf hamster is crepuscular, along with all species of Phodopus and is active throughout the year. Campbell's dwarf hamsters are omnivores, and so feed on both plant and insect material. Campbell's dwarf hamster inhabits burrows with four to six horizontal and vertical tunnels in the steppes and semi deserts of central Asia, the Altai mountains, autonomous areas of Tuva and the Hebei province in northeastern China.
This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is native to China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russian Federation.
The binomial name of Campbell's dwarf hamster is Phodopus campbelli. This species is the type species of Cricetiscus (named by Thomas in 1917, and now considered a synonym of Phodopus), and is named after C. W. Campbell, who first collected it on July 1, 1902, in Inner Mongolia. The type locality was the village Shaborte in Mongolia. This locality has puzzled later writers and was believed to be a general Mongolian word for a dry lake, and therefore with no specific coordinates.[3][4][5] However, in the reprint of C. W. Campbell's book "Travels in Mongolia" it is clear that Shaborte is an actual village on the route followed through Mongolia.[6] Thomas described the type specimen in 1905 as Cricetulus campbelli.[2][3]
Synonyms for this species are Phodopus crepidatus and Phodopus tuvinicus.[2] Common names have been applied to Campbell's dwarf hamster, including the striped hairy-footed hamster,[7] the Djungarian hamster,[8][9] the Siberian hamster,[10] and Campbell's hamster.[11] Campbell's dwarf hamster is commonly confused with the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) due to some of the common names, such as the "Siberian hamster" also being used to describe the Djungarian hamster.[12]
American biologist Ned Hollister described a subspecies in 1912:[4]
The size of Campbell's dwarf hamster varies depending on its location. For example, eight wild specimens examined from Mongolia showed an average head and body length of 80 mm (3.1 in), an average hind foot length of 13.5 mm (0.53 in) long, with a tail length of 5 mm (0.20 in).[5] In captivity, they are proportionally larger, as commercial pet food and fruits provide more nutrition than food found commonly in the wild.[13] The lips and cheeks have white fur and the rest of the fur around the face can be either grey or brown. A dark and narrow dorsal stripe runs along the center of the back from the nape of the neck to about 2.5 cm (0.98 in) above the tail. The surface of the hands and feet are white to ensure the animal stays warm in colder climates in countries such as Mongolia.[3]
In both the wild and captivity, Campbell's dwarf hamsters scent-mark around their territories using Harderian glands, skin glands located behind the ears. They use urine and feces for communication.[14]
Campbell's dwarf hamster is distinguished from the similar-looking Djungarian hamster by its smaller ears and no dark patch on the crown of its head, in certain colorations.[3][4] The dorsal stripe of Campbell's dwarf hamster is narrower, shorter, and darker than that of the Djungarian hamster, and the fur on the stomach of Campbell's dwarf hamster is grey, but it is white on the Djungarian hamster.[5] Campbell's dwarf hamster does not turn white in the winter and has a grey tint to its fur. It has a smaller interorbital breadth, but has a larger auditory bulla.[4][5] Campbell's dwarf hamster is much less tolerant to lower temperatures than the Djungarian hamster. A laboratory experiment showed Campbell's dwarf hamster can resist temperatures as low as −31.8 °C (−25.2 °F), where the Djungarian hamster can withstand temperatures as low as −44.7 °C (−48.5 °F).[12] Campbell's dwarf hamster reacts to lower temperatures by constantly exercising and tries to find a sheltered location, unlike the Djungarian hamster, which curls up and relies on its autonomic thermoregulation.[12]
Campbell's dwarf hamster has cheek pouches, which are an extension of the mouth, extending from the mouth all the way to the rear legs.[15] Food is transferred into these pouches through the diastema. The inside of the pouch contains a large number of folds of dermal papillae. When the pouch is full, it extends and becomes part of the structure of the skin.[16] By 11 days of age, the cheek pouches are fully grown and can carry objects up to the size of a sunflower seed.[17] When the cheek pouches become full, they extend back to the shoulder blades, which restrict movement.[15]
Campbell's dwarf hamster is prone to genetic abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids.[18][19] They can develop tumours of the mammary glands, lungs, uterus, and ovaries. Tumours can also develop if the animal is exposed to chemical carcinogens.[20] Due to having slow locomotion and an insignificant response to bright lights and humans, as well as having a low population density, field studies allow scientists to study entire populations in the wild.[21]
Hamsters kept in captivity live for around 2.0–2.5 years.[22] Young hamsters provided widely varied diets early in life are less likely to suffer digestive problems as they mature, but this is not always possible in the wild due to lack of food; this causes the life expectancy of captive hamsters to be greater than that of wild hamsters.[23]
As omnivores, Campbell's dwarf hamsters eat a variety of different foods. A balanced diet for a hamster consists of 16-24% protein, 60-65% carbohydrates, and 5–7% fat, with constant access to fresh water.[24] In their natural habitats, dwarf hamsters feed almost exclusively on plant materials.[25] In captivity, Campbell's dwarf hamsters can get the required nutrition from commercially available food designed specifically for hamsters, which typically contain a mix of dry grains, nuts, and seeds that may be fortified with vitamins and minerals. An excess of any one particular seed or nut can lead to digestive problems, obesity, and forms nutritional deficiency.[23]
In addition to a commercially prepared seed mix, a balanced diet for a Campbell's dwarf hamster in captivity includes a regulated variety of fresh vegetables and fruits. Dark greens such as kale are rich in vitamins and minerals. Wild vegetables such as yarrow, chickweed, and dandelion and raspberry leaves, are also good sources of protein that help prevent obesity.[26]
A hamster in captivity can occasionally eat mealworms or earthworms, which have high protein contents for them. Boiled egg whites and small pieces of clean, cooked chicken are also sources of extra protein.[27] They can also eat wheat grain, sunflower seeds, and locusts.[28] The teeth of Campbell's dwarf hamster never stop growing. Like all rodents, they must, therefore, gnaw regularly to keep their incisors from growing into the skin of the mouth and causing pain and irritation. Smooth, young wood from nontoxic trees, such as apple and willow, is readily used by most species in the genus.[25] Most pet stores sell nontoxic wooden chews designed for rodents in captivity.[23]
Certain food items commonly consumed by humans are toxic to hamsters and should be avoided completely in captivity. Grapes and raisins may contribute to acute renal failure, due to their high level of acidity.[29] Chocolate and other sticky foods such peanut butter may solidify in a hamster's cheek pouches and lead to infections, which can lead to death.[23]
In the wild, the diets of Campbell's dwarf hamsters vary across the population range. A total of 51 different species of plants were identified to be consumed by the Transbaikalia population, the most common being Stipa capillata and species of Allium. However, in Tuva, only 10 species of plant were identified to be consumed by the population, the most common being Potentilla.[27] Campbell's dwarf hamster is a natural predator of burrowing worms and grubs.[23]
In Tuva, the breeding season of Campbell's dwarf hamster begins in April, and in Mongolia, it begins in at the end of April or the beginning of May.[30][31] However, in all distribution ranges, it ends in late September or early October.[32] In captivity, Campbell's dwarf hamsters breed throughout the year, with no fixed breeding season, but a large number are born in the summer months. In the wild, three to four litters are produced each year, with an average of eight offspring per litter.[27][28][32] In captivity, females can have between one and 18 litters per year, with one to nine offspring per litter.[20] In captivity, the gestation period for Campbell's dwarf hamster is between 18 and 20 days, and the shortest gestation period recorded for a captive female was 13 days.[27][32] The male hamster is likely to assist the female during birth. The male may pull the offspring from the birth canal, clean them, or collect food for the mother and offspring.[33]
When the offspring are born, they are hairless and have a body mass of approximately 1.5 g (0.053 oz). Incisors and claws are already formed, but the digits, eyes, and pinnae are closed and cannot be used. The rate at which the young develop differs depending on the distribution range. However, the differences are usually no longer than a day. In Tuva, the pinnae open on the first day of birth and are completely open after three days of development. However, in Mongolia, the same process occurs between two and four days of development. Fur first grows on the crown, back, and abdomen. The young usually have a full coat of fur after seven days of development.[32] Offspring born in captivity have a shorter development time than those born in the wild. Specifically, the growth and development of the head and body, tail, hind feet, and pinnae can be up to a day sooner than those found in the wild. After 28 days of development in captivity, the young are already around half the mass of their parents.[17]
In captivity, females become sexually mature at two months of age. The ovarian follicle forms about 16 days prior to the birth of the offspring. After mating, female hamsters typically have larger uteri, ovaries, and adrenal glands compared to females which live alone, with other females or those that have not mated. The females and males may fight each other when getting to know their partner.[9] Also, these females have a shorter gestation period, around four to five days.[8]
In captivity, only Campbell's dwarf hamsters and Djungarian hamsters are able to interbreed and produce live offspring or hybrids. Although hybrids make suitable pets, the breeding of hybrids and cloning can cause health problems, due to inherited diseases. Because genetic information can be very similar, genetic health problems or vulnerabilities can easily be inherited by the offspring. The widespread breeding and distribution of hybrids could threaten the existence of both pure species and subspecies of the ecosystem. This could ultimately lead to the extinction of the subspecies. Each litter becomes smaller as more generations are produced and the young commonly begin to inherit many congenital problems.[25][34]
The two species of Phodopus hamsters (P. sungorus and P. campbelli) have the same number of chromosomes, and the chromosomes are similar in terms of size and morphology. However, several chromosomes show structural differences in the location and size of C-heterochromatin blocks. In nature, the two species do not meet, but will mate and produce offspring in captivity. However, both reciprocal crosses produce sterile hybrid males and females with decreased fertility. There is a clear effect in which types the parents are. The cross P. sungorus male x P. campbelli female will have embryos that grow normally, like both parent species. But the cross between P. campbelli male x P. sungorus female result in overgrowth, leading to embryonic death.[35][36][37]
Campbell's dwarf hamsters inhabit burrows in the steppes and semideserts of central Asia, the Altai mountains, autonomous areas of Tuva, and the Hebei province in northeastern China.[15] A burrow can contain four to six horizontal and vertical tunnels. The tunnels leading to the nesting area can be as deep as 1 m (3 ft 3 in) below the ground, but are usually 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) deep.[27][38] The burrows are lined with either dry grass or sheep's wool.[27][39] They may sometimes share burrows with Daurian pikas, but only in the steppes and semideserts of northern Manchuria.[40] In parts of Mongolia, the hamsters may also share burrows with species of Meriones to save them from digging their own.[5][41] In Tuva, Campbell's dwarf hamsters have been found living with other hamsters, such as the Chinese striped hamster, the Roborovski hamster, and the long-tailed dwarf hamster. The diets of the three types of hamsters are different to avoid fighting over the same type of food, which is why they live together.[30]
Campbell's dwarf hamsters may also live near areas of human civilization. In Mongolia, they may be found in yurts to keep warm during the winter, as they do not have thermoregulation like the Djungarian hamster.[27] They have five main predators: the Eurasian eagle owl, the steppe eagle, the corsac fox, the common kestrel, and the saker falcon.[42][43][44][45] All distribution areas have more females than males, because males are at higher risk from predators, as they cannot move as quickly.[32]
This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The population and distribution size is large, and no major or widespread threats to the species are known. However, due to the increasing number of livestock in the areas of distribution, such as the steppes of central Asia, some burrows are at a small risk of being destroyed. In arid areas of distribution, the reduction in the number of water sources is also of minor concern status. These hamsters are conserved in protected areas.[1]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli) is a species of hamster in the genus Phodopus. It was given its common name by Oldfield Thomas in honor of Charles William Campbell, who collected the first specimen in Mongolia on July 1, 1902. It is distinguished from the closely related Djungarian hamster as it has smaller ears and no dark fur on its crown. Campbell's dwarf hamster typically has a narrow dorsal stripe compared to the Djungarian hamster and grey fur on the stomach. This hamster may be raised in captivity and kept as a small pet.
In the wild, the breeding season for Campbell's dwarf hamster varies by location. For example, the breeding season begins towards the middle of April in Tuva and towards the end of April in Mongolia. However, in captivity, there is no fixed breeding season and they can breed frequently throughout the year. Females are usually sexually mature at two months of age and the gestation period is typically 20 days. Campbell's dwarf hamster is crepuscular, along with all species of Phodopus and is active throughout the year. Campbell's dwarf hamsters are omnivores, and so feed on both plant and insect material. Campbell's dwarf hamster inhabits burrows with four to six horizontal and vertical tunnels in the steppes and semi deserts of central Asia, the Altai mountains, autonomous areas of Tuva and the Hebei province in northeastern China.
This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is native to China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russian Federation.
El hámster enano de Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) una especie de roedor miomorfo de la familia Cricetidae. Fue descubierto por W. C. Campbell en 1902 en Tuvá, un área que ha estado relacionada geográficamente con China y Rusia. El hámster de Campbell también es nativo de las estepas y áreas semiáridas de Asia central, las montañas Altái, y las provincias de Heilongjiang y Hebei en el noreste de China.Le gustan las semillas, frutas, verduras, insectos, entre otros alimentos básicos. Requiere de pocos cuidados, pero necesita hacer ejercicio de forma frecuente( se recomienda poner una rueda en su jaula para mantenerlo activo)
Este hámster es a veces confundido con el hámster ruso o zúngaro. Ha habido algunos debates sobre la clasificación del hámster enano de Campbell, puesto que está cercanamente emparentado con el Hámster enano de zungaria, pero actualmente las dos especies están clasificadas como P. campbelli y P. sungorus, respectivamente.
La escasa esperanza de vida del hámster de Campbell es de 1 ½ a 2 años, si bien pueden vivir más.
El hámster enano de Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) una especie de roedor miomorfo de la familia Cricetidae. Fue descubierto por W. C. Campbell en 1902 en Tuvá, un área que ha estado relacionada geográficamente con China y Rusia. El hámster de Campbell también es nativo de las estepas y áreas semiáridas de Asia central, las montañas Altái, y las provincias de Heilongjiang y Hebei en el noreste de China.Le gustan las semillas, frutas, verduras, insectos, entre otros alimentos básicos. Requiere de pocos cuidados, pero necesita hacer ejercicio de forma frecuente( se recomienda poner una rueda en su jaula para mantenerlo activo)
Este hámster es a veces confundido con el hámster ruso o zúngaro. Ha habido algunos debates sobre la clasificación del hámster enano de Campbell, puesto que está cercanamente emparentado con el Hámster enano de zungaria, pero actualmente las dos especies están clasificadas como P. campbelli y P. sungorus, respectivamente.
La escasa esperanza de vida del hámster de Campbell es de 1 ½ a 2 años, si bien pueden vivir más.
Campbelli käpikhamstrik (Phodopus campbelli) on liik käpikhamstriku perekonnast.
Liigi avastas W. C. Campbell 1902. aastal Tuvas.
Phodopus campbelli Phodopus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Cricetinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Phodopus campbelli Phodopus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Cricetinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Campbellinkääpiöhamsteri (Phodopus campbelli) on tunnettu aiemmin myös venäjänkääpiöhamsterin alalajina Phodopus sungorus campbelli,[3] mutta nykyisin sen on todettu olevan oma lajinsa.[4] Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on mongolianaavikkohamsteri.[5]
Campbellikääpiöhamsterin pituus on yleensä 8-10 senttimetriä.
Campbellinkääpiöhamsteri elää luonnossa Keski-Aasian, Mongolian ja Kiinan kuivilla aroilla. Se on aktiivinen enimmäkseen hämärän aikaan. Se rakentaa maanalaisen luolaverkoston, jossa on yleensä neljästä kuuteen tunnelia. Tunnelin päässä on pesäluola, ja sen lähellä varastoluola, johon hamsterit varastoivat siemeniä ja pähkinöitä.[6] Lajia pidetään melko yleisesti lemmikkinä.
Campbellinkääpiöhamsteri (Phodopus campbelli) on tunnettu aiemmin myös venäjänkääpiöhamsterin alalajina Phodopus sungorus campbelli, mutta nykyisin sen on todettu olevan oma lajinsa. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on mongolianaavikkohamsteri.
Campbellikääpiöhamsterin pituus on yleensä 8-10 senttimetriä.
Campbellinkääpiöhamsteri elää luonnossa Keski-Aasian, Mongolian ja Kiinan kuivilla aroilla. Se on aktiivinen enimmäkseen hämärän aikaan. Se rakentaa maanalaisen luolaverkoston, jossa on yleensä neljästä kuuteen tunnelia. Tunnelin päässä on pesäluola, ja sen lähellä varastoluola, johon hamsterit varastoivat siemeniä ja pähkinöitä. Lajia pidetään melko yleisesti lemmikkinä.
Phodopus campbelli
Le Hamster de Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) est une espèce de Hamster de la famille des Cricétidés. Ce petit rongeur est aussi appelé Hamster nain de Campbell[1].
À l'état naturel, le Hamster de Campbell vit en Mongolie, en Mandchourie et dans le Nord et le Sud de la Chine. Son habitat est la steppe aride. Pendant longtemps, ces hamsters ont été considérés comme une sous-espèce du Hamster russe, mais aujourd'hui on considère qu'il s'agit de deux espèces différentes[2].
Le Hamster de Campbell a un physique massif, avec une taille plus marquée que le Hamster russe. Il a une tête et des oreilles plus pointues, et des yeux plus rapprochés. La couleur naturelle de la peau est gris-brun, le ventre est blanchâtre ; une ligne plus sombre parcourt le dos. Le Hamster de Campbell peut avoir les yeux rouges aussi bien que noirs, tandis que le Hamster russe a plus généralement les yeux noirs[2].
Les petits sont élevés conjointement par les deux parents, et ces hamsters seraient monogames. Il ne faut pas tenter de faire cohabiter deux hamsters adultes : la cohabitation doit toujours commencer dès les premières semaines de vie[2].
Cette espèce est craintive. Les élevages familiaux disséminés en Europe travaillent à améliorer à la fois le caractère et la morphologie de l'espèce[2].
Il est omnivore. Il se nourrit de graines et de végétation, notamment des espèces Stipa capillata, Iris ruthenia et Iris flavisima. Il complète son alimentation avec des invertébrés et des insectes[3].
La maturité sexuelle est atteinte au bout de 23 jours en moyenne pour les mâles et 48 pour les femelles[3].
Comme tous les hamsters, ce sont des animaux essentiellement nocturnes. Ils passent la plus grande partie de la nuit à courir et à chercher de la nourriture.
Un Hamster de Campbell doit disposer d'un habitat d'au moins 100 cm × 60 cm au sol, d'un seul tenant. Aujourd'hui, on trouve en plus des cages des solutions alternatives pour loger les hamsters :
Ils sont besoin de 20-30cm de litière minimum.
De plus, l'un des accessoires essentiels pour n'importe quel hamster reste la roue. Dans le cas du Hamster de Campbell, qui est une espèce naine, elle doit mesurer au moins 25 cm de diamètre, sinon l’animal courra courbé et se déformera la colonne vertébrale.
Il est déconseillé de faire cohabiter plusieurs de ces hamsters dans une même cage, pour la sécurité des hamsters mieux vaut respecter la règle d'or : 1 hamster = 1 cage.
Le Hamster de Campbell et le Hamster russe peuvent s'accoupler. Les éleveurs sont parfois tentés de le faire pour obtenir différentes robes, car celles du Hamster russe ne sont pas variées. Cependant, les mâles hybrides sont stériles, et ce croisement a des effets néfastes :
Phodopus campbelli
Le Hamster de Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) est une espèce de Hamster de la famille des Cricétidés. Ce petit rongeur est aussi appelé Hamster nain de Campbell.
Hamster kerdil Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) adalah salah satu spesies hamster. Hamster ini ditemukan oleh W.C. Campbell pada tahun 1902 di Tuva, daerah yang secara geografis dan sejarah terhubung dengan Tiongkok dan Rusia. Hamster ini juga hidup di Asia Tengah, pegunungan Altay, dan provinsi Heilungkiang dan Hebei di Tiongkok timur laut.
Habitat aslinya adalah padang rumput, padang pasir dan semi gurun, lebih dapat ditemukan hidup pada tanah dengan substrat lebih kuat daripada roborovski. Hamster tidak suka keadaan berair, panas, dan berangin.. Biasanya di alam lebih sering memakan biji-bijian dan serangga. Campbell adalah hewan nokturnal. Masa kehamilannya 20-22 hari. Pada tahun pertama meraka sangat produktif untuk berkemmbang biak. Hamster campbell adalah hamster yang galak. Dan perlu di juga anda untuk rutin membersihkan kandangnya agar terhindar dari penyakit.
Berikut ini Ciri-ciri jenis Hamster Campbell berdasarkan warna:
Black: Hamster ini memiliki warna dominan hitam di sekujur tubuhnya keculi ada beberapa faktor yang dapat mngubah warna tubuhnya dan Hamster Corral hampir sama dengan Black. Tetapi ada perbedaan sedikit pada hamster Corral yaitu di bagian leher terdapat lingkaran putih, mata hitam, dan daun telinga berwarna abu-abu gelap.
Albino: warna bulu semua putih. Mata berwarna merah dan telinga merah/pink. Hamster yang di dapat dari semua gen.
Argente Red Eye: Punggung berwarna orange cerah dan garis berwarna coklat. Mata merah dan daun telinga merah muda/pink. Perut berwarna putih.
Argente Black Eye: Bagian belakang tubuhnya berwarna krim dengan strip coklat dan memiliki garis lengkung orange. Bagian perut berwarna putih gading ada lapisan coklat gelap dibawah. Garis punggung berwarna coklat gelap, mata hitam dan memiliki daun telinga merah muda/pink.
Opal: Bagian bulu belakang berwarna abu-abu asap dengan strip biru, warna perut putih mati dan dibawahnya ada lapisan abu-abu yang lembut. Garis punggung berwarna abu-abu gelap. Mata hitam dan daun telinga juga berwarna sama yaitu abu-abu gelap.
Lilac Fawn: Warna bulu coklat muda dilapisi dengan biru keabu-abuan. Garis punggung berwarna biru ke abu-abuan lembut. Mata hitam dan daun telinga abu-abu.
Blue Fawn: Warna krim tua dengan warna biru dan lapisan bawah biru keabu-abuan. Mata merah dan daun telinga berwarna merah muda/pink.
Black Eye Lilac: Warna bulu adalah ungu ke abu-abuan lembut dengan mata hitam dan telinga abu-abu.
Red Eye Lilac: Warna bulu adalah ungu ke abu-abuan lembut dengan mata merah dan telinga merah muda/pink. Untuk membedakan warna dengan dove, warna dove cenderung lebih gelap dan lilac terang.
Bandit Campbell: warna dominasi hitam dan putih, terdapat warna putih melingkari leher, lincah, jinak, termasuk mini hamster.
Mottled Campbell: Bercorak bercak putih yang berpadu dengan warna dasar, terdapat garis dipunggung, keunikannya memiliki bentuk segitiga di kepalanya, lincah, jinak, termasuk mini hamster.
Champagne: Warna krim ternag dengan mata merah dan daun telinga merah muda/pink.
Blue Beige: Warna krim dengan warna kebiruan dan lapisan bawah berwarna abu-abu. Mata merah dan telinga kulit berwarna abu-abu.
Beige: Warna krim muda kekuningan. Garis punggung berwarna coklat. Mata merah dan daun telinga berwarna abu-abu.
Dove: Warna gelap merpati (abu-abu kecoklatan) dengan mata merah dan telinga merah muda/pink. Untuk membedakan warna dengan lilac, warna dove cenderung lebih gelap dan lilac terang.
Chocolate: Warna coklat gelap dengan mata hitam dan telinga abu-abu.
Gen-gen hamster Campbell (kode gen): 1. kode 1 gen hamster campbell (hanya memiliki 1 kode gen) dd: opal aa: black pp: argente mata merah
Hamster Campbell Blue Fawn memiliki kode gen ddpp, dimana dapat dibuat dengan mengkawinkan hamster campbell opal (dd) dengan argente mata merah (pp).
Hamster Blue Campbell memiliki kode gen aadd yang dapat dibuat dengan cara menyilangkan hamster campbell opal (dd) dengan hamster campbell black (aa).
Terakhir adalah hamster campbell Lilac yang mempunyai kode gen aaddpp (3 gen).
Hamster kerdil Campbell (Phodopus campbelli) adalah salah satu spesies hamster. Hamster ini ditemukan oleh W.C. Campbell pada tahun 1902 di Tuva, daerah yang secara geografis dan sejarah terhubung dengan Tiongkok dan Rusia. Hamster ini juga hidup di Asia Tengah, pegunungan Altay, dan provinsi Heilungkiang dan Hebei di Tiongkok timur laut.
Habitat aslinya adalah padang rumput, padang pasir dan semi gurun, lebih dapat ditemukan hidup pada tanah dengan substrat lebih kuat daripada roborovski. Hamster tidak suka keadaan berair, panas, dan berangin.. Biasanya di alam lebih sering memakan biji-bijian dan serangga. Campbell adalah hewan nokturnal. Masa kehamilannya 20-22 hari. Pada tahun pertama meraka sangat produktif untuk berkemmbang biak. Hamster campbell adalah hamster yang galak. Dan perlu di juga anda untuk rutin membersihkan kandangnya agar terhindar dari penyakit.
Berikut ini Ciri-ciri jenis Hamster Campbell berdasarkan warna:
Black: Hamster ini memiliki warna dominan hitam di sekujur tubuhnya keculi ada beberapa faktor yang dapat mngubah warna tubuhnya dan Hamster Corral hampir sama dengan Black. Tetapi ada perbedaan sedikit pada hamster Corral yaitu di bagian leher terdapat lingkaran putih, mata hitam, dan daun telinga berwarna abu-abu gelap.
Albino: warna bulu semua putih. Mata berwarna merah dan telinga merah/pink. Hamster yang di dapat dari semua gen.
Argente Red Eye: Punggung berwarna orange cerah dan garis berwarna coklat. Mata merah dan daun telinga merah muda/pink. Perut berwarna putih.
Argente Black Eye: Bagian belakang tubuhnya berwarna krim dengan strip coklat dan memiliki garis lengkung orange. Bagian perut berwarna putih gading ada lapisan coklat gelap dibawah. Garis punggung berwarna coklat gelap, mata hitam dan memiliki daun telinga merah muda/pink.
Opal: Bagian bulu belakang berwarna abu-abu asap dengan strip biru, warna perut putih mati dan dibawahnya ada lapisan abu-abu yang lembut. Garis punggung berwarna abu-abu gelap. Mata hitam dan daun telinga juga berwarna sama yaitu abu-abu gelap.
Lilac Fawn: Warna bulu coklat muda dilapisi dengan biru keabu-abuan. Garis punggung berwarna biru ke abu-abuan lembut. Mata hitam dan daun telinga abu-abu.
Blue Fawn: Warna krim tua dengan warna biru dan lapisan bawah biru keabu-abuan. Mata merah dan daun telinga berwarna merah muda/pink.
Black Eye Lilac: Warna bulu adalah ungu ke abu-abuan lembut dengan mata hitam dan telinga abu-abu.
Red Eye Lilac: Warna bulu adalah ungu ke abu-abuan lembut dengan mata merah dan telinga merah muda/pink. Untuk membedakan warna dengan dove, warna dove cenderung lebih gelap dan lilac terang.
Bandit Campbell: warna dominasi hitam dan putih, terdapat warna putih melingkari leher, lincah, jinak, termasuk mini hamster.
Mottled Campbell: Bercorak bercak putih yang berpadu dengan warna dasar, terdapat garis dipunggung, keunikannya memiliki bentuk segitiga di kepalanya, lincah, jinak, termasuk mini hamster.
Champagne: Warna krim ternag dengan mata merah dan daun telinga merah muda/pink.
Blue Beige: Warna krim dengan warna kebiruan dan lapisan bawah berwarna abu-abu. Mata merah dan telinga kulit berwarna abu-abu.
Beige: Warna krim muda kekuningan. Garis punggung berwarna coklat. Mata merah dan daun telinga berwarna abu-abu.
Dove: Warna gelap merpati (abu-abu kecoklatan) dengan mata merah dan telinga merah muda/pink. Untuk membedakan warna dengan lilac, warna dove cenderung lebih gelap dan lilac terang.
Chocolate: Warna coklat gelap dengan mata hitam dan telinga abu-abu.
Gen-gen hamster Campbell (kode gen): 1. kode 1 gen hamster campbell (hanya memiliki 1 kode gen) dd: opal aa: black pp: argente mata merah
Hamster Campbell Blue Fawn memiliki kode gen ddpp, dimana dapat dibuat dengan mengkawinkan hamster campbell opal (dd) dengan argente mata merah (pp).
Hamster Blue Campbell memiliki kode gen aadd yang dapat dibuat dengan cara menyilangkan hamster campbell opal (dd) dengan hamster campbell black (aa).
Terakhir adalah hamster campbell Lilac yang mempunyai kode gen aaddpp (3 gen).
Phodopus campbelli, perlopiù noto come criceto nano russo o criceto di Campbell[2], è una delle tre specie di criceto del genere Phodopus ed è spesso facilmente confusa con la phodopus sungorus (che è un'altra delle tre specie, nota come "criceto siberiano" o "whinter white")[3]. È originario della Russia del Nord e dell'Asia centrale e della Cina del Nord e per questo volgarmente conosciuto anche come criceto russo o criceto Campbell.
Oldfield Thomas l'ha così nominata nel 1905 in onore di Charles William Campbell, che per primo ha collezionato questi esemplari nel 1902[1][4]. Lo zoologo statunitense Ned Hollister ha individuato sui Monti Altaj siberiani la sottospecie "P. c. crepidatus" nel 1912[5]. Questa tipologia di criceto venne introdotta nel mercato intorno agli anni Settanta in Inghilterra. Benché propensi alla fuga, date le loro dimensioni ridotte che li rendono facili prede, questi criceti sono estremamente curiosi e si lasciano maneggiare con non troppa riluttanza.
Il Campbell è un animale notturno e non va in letargo. È onnivoro, ovvero si nutre di piante, insetti e cereali. Ha delle sacche paraorali che dalla bocca si estendono fino alle zampe posteriori[6]. Vive in media due o tre anni.
La parte inferiore del Campbell (ovvero la pancia), le labbra e le guance sono di colore bianco, così da tenerlo caldo in inverno[4]. La parte superiore è di colore grigio o marrone chiaro e c'è nel mezzo una striscia nera che lo percorre lungo tutta colonna vertebrale (dalla nuca a poco al di sopra della coda). Di media gli adulti sono lunghi sugli 8–10 cm.
Il criceto russo nella sua colorazione originale, "selvatica", è simile al criceto siberiano, tanto che solo un esperto riesce a differenziarli (tranne quando il criceto è nella sua colorazione invernale, bianca). Il criceto russo ha una testa più corta e gli occhi sono equidistanti da orecchie e naso; il suo naso è più largo. Il criceto siberiano ha orecchie più piccole, il musetto più convesso e gli occhi sono più vicini alle orecchie che al naso. Il siberiano può raggiungere una taglia maggiore e ha la striscia dorsale più scura e i tre piccoli archi laterali più definiti nel manto. Le zampette sono più pelose nel siberiano e meno nel criceto russo. Come conseguenza all'allevamento domestico e nei negozi, in Italia esistono molti incroci tra criceti russi e siberiani, che hanno dato origine anche a nuove colorazioni del pelo. Inoltre, il Campbell ha bulla auditoria più grande[5][7] e non riesce a tollerare altrettanto bene temperature inferiori ai -31.8° poiché sprovvisto del più efficiente sistema di termoregolazione automatico dell'altro (il Campbell reagisce all'abbassarsi della temperatura facendo esercizio costante e cercando il miglior riparo possibile)[3].
Il Campbell abita tane sotterranee caratterizzate da quattro (o anche sei) tunnel nella steppa asiatica. Vive, oltre nelle già menzionate Russia e Mongolia, in Cina (in particolare, nelle province Mongolia Interna e Hebei) e nel Kazakistan.
Sia allo stato selvatico sia in cattività, il Campbell marchia il proprio territorio attraverso le ghiandole cutanee harderiane che si trovano dietro alle orecchie. Usano urina e feci per comunicare tra loro[8].
Allo stato selvatico, a seconda delle zone, comincia a raccogliere cibo in periodi diversi dell'anno; nella Tuva (una parte della Russia), ad esempio, inizia a metà aprile, mentre in Mongolia verso la fine dello stesso mese. Tuttavia, in cattività, raccoglie cibo tutto l'anno.
Attraverso il diastema, il cibo è immesso nella sacche paraorali. Queste contengono un gran numero di papille dermatiche e, una volta piene, si estendono tanto da diventare tutt'uno con la struttura cutanea del criceto[9]. Se piene, sono d'ostacolo ai suoi normali movimenti[3].
Già all'undicesimo giorno dalla nascita le sacche sono definitivamente formate. Sono grandi abbastanza da contenere, ad esempio, semi di girasole[10], dei quali il Campbell è ghiotto.
Le femmine del Campbell sono sessualmente mature già al primo mese di vita, ma la riproduzione a questa età può essere pericolosa. La gestazione dei cuccioli è tipicamente di circa 20 giorni. Pertanto i cuccioli devono essere separati dopo circa 25 giorni dal parto.
Sono comuni le anormalità genetiche nel metabolismo di carboidrati e lipidi[11][12]. Possono sviluppare tumori a ghiandole mammarie, polmoni, utero e ovaie, anche se esposti a carcinogeni chimici[13].
In un esperimento di laboratorio si è potuto constatare che, in cattività, la durata vita di maschi e femmine è di, rispettivamente, 278 e 356 giorni[11]. Tuttavia, un esperimento successivo ha dimostrato che criceti Campbell nati in estate e tenuti in cattività possono vivere in media 2-2,5 anni[14]. La miglior qualità e varietà di cibo di un criceto domestico ben tenuto fa sì che, rispetto ad uno selvatico, viva di più[15].
Tuttavia è sconsigliata la riproduzione in casa in quanto sono poco conosciute e rispettate le norme per il corretto mantenimento di questi piccoli animali durante la loro vita e dopo la riproduzione.
Le norme corrette per tenere con sé questo piccolo animaletto sono state diffuse tramite diversi canali dall'AIC, Associazione Italiana Criceti Onlus, fondata nel 2007. Tuttavia risultano purtroppo essere sconosciute nella maggior parte dei negozi di animali che vendono accessori non idonei.
Uno degli errori più comuni trasmesso dai negozi riguarda lo spazio necessario per l'habitat domestico. Molte delle gabbie vendute possono essere usate solo come trasportini per viaggi temporanei. Le misure minime corrette della gabbia variano infatti a seconda della specie del criceto.
Per un criceto nano russo/Campbell o siberiano Whinter White le misure minime sono 75 per 45 cm di base con ruota di almeno 20cm senza spazi; mentre per un criceto Roborovskij le misure minime sono 80 cm per 50 cm di base con ruota del diametro di almeno 20 cm senza spazi.
Per un criceto dorato è necessaria una gabbia di dimensione minima 100 per 50 cm e una ruota del diametro di 28 cm, mai a grate, pericolose per le zampe del criceto.
Tutti i criceti necessitano di una tana in cui potersi sentire al riparo e di un beverino a goccia pieno di acqua fresca.
Il cotone è da evitare perché pericoloso per le zampe e la bocca del criceto. Anche il cotone venduto nei negozi appositamente per criceti è estremamente pericoloso e può rivelarsi addirittura letale.
L'alimentazione deve prevedere cibo fresco ossia frutta 1 volta a settimana e verdura (almeno 3 tipi diversi tutte le sere) e un mix di semi contenente almeno 10 varietà di semi diversi, adatto al criceto senza componenti industriali e zuccherini. I semi grassi come: semi di girasole, semi di zucca, pinoli e noci sono da dare con molta parsimonia altrimenti si rischia di far emergere il diabete nel criceto.
I criceti necessitano di scavare, pertanto hanno bisogno di un alto strato di lettiera sufficiente. Serviranno 10 cm di lettiera per i criceti nani e 20 cm per i dorati. La lettiera non deve essere profumata, possibilmente in canapa o truciolo di legno depolverizzato. La lettiera per gatti quindi non è adatta.
Con una vaschetta a disposizione piena di sabbia per cincillà i criceti potranno pulirsi il pelo, mentre con tubi e ponti si divertiranno e regaleranno simpatici momenti ai loro padroni. I criceti non hanno bisogno di vaccinazioni ma vanno portati da un veterinario esperto in animali esotici per una visita di controllo per escludere parassiti che potrebbero contagiare l'uomo.
Phodopus campbelli, perlopiù noto come criceto nano russo o criceto di Campbell, è una delle tre specie di criceto del genere Phodopus ed è spesso facilmente confusa con la phodopus sungorus (che è un'altra delle tre specie, nota come "criceto siberiano" o "whinter white"). È originario della Russia del Nord e dell'Asia centrale e della Cina del Nord e per questo volgarmente conosciuto anche come criceto russo o criceto Campbell.
Oldfield Thomas l'ha così nominata nel 1905 in onore di Charles William Campbell, che per primo ha collezionato questi esemplari nel 1902. Lo zoologo statunitense Ned Hollister ha individuato sui Monti Altaj siberiani la sottospecie "P. c. crepidatus" nel 1912. Questa tipologia di criceto venne introdotta nel mercato intorno agli anni Settanta in Inghilterra. Benché propensi alla fuga, date le loro dimensioni ridotte che li rendono facili prede, questi criceti sono estremamente curiosi e si lasciano maneggiare con non troppa riluttanza.
Il Campbell è un animale notturno e non va in letargo. È onnivoro, ovvero si nutre di piante, insetti e cereali. Ha delle sacche paraorali che dalla bocca si estendono fino alle zampe posteriori. Vive in media due o tre anni.
De Campbells dwerghamster (Phodopus campbelli) is een zoogdiersoort die behoort tot de onderfamilie van de hamsters (Cricetinae). De eerste beschrijving werd in 1905 onder de wetenschappelijke naam Cricetulus campbelli gepubliceerd door Oldfield Thomas.[2] De naam verwijst naar Charles William Campbell, die de soort in 1902 verzamelde in het noordoosten van Mongolië.
Campbells dwerghamsters zijn vooral in de schemering actief. Overdag slapen ze meestal in hun zelfgegraven hol. Campbells dwerghamsters leven in kleine groepjes. Hun reukzin is uitstekend en ze herkennen elkaar aan de geur. Het gezichtsvermogen en het gehoor zijn minder goed ontwikkeld.
Campbells dwerghamster is een van de weinige hamstersoorten die enigszins monogaam leeft. Een eenmaal gevormd paartje blijft doorgaans bijeen en verzorgt samen de jongen. Gedomesticeerde dieren zijn geslachtsrijp op een leeftijd van ongeveer zes weken. De draagtijd ligt rond de 18 dagen, waarna de jongen geheel naakt en blind ter wereld komen. De gemiddelde worp is vijf jongen van elk ongeveer twee gram. Na ongeveer twee weken zijn ze al behaard, zijn de ogen open en eten ze al wat vast voedsel. Campbells dwerghamsters worden twee tot drie jaar oud.
Campbells dwerghamsters zijn nauw verwant aan de Russische dwerghamster (Phodopus sungorus). Men heeft zelfs een tijdje gedacht dat het om een en dezelfde soort ging, omdat de dieren evenveel chromosomen hebben en onderling bastaarden kunnen vormen. In de natuur overlappen hun leefgebieden elkaar niet. Hoewel het aantal chromosomen gelijk is, zijn er toch genetische verschillen tussen beide soorten aangetoond. Ook uiterlijk zijn er verschillen. De Campbells dwerghamster heeft behaarde voetzolen, terwijl die van de Russische dwerghamster kaal zijn. De donkere streep over de schouder en de streep over de rug zijn bij de Campbells dwerghamster breder maar minder scherp begrensd dan bij de verwante soort. Bovendien zijn de oren veel kleiner.
Deze hamstersoort komt voor in Noord-Mongolië, Noord-China, Mantsjoerije, Altaj en Toeva.
Net als de Russische dwerghamster wordt de Campbells dwerghamster wel als huisdier gehouden.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe Campbells dwerghamster (Phodopus campbelli) is een zoogdiersoort die behoort tot de onderfamilie van de hamsters (Cricetinae). De eerste beschrijving werd in 1905 onder de wetenschappelijke naam Cricetulus campbelli gepubliceerd door Oldfield Thomas. De naam verwijst naar Charles William Campbell, die de soort in 1902 verzamelde in het noordoosten van Mongolië.
Russisk dverghamster eller campbellsk dverghamster, vitskapleg namn Phodopus campbelli, er ein liten gnagar i hamsterfamilien. Han liknar den sibirske dverghamsteren.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Chomicznik zabajkalski[4], chomik Campbella, chomik mandżurski (Phodopus campbelli) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny chomikowatych (Cricetidae), wcześniej klasyfikowany jako podgatunek chomicznika dżungarskiego (Phodopus sungorus).
Żyje na stepach i terenach półpustynnych. Piaskowy odcień jego futra zlewa się z otoczeniem. Podobnie jak chomik dżungarski, ma czarną pręgę biegnącą wzdłuż grzbietu, nie ma plam na bokach ciała. W zimie odcień jego futra nie ulega zmianie. Hodowcy wyhodowali także odmiany tego gatunku chomika o innym ubarwieniu. Chomik Campbella jest nazywany również chomikiem mandżugarskim.
Chomicznik zabajkalski, chomik Campbella, chomik mandżurski (Phodopus campbelli) – gatunek gryzonia z rodziny chomikowatych (Cricetidae), wcześniej klasyfikowany jako podgatunek chomicznika dżungarskiego (Phodopus sungorus).
Żyje na stepach i terenach półpustynnych. Piaskowy odcień jego futra zlewa się z otoczeniem. Podobnie jak chomik dżungarski, ma czarną pręgę biegnącą wzdłuż grzbietu, nie ma plam na bokach ciała. W zimie odcień jego futra nie ulega zmianie. Hodowcy wyhodowali także odmiany tego gatunku chomika o innym ubarwieniu. Chomik Campbella jest nazywany również chomikiem mandżugarskim.
Phodopus campbelli ou Anão Russo Campbell é um mamífero da ordem dos roedores, família Cricetinae (Hamster). É uma das espécies domesticáveis mais comuns, por apresentar características fáceis de se ter num pequeno apartamento e ser um animal solitário, não necessitando companhia de outros da mesma espécie, inclusive manter essa espécie em grupos ou duplas, mesmo que sendo casais gera grande estresse, que pode culminar em brigas fatais e canibalismo [1] . É erroneamente confundido com hamster chinês, que tem sua venda proibida no Brasil pois não haviam sido introduzidos aqui antes da portaria 93/98 do IBAMA, que veta a entrada de mais animais exóticos no país. É de uma especia próxima ao Phodopus sungorus ou Anão Russo Siberiano, que tem o pelo mais claro que o dele.
Os anões russos são inteligentes e rápidos. Diferente da espécie de hamster sírio, são bastante ativos. Tendem a criar uma rotina onde acordam no mesmo horário para comer, fazer exercícios, brincar e explorar. A especie é provenientes da Sibéria, e também podem ser conhecidos como Hamster Siberiano.[2]
São menores que os sírios, medindo até doze centímetros. As patas são peludas e têm uma variedade grande de cores, mas muitas delas não disponíveis no Brasil. Dependendo das condições de ambiente e alimentação podem chegar a viver de dois a três anos.[2]
A alimentação correta deve ser balanceada, utilizando ração extrusada própria para hamster[3], frutas, legumes e grãos selecionados podem ser usados como petiscos ocasionais, não devem ser dados com frequência para evitar diabetes e sobrepeso[4]. Mix de sementes industrial não é recomendado, pois as sementes que o constituem são de baixa qualidade, milho e amendoim cru são encontrados na maioria das fórmulas (alimentos que não são indicados para roedores) e seus pellets possuem adição de aromatizantes e corantes artificiais, excesso de realçadores de sabor como açucares refinados e sais, causando sobrecargas nos rins e fígado desses animais[1]
Phodopus campbelli ou Anão Russo Campbell é um mamífero da ordem dos roedores, família Cricetinae (Hamster). É uma das espécies domesticáveis mais comuns, por apresentar características fáceis de se ter num pequeno apartamento e ser um animal solitário, não necessitando companhia de outros da mesma espécie, inclusive manter essa espécie em grupos ou duplas, mesmo que sendo casais gera grande estresse, que pode culminar em brigas fatais e canibalismo . É erroneamente confundido com hamster chinês, que tem sua venda proibida no Brasil pois não haviam sido introduzidos aqui antes da portaria 93/98 do IBAMA, que veta a entrada de mais animais exóticos no país. É de uma especia próxima ao Phodopus sungorus ou Anão Russo Siberiano, que tem o pelo mais claro que o dele.
Os anões russos são inteligentes e rápidos. Diferente da espécie de hamster sírio, são bastante ativos. Tendem a criar uma rotina onde acordam no mesmo horário para comer, fazer exercícios, brincar e explorar. A especie é provenientes da Sibéria, e também podem ser conhecidos como Hamster Siberiano.
São menores que os sírios, medindo até doze centímetros. As patas são peludas e têm uma variedade grande de cores, mas muitas delas não disponíveis no Brasil. Dependendo das condições de ambiente e alimentação podem chegar a viver de dois a três anos.
Ruski pritlikavi hrček (znanstveno ime Phodopus campbelli) je vrsta pritlikavega hrčka. Odkril ga je W.C. Campbell leta 1902 v Tuvi, na prodročju, ki zgodovinsko in geografsko povezuje Kitajsko in Rusijo. Naravni habitat tega pritlikavega hrčka je tudi v stepah in pol suhih področjih centralne Azije, gorovju Altai in v provincah Heilungkiang in Hebei v severni Kitajski. Imenovan je tudi ruski hrček in ga pogosto zamenjamo za sibirskega hrčka (Phodopus sungorus).
V stepah vzhodne in centralne Azije koplje rove tudi do enega metra globoko. Rovi so pogosto nastlani z ovčjo dlako in suho travo. V njih je konstantna temperatura okrog 16 °C. Naravni sovražniki so sove, lisice, orli in podlasice.
V ujetništvu naj ne bi imeli za steljo žagovine močno dišečih vrst lesa, saj to lahko vodi k alergijam in posledično hujšim obolenjem, ki ogrožajo življenje hrčka. Najboljša je papirnata stelja - trakovi iz papirnatih robčkov, prav tako je primerna bombažna vata, saj si iz nje radi naredijo gnezdo.
V ujetništvu dočaka približno 18-24 mesecev, drugače pa živi od 2-3 leta. Spolno aktivni postanejo pri petih tednih. V leglu je običajno 4-6 mladičev, znani so tudi primeri z do 16 mladiči. Brejost traja 18-21 dni, približno 24 ur po porodu pa je samica pripravljena na novo parjenje.
Za razliko od drugih vrst hrčkov, še posebej sirijskega, je ruski pritlikavi hrček družabna žival. Samec, če samica to dopusti, lahko ima pomembno vlogo pri varstvu in vzgoji mladičev, vendar se lahko zgodi, da samica v brejosti postane agresivna do samca in ju moramo ločiti. Kot tudi druge vrste hrčkov, bo pojedel svoje mladiče samo v ekstremnih primerih, kot je na primer zelo veliko pomanjkanje proteinov. Samica poje mladičke tudi v primeru, če čuti, da so le-ti ogroženi. Ker so družabne živalice, jih lahko imamo v istospolnih kolonijah. V primeru, da jih ne ločimo po spolih se nam namreč lahko prekomerno razmnožijo. ruski pritlikavi hrček je nočna žival, to pomeni, da čez dan večinoma spi, čez noč pa je najbolj aktiven. Prav zaradi tega in zaradi svoje majhnosti ni primeren za domačega ljubljenčka manjših otrok.
ruski pritlikavi hrček je nagnjen k diabetesu. Gre za dedno bolezen, ki jo mladiči podedujejo po svojih starših. Iz tega razloga jih ne smemo hraniti s sladko hrano (posladki za hrčke, medene palčke s semeni). Prav tako naj ne bi vzrejali hrčkov, za katere nismo prepričani ali imajo diabetes.
Ker hrčkom zobje rastejo neprestano, jim moramo omogočiti, da si jih brusijo. Za to so najbolj primerni mineralni kamni, ki jih dobimo v trgovinah za male živali ali pasji briketi. Zobe moramo redno pregledovati in če so predolgi, jih mora veterinar skrajšati.
V naravi hrčki jedo različna semena, zelenjavo in sadje. Za hrčke v ujetništvu imamo na voljo vnaprej pripravljene mešanice hrane, ki jih moramo dopolnjevati s svežo zelenjavo. Pri nakupu hrane za hrčka moramo biti pozorni, da le ta ne vsebuje hrane, ki je za druge glodavce neškodljiva, hrčkom pa povzroča zdravstvene težave. Taka hrana so:
Ne smemo jim dajati sladkarij in lepljive hrane, saj jim zapacka obustne vrečke, povzroča vnetja in je lahko za žival usodna.
Vidijo zelo slabo in imajo zelo slab občutek za globino. Zelo dobro pa imajo razvit voh in mnogo žlez, ki puščajo vonj v hrčkovi okolici. Značilno za hrčke je, da vonj iz žlez spravijo na svoje tačke in tako označujejo pot, po kateri hodijo (pot do hrane, pot do doma). Vonj se obdrži do 8 dni.
Poleg tega, da so podvrženi diabetesu, so nagnjeni tudi k tumorjem (malignim in benignim) ter glavkomu (bolezen očesnega živca).
Ker je hrček označen kot nezahteven domači ljubljenček, marsikdo misli, da ga ni potrebno peljati k veterinarju, vendar vse več zavednih lastnikov hrčkov svoje živalce vodi na preglede in zdravljenja k veterinarju.
Pritlikavi rusko hrčki imajo več vrst kožuščkov: normalnega, svilnatega, valovitega in kratkega valovitega. Normalen kožušček tvori kratka ravna dlaka, ki je poležena ob telesu. Svilnat kožušček se sveti in daje občutek, kot da je dlaka mastna. Svilnat kožušček daje vtis skuštranosti, barve so bolj intenzive. Valovit kožušček ima malce daljšo dlako, ki je valovita. Mladički s takšnim tipom kožuščka so lahko precej kodrasti. Kratek valovit kožušček ima, kot že ime pove, kratko valovito dlako.
Osnovne barve:
Barvni vzorci:
Mešanje osnovnih barv in vzorcev je povzročilo nastanek novih barv, kot so modra, srnja barva, lilac (barva španskega bezga), bež, čokolada, golobja barva in druge...
Izmed vseh vrst hrčkov, ki jih imamo za domače ljubljenjčke, sta edino ruski pritlikavi hrček in sibirski hrček sposobna medsebojnega parjenja in oploditve. Takšni hibridi so najpogostejši rezultat tega, da že v trgovinah z malimi živalmi ne uspejo ločiti sibirske in ruske hrčke. Število hibridov na žalost narašča, kar pa povzroča porast bolezni (diabetes, glavkom) in izginjanje rasno čistih primerkov.
Pred nakupom hrčka moramo dobro razmisliti, ali si želimo samčka ali samičko. Najbolje je izbrati samo en spol, tako se izognemo številčnim mladičem, ki jih je težko oddati. Ko se odločimo glede spola hrčka, mu moramo pripraviti primerno kletko. Kletka za hrčka ne sme imeti žičnatih tal, saj si hrček lahko hitro poškoduje tačke. Ima naj površino vsaj 60 x 40 cm. Poleg kletke potrebujemo še ostalo opremo. Kolo za ruskega hrčka naj ne bo kovinsko, ampak plastično, ki nima špranj, v katere bi lahko hrček zataknil tačko. Steklenička za vodo naj bo primerne velikosti in na primerni višini, da jo hrček lahko doseže. V kletko lahko položite tunele in hiško za hrčka. Poskrbite za primerno nasteljo (papirnati robčki, wc papir, vata), ki ne sme biti odišavljena. Žagovine se pri stelji za hrčke raje izognemo, saj lahko vsebuje pršice ali garje, ki ogrožajo življenje vašega hrčka. Kletko postavite v miren kot v stanovanju. Naj ne bo izpostavljena soncu in preblizu radiatorja ali drugega grelnega telesa. S tako pripravljeno kletko se lahko odpravite v trgovino za male živali, kjer imajo veliko izbiro hrčkov, lahko pa (najboljša metoda) poiščete rejca, ki se ukvarja s hrčki. Ta vam bo lahko svetoval pri ureditvi kletke, pokazal vam bo starše vašega hrčka, ...
Prvih 24 ur v novem domovanju bo hrček najbrž precej zbegan. Dovolite mu, da se navadi na novo okolje, ga dobro pregleda in markira. Po kakšnem dnevu se lahko začnete bolj intenzivno ukvarjati z njim. Navadite ga na svoj glas in na roke (POZOR! Hrčki, ki niso vajeni, da se jih prijema, lahko pošteno ugriznejo!). Najlažje hrčka »udomačite« s pomočjo hrane. Dajajte mu semena z roko in počasi mu bo jasno, da vaša roka ni nevarna. Z njim se ukvarjajte vsak dan vsaj 15 minut, saj se v nasprotnem primeru odvadijo človeka in zopet postanejo povsem divji. Redno (vsak dan) mu menjavajte vodo v steklenički, da bo le-ta sveža in ne postana. Hranite ga vsak drugi dan s suho hrano, vsak dan pa mu ponudite svežo zelenjavo ali sadje. Čiščenje kletke mora biti redno - enkrat tedensko. Za čas, ko čistite kletko, hrčka premestite nekam, kjer bo varen in ne bo mogel uiti. Hrano, njene ostanke in kakce odvrzite v smeti, kletko sperite z vročo vodo, ki ji lahko dodate kapljico detergenta za posodo, vendar bodite pazljivi, da jo dobro sperete. Ostalih čistil in razkužil ne uporabljajte, saj lahko dražijo hrčkovo kožo ali sluznico ter so na splošno strupeni.
Ruski pritlikavi hrček (znanstveno ime Phodopus campbelli) je vrsta pritlikavega hrčka. Odkril ga je W.C. Campbell leta 1902 v Tuvi, na prodročju, ki zgodovinsko in geografsko povezuje Kitajsko in Rusijo. Naravni habitat tega pritlikavega hrčka je tudi v stepah in pol suhih področjih centralne Azije, gorovju Altai in v provincah Heilungkiang in Hebei v severni Kitajski. Imenovan je tudi ruski hrček in ga pogosto zamenjamo za sibirskega hrčka (Phodopus sungorus).
Campbells dvärghamster (Phodopus campbelli[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas 1905. Phodopus campbelli ingår i släktet Phodopus och familjen hamsterartade gnagare.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade.[5] Arten är uppkallad efter Charles William Campbell som hittade holotypen.[7]
Arten blir 80 till 103 mm lång (huvud och bål) och har en 4 till 14 mm lång svans. Några individer från vildmarken hade en genomsnittlig vikt av 23,4 g. Campbells dvärghamster har kortare öron än Phodopus sungorus samt en smalare och tydligare längsgående strimma på ryggens mitt. På läpparna och kinderna förekommer krämvit päls. Annars är ovansidan täckt av gråbrun päls. Undersidan, strupen och extremiteterna bär ljusbrun till krämfärgad päls. Liksom andra hamstrar har arten stora kindpåsar. Bakom öronen och på buken finns körtlar och vätskan används för att markera reviret. Tandformeln är I 1/1 C 0/0 P 0/0 M 3/3, alltså 16 tänder.[7]
Denna dvärghamster förekommer i stora delar av Mongoliet och i angränsande delar av norra Kina (Heilongjiang, Inre Mongoliet och Xinjiang) och ryska Sibirien. Habitatet utgörs av olika gräsmarker och halvöknar.[1]
Individerna gräver underjordiska bon med de djupaste delarna cirka en meter under markytan. De använder även lediga bon av ökenråttor av släktet Meriones. Campbells dvärghamster är främst aktiv på natten och äter frön, gröna växtdelar och några insekter. Honor parar sig mellan april och oktober 3 till 4 gångar. Efter cirka 21 dagar dräktighet föds 4 till 8 ungar per kull.[1]
Tunnelsystemet består oftast av 4 till 6 gångar och en kammare. Campbells dvärghamster jagas bland annat av ugglor, falkfåglar och rävar. Under vanliga förhållanden finns fler honor än hannar. De senare är aktivare och faller ofta offer för olyckor. Arten håller ingen vinterdvala men den är mer känslig för låga temperaturer än Phodopus sungorus.[7]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Campbells dvärghamster.
Wikispecies har information om Phodopus campbelli.
Campbells dvärghamster (Phodopus campbelli) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas 1905. Phodopus campbelli ingår i släktet Phodopus och familjen hamsterartade gnagare. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade. Arten är uppkallad efter Charles William Campbell som hittade holotypen.
Phodopus campbelli (tên tiếng Anh: Campbell's dwarf hamster, nghĩa là Hamster lùn Campbell) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Oldfield Thomas mô tả năm 1905.[2] Tên gọi hamster Campbell được đặt để tưởng nhớ W.C Campbell, người đã thu thập các mẫu vật đầu tiên tại Mông Cổ vào tháng 1 năm 1902. P. campbelli có tai nhỏ hơn loài có mối quan hệ liên quan chặt chẽ là chuột hamster Djungarian.
Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Phodopus campbelli (tên tiếng Anh: Campbell's dwarf hamster, nghĩa là Hamster lùn Campbell) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Oldfield Thomas mô tả năm 1905. Tên gọi hamster Campbell được đặt để tưởng nhớ W.C Campbell, người đã thu thập các mẫu vật đầu tiên tại Mông Cổ vào tháng 1 năm 1902. P. campbelli có tai nhỏ hơn loài có mối quan hệ liên quan chặt chẽ là chuột hamster Djungarian.
Phodopus campbelli (Thomas, 1905)
Синонимы
Хомячок Кэмпбелла[1] (лат. Phodopus campbelli) — представитель рода Мохноногие хомячки. Видовое название дано в честь члена британской консульской службы в Китае Чарльза Уильяма Кэмпбелла (1861—1927), который собрал образцы хомяка на китайско-русской границе в 1904 году[2]. Хомяк обитает в Монголии (почти на всей территории страны), на севере Китая (преимущественно во Внутренней Монголии, но встречается и в Хэйлунцзяне и Синьцзяне), а также в России (в Туве, Бурятии, Забайкальском крае) и в Казахстане[3][4]. Популярное домашнее животное[5].
Ранее некоторыми специалистами считался подвидом джунгарского хомячка, однако по современным представлениям, это два разных вида[6].
Похож на джунгарского хомячка. Длина тела с головой 76—105 мм, хвост короткий (4—14 мм); весит около 25 г[3]. Голова округлая, морда короткая. В природе шерсть тёмно-серая с коричневым, на спине от шеи до основания хвоста тёмная полоса, волос на брюхе серый у основания и белёсый к кончику, подошвы покрыты белым волосом. Домашние же хомячки бывают самых разнообразных цветов, от чёрного до белого[5]. Цвет шерсти постоянный, от времени года не зависит.
Как и у джунгарских хомячков, в углах рта имеются железистые комплексы — мешочки с окружающим их секреторным полем. Симбиотические бактерии (в основном Streptococcus faecium и Microbacterium oxydans), живущие на субстрате из активно слущивающегося эпидермиса внутренней стенки мешочка и секрета сальных желёз, вырабатывают секрет с резким характерным запахом. У взрослых животных это вещество важно для нормализации процесса пищеварения и поддержания иммунного статуса, а у детёнышей способствует нормальному росту и развитию; возможно, он также помогает находить по запаху спрятанную еду[7].
Внешние отличия от джунгарского хомячка[8]:
Хомячок Кэмпбелла — ночное животное. В природе обитает в степи, полупустынях и пустынях. Живёт небольшими группами или парами с чётко выраженным вожаком; территориален по отношению к другим хомячкам своего вида[5]. Роет норы не глубже метра, с 4—6 входами, гнездовой камерой и камерой для хранения семян. Иногда использует норы малых песчанок. Зимой в спячку, видимо, не впадает, к торпору не склонен. Всеяден, питается в основном семенами, употребляет насекомых[7].
Самки могут впервые забеременеть в возрасте от 6—9 недель (рождённые зимой и весной) до 6—8 месяцев (рождённые летом и осенью). Они обладают послеродовой рецептивностью: родив один выводок, оставляют его в норе и снова спариваются, после чего выкармливают родившихся детёнышей, будучи беременными следующими. Норы самки готовят заранее, выстилая тёплыми материалами (наиболее ценима ими овечья шерсть, найденный клок они тщательно перетаскивают в нору по частям в защёчных мешках); для нового выводка готовится новая нора[7].
Период размножения в природе с апреля по октябрь (объём семенников самцов, живущих в условиях длинного светового дня, в 10 раз больше, чем у живущих в условиях короткого). Беременность длится в среднем 18 дней (по другим данным 20—22)[7]. За год самки приносят 3—4 помёта, в одном выводке 4—9 детёнышей[3][4]. Детёныши мохноногих хомячков рождаются с резцами, но голыми, слепыми и с заклеенными ушными раковинами, а развиваются очень быстро (быстрее, чем у сирийского и китайского[en] хомячков и большинства других грызунов, полностью самостоятельны к 16—20 дню)[7].
В неволе хомячки легко размножаются, однако неопытным людям, не знакомым с генетикой и досконально не знающим правил ухода за хомячками, крайне не рекомендуется этим заниматься. Ни в коем случае нельзя держать самку вместе с самцом — во-первых, хомяки Кэмпбелла одиночки и не терпят других животных на своей территории; во-вторых, частые роды истощают самку, приводя к болезням и сокращая её жизнь. Также, при частых необдуманных вязках может появиться нежизнеспособное потомство. Рекомендуемое максимальное количество приплодов для одной самки — 2 за всю жизнь, учитывая перерыв между вязками 2-3 месяца. К вязке допускаются только здоровые хомячихи старше 4-х месяцев и моложе года, чей вес составляет более 40 грамм.[7].
К. Е. Вин-Эдвардс в 1987 году провела эксперименты, на основе которых сделала вывод, что хомячки Кэмпбелла облигатно моногамны — участие самца в уходе за потомством значительно повышает его выживаемость;[9] однако позднейшие наблюдения не подтвердили этот вывод. Было замечено, что в природе самцы джунгарского хомячка остаются с потомством чаще, чем у хомячка Кэмпбелла, а в спаривании у последнего принимает участие обычно несколько самцов. К самке, готовой к спариванию, они подходят часто заранее, и с расстояния до 1,5—2 км, видимо, ориентируясь по запаху, а вблизи — по писку. Самцы уступают самку друг другу согласно иерархии, иногда происходят малоожесточённые драки. После того, как самка уходит от выводка, самец иногда приходит к детёнышам на день и приносит им еду; совместного ухода за потомством у диких мохноногих хомячков не наблюдалось. Содержание в присутствии взрослого самца ускоряет развитие у самочек, но замедляет у молодых самцов; предположительно, эффект обусловлен воздействием секрета среднебрюшной железы[7].
В лаборатории наблюдали, что самцы помогают самкам при родах: слизывают амниотическую жидкость, извлекают детёнышей при помощи передних лап или резцов, очищают им ноздри, вылизывают, поедают (совместно с самкой) плаценту, приводят гнездовую зону в порядок и переносят туда детёнышей. Самцы оставались с детёнышами, когда самка отлучалась из гнезда[10].
Приручать хомячков Кэмпбелла как правило труднее, чем хомячков других видов; они любят кусать хозяев за пальцы, и некоторых особей можно брать на руки только в кожаных перчатках. Хомяководы не рекомендуют парное или групповое содержание из-за опасности драк; клетка или террариум должен быть размером по дну не менее 2400 см² (например 60×40 см)[11]. В клетке желательно устроить «домик»; для подстилки хороши сухие стружки, обязательно не хвойных деревьев, так как хвоя содержит вещества, вредные для легких животного. Также, можно использовать кукурузный наполнитель промышленного изготовления. Для строительства гнёзд хомячкам дают белые салфетки без рисунков и ароматизаторов. Вата, даже та, которая в теории предназначется грызунам, категорически запрещена, так как животное может запутаться в ней и серьезно повредить лапы. В жилище хомяка обязательно должно быть сплошное колесо не менее 17-20 см в диаметре. Для стачивания зубов стоит дать хомячку веточки лиственных пород деревьев. Кормят хомячков в основном зерносмесями промышленного изготовления, состоящими из овса (обязательно очищенного, неочищенный может поранить защечный мешок), пшеницы, ржи, проса, семян подсолнечника, прочих злаков и сушеных овощей. Хомякам также необходимы свежие овощи и (летом) трава, листья одуванчика, клевера, собранные в экологически чистой местности и предварительно промытые; регулярно, 1-2 раза в неделю, следует давать им животный белок (нежирное, несоленое отварное мясо, рыба, творог обезжиренный, варёное яйцо). Хомячки Кэмпбелла склонны к диабету, поэтому не следует давать им еду с содержанием сахара — фрукты, морковь, подслащенные корма и лакомства. Обычно хомяки пьют мало, получая достаточно влаги с пищей, но вода им необходима. Частое и обильное питье может быть симптомом диабета или других заболеваний и должно насторожить хозяина. При проявлении признаков плохого самочувствия у животного следует незамедлительно обратиться к родентологу — ветеринару-специалисту по грызунам, так как все процессы в организме хомяка происходят очень быстро.[7].
Хомячок Кэмпбелла (лат. Phodopus campbelli) — представитель рода Мохноногие хомячки. Видовое название дано в честь члена британской консульской службы в Китае Чарльза Уильяма Кэмпбелла (1861—1927), который собрал образцы хомяка на китайско-русской границе в 1904 году. Хомяк обитает в Монголии (почти на всей территории страны), на севере Китая (преимущественно во Внутренней Монголии, но встречается и в Хэйлунцзяне и Синьцзяне), а также в России (в Туве, Бурятии, Забайкальском крае) и в Казахстане. Популярное домашнее животное.
Ранее некоторыми специалистами считался подвидом джунгарского хомячка, однако по современным представлениям, это два разных вида.
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠（学名：Phodopus campbelli）俗稱一線鼠、蒙古倉鼠或俄羅斯倉鼠，是侏儒倉鼠的一個物種，原產自中亞草原和半乾旱地區，同時在阿爾泰山脈、俄羅斯某些地區、中國的河北和黑龍江等北部省份亦有所分布，由W.C.坎貝爾（W. C. Campbell）於1902年在當時中俄邊境的蒙古圖瓦地區所發現，故也被稱為「有袋的圖瓦族」。
該品種與其近親短尾倉鼠曾一度在分類上有所爭議，但現在已分成兩個獨立的物種。目前在寵物店售賣的所謂「短尾倉鼠」，基本都以該品種居多。
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠生活於東亞和中亞的草原，挖掘洞穴達地下三英呎深。這些洞穴會以羊毛及乾草包圍，以維持洞內平均溫度在62℉。 在滿州北部及部分西伯利亞，倉鼠會與達烏爾鼠兔共享地洞，並和平共存。他們是曙暮性動物，所以他們大多在破曉和黃昏時最活躍。牠們的天敵包括有貓頭鷹、狐、隼和黃鼠狼等。
不像敘利亞倉鼠，坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠有著社交互動，可以以群落聚集的方式來飼養。如果倉鼠是在年輕時（通常是八週前）聚集，他們能夠以同性或雌雄混居的形式共存（因倉鼠是會不斷繁殖，所以必須注意避免混居）。
在飼養環境上面，因為倉鼠嗅覺相當靈敏，所以並不適合用香味強烈的木屑來當飼養鋪墊，一般市面上常見的松木（pine）或是杉木（cedar）木屑都有可能造成倉鼠過敏，而導致死亡，尤其是杉木屑。山楊（aspen）木屑是唯一比較安全的木製產品，整體而言用紙製的鋪墊是最適當的。
有些飼主會提供倉鼠蓬鬆性的纖維給倉鼠作窩及保暖，大多是棉球或是人造纖維球，這方面到目前為止還是有爭議的，倉鼠在自然環境中是會利用動植物纖維在巢穴中取暖，但同時有些飼主發現，倉鼠往往會將纖維吞下而造成腸道阻塞，一般建議飼主避免提供倉鼠棉球或是布類，以不含香味的衛生紙或廚房紙巾代替
在圈養的環境下坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠有18到36個月的壽命，出生僅五週便生長成熟。在18到21天的懷孕期後，生產一胎通常有4到6隻，最高曾有一胎生21隻的紀錄，而牠們在生產後立即便可以再次交配。
與其他的倉鼠不同，尤其是敘利亞倉鼠，雄鼠在接生跟育兒上扮演著主動的角色。牠會幫助雌鼠從產道拉出及清理胎兒，並確保新生兒的母親食物無缺。在雌鼠離開巢穴時他也會護衛幼兒。雌鼠在分娩後會有數天的時間幾乎寸步不離的守著新生幼鼠，以維持幼鼠體溫及不斷餵食，這段期間雌鼠的體重會急遽下降，因此在懷孕期間，雌鼠會盡量攝取營養，因為倉鼠很有可能在分娩後一年再次交配，除非母鼠的身體狀況相當良好能夠很快的承受下一次懷孕,否則最好把公鼠在母鼠分娩前就先行分開，以免再次懷孕。
像其他種類的倉鼠一樣，坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠當在緊急或是有外來壓力的狀況下，也會有吃食幼鼠的情況，比較常見比如棲息地受到破壞，或母鼠因為哺乳而極度缺乏營養，或是面臨外來掠食者的壓力，往往公鼠也被視為掠食者之一。
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠屬於侏儒倉鼠屬。 這個屬的倉鼠最大的特點在於其腳背與腳底都布滿毛，其他種倉鼠則只有腳背有毛，因為這個特點所以侏儒倉鼠屬又被稱為毛足屬。
在外型上，雄性坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠體型較雌性大，觸感較硬，富有肌肉，呈長條狀，在成年雄鼠尾巴前可以清楚辨別出藏在腹腔內的睪丸。而雌性坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠體型較雄性略小，觸感較軟，皮毛與皮下脂肪層較厚，呈水滴狀。 最準確的分辨方法是觀察倉鼠的生殖洞與肛門之間的間隙，雌鼠這生殖洞與肛門是緊鄰的，雄鼠則有間隙。
侏儒倉鼠是夜行性的動物，白天會在有遮蔽的溫暖陰暗處休息，晚上才會比較活躍,生性好奇且非常膽小，遇到威脅時會先靜止不動觀察形勢，然後伺機逃跑,緊急時也會用牙齒攻擊敵人。在野外倉鼠以群居居多，除非是被排擠，否則通常不會獨居。倉鼠的個性不同於一般貓狗，所以也不可以用對待貓狗的方式對待。比如說讓倉鼠聞手，對視力不好的倉鼠而言，會認為是掠食者慢慢逼近準備攻擊，往往造成誤咬。當倉鼠腹部朝上時，代表他不喜歡你的行為但怕你所以投降，這時候最好停止跟他互動，因為他接下來很可能會攻擊你。倉鼠視力不佳，當你接觸一隻新到來的倉鼠時，最好給一到兩個月的時間熟悉一切，也熟悉人的味道。當倉鼠在睡覺時，最好避免直接將他抱起，以免被咬。
侏儒倉鼠的每日膳食須提供至少20%的蛋白質、不超过5%的脂肪，與充足的乾淨水源。
在野外生活的侏儒倉鼠，會以各类的植物种子、昆虫以及嫩叶為食。虽然美國和日本的獸醫建議以塊狀配方飼料為主食。但是德国的兽医则更加推荐全天然的混合饲料，理由是块状配方饲料的主要成分很可能来源于种植业或是屠宰工业的下脚料，且相当一部分仓鼠对这种块状饲料并不感兴趣，从而造成饥饿以及更多的健康问题。
有人认为天然食物里缺乏维生素D，仓鼠在食用后会提高死亡率，这个观点是错误的。作为夜行性动物，仓鼠对维生素D的需求量本身就很小，成年的侏儒仓鼠仅需摄入20 I.U.就能达到每日上限。[1]作为杂食动物，仓鼠常吃的植物如紫花苜蓿、红菽草等，均含有丰富的维生素D。[2]昆虫，尤其是脂肪含量较高的蠕虫和蛹，也都是维生素D的重要来源。[3] 另外，有学者发现，当食物中的钙、磷含量控制在一定水平时(0.6%和0.35%)，仓鼠甚至可以完全脱离膳食中的维生素D生存，且健康不会受到任何影响。[4]而过量的维生素D则会导致中毒。[5]
另外，亦要避免氣味強烈的食物、例如大蒜、洋蔥、大黃，因為倉鼠的嗅覺是非常靈敏的，這些食物會引起呼吸困難。就如所有的倉鼠，短尾侏儒倉鼠是囓齒目動物而需要不斷的啃咬磨牙，以避免上門齒頂進嘴裡的皮裡造成健康問題。為幫助他們磨牙，有些主人會提供狗餅乾給牠們。而木製的啃咬玩具則必須小心使用，因碎片可能令倉鼠受傷。
由于坎贝尔仓鼠带有导致糖尿病的基因，因此饮食中也要避免含有大量单糖的食物，如水果、蜂蜜、糖蜜等，淀粉含量高的食物也应当控制摄入。
糖尿病是坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠的常見問題，因此不要向牠們餵飼含有大量糖分的食物（包括水果、蜂蜜和有些大量製造的零嘴）。除了糖尿病外，牠們也可能會長腫瘤（包括良性及惡性的）、還有青光眼。腫瘤通常可以藉由手術切除，然而，有人認為目前尚未能治療青光眼，且眼球最終會下垂脫下，這種說法純屬惡意散布的謠言，實際上倉鼠可進行眼球摘除術。
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠的視力很弱，而對於深度的感應就更弱。年老的倉鼠通常都患有白內障。為了補償這項缺陷，牠們有許多氣味腺體分佈在臉、耳後、頰袋上及接近直腸與生殖器官。倉鼠會在不熟悉的環境下梳理自己，這是為了嗅聞足跡藉此找出一條回到巢穴的路。這種行為也會用在為了重返充滿食物的地點，嗅跡可持續高達八天之久。
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠可以從毛皮分為「一般型」、「亮毛型」、「波浪型」及「雷克司型」。一般型的毛短而平順，亮毛型倉鼠的毛皮感覺濕潤或滑溜的，實際上牠的基因只是增進了毛色及使之豎起。波浪型的倉鼠幼年時期毛較長而有波浪狀，鬍鬚是呈捲曲狀，而後毛色會因為換毛而變成一般型，但鬍鬚終生會保持捲曲。雷克司型則是柔軟稍微捲曲的短毛，有光澤且平滑，鬍鬚是呈捲曲狀，終生毛皮呈捲曲狀，亦是佔倉鼠大部份。部分坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠會隨年齡增長背部顏色會逐漸變淡變白,而腹部兩側的毛色則不會明顯改變。
一般常見的坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠大約可分成下面六種基本顏色
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠大約有下面三種斑紋
當中不是所有呈白色的倉鼠都是白子的，有些深斑紋或淡色的倉鼠也是呈白色的。
當兩隻紅寶石斑紋倉鼠交配所生的胎兒，約有25%會是白色的，而缺乏眼睛及牙齒。這種致命的變種是因經已變種的基因互相影響所致，牠們一般都不會活多於2個月。
配種可以產生很多不同的顏色，如藍色、黃藍色、黃紫色及黑色。不同顏色及斑紋，並不表示不同的個性，倉鼠的個性可以從血統及祖先在神經學上的病症中得以推測。
坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠與短尾倉鼠是非常相近的兩個物種，不但外型，體型，生活型態都很相似，且能相互混種產生出下一代，一般寵物店常常容易出現辨別錯誤的情況，造成了混種的產生。有少部分的飼養者也會蓄意將其混種，希望培育出新的毛色。事實上，這是非常不被鼓勵的行為，首先，短尾倉鼠身型較小，母鼠懷有坎貝爾倉鼠時經常會發生胎兒太大導致難產發生，再者混種的倉鼠往往會有很多健康上的問題，短尾倉鼠有很嚴重的糖尿病問題，坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠也有高比例青光眼的問題，混種的倉鼠往往同時帶有這兩種疾病且比例相當高。而且混種會造成純種物種保存上的問題。
|date=中的日期值 (帮助) |date=中的日期值 (帮助) |date=中的日期值 (帮助) 坎貝爾侏儒倉鼠（学名：Phodopus campbelli）俗稱一線鼠、蒙古倉鼠或俄羅斯倉鼠，是侏儒倉鼠的一個物種，原產自中亞草原和半乾旱地區，同時在阿爾泰山脈、俄羅斯某些地區、中國的河北和黑龍江等北部省份亦有所分布，由W.C.坎貝爾（W. C. Campbell）於1902年在當時中俄邊境的蒙古圖瓦地區所發現，故也被稱為「有袋的圖瓦族」。
該品種與其近親短尾倉鼠曾一度在分類上有所爭議，但現在已分成兩個獨立的物種。目前在寵物店售賣的所謂「短尾倉鼠」，基本都以該品種居多。
キャンベルハムスター (Campbell's Hamster) は、ヒメキヌゲネズミ属の一種である。原産は、中央アジアから北アジアにかけての大草原や半砂漠地帯（ロシアのトゥヴァ地方、バイカル湖東部、モンゴル、中国の黒竜江省・河北省・内モンゴル自治区）。シベリアンハムスター (Siberian hamster) と呼ばれる事もある。
ペットとしては、1970年代よりイギリスで飼われはじめていた。日本においては、1994年頃からペットショップに並ぶようになった。また、日本においては、ジャンガリアンハムスターの方がよく流通しており人気が高いが、ヨーロッパやアメリカではキャンベルハムスターの方が人気が高い。
体長は約7cm～13cmで体重は約30～40g。ドワーフハムスター（小型のハムスター）の中では毛色や毛質の種類が豊富である。メスよりオスの方が大きい。臭腺はお腹にある。
オスとメスの見分け方は他のハムスター同様である。オスの方が、生殖器と肛門の位置が離れており、メスの方がくっついて見えるほど近い配置となる。オスは、性成熟すると睾丸が発達するので、お尻の辺りの形でも判断がつく。
キャンベルハムスターにはカラーバリエーションが多く、茶系のノーマルカラーからブラック、ホワイト、イエロー、またグレーのバリエーション、パイド（斑）等が存在する。目のカラーは黒目、赤目の両タイプがいる。また赤目の個体は視力がほとんどない。
生後5週間ほどで性成熟をする。妊娠期間は、約3週間前後で平均5匹程度（1匹だけの場合から、9匹ほどまで幅はある）を出産する。また、他のハムスター同様に夜行性である為、夕方から朝方にかけてもっとも活発に行動する。寿命は2年から2年半ほどである。
性格は活発で、ハムスターの中ではどちらかというと人には慣れにくい部類に入る。
日本では、以前はよく噛むハムというように言われていた。ただ、噛むのは、人間を怖がっている為であり、そのときの行動として噛む事があった為である。キャンベルハムスターはジャンガリアン等に較べて臆病な性格なため、驚かしたり新しい環境で噛むなどの行動にでているものと思われる。しだいに環境になれるとかなり大人しく、良く懐くことが多い。こういった性格や反応には当然個体差があり、ジャンガリアンハムスターでもよく噛むタイプの怖がり方をする個体もある。またキャンベルハムスターだからと言って必ずしも飼い始めに噛みやすいというわけではない。
ジャンガリアンハムスターとキャンベルハムスターは見た目が酷似しており間違えやすい。かつては、キャンベルハムスターはジャンガリアンハムスターの一亜種という説があったが、現在では一つの種類であると認められている。
詳細は参考文献の資料を参照のこと。
ジャンガリアンハムスターとキャンベルハムスターは染色体の形態が異なっているが、交配する事が可能である。だが、生まれた子供のオスは不妊となる事が報告されている(メスの場合は、繁殖可能な個体もある)。
また、ジャンガリアンハムスターとキャンベルハムスターとのハイブリッド（雑種）は遺伝的な欠陥により、抵抗力が弱いなどといった先天的に異常を持って生まれる可能性がある。
キャンベルがオス、ジャンガリアンのメスの交配は、キャンベルとジャンガリアンの体格の違いから、ジャンガリアンが母体となる場合、子供が大きすぎ難産になったり、子宮破裂などで死亡するリスクがある。雌雄が逆の場合でも、上記に有るように障害が予想される。
キャンベルの毛色には大きく分けて二種類の系統がある、通常の野生色(アグーチ)のように背中側とお腹側で色が分かれるものと、全身が一色になるものがある。前者をアグーチ、後者をセルフと分類する事がある（よって、アグーチは野生色を表す場合と、色が分かれるパターンを表す場合があるので注意が必要である）。
毛色 Spelling 摘要 瞳 アグーチ（背中側とお腹側で色が分かれる） ノーマル（アグーチ） Agouti 野生色 黒 イエローキャンベルハムスター (Campbell's Hamster) は、ヒメキヌゲネズミ属の一種である。原産は、中央アジアから北アジアにかけての大草原や半砂漠地帯（ロシアのトゥヴァ地方、バイカル湖東部、モンゴル、中国の黒竜江省・河北省・内モンゴル自治区）。シベリアンハムスター (Siberian hamster) と呼ばれる事もある。
ペットとしては、1970年代よりイギリスで飼われはじめていた。日本においては、1994年頃からペットショップに並ぶようになった。また、日本においては、ジャンガリアンハムスターの方がよく流通しており人気が高いが、ヨーロッパやアメリカではキャンベルハムスターの方が人気が高い。
캠벨햄스터(영어: Phodopus campbelli)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 난쟁이햄스터속에 속하는 세 종의 하나이다. 일반명과 학명은 1902년 7월 1일 몽골에서 처음 표본을 수집한 캠벨(Charles William Campbell)의 이름을 따서 토마스(Oldfield Thomas)가 지었다. 작은 귀와 진하지 않은 털 색이 근연종 중가리아햄스터와 구별되며 사람을 잘 물고 사람에 대한 경계심이 많다.
캠벨 러시안 햄스터(학명:Phodopus sungorus campbelli)는 건조한 사막, 초원 또는 경작지에 서식하며 시베리아의 바이칼 호수로부터 몽골, 중국의 헤이룽장성에서 내몽골, 위구르에 이르는 중국 북부 지역에 분포하고 있다. 1961년 소련의 레닌그라드동물학회에서 처음 사육되었으며, 1963년 영국 런던 동물원에 들여와 1970년 Percy Parslow로부터 애완 동물로 사육되어 널리 알려졌다. 보통 수컷이 암컷보다 몸집이 큰 편이며 암컷을 도와 새끼를 양육하며 몸길이는 약 10~12센티미터, 몸무게는 약 20~50그램 정도이다.
캠벨햄스터(영어: Phodopus campbelli)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다. 난쟁이햄스터속에 속하는 세 종의 하나이다. 일반명과 학명은 1902년 7월 1일 몽골에서 처음 표본을 수집한 캠벨(Charles William Campbell)의 이름을 따서 토마스(Oldfield Thomas)가 지었다. 작은 귀와 진하지 않은 털 색이 근연종 중가리아햄스터와 구별되며 사람을 잘 물고 사람에 대한 경계심이 많다.
캠벨 러시안 햄스터(학명:Phodopus sungorus campbelli)는 건조한 사막, 초원 또는 경작지에 서식하며 시베리아의 바이칼 호수로부터 몽골, 중국의 헤이룽장성에서 내몽골, 위구르에 이르는 중국 북부 지역에 분포하고 있다. 1961년 소련의 레닌그라드동물학회에서 처음 사육되었으며, 1963년 영국 런던 동물원에 들여와 1970년 Percy Parslow로부터 애완 동물로 사육되어 널리 알려졌다. 보통 수컷이 암컷보다 몸집이 큰 편이며 암컷을 도와 새끼를 양육하며 몸길이는 약 10~12센티미터, 몸무게는 약 20~50그램 정도이다.
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