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须芒草

Andropogon virginicus L.

Common Names ( 英語 )

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broomsedge bluestem
broomsedge
broom sedge
yellowsedge bluestem
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

Broomsedge bluestem's chief value to wildlife is as bird nesting cover
[23]. In a Georgia study, it was one of the most common plant species
associated with quail nests. Quail apparently prefer stands of
broomsedge bluestem because the plants surround and overtop the nest
[12].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: warm-season

Broomsedge bluestem is a 2- to 4-foot-tall (0.6-1.2 m), native,
warm-season, perennial bunchgrass that usually grows in rather small
clumps [9,18]. In South Carolina, maximum clump diameter was achieved
in 7 or 8 years, and averaged about 3.5 inches (9 cm); no clumps were
greater than 5.1 inches (13 cm) in diameter [8]. It is easily
distinguished from other bluestems by its slender appearance and
straw-colored leaves and inflorescences [9].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Broomsedge bluestem grows throughout the Southeast from the 25-inch mean
annual precipitation belt (southeastern Nebraska south through eastern
Texas) eastward. It is found as far north as Iowa, Ohio, and New York.
Outlying introduced populations occur in southern California and Hawaii
[18,33].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Broomsedge bluestem is both a fire survivor and an off-site colonizer.
Burned plants quickly initiate new top-growth from surviving meristems.
In Hawaii, broomsedge bluestem began sprouting within 4 days after fire
[14]. In southern Florida, it initiated new top-growth 3 weeks after
prescribed burning in mid-February [13]. Additionally, new plants are
commonly established the first year after fire from abundant
wind-dispersed seed [19].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fuel, fuel moisture, prescribed fire, wildfire

Grazing considerations: The nutritional quality and digestibility of
new broomsedge bluestem growth are significantly increased following
fire. When burned in January or February in Georgia, protein content on
March 15 was 13 percent for plants on burned sites but only 5.5 percent
for plants on unburned sites. However, nutrient increases are
short-lived. By June 15, protein content of burned and unburned plants
was similar at 6.2 and 6.0 percent, respectively [20]. Tender and
nutritious, this new growth is palatable to cattle and horses.
Following a July wildfire on Cumberland Islands National Seashore,
Georgia, horses heavily grazed broomsedge bluestem regrowth but avoided
nearby plants that had not burned [3].

Prescribed burning considerations: Studying the fuel characteristics of
broomsedge bluestem, Fujioka and Fujii [5] found the leaves and stalks
have a surface area-to-volume ratio 2.5 times as large as that in the
National Fire Danger Rating System model for perennial grass. After a
few years without fire, broomsedge bluestem stands contain much of this
dead, highly flammable material which carries fire well. It burns at
relatively high relative humidities (80-90%) and high fuel moisture
(20-25%) [14]. On a 4-year-old loblolly pine clearcut in South
Carolina, an early February prescribed fire in cured broomsedge bluestem
carried fire at a rate of spread of 2.5 to 3.6 feet per minute (0.76-1.1
m/min). Burning took place only 4 days after a rain of 0.42 inch (1 cm)
and 7 days after a rain of 0.91 inch (2.3 cm). Flame heights were
generally 1 to 3 feet (0.3-0.9 m) and occasionally reached 4 to 5 feet
(1.2-1.5 m) [38].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: grassland, woodland

Broomsedge bluestem grows in a wide variety of open habitats, from
grassland and pastureland to open woodland. It is especially common in
oldfields, overgrazed pastures, and cut-over Southeastern pinelands, and
along roads and railroad tracks [9,11,25,33]. It is most common on
sandy soils but also grows on a variety of other soil textures [11,18].
It grows well on low-fertility soils, especially those on eroded,
"worn-out" fields [18].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: hardwood

40 Post oak - blackjack oak
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
97 Atlantic white-cedar
98 Pond pine
111 South Florida slash pine
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K074 Bluestem prairie
K077 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K114 Pocosin
K116 Subtropical pine forest
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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Fire apparently has little effect on broomsedge bluestem except for
removal of aboveground living and dead biomass. Small bunchgrasses are
generally not harmed by fire and recover relatively quickly [40].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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Broomsedge bluestem is not a particularly important cattle forage but is
sometimes heavily grazed during the spring and early summer on sites
where it is abundant, such as abandoned fields [11,18]. It is generally
considered a poor wildlife forage [9,25]. Small birds remove and eat
seeds from the flowering stalks in the winter when the seeds of other
plants are unavailable [23].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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Broomsedge bluestem is considered a pasture weed. It frequently invades
improperly managed pasture lands, and because of its low palatability,
increases on deteriorating ranges. To reduce its abundance, pastures
should be heavily grazed in the early spring when broomsedge bluestem is
most palatable, and then deferred from grazing for 60 to 90 days [18].
In pastures heavily infested with broomsedge bluestem in Missouri, a
combination of drilling with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea),
fertilization, winter mowing, and grazing eliminated broomsedge bluestem
in 4 years [28].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fire management

The nutritive value of broomsedge bluestem is low except in early growth
stages. Nutritional quality is greatly increased by prescribed burning
[see Fire Management Considerations].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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AL AR CA CT DE FL GA HI IL IN
IA KS KY LA MD MS MO NE NJ NY
NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX VA WV
MEXICO
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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Broomsedge bluestem's palatability to cattle is low [34].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: phenology, seed

Broomsedge bluestem's vegetative growth begins in the winter or spring
when daytime temperatures average 60 to 65 degrees F (15-18 deg C) [18].
In North Carolina, flower stalks form by September, and seeds ripen by
late October [8,16]. At the end of the growing season, nearly all green
material dies, leaving a large accumulation of standing dead material
[8].

Phenology of broomsedge bluestem near Gainesville, Florida, was as
follows [28]:

flowering - late September to early October
seed dispersal - early October to mid-December
vegetative growth - February and March, June and July
leaves green - March to late November
drying - late November to mid-December
dormancy - January
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: litter

Broomsedge bluestem depends on frequent disturbance to maintain itself.
Fires at 1- to 3-year intervals favor this species and tend to maintain
its abundance [21]. In loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in South
Carolina, broomsedge bluestem was rare in unburned areas, infrequent in
areas periodically burned in the summer or winter, but common in areas
burned annually in the summer or winter, or biennially in the summer
[21,39]. Broomsedge bluestem is most abundant during the first few
years after fire. After a few years without fire (or other
disturbance), litter builds up and plant vigor declines [19]. In
eastern Arkansas, broomsedge bluestem was the dominant grass on prairies
burned and hayed annually for decades, but without these disturbances
was eliminated after 16 years [15].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: graminoid

Tussock graminoid
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: culm, stratification

Broomsedge bluestem's primary mode of reproduction is sexual. It is a
prolific producer of small seeds that are dispersed by wind and readily
establish on exposed soil. Each flowering culm may have as many as 50
racemes, and each raceme 8 to 12 spikelets [37]. Germination is
relatively high after cold stratification. Eighty-four percent of
broomsedge bluestem seeds germinated after 38 days when sown on flats of
field sand and kept indoors [8]. Seedling survival in the field is
high. First-year seedlings in North Carolina averaged 5 inches (13 cm)
in height, while 1- and 2-year-old plants averaged 40 inches (100 cm) in
height and 3 inches (7.5 cm) in basal circumference [16]. Flowering
begins when plants are 2 or 3 years old, and continues thereafter
[8,16].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
7 Lower Basin and Range
14 Great Plains
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: allelopathy, competition, cover

Broomsedge bluestem is a shade-intolerant, seral species. It invades
abandoned cropland, roadsides, overgrazed range, and logged-over
pinelands. It is one of the most common invaders of abandoned
agricultural lands and often forms a continuous cover within 4 or 5
years of abandonment [26]. Broomsedge bluestem is relatively
short-lived. Once established, it depends upon periodic disturbance to
maintain its abundance.

On infertile soils, broomsedge bluestem acts as a long-lived competitor.
Nearly pure stands can persist on soils low in nitrogen or phosphorus as
a result of competition and allelopathy. Decaying broomsedge bluestem
inhibits the growth of carelessweed (Amaranthus palmeri), Japanese brome
(Bromus japonicus), prairie threeawn (Aristida oligantha), and little
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) [31].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name of broomsedge bluestem is
Andropogon virginicus L. [10,29]. Recognized varieties include [29]:

Andropogon virginicus var. abbreviatus (Hackel) Fernald & Griscom
Andropogon virginicus var. glaucopsis (Ell.) Hitchcock
Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus Hackel
Andropogon virginicus var. hirsutior (Hackel) Hitchcock
Andropogon virginicus var. tetrastachyus (Ell.) Hackel
Andropogon virginicus var. virginicus
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

Broomsedge bluestem is a common invader of abandoned coal strip mines
and quarries, and frequently becomes the dominant ground cover [24,32].
書目引用
Uchytil, Ronald J. 1992. Andropogon virginicus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Andropogon louisianae Steud. Syn. Gram. 383. 1854
Andropogon Curtisianu s St&nd. Syn. Gram. 390. 1854.
Andropogon virginicus viridis ditior Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889.
Andropogon virginicus tetrastachyus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889.
Sorgum virginicum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 792. 1891.
Andropogon macrourus viridis Chapm.; Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 3 : 11. 1892.
Andropogon virginicus vaginatus Chapm. Fl. S. U. S. ed. 3. 594. 1897. Steins tufted, 5-10 dm. tall, the sparsely divided branches in I's-S's, distant, the nodes glabrous, very rarely barbed; leaf-sheaths, at least the lower ones, commonly more or less tuberculate-hirsute on the margins with long usually lax hairs, or sometimes a part or the whole of the sheaths densely hirsute; ligules scarious, ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades 4 dm. long or less, 2-5 mm. wide, rough or roughish, usually hirsute on the upper surface near the base; spathes 3-5 cm. long, extending beyond the racemes; racemes generally in pairs, rarely in 3's or 4's, 2-3 cm. long, the rachis slender and fragile; sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, one and a half times to twice as long as the internodes, pale or colored, the first scale hispid on the keels, the callus barbed with hairs about one third as long as the spikelet, the fourth scale very shortly 2-toothed, with an awn 1-1.5 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or rarely present as a minute scale, the pedicel exceeding the sessile spikelet.
Type locality : Virginia.
Distribution : Rhode Island to Missouri and Oklahoma, and south to Florida, Texas, and Mexico; Bermudas; Bahamas; Jamaica; Cuba; Haiti.
書目引用
George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Andropogon capillipes Nash, Bull. N. Y. Bot
Gard. 1: 431. 1900.
Andropogon ma&rourus glaucopsis EH. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 150. 1816.
Andropogon virginicus glaucus Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889. Not A . glaucus Retz.
1789. Andropogon virginicus dealbaius C. Mohr; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 411. 1889. Andropogon glomeraius glaucopsis C. Mohr, Bull. Torrey Club 24: 21. 1897. Andropogon glaucop sis Nash, in Small, Fl. SE. U. S. 62. 1903. Not A. glaucopsis Steud. 1854.
Whole plant blueor grayishgreen, intensely glaucous, smooth and glabrous. Stems
6-12 dm. tall, branched, the branches in Ts-S's; leaf -sheaths keeled, the lower ones compressed;
blades 2 dm. long or less, 1-6 mm. wide, erect; spathes 2-6 cm. long, equaling or exceeding the
racemes; racemes 1.5-4.5 cm. long, the rachis slender, the internodes clothed with long hairs;
sessile spikelet 3-4 mm. long, linear to linear-lanceolate, about twice as long as the internodes,
the first scale hispidulous on the keels above, the intercarinal space depressed, the fourth
scale 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a hispidulous usually somewhat contorted imperfect awn
1-2 cm. long; pedicellate spikelet wanting, or present as a minute rudimentary scale, the
pedicel as long as or a little exceeding the sessile spikelet.
Type locality : Florida.
Distribution : North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi.
書目引用
George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Andropogon virginicus I^. Sp. PI. 1046. 1753
Andropogon dissitifiorus Michx. Fl. Bor. Am. 1 : 57. 1803.
Anatherum virginicum Spreng. Pugill. 2 : 16. 1815.
Andropogon vaginatus EU. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 148. 1816.
Andropogon tetrastachyus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1 : 150. 1816.
Andropogon eriophorus Scheele, Flora 27 : 51. 1844. Not ^. eriophorus Willd. 1806.
書目引用
George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Physical Description ( 英語 )

由USDA PLANTS text提供
Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, St ems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stems branching above base or distally at nodes, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly basal, below middle of stem, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath hairy, hispid or prickly, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades glaucous, blue-green, or grey, or with white glands, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Ligule a fringed, ciliate, or lobed membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence lax, widely spreading, branches drooping, pendulous, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Inflorescence branches paired or digitate at a single node, Flowers bisexual, Flowers unisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets sessile or subsessile, Spikelets laterally compressed, Inflorescence or spikelets partially hidden in leaf sheaths, subtended by spatheole, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelets paired at rachis nodes, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Pedicellate spikelet rudimentary or absent, usually sterile, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets unisexual, Inflorescence disarticulating between nodes or joints of rachis, rachis fragmenting, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly prese nt, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glumes keeled or winged, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma 3 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex dentate, 2-fid, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awn 2-4 cm long or longer, Lemma awn from sinus of bifid apex, Lemma awns straight or curved to base, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.
編纂者
Dr. David Bogler
來源
Missouri Botanical Garden
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USDA PLANTS text

Andropogon virginicus ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Andropogon virginicus (englischer Trivialname broomsedge bluestem, zu deutsch etwa „blaustängelige Besensegge“) ist ein ausdauerndes Süßgras nordamerikanischer Prärien. Weitere Namen sind popotillo, whiskey grass, und yellow bluestem. Einige Botaniker betrachten Andropogon glomeratus und Andropogon virginicus als eine gemeinsame Art. Derzeit werden sie jedoch offiziell als unterschiedliche Arten geführt, da sie morphologisch gut zu unterscheiden sind (Morphospezies).

Beschreibung

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Blütenstand

Das Horstgras Andropogon virginicus ist in Nordamerika heimisch. Seine Wachstumsperiode beginnt ab einer durchschnittlichen Tagestemperatur von ca. 16 °C. Die schlanken und aufrechten Halme werden bis zu 1,2 m hoch. Die abgeflachten Blattscheiden sind behaart. Der obere Teil des Halms ist annähernd stielrund, während untere Abschnitte leicht abgeflacht und gekielt sind. Das Blatthäutchen (Ligula) ist fein und membranartig. Die Blattspreite misst 0,7 bis 1,25 cm in der Breite und wird bis zu 24 cm lang; ihre Oberfläche fühlt sich deutlich rau an.

Der Blütenstand ist eine Rispe mit zwei bis vier Trauben, die etwa 2,5 cm lang sind. Die basalen Verzweigungen der Rispe sind in eine aufgeblasene, gelbbraune Blütenscheide eingeschlossen, die mindestens genauso lang wie das Ährchen ist. Die obere Deckspelze des sitzenden Ährchens besitzt eine gerade, ca. 13 mm lange Granne; das gestielte Ährchen fehlt. Die Samen reifen in 6 Wochen bis 2 Monaten.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 20.[1]

Verbreitung

Andropogon virginicus kommt in Nord- und Mittel-Amerika vor und von den Inseln der Karibik bis Venezuela.[2]

Taxonomie

Synonyme für Andropogon virginicus L. sind Sorghum virginicum (L.) Kuntze, Cinna lateralis Walter, Anatherum virginicum Spreng. und Cymbopogon glaucus Schult.[2]

Verwendung

Der frühe Aufwuchs von Andropogon virginicus in Frühling und Frühsommer wird von Rindern angenommen; die reiferen Pflanzenteile werden von den Tieren nicht mehr gefressen und enthalten ohnehin nur wenig Nährstoffe. Die Pflanze benötigt keine Düngung und neigt zur Ausbreitung, wenn Grasland überweidet wird oder eine zu intensive Schnittnutzung erfolgt. In diesem Fall kann das Gras auch zu einem Unkraut werden, das mit Abbrennen oder Unterpflügen bekämpft werden kann. Krankheiten oder Probleme dieses Grases sind nicht bekannt.

Für Wildtiere stellt es eine wichtige Nahrungsquelle dar. Verschiedene Arten von Säugetieren fressen die Pflanze mit ihren Samen im Winter, wenn kein anderes Futter verfügbar ist. Insbesondere Zahnwachteln, wie die Virginiawachtel, sind auf das Gras angewiesen.

In der Gartengestaltung wird das Gras wegen der intensiven Orangefärbung, die über den Winter anhält, gerne verwendet. Dabei findet es auch verstärkt im Erosionsschutz Verwendung, da es besonders auch auf mageren Böden noch gedeiht, die ansonsten keine Vegetation mehr aufweisen. Im Naturschutz haben sich ebenfalls Methoden zur Anpflanzung etabliert, die sich jedoch von Bundesstaat zu Bundesstaat unterscheiden.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Tropicos. [1]
  2. a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Andropogon virginicus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 30. Mai 2020.
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wikipedia DE

Andropogon virginicus: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Andropogon virginicus (englischer Trivialname broomsedge bluestem, zu deutsch etwa „blaustängelige Besensegge“) ist ein ausdauerndes Süßgras nordamerikanischer Prärien. Weitere Namen sind popotillo, whiskey grass, und yellow bluestem. Einige Botaniker betrachten Andropogon glomeratus und Andropogon virginicus als eine gemeinsame Art. Derzeit werden sie jedoch offiziell als unterschiedliche Arten geführt, da sie morphologisch gut zu unterscheiden sind (Morphospezies).

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wikipedia DE

Andropogon virginicus ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Andropogon virginicus is a species of grass known by several common names, including broomsedge bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem and (in Australia, because it was introduced to that country after being used as packaging for bottles of American whiskey) whiskey grass. It is native to the southeastern United States and as far north as the Great Lakes. It is known as an introduced species in California and Hawaii, where it is weedy.

Invasive species

Andropogon virginicus has also been introduced to Japan and Australia. It competes with other species by allelopathy, releasing persistent herbicidal chemicals from its dying tissues, such as decaying leaves.[2][3][4] A. virginicus colonizes disturbed areas such as abandoned mining sites. It is a weed of pastures and grazing ranges, where it proves less palatable and nutritious to cattle than other grasses.[2] This species is tolerant of fire and grows back quickly and more abundantly after a burn.[2] It is perhaps most problematic in Hawaii, where its natural growth patterns are out of synch with the local climate. It is dormant during the Hawaiian rainy season, dying back and leaving the slopes it has colonized exposed and vulnerable to significant erosion.[5] Despite its weediness, the grass is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant.[6]

The species is now considered invasive in New Caledonia and is stated in legal texts.[7]

The species features on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern.[8][9] This means that import of the species and trade in the species is forbidden in the whole of the European Union.[10]

Typical appearance of broomsedge in winter (Stone County, Mississippi, 2010)

Life history

Andropogon virginicus is a perennial grass forming narrow clumps of stems up to just over a meter in maximum height [approx. 3 feet 3 inches]. Its stems and leaves are green when new, turning purplish to orange and then straw-colored with age. It produces large amounts of seeds small enough to disperse on the wind. This grass is successful in a wide range of habitats. It is a prolific seed producer, it has a high germination rate and seedling survival rate, and it thrives in poor soils.[2]

Uses

Andropogon virginicus has been used as the straw base for the production of handmade brooms in the southeastern United States.[11]

References

  1. ^ Romand-Monnier, F (2013). "Andropogon virginicus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 208. e.T13506888A44401411. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T13506888A44401411.en.
  2. ^ a b c d Uchytil, Ronald J. (1992). "Andropogon virginicus". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  3. ^ "Andropogon virginicus". Hawaiian Alien Plant Studies. University of Hawaii Botany Department. May 21, 1998.
  4. ^ E.L. Rice (1972). "Allelopathic effects of Andropogon virginicus and its persistence in old fields". American Journal of Botany. American Journal of Botany, 1972. 59 (7): 752–755. doi:10.2307/2441147. JSTOR 2441147.
  5. ^ "Global Invasive Species Database".
  6. ^ Evans, Erv (2005). "Andropogon virginicus". Ornamental Grasses. North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 2013-11-17.
  7. ^ Code de l'environnement de la province Sud. Nouméa. 2020. p. 160.
  8. ^ "List of invasive alien species of union concern". June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "National Scientific Secretariat IAS (BE) - Website". June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "European Regulation on IAS". June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Marturano, Arlene (2016-02-12). "Harvesting Brooms". Columbia Star. Retrieved March 20, 2022.

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wikipedia EN

Andropogon virginicus: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Andropogon virginicus is a species of grass known by several common names, including broomsedge bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem and (in Australia, because it was introduced to that country after being used as packaging for bottles of American whiskey) whiskey grass. It is native to the southeastern United States and as far north as the Great Lakes. It is known as an introduced species in California and Hawaii, where it is weedy.

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Andropogon virginicus ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供
 src=
Aspecto típico de la escoba en invierno (Condado de Stone, Misisipi, 2010)

Andropogon virginicus es una especie de hierba gramínea conocida por varios nombres comunes en inglés, que incluyen broomsedge bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem y (en Australia, porque se introdujo en ese país después de ser utilizado como embalaje para botellas de whisky americano) whiskey grass. Es originaria del sureste de los Estados Unidos y tan al norte como los Grandes Lagos. Se la conoce como una especie introducida en California y Hawái, donde es una maleza.[1]

Descripción

Andropogon virginicus es una hierba perenne que forma grupos estrechos de tallos de hasta poco más de un metro de altura máxima. Sus tallos y hojas son verdes cuando son nuevos, tornándose de púrpura a naranja y luego de color pajizo con la edad. Produce grandes cantidades de semillas lo suficientemente pequeñas como para dispersarse con el viento. Esta hierba tiene éxito en una amplia gama de hábitats. Es un prolífico productor de semillas, tiene una alta tasa de germinación y supervivencia de plántulas, y prospera en suelos pobres.[2]

Especie invasora

Andropogon virginicus también se ha introducido en Japón y Australia. Compite con otras especies por alelopatía, liberando químicos herbicidas persistentes de sus tejidos moribundos, como las hojas en descomposición.[2][3][4]A. virginicus coloniza áreas alteradas como sitios mineros abandonados. Es una maleza de pastizales, donde resulta menos apetecible y nutritiva para el ganado que otras gramíneas.[2]​ Esta especie es tolerante al fuego y vuelve a crecer rápidamente y con mayor abundancia después de una quema.[2]​ Quizás sea más problemática en Hawái, donde sus patrones de crecimiento natural no están sincronizados con el clima local. Está inactiva durante la temporada de lluvias de Hawái, muriendo y dejando las laderas que ha colonizado expuestas y vulnerables a una erosión significativa.[5]​ A pesar de ser maleza, la hierba a veces se cultiva como planta ornamental.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Evans, Erv (2005). «Andropogon virginicus». Ornamental Grasses. North Carolina State University. Archivado desde el original el 17 de noviembre de 2013.
  2. a b c d Uchytil, Ronald J. (1992). "Andropogon virginicus". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
  3. «Andropogon virginicus». Hawaiian Alien Plant Studies. University of Hawaii Botany Department. 21 de mayo de 1998.
  4. E.L. Rice (1972). «Allelopathic effects of Andropogon virginicus and its persistence in old fields». American Journal of Botany (American Journal of Botany, 1972) 59 (7): 752-755. JSTOR 2441147. doi:10.2307/2441147.
  5. «Global Invasive Species Database».

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Andropogon virginicus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供
 src= Aspecto típico de la escoba en invierno (Condado de Stone, Misisipi, 2010)

Andropogon virginicus es una especie de hierba gramínea conocida por varios nombres comunes en inglés, que incluyen broomsedge bluestem, yellowsedge bluestem y (en Australia, porque se introdujo en ese país después de ser utilizado como embalaje para botellas de whisky americano) whiskey grass. Es originaria del sureste de los Estados Unidos y tan al norte como los Grandes Lagos. Se la conoce como una especie introducida en California y Hawái, donde es una maleza.​

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Andropogon virginicus ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Andropogon virginicus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Andropogon virginicus. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết chủ đề tông thực vật Andropogoneae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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wikipedia VI

Andropogon virginicus: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Andropogon virginicus là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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Бородач виргинский ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Lilianae
Порядок: Злакоцветные
Семейство: Злаки
Подсемейство: Просовые
Род: Бородач
Вид: Бородач виргинский
Международное научное название

Andropogon virginicus L.

Синонимы Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 40456NCBI 1079125EOL 1114201GRIN t:3355IPNI 388740-1TPL kew-393606

Охранный статус NatureServe
Status TNC G5 ru.svg

Находящиеся в надёжном состоянии
Secure: Andropogon virginicus

Борода́ч вирги́нский (лат. Andropogon virginicus) — вид цветковых растений рода Бородач (Andropogon) семейства Злаки (Poaceae).

Ботаническое описание

Вегетативные органы

Многолетнее травянистое растение. Период роста начинается, когда среднесуточная температура достигает около 16 °C. Стебли тонкие, прямостоячие, до 1,2 м высотой. Верхняя часть стебля почти цилиндрическая, в то время как нижняя — чуть приплюснутая.

Листовые влагалища плоские, опушённые. Лигула плёнчатая, хорошо развита. Листовая пластинка достигает 0,7—1,25 см в ширину и до 24 см в длину, её поверхность шершавая.

Генеративные органы

Соцветиеметёлка, состоящая из 2—4 кистей около 2,5 см длиной, в свою очередь, состоящих из колосков. Базальные ветви каждой кисти окружены вздутой жёлто-коричневой обёрткой, длина которой примерно равна длине колоска. Нижняя цветковая чешуя сидячего колоска имеет прямую ость длиной около 13 мм. У колосков, сидящих на цветоножках, ость отсутствует.

Созревание семян занимает от 6 недель до 2 месяцев.

Распространение

Бородач виргинский родом с юго-востока США, северная граница его ареалаВеликие озёра. Кроме того, он был интродуцирован в Калифорнии и на Гавайях, где стал сорняком, а также в Австралии и Японии.

Экология

 src=
Заросли бородача виргинского

Для диких животных бородач виргинский является важным источником пищи. Многие виды млекопитающих поедают его зелёную массу, а зимой — семена, когда другие источники питания отсутствуют. Зубчатоклювые куропатки (Odontophoridae), особенно виргинская американская куропатка (Colinus virginianus), зависят от этого растения, поскольку его заросли служат местом их гнездования.

Хозяйственное значение и применение

Молодые побеги бородача виргинского едят коровы, более старые части растения животными не поедаются и содержат очень мало питательных веществ. Растение не требует удобрения и предпочитает размножаться, когда пастбище выбито скотом. Вот почему это растение может становиться инвазионным или сорным и может быть уничтожено только путём вспашки или сжигания. Кроме того, бородач виргинский подавляет рост других растений путём аллелопатии: из его отмерших тканей, например, разлагающихся листьев, высвобождаются химические вещества — гербициды[2][3][4]. Болезни и другие проблемы у этого вида неизвестны.

В декоративном садоводстве бородач виргинский применяется из-за своей привлекательной оранжевой окраски, сохраняющейся до зимы. Кроме того, он предотвращает эрозию почвы, особенно когда растёт на бедной почве, где нет других растений.

Синонимика

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса однодольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Однодольные».
  2. A. virginicus in Hawaii
  3. E.L. Rice (1972). “Allelopathic effects of Andropogon virginicus and its persistence in old fields”. American Journal of Botany. American Journal of Botany, 1972. 59 (7): 752—755. DOI:10.2307/2441147. JSTOR 2441147.
  4. FEIS Ecology
  5. Бородач виргинский (англ.): сведения о названии таксона на сайте The Plant List (version 1.1, 2013). (Проверено 1 января 2013)
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Бородач виргинский: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Борода́ч вирги́нский (лат. Andropogon virginicus) — вид цветковых растений рода Бородач (Andropogon) семейства Злаки (Poaceae).

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メリケンカルカヤ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
メリケンカルカヤ Andropogon virginicus
メリケンカルカヤの穂(2009年10月16日)
保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 単子葉類 monocots 階級なし : ツユクサ類 commelinids : イネ目 Poales : イネ科 Poaceae 亜科 : キビ亜科 Panicoideae : Sacchareae 亜連 : ウシクサ亜連 Andropogoninae : メリケンカルカヤ属 Andropogon : メリケンカルカヤ A. virginicus 学名 Andropogon virginicus
L.[2] 英名 broomsedge bluestem 変種
  • A. v. var. decipiens
  • A. v. var. glaucus
  • A. v. var. virginicus

メリケンカルカヤ(米利堅刈萱、学名: Andropogon virginicus)は、イネ科メリケンカルカヤ属雑草の一種。和名は、アメリカから侵入したカルカヤということで名付けられた。

形態・生態[編集]

草丈は50-100cmとなり、を作り、その根本はやや扁平になる。

葉鞘上部以外はが無い。

(9-10月)に直立したを伸ばし、を多数つける。小穂は2花で、一つだけ種子をつくる、20mm位のをつける。種子をつくる花の基部に白い綿毛が多数ついて、風にのり飛散する。晩秋から赤褐色になって越冬することが多い。

畑地水田あぜ果樹園牧草地空き地などに発生する。

分布[編集]

原産地は北アメリカで、南アメリカ東アジアオーストラリア太平洋諸島にも外来種帰化植物)として分布する[3]。オーストラリアなどでは侵略的な外来種として扱われている[3]

日本における本種の導入経路は不明だが、1940年頃に愛知県で確認され、現在では、関東地方以西に広く分布している[4]。各地で増加しており、在来種農作物競争し駆逐する危険性がある[4]。したがって、外来生物法により要注意外来生物に指定されている[4]

保全状況評価[編集]

似た名を持つもの[編集]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b Romand-Monnier, F. ("Andropogon virginicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 3.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2014年1月22日閲覧. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (英語)
  2. ^ 米倉浩司・梶田忠 (2003-). “Andropogon virginicus L.”. BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス(YList). ^ a b 国立環境研究所. “メリケンカルカヤ”. 侵入生物データベース ―外来種/移入種/帰化動植物情報のポータルサイト―. ^ a b c 自然環境研究センター編著 『日本の外来生物 : 決定版』 多紀保彦監修、平凡社ISBN 978-4-582-54241-7。

参考文献[編集]

  • 『日本の野生植物 草本 1 (単子葉類)』 佐竹義輔ほか編、平凡社全国書誌番号:82015991ISBN 978-4-582-53501-3
  • 清水矩宏・森田弘彦・廣田伸七編著 『日本帰化植物写真図鑑 : Plant invader 600種』 全国農村教育協会ISBN 4-88137-085-5。
  • 池田清彦監修、Deco編 『外来生物事典』 東京書籍ISBN 4-487-80118-4。
  • 木場英久・茨木靖・勝山輝男 『イネ科ハンドブック』 文一総合出版ISBN 978-4-8299-1078-8。
  • 平野隆久写真 『野に咲く花 : 写真検索』 林弥栄監修、門田裕一改訂版監修、山と溪谷社〈山溪ハンディ図鑑〉、ISBN 978-4-635-07019-5。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにメリケンカルカヤに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、メリケンカルカヤに関連するカテゴリがあります。

外部リンク[編集]

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia 日本語

メリケンカルカヤ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

メリケンカルカヤ(米利堅刈萱、学名: Andropogon virginicus)は、イネ科メリケンカルカヤ属雑草の一種。和名は、アメリカから侵入したカルカヤということで名付けられた。

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia 日本語