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Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière的圖片
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Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière

Comments ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Pinus torreyana is a rare and local Tertiary relic species whose present range is reduced to two small areas of southern California: near Del Mar (San Diego County) and on the northeastern shore of Santa Rosa Island (Santa Barbara County). Its distribution in Oligocene and Miocene (or at least that of its near ancestor) extended north to Oregon. Its harsh natural habitat elicits an unusually contorted and often sparse form, quite unlike the cleaner and taller form the species takes in cultivation.

In terms of numbers of individuals in the wild, as well as the small area occupied by natural populations, Pinus torreyana is without a doubt the rarest North American pine. As such it is under protection. Artificial crosses between it and another, more widespread Tertiary relic, P . sabiniana , have been successful.

許可
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版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Trees to 15(--23)m; trunk to 1m diam., in nature mostly crooked and leaning; crown rounded to flattened or irregular. Bark red-brown to purple-red, deeply furrowed with irregular, elongate, flat, scaly ridges. Branches irregular, spreading-ascending, candelabralike; twigs stout (1--2cm thick), greenish, aging deep gray-brown to near black, rough. Buds conic-ovoid, pale brown, to 2.5cm; scale margins white-fringed. Leaves mostly 5 per fascicle, ascending or spreading, persisting 3--4 years, 15--30cm ´ ca. 2mm, straight or curved, slightly twisted, dull gray-green, all surfaces with fine stomatal lines, margins serrulate, apex abruptly acute; sheath to 2cm, shed early, base persistent. Pollen cones ovoid, 20--30mm, yellow. Seed cones maturing in 3 years, shedding seeds soon thereafter, persisting to 5 years, lateral, massive, heavy, symmetric, ovoid before opening, broadly ovoid when open, 10--15cm, yellow- to red-brown, lustrous, stalks to 4cm; apophyses thick, angulately dome-shaped, with 5 low convergent keels; umbo central, forming short, curved-tipped pyramid. Seeds narrowly obovoid; body 16--24mm, brown, apically dark brown; wing broad, oblique-tipped, to 15mm.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Common Names ( 英語 )

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Torrey pine
Santa Rosa Island Torrey pine
Del Mar pine
Soledad pine
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Both subspecies of Torrey pine are listed in Category 1B by the
California Native Plant Society: rare or endangered in California [41].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Torrey pine is a native, slow-growing tree endemic to California
[25,30]. It grows from 25 to 60 feet (7.5-18 m) tall, but is usually
around 40 feet (12 m) in height [17,33]. The mature crown is open and
rounded with many large branches [14]. The needles are in fascicles of
5 and are 8 to 12 inches (20-30 cm) long [16]. The bark is rough and
flaky [16]. Cones are large, 4 to 6 inches (10.2-15.2 cm) wide, and
long. They are harder and heavier than most other pine cones [33].
Torrey pine taproots may reach 25 feet (7.5 m) into sandstone, and
lateral roots can extend up to 225 feet (67.5 m) from the trunk [9].
The oldest Torrey pines are about 150 years old [21].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: natural

Torrey pine is the rarest pine in North America [9]. The natural
distribution of Torrey pine consists of two disjunct populations. The
mainland population, in and near the Torrey Pines State Reserve (TPSR),
is confined to the low coastal bluffs flanking the Soledad Valley in San
Diego County, California. It consists of approximately 7,000 trees
[7,22]. The other population occurs on Santa Rosa Island off the coast
of southern California, 175 miles (280 km) northwest of the mainland
population [7,13,22]. This population consists of approximately 2,000
trees [20].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: competition, fire regime, seed

Torrey pine exhibits delayed seed dispersal which is beneficial in the
event of fire [11,28]. Some seeds are released immediately after fire
and exploit postfire conditions such as sterilized soil, reduced
competition from other species, and the absence of seed-eating rodents
[11]. Other seeds are released gradually and increase Torrey pine
stocking. Cones can be retained on trees and release viable seed for up
to 15 years [28].

McMasters [27] stated that delayed seed dispersal of Torrey pine and
reduced serotiny of other coastal and insular conifers may arise form
the same cause: a fire pattern in which large scale, intense crown
fires have alternated with long intervals in which ther were no fires at
all or in which there were only low-severity surface fires.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: natural

Torrey pine may be declining in the TPSR because past fire-exclusion
policies have created an unnatural setting. Infrequent, severe fires
are best for Torrey pine seedling establishment, although disturbance is
not essential to seedling establishment [26]. According to Zedler and
others [40], maintaining a natural system in the TPSR may require that
it be allowed to burn to the ground every century [40]. If fires occur
in a Torrey pine population at intervals shorter than 12 to 18 years,
(when saplings begin to produce cones), they could seriously impair the
ability of the population to survive [26].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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Torrey pine has adapted to a harsh environment of poor soils and little
moisture [33]. The climate is maritime with low winter rainfall and
frequent fog [40]. The species occurs in scattered groves or is widely
dispersed on ridgetops, slopes, and gullies. It is also found in
coastal highlands, canyons, and mesas [4,16]. It grows in open,
shallow, humus-poor, sandy soils [33,40]. Torrey pine is found at
elevations of 200 to 500 feet (60-150 m) [13].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

K033 Chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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Torrey pine is fire-intolerant [40]. Low-severity fires will kill trees
up to 21 inches (52 cm) dbh even if no crown damage is sustained [40].
Severe fires kills trees of all sizes [26].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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Seeds of Torrey pine are eaten by birds, rodents, and other mammals.
The dusky-footed and desert woodrats consume large quantities of Torrey
pine seeds and may greatly reduce their numbers in the seedbank [26].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: codominant, forest, litter, marsh, natural, shrubs, woodland

The Torrey pine forest is the only southern California coastal pine
forest [26,33]. Torrey pine part of the California closed-cone pine
forests [37,41]. These forests merge with coastal sage scrub,
chaparral, dune scrub, and coastal salt marsh [37]. On Santa Rosa
Island, Torrey pine is a member of the Torrey pine woodland. This
community ranges from a monotypic assemblage of Torrey pine with a
litter understory to more open stands that resemble woodlands mixed with
California scrub oak (Quercus dumosa) and shrubs [5].

Torrey pine is listed as a codominant or dominant species in the
following publications:

Plant communities of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park [5]
The closed-cone pines and cypress [37]
Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of
California [41]
Plant communities of southern California [42].

Some species commonly associated with Torrey pine include chamise
(Adenostoma fasciculatum), California sagebrush (Artemesia californica),
toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), lemonadeberry (Rhus integrifolia),
California scrub oak, mule fat (Baccharis viminea), bush poppy
(Dendromecon rigida), California encelia (Encelia californica), white
sage (Salvia apiana), black sage (S. mellifera), saw-toothed goldenbush
(Haplopappus squarrosus), Costa Baja manzanita (Arctostaphylos
glandulosa ssp. crassifolia), Santa Rosa Island manzanita (A.
confertiflora), California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum),
warty-stem ceanothus (Ceanothus verrucosus), feltleaf ceanothus (C.
arboreus), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), sea fig (Carpobrotus
chilensis), iceplant (Mesembryanthemum spp.), Indian paintbrush
(Castilleja spp.), monkeyflower (Mimulus spp.), California poppy
(Eschscholzia californica), sedge (Carex globosa), oniongrass (Melica
imperfecta), bent grass (Agrostis spp.), slender wild oat (Avena
barbata), and purple cudweed (Gnaphalium purpureum).
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest, natural, selection, shrub, tree

The Torrey pine population in TPSR consists of large, mature
individuals; seedlings and saplings are infrequent [40]. Given the low
rate of seedling establishment and survival in the recent past, stand
age of Torrey pine will continue to increase within the TPSR [26].

Cattle grazing has significantly reduced the amount of native shrub
cover within Torrey pine stands on Santa Rosa Island. The average
amount of open ground on four transects on Santa Rosa Island is about 78
percent compared to 30 percent on the mainland. Seedling establishment
is higher on Santa Rosa Island than on the mainland [26].

Because of low genetic variability, Torrey pine has little capacity to
respond to change through natural selection. Native populations should
be managed to maintain the maximum number of trees possible to minimize
the chance of catastrophic loss [21].

Both the island and mainland populations of Torrey pine are threatened
by air pollution. The mainland population is adjacent to densely
populated areas that generate extreme amounts of air pollution. The
island population is threatened by seasonal easterly Santa Ana winds
carrying air with high concentrations of ozone and other pollutants from
the Los Angeles Basin [8,22].

In 1988, a bark beetle (Ips paraconfusus) infestation occurred at TPSR.
By 1990, 12 percent of the adult trees had been killed. In 1991, the
U.S. Forest Service utilized synthetic pheromones to lure ips beetles
into traps placed on trees. Nine weeks after placement of the traps
130,000 beetles were captured [2]. Only one additional tree was
attacked after the trapping began. The number of trapped beetles
eventually fell to about 100 per week [2].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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CA
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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Torrey pine is widely planted as an ornamental and has been evaluated as
a commercial species in Kenya, Australia, and New Zealand [26].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cone, monoecious, seed

Torrey pine is monoecious. Cones are pollinated from January to March
and reach maturity in the summer two and a half years later [26]. Cone
opening initiates when seeds are mature [14]. Seed dispersal begins in
September after cone-ripening [16,17].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: density, tree

Seed drop is substantial after crown fires [26,40]. Establishment of
seedlings from stored seeds released by fire-killed trees has been
confirmed after both wildfires and prescribed fires [39].

An arson fire in TPSR occurred on July 12, 1972. Ninety-three mature
trees were killed on 11.3 acres (4.8 ha). Seedling establishment
occurred in postfire year 1 [27]. In May of 1979, 220 saplings and
seedlings were found in the burned area. Juvenile tree density was two
and a half times greater than the prefire mature tree density [26,27].

On November 6 and 7, 1978, 31,204 square feet (2,900 sq m) were burned
in the TPSR under controlled conditions. Results on Torrey pine
regeneration were inconclusive. However, prescribed fires in the spring
of 1984 and winter of 1985, which killed 19 trees and 17 saplings, did
promote seedling establishment. In January 1986, a total of 201
seedlings were found in the burned area [40].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: crown residual colonizer, root crown, secondary colonizer

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Crown residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cone, seed, stratification

Torrey pine regenerates sexually. It does not reproduce naturally by
vegetative methods.

Seed production and dissemination: Torrey pines begin to produce seed
when they are 12 to 18 years old. Torrey pine exhibits delayed seed
dispersal, a pattern of seed release intermediate between open- and
closed-cone species. In the TPSR, Torrey pine cones begin to open when
seeds are mature, but seed fall continues for up to 13 years after cone
maturity. Over 76 percent of available seeds were in cones 1 or more
years after seed maturity [27]. Seed release accelerates through the
fourth year when cones retain 22 percent of seeds, and then levels off
or slowly declines [27]. Over 15 percent of the original seed is
retained 11 years following cone maturity [26]. At age 14, cones are
mostly open but still retain about 10 percent of seed [14]. Torrey
pines on Santa Rosa Island may release seed more rapidly than those in
the TPSR [26].

Seed viability decreases with cone age, but seeds at least partially
exposed for 10 years remain viable [27]. Predispersal loss of seed is
high in Torrey pine. Before dispersal, 6.8 percent of seed is lost to
arthropod seed predators within the cone and 4.6 percent of seed has
already germinated. Germination of seed in the cone is unique to Torrey
pine in the genus Pinus [26,27]. The seed of Torrey pine is nearly
wingless; wind dispersal is negligible. Birds such as scrub jays aid in
seed dissemination [9,20].

Seedling development: Cold stratification periods of 30 to 90 days at
33 to 41 degrees Fahrenheit (.56-5 deg C) are recommended for rapid and
complete germination [17]. Seedling mortality is largely a function of
water stress and is highest in July and August. Seedling establishment
increases with disturbance such as fire. Very few seedlings are
currently survive to reproductive age [26].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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Facultative Seral Species

Torrey pine is shade tolerant. Approximately 90 percent of Torrey pine
seedlings are found under adult trees [26].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name of Torrey pine is Pinus torreyana
Parry. There are no recognized varieties or forms. There are two
recognized subspecies [14,34]:

Pinus torreyana ssp. insularis Haller
Pinus torreyana ssp. torreyana.
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: shrubs

Torrey pines are planted on wildlands and disturbed sites in San Diego,
California. Near Point Loma, San Diego, they provide wildlife habitat
and protect existing coastal sage scrub shrubs [19].
書目引用
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Pinus torreyana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由IABIN提供
Chile Central
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
作者
Pablo Gutierrez
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IABIN

Physical Description ( 英語 )

由USDA PLANTS text提供
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins finely serrulate (use magnification or slide your finger along the leaf), Leaf apex acute, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves > 10 cm long, Leaves grey-green, Leaves not blue-green, Needle-like leaves triangular, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 5, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs viscid, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Seed cones bearing a scarlike umbo, Umbo with obvious prickle, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings narrower than body.
編纂者
Stephen C. Meyers
編纂者
Aaron Liston
編纂者
Steffi Ickert-Bond
編纂者
Damon Little
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USDA PLANTS text

Pinus torreyana ( 亞塞拜然語 )

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Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 亞塞拜然語 )

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Pinus torreyana ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Pinus torreyana ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kalifornien. Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden, das Verbreitungsgebiet der einen Unterart liegt nördlich von San Diego vom Meer bis etwa 1,5 Kilometer ins Inland, das Verbreitungsgebiet der zweiten Unterart liegt auf der Insel Santa Rosa Island. Mit unter 5000 Exemplaren ist sie die seltenste Kiefernart Nordamerikas. Die Art ist gesetzlich geschützt und wird aufgrund der geringen Bestände in der Roten Liste der IUCN als gefährdet eingestuft.

Beschreibung

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Zweig mit Nadeln
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Junge Pollenzapfen und Samenzapfen
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Samenzapfen der Varietät Pinus torreyana var. insularis auf Santa Rosa Island, Kalifornien

Erscheinungsbild

Pinus torreyana wächst als immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 15 bis 23 Metern erreicht. Der Stamm im natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet ist meist krumm oder gebogen und erreicht einen Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 100 Zentimetern. Die Stammborke ist rau und schuppig, tief in unregelmäßige, längliche, flache Platten zerrissen, zuerst rötlich braun und bei älteren Bäumen purpurn grau. Die Äste stehen ausgebreitet oder aufsteigend und bilden eine offene oder flache Krone. Benadelte Zweige sind kräftig und etwa 10 Millimeter dick, Samenzapfen tragende Zweige werden bis zu 20 Millimeter dick. Die Rinde junger Zweige ist kahl, rau, anfangs grünlich und später purpurfarben-braun bis schwarz.[1][2]

Knospen und Nadeln

Die Knospen sind eiförmig-konisch, blass braun, 20 bis 30 Millimeter lang und nicht harzig. Die als Knospenschuppen ausgebildeten Niederblätter sind hellbraun und haben einen weißen Rand. Die Nadeln wachsen meist zu fünft manchmal zu viert oder sechst in einer bis zu 20 Millimeter langen, sich später verkürzenden aber bleibenden Nadelscheide. Sie sind graugrün, steif und abstehend, gerade oder gebogen, leicht um die Längsachse verdreht, 15 bis 25 Zentimeter lang und etwa 2 Millimeter dick. Der Nadelrand ist sehr fein gesägt, das Ende plötzlich spitz. Auf allen Nadelseiten gibt es deutliche Spaltöffnungslinien. Es werden drei bis sechs Harzkanäle gebildet. Die Nadeln bleiben drei bis vier Jahre am Baum.[1][3][2]

Zapfen und Samen

Die Pollenzapfen sind gelb, eiförmig-zylindrisch und 20 bis 30 Millimeter lang mit Durchmessern von 8 bis 10 Millimetern. Die Samenzapfen wachsen einzeln oder selten in Paaren auf kräftigen, 3 bis 4 Zentimeter langen Stielen. Die Zapfen reifen nach 3 Jahren und bleiben noch mehrere Jahre am Baum. Ausgereifte Zapfen sind sehr groß, breit eiförmig bis eiförmig-konisch, 10 bis 16 Zentimeter lang und geöffnet 8 bis 17 Zentimeter breit, gelb- bis rotbraun und sehr harzig. Die 60 bis 80 Samenschuppen sind dick holzig, steif und keilförmig. Sie haben zwei adaxiale Samenhöhlungen. Die Apophyse ist deutlich ausgebildet und erhöht, im Umriss mehr oder weniger rhombisch bis vieleckig, scharf quer gekielt oder mit vier bis fünf zusammenlaufenden Furchen versehen, glänzend hellbraun oder rotbraun. Der Umbo liegt mittig bis dorsal. Er ist pyramidenförmig oder leicht gebogen und hat eine stumpfe und harte Spitze.[1][3][2]

Die Samen sind groß, verkehrt eiförmig, leicht abgeflacht, bis zu 10 Millimeter lang, 10 bis 14 Millimeter breit, hellbraun und teilweise dunkel gefleckt. Der Samenflügel ist verkürzt, bis zu 10 Millimeter lang. Er umschließt den Samen ringförmig, fällt häufig früh ab oder bleibt auf den Samenschuppen zurück.[1][3]

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[4]

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Verbreitungskarte

Vorkommen und Gefährdung

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Exemplar im Torrey Pines State Park, Kalifornien

Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet von Pinus torreyana liegt im Süden von Kalifornien im San Diego County und Santa Barbara County.[1]

Pinus torreyana ist eine tertiäre[2] Reliktart, hatte also in dieser Zeit ein deutlich größeres Verbreitungsgebiet, wurde jedoch auf ein kleines Gebiet entlang der Küste mit etwa 1,6 Kilometer Breite und auf die kleine Insel Santa Rosa Island[5] vor Südkalifornien zurückgedrängt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckte sich im Oligozän und Miozän weiter nach Norden bis ins heutige Oregon.[2] Sie wächst direkt vom Meer bis in eine Höhe von etwa 180 Metern auf steinigen und sandigen Hängen. Sie braucht die täglich vom Meer kommenden Nachmittagsnebel, die die direkte Sonneneinstrahlung abschwächen. Man findet sie im Chaparral oder mit anderen Bäumen wie Eichen und dem Amerikanischen Erdbeerbaum (Arbutus menziesii).[1]

In der Roten Liste der IUCN wird Pinus torreyana als „gefährdet“ (= „Vulnerable “) eingestuft. Es wird jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass eine Neubeurteilung aussteht.[5]

Systematik und Forschungsgeschichte

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Baumexemplar im Torrey Pines State Park, Kalifornien

Die gültige Erstbeschreibung von Pinus torreyana erfolgte 1855 durch Élie-Abel Carrière in Traité Général des Conifères ..., 1, Seiten 326–327.[6] Diese Beschreibung basierte auf einer Beschreibung von Charles Christopher Parry, die jedoch nicht die Anforderungen an eine Erstbeschreibung erfüllte. Das Artepitheton torreyana wurde von Charles Christopher Parry gewählt und erinnert an den amerikanischen Botaniker John Torrey (1796–1873).[1]

Die Art Pinus torreyana gehört zur Untersektion Ponderosae aus der Sektion Trifoliae in der Untergattung Pinus, innerhalb der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus).[7]

Von Pinus torreyana werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden:[1][8]

  • Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière subsp. torreyana (Syn.: Pinus lophosperma Lindl.[8]): Die Bäume haben einen aufrechten meist 15 Meter seltener 20 Meter hohen Stamm. Die Samenzapfen sind geschlossen eiförmig mit Durchmessern unter 12 Zentimetern. Die Samen sind mehr oder weniger gleichmäßig braun und entweder gar nicht oder nur leicht gefleckt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt im San Diego County an der Küste nördlich von San Diego. Die südlichen Bestände sind im Torrey Pines State Park gesetzlich geschützt. Durch die geringe Zahl von weniger als 3500 Exemplaren (Status 2010) aufgeteilt in zwei Populationen auf etwa 320 Hektar und die Nähe zu einem Ballungszentrum sind die Bestände jedoch durch Ereignisse wie Brände, Krankheiten oder Insektenbefall bedroht. Bäume außerhalb des Parks werden nicht vor der Stadtentwicklung geschützt und werden manchmal gefällt.[9] Ein Befall durch Käfer aus der Gattung Ips wurde jedoch erfolgreich überstanden. Trotzdem wird die Unterart durch die IUCN als vom Aussterben bedroht (Critically Endangered) eingestuft.[10]
  • Pinus torreyana subsp. insularis J.R.Haller: Die Bäume wirken meist verkrüppelt und erreichen Höhen von meist nur unter 10 Metern. Die Krone ist aufgrund der harten Umweltbedingungen flach. Die Samenzapfen sind im geschlossenen Zustand meist breiter als 12 Zentimeter und haben kräftige, beinahe gerade Umbos. Die Samen sind schwarz gefleckt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet liegt auf Santa Rosa Island im Santa Barbara County. Die Bestände bestehen aus zwei Populationen aus etwa 1000 ausgewachsenen Bäumen auf weniger als 100 Hektar. Die Bäume sind gesetzlich geschützt, doch liegen die Bestände nahe der Küste und sind durch Erosion, Feuer, Insekten und Krankheiten gefährdet.[9] Die Unterart wird daher durch die IUCN als stark gefährdet (Endangered ) eingestuft.[11]

Verwendung

Pinus torreyana wird nicht als Holzlieferant genutzt und die Bestände sind gesetzlich geschützt. Sie wird in Kalifornien gärtnerisch verwendet, jedoch nur selten außerhalb Kaliforniens. Unter den günstigeren Bedingungen in Gärten kann sie zu einem großen Baum auswachsen, ein Exemplar in Neuseeland erreichte eine Höhe von 45 Metern und einen Brusthöhendurchmesser von 1,5 Metern.[1]

Literatur

  • Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Band 2. Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3, S. 774–776.
  • James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference. Timber Press, Portland, OR/London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4, S. 427.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford u. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (englisch).
  • Carl L. Hubbs und Thomas W. Whitaker (ed.): Torrey Pines State Reserve. The Torrey Pines Association, La Jolla 1964 (2. Edition 1972), S. 27–28.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 774.
  2. a b c d e Robert Kral: Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière - textgleich online wie gedrucktes Werk, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York und Oxford, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7.
  3. a b c James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World, S. 486–487.
  4. Pinus torreyana bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  5. a b Pinus torreyana in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 23. Juni 2013.
  6. Pinus torreyana bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 20. April 2019.
  7. Pinus torreyana im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 20. April 2019.
  8. a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus torreyana. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 6. Januar 2013, abgerufen am 23. Juni 2013 (englisch).
  9. a b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers, Band 2, S. 776.
  10. Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Farjon, A., 2011. Abgerufen am 20. Januar 2020.
  11. Pinus torreyana subsp. insularis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2012. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 23. Juni 2013.
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wikipedia DE

Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Pinus torreyana ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kiefern (Pinus) innerhalb der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Kalifornien. Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden, das Verbreitungsgebiet der einen Unterart liegt nördlich von San Diego vom Meer bis etwa 1,5 Kilometer ins Inland, das Verbreitungsgebiet der zweiten Unterart liegt auf der Insel Santa Rosa Island. Mit unter 5000 Exemplaren ist sie die seltenste Kiefernart Nordamerikas. Die Art ist gesetzlich geschützt und wird aufgrund der geringen Bestände in der Roten Liste der IUCN als gefährdet eingestuft.

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Torrey pine ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana) is a rare pine species in California, United States. It is a critically endangered species growing only in coastal San Diego County, and on Santa Rosa Island, offshore from Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara County.[3] The Torrey pine is endemic to the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion.[4][5]

Taxonomy

The species epithet torreyana is named for John Torrey, an American botanist, after whom the coniferous genus Torreya is also named.[6]

Description

Pinus torreyana is a broad, open-crowned pine tree growing to 8–17 meters (26–56 ft) tall in the wild, with 25–30 centimeters (9.8–11.8 in) long leaves ('needles') in groups of five. The cones are stout and heavy, typically 8–15 cm (3.1–5.9 in) long and broad, and contain large, hard-shelled, but edible, pine nuts.[4] Like all pines, its needles are clustered into 'fascicles' that have a particular number of needles for each pine species; in the Torrey pine there are five needles in each fascicle.[7][8] Like all pines, it has strobili, structures that function as a flower but look like a small cone, which for the Torrey pine look like a yellow bud in a male strobilus and like a small red cone in a female.[9][10]

Torrey pines are sometimes afflicted with witch's broom (or "gorilla's nest"),[11] an unusually dense cluster of needles that looks somewhat like a bird's nest, caused by disease or other causes.[12][13]

There are two subspecies or varieties. These are said to be distinguished by the following characteristics, as well as possibly differing in the terpenoid (beta-phellandrene, limonene, cineole, etc.) profile.[14]

Distribution

The extant population of Pinus torreyana is restricted to trees growing in a narrow strip along the Southern California coast in San Diego.[19] There is also a population of the variety Pinus torreyana var. insularis in two groves on Santa Rosa Island, a California Channel Island off the coast of Santa Barbara.[20][21] The presence of Torrey pines along the semi-arid coast of San Diego and Santa Rosa Island (rainfall less than 15 inches per year) is probably a relict population of a much more extensive Ice Age distribution. Coastal fog during spring and summer along the San Diego and Santa Rosa Island coast provides just enough moisture to supplement the fairly low winter rainfall, allowing for survival of the species in the wild habitat zone.[22]

Ecology

The native habitat of Pinus torreyana is coastal sage scrub, a plant community, growing slowly in dry, sandy soil. The root system is extensive. A tiny seedling may quickly send a taproot down 60 centimeters (24 in) seeking moisture and nutrients. A mature tree may have roots extending 75 meters (246 ft). Exposed trees battered by coastal winds are often twisted into beautiful sculptural shapes resembling large bonsai, and rarely exceed 12 m (39 ft) tall.

The seeds are eaten by birds and rodents.[23] Like most pine tree species, the seeds have a wing attached to them, but in this species it is papery, breaks off easily, and is entirely non-functional, so this tree is entirely reliant upon animals to disperse its seeds. The scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) is the most important species when it comes to dispersal of the seeds (on the mainland). Scrub jays and perhaps also squirrels are thought to be spreading the species into adjacent parklands from gardens around San Diego.[24][25]

The caterpillars of the moth Gloveria arizonensis have been confirmed to feed on this tree in the wild.[25]

Stratification, which is the process of subjecting seeds to (moist) cold, encourages germination in Torrey pine seeds[26][27]

Uses

Food

The pine nuts were once eaten by the Kumeyaay tribe of Native American people.[23][24]

Cultivation

Although considered endangered in the wild, Torrey pine is often planted as an ornamental tree around San Diego, coastal and inland southern California, and even the Central Valley.[24] A single tree planted in a suburb of San Diego in the 1940s or 1950s has grown tall and straight, and to a large size, 108 feet (33 m).[28] Shipley Nature Center states it can grow to 148 ft (45 m) in height in cultivation.[29][30] It is sold by at least ten different plant nurseries in California as of 2020.[25]

Forestry

Pinus torreyana has been considered as a plantation tree for forestry use in Australia, New Zealand and Kenya.[31]

Culture

In San Diego County it is considered a local icon, where it lends its name to Torrey Pines State Reserve, Torrey Pines State Beach, Torrey Pines Golf Course, Torrey Pines High School, and Torrey Pines Gliderport, as well as numerous local roads and businesses (e.g., Torrey Pines Bank,[32] Torrey Pines Property Management Company,[33] Torrey Pines Landscape Company,[34] and Torrey Pines Law Group.[35])

Conservation

There is some disagreement about the total population of Pinus torreyana. In general, only the populations in Torrey Pines State Reserve (TPSR) and on Santa Rosa Island are deemed to count as the wild population, not the trees planted around San Diego and wider California. In the 1970s it was estimated that the population in the TPSR and on Santa Rosa Island was about 9,000 individuals, but many of these trees have since died due to forest fires, drought and a series of infestations of a bark beetle, as well as being stressed by air pollution. There were only a hundred trees surviving in the early 20th century. As of 2016 it is thought by the California Native Plant Society that the population of this species is some 3,000 individuals.[24] In 2011, Aljos Farjon, assessing the conservation status of this species for the IUCN, estimated that the total population of P. torreyana was now 4,500 individuals. He states that there is a slow decline of the numbers, especially of the trees not found within the TPSR on the mainland.[1]

The Torrey pine is protected by a city tree ordinance in Del Mar, near the native habitat, and construction projects and citizens require a permit for its removal.[36]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Farjon, A. (2013). "Pinus torreyana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42424A2979186. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42424A2979186.en. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  3. ^ "Santa Rosa Island". Channel Islands. National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  5. ^ C. Michael Hogan (September 11, 2008). "Torrey Pine (Pinus torreyana)". GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  6. ^ Lisa (September 22, 2010). "Tree Identification: Pinus torreyana - Torrey Pine". Lh2treeid.blogspot.com. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  7. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus torreyana". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  8. ^ "Chaparral and Riparian Plants". Sci.sdsu.edu. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  9. ^ "Natural Treasure: The One and Only Torrey Pine". Naturaltreasureucsd.blogspot.com. February 7, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  10. ^ "Life Cycle - torreypinedo2". Sites.google.com. July 22, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  11. ^ jiobrien. "Torrey Pine with witch's broom". Archived from the original on April 5, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2014. The witch's broom or gorrila's nest is an abnormal area of growth on the tree of uncertain origin.
  12. ^ "Welcome to My Garden!: Torrey Pines State Reserve". Loresgardens.blogspot.com. August 17, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  13. ^ "Torrey Pine". Project Noah. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  14. ^ Haller, J. Robert; Vivrette, Nancy J. (2012). "Pinus torreyana in Jepson Flora Project (eds.)". Jepson eFlora. Regents of the University of California. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  15. ^ Haller, J. Robert; Vivrette, Nancy J. (2012). "Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana in Jepson Flora Project (eds.)". Jepson eFlora. Regents of the University of California. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  16. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  17. ^ Haller, J. Robert; Vivrette, Nancy J. (2012). "Pinus torreyana subsp. insularis in Jepson Flora Project (eds.)". Jepson eFlora. Regents of the University of California. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  18. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
  19. ^ Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
  20. ^ "Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière subsp. insularis J. R. Haller". Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  21. ^ Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus torreyana". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  22. ^ Williams, A. Park; Still, Christopher J.; Fischer, Douglas T.; Leavitt, Steven W. (2008). "The influence of summertime fog and overcast clouds on the growth of a coastal Californian pine: A tree-ring study". Oecologia. 156 (3): 601–611. Bibcode:2008Oecol.156..601W. doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1025-y. PMID 18368424. S2CID 11172462.
  23. ^ a b Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 96–97.
  24. ^ a b c d "Torrey Pine". Nature Collective. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  25. ^ a b c "Torrey Pine Pinus torreyana". Calscape. California Native Plant Society. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  26. ^ Esser, Lora L. (1993). "Pinus torreyana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  27. ^ Santiago (January 25, 2005). "germination of Torrey pines". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  28. ^ Anne Krueger (February 6, 2007). "Residents say tree too big, too old for neighborhood". Union-Tribune Publishing Co. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2016. Houses replaced avocado groves on the East County land that surrounds the Torrey pine. Torrey pines are widely planted as an ornamental species
  29. ^ "TORREY PINE HABITAT". Shipley Nature Center. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  30. ^ "Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana". redOrbit. Conifers Reference Library. Retrieved May 31, 2014. The Torrey pine is planted as ornamental trees, with better soil and with controlled watering, it lends to being a fast growing tree to heights of 148 feet. This pine is drought tolerant as the tap roots can go as deep as 200 feet to find moisture. The tree is also shade tolerant.
  31. ^ McMaster, Gregory Scott (1980). Patterns of reproduction in Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana) (Thesis). San Diego, California: San Diego State University.
  32. ^ "Torrey Pines Bank". December 17, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  33. ^ "Torrey Pines Property Management Company, San Diego Property Management, Apartments for Rent in San Diego, CA". Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  34. ^ "San Diego Landscape Designers Contractors Torrey Pines Landscaping". Tplandscape.com. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
  35. ^ "Torrey Pines Law Group". June 1, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  36. ^ "How can I cut my tree down?". City of Del Mar. Retrieved May 11, 2014.

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Torrey pine: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana) is a rare pine species in California, United States. It is a critically endangered species growing only in coastal San Diego County, and on Santa Rosa Island, offshore from Santa Barbara in Santa Barbara County. The Torrey pine is endemic to the California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion.

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Pinus torreyana ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Pinus torreyana, el pino de Torrey, también llamado "Del Mar pine" y "soledad pine," es un pino de copa ancha y abierta que se desarrolla hasta alcanzar de 8 a 15 m de altura, sus hojas son agujas (punteros) de 20 a 35 cm de longitud en grupos de cinco. Los conos son resistentes y pesados, normalmente de 8 a 15 cm de longitud por anchura, y contienen grandes piñones comestibles cubiertos de cáscara muy dura.

Situación actual de sus poblaciones

El pino de Torrey, llamado así en honor de John Torrey (1796-1873), es el pino más escaso de los Estados Unidos.[2]​ La población silvestre se restringe a tan solo unos 3000 ejemplares que crecen en una estrecha franja a lo largo de la costa de California en San Diego.[3]​ También hay una población de la variedad (Pinus torreyana var. insularis) en una sola masa arbórea en la Isla Santa Rosa, enfrente de la costa de Santa Bárbara.[4]​ Esta variedad, está considerada como única, lo que la convierte en uno de los pinos más escasos y raros del mundo, con tan solo 100 ejemplares, a principios del siglo XX. Sin embargo, su población ha aumentado a unos 2000 árboles en la actualidad (el críticamente amenazado Pinus squamata en el suroeste de China es probablemente el pino más escaso y raro en la actualidad con tan solo 20 árboles).

Hábitat

 src=
Un bosquete de Pino de Torrey silvestres en Isla Santa Rosa.

En su medio natural el pino de Torrey crece lentamente en suelo arenoso seco. Su sistema radicular es extenso. Una planta de semillero minúscula puede enviar una raíz principal de 60 cm en busca de humedad y alimento. Un árbol maduro puede tener raíces extendidas a unos 75 metros.

En su medio natural, estropeados por los vientos costeros cargados de sal, se retuercen a menudo en las formas hermosas que asemejan a los bonsáis y raramente exceden los 12 m de altura.

Como sotobosque asociado, se puede encontrar la especie también endémica Baccharis vanessae.

Cultivo y usos

Los piñones fueron una importante fuente de alimentación para la tribu kumiai uno de los pueblos de nativos americanos.

Especie amenazada en su medio natural, el pino de Torrey está plantado como árbol ornamental, especialmente en el Condado de San Diego donde está considerado como un icono local. Aquí hay varios lugares que llevan su nombre tal como « Torrey Pines State Reserve », « Torrey Pines Golf Course », « Torrey Pines High School », y el « Torrey Pines Gliderport », además de caminos, negocios, parques y playas. En cultivo, en terrenos rícos, lluvia más abundante que en la zona donde crecen los árboles silvestres, son capaces de tener un crecimiento más rápido y alcanzar un tamaño mayor llegando a alcanzar los 45 m de altura en un espécimen conocido.

Los pinos de Torrey están protegidos en la ciudad de Del Mar, California. Los ciudadanos deben de obtener previa solicitud a las autoridades un permiso para poder cortar cualquiera de estos árboles.[5]

Actualmente está siendo probado como árbol de cultivo en plantaciones para uso en silvicultura en Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Kenia.

Notas y referencias

  1. Conifer Specialist Group (1998). «Pinus torreyana». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el Septiembre de 2010.
  2. C.M. Hogan, 2008
  3. Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. Nueva York: Sterling. p. 84. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  4. Gynomsperm database, 1999
  5. City of Del Mar FAQs

Referencias adicionales

Bibliografía

  • Beauchamp, R.M. 1972. Floral diversity of San Diego County, California. M.S. Thesis, Calif. State Univ., San Diego. 73 pp.
  • Beauchamp, 1973. California's Channel Islands. Fremontia 1(1):14—18.
  • Beauchamp, 1986. A flora of San Diego County, California. Sweetwater River Press, National City, Calif. 241 pp.
  • Burwell, T. 1998. Successional patterns of the lower montane treeline, eastern California [Inyo, Mono Cos.]. Madro–o 45(1):12-16.
  • California Native Plant Soc., San Diego Chapter. 1986. Vascular plants of the montane areas of San Diego County. 38 pp.
  • Cleveland, D. (no date) Alphabetical arrangement of the flora of San Diego. Manuscript., San Diego, Calif. 112 pp.
  • C.Michael Hogan (2008) Torrey Pine: Pinus torreyana, Globaltwitcher, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
  • Evarts, B. 1986. Torrey Pines [San Diego Co.]: resurrection or remission. Environm. Southw. 514:3—8
  • Evarts, 1994. Torrey Pines landscape and legacy [San Diego Co.]. Torrey Pines Assoc., La Jolla, Calif. 86 pp.
  • Higgins, E.B. 1949. Annotated distributional list of ferns and flowering plants of San Diego County, California. Occ. Pap. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., Nº 8:1—174
  • Irwin, R.I. 1980. Plant list. Torrey Pines State Reserve [San Diego Co.]. Calif. Dept. Parks and Recreation, Sacramento. 19 pp.
  • Jonsson, E.G. 1986. A newly discovered palm canyon [San Diego Co.]. Fremontia 14(2):20—21
  • Lathrop, 1981. Sensitive plants in the Cleveland National Forest [Riverside, Orange, and San Diego cos.]. Crossosoma 7(4):1—7.
  • Levin, G.A. 1987b. A flora of San Diego County, California (book review). Environm. Southw. 517:123—130.
  • Remeika, P. 1976. Torrey Pines [San Diego Co.]. Environm. Southw. 475:10—12.
  • Rowlands, P.G. 1980. Recovery, succession, and revegetation in the Mojave Desert, p. 75-118. In: P.G. Rowlands, editor, The effects of disturbance on desert soils, vegetation and community processes with emphasis on off-road vehicles: a critical review. Spec. Publ. USDI, Bur. Land Management Desert Plan Staff.
  • Simpson, M., S.C. McMillan, B.L. Stone, J. Gibson, and J.P. Rebman. 1995. Checklist of the vascular plants of San Diego County. 2.ª ed., 3rd print. Spec. Publ. No. l, San Diego State Univ. Herb. Press. 87 pp.
  • Waldrop, B. M. 1975. Vegetation and slope aspect in coastal canyons, San Diego, California. M.A. Thesis, San Diego State Univ., San Diego, Calif. 69 pp.
  • Wangler, M.J., and R.A. Minnich. 1996. Fire and succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands of the San Bernardino Mountains, California. Madro–o 43:493—514
  • Warren, E., Jr. and B. littlehales. 1958. California's ranches in the sea [Channel Islands]. Natl. Geogr. Mag., Aug. 1958: 256—283.
  • Webb, R.H., and H.G. Wilshire. 1980. Recovery of soils and vegetation in a Mojave Desert ghost town. J. Arid Environm. 3:29l—303.
  • Westman, W.E. 1983. Island biogeography: studies on the xeric shrublands of the inner Channel Islands, California. J. Biogeogr. 10:97—118.
  • Wheeler, L.C. 1934. Two more Sierran plants in southern California [San Bernardino Co.]. Madro–o 2:158.
  • Whitaker, T.W., editor. 1964. Torrey Pines State Reserve [San Diego Co.]. Torrey Pines Assoc., La Jolla, Calif. 61 pp.
  • Wieslander, A.E. 1932-1943. Vegetation types of California (exclusive of deserts and cultivated lands) [series de 23 cartas a 1:62,500 (15 min cuadrangulo) y 1:125,000 (30 min cuadrangulo) en escalas preparadas durante el Estudio de Tipos de Vegetaciones y Mapas (VTM) de California durante 1930-1934, con la dirección de A.E. Wieslander]. Pacific Southw. Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Berkeley.
  • Wiggins, I.L. 1929. Flora of San Diego County, California. Ph.D. Tesis, manuscrito no publ. Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, Calif. 888 pp.
  • Wilson, R.C. 1963. Phytosociology of manzanita (Arctostaphylos, Ericaceae) chaparral in a southern California peninsular range (Santa Ana Mts.). M.A. Thesis, Bot. Dept., Calif. State Univ., Los Angeles. 91 pp.
  • Wilson, R.C., and R.J. Vogl. 1965. Manzanita chaparral in the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Madro–o 18:47—62
  • Wishner, C. 1997 [1998]. Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains: synonymized checklist and index. Crossosoma 23(1):3—63.
  • Witham, H. 1971. Conspicuous plants of Kit Carson Park, Escondido [San Diego Co.]. San Diego Nat. Hist. Mus., San Diego, Calif. 3 pp.
  • Wright, R.D. 1966a. Lower elevation limits of montane trees. I. Vegetational and environmental survey in the San Bernardino Mountains of California. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 127:184—193
  • Wright, R.D. 1966b. Lower elevation limits of montane trees. II. Environmental keyed responses of three conifer species. Bot. Gaz (Crawfordsville) 129: 219—226
  • Wright, W.W. 1977. Antelope Valley&endash;western Mojave Desert [mostly Los Angeles Co.]. 24 de abril field trip plant list. S. Calif. Bot., Claremont, Calif. 7 pp.
  • Wright, W.W. and O. Clark. 1973. Southern California Botanists and California Native Plant Society field trip, July 28—29, the eastern San Gabriel Mountains [mostly San Bernardino Co.]. S. Calif. Bot., Claremont, Calif. 5 pp.
  • Zabriskie, J. 1979. Plants of Deep Canyon and the central Coachella Valley, [Riverside Co.] California. Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Res. Center, Univ. Calif., Riverside. 174 pp.
  • Zedler, J.B. 1975. Salt marsh community structure in the Tijuana Estuary, [San Diego Co.] California. San Diego State Univ., Center for Marine Studies, Contr. 7:1—32
  • Zedler, P.H. 1984. Micro-distribution of vernal pool plants of Kearny Mesa, San Diego County, p. 185-197. In: S.K. Jain and P. Moyle, editors, Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Inst. Ecol. Publ. No. 28, Univ. Calif., Davis.
  • P.H. Zedler, C.K. Frazier, E. Coorets, and C. Black. 1990. Ecological studies and management recommendations for the Skunk Hollow vernal pool, Riverside County, California. Lane Kuhn Pacific Communities, Escondido, Calif. 30 pp.
  • P.H. Zedler, C.K. Frazier, and C. Black. 1993. Habitat creation as a strategy in ecosystem preservation: an example from vernal pools in San Diego County, p. 239-248. In: J.E. Keeley, editor, Interface between ecology and land development in California. S. Calif. Acad. Sci., Los Angeles, Calif.
  • A. A. Schoenherr, editor, Endangered plant communities of southern California. S. Calif. Botanists Spec. Publ. N.º 3.
  • Zippin, D.B. 1992. Noteworthy collection: Ambrosia pumila [Asteraceae, Riverside Co.]. Madro–o 39:157
  • Zumbro, E.A., and F.M. Reed. (no date) Plants of Riverside and vicinity. Manuscript, Univ. Calif., Berkeley. 31 pp.
  • Umberto Quattrocchi, CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C

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Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Pinus torreyana, el pino de Torrey, también llamado "Del Mar pine" y "soledad pine," es un pino de copa ancha y abierta que se desarrolla hasta alcanzar de 8 a 15 m de altura, sus hojas son agujas (punteros) de 20 a 35 cm de longitud en grupos de cinco. Los conos son resistentes y pesados, normalmente de 8 a 15 cm de longitud por anchura, y contienen grandes piñones comestibles cubiertos de cáscara muy dura.

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Pinus torreyana ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Pinus torreyana (ou Pin de Torrey) est une espèce de pins endémique du comté de San Diego en Californie.

Étymologie

Son nom commémore John Torrey (1796-1873).

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Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Pinus torreyana (ou Pin de Torrey) est une espèce de pins endémique du comté de San Diego en Californie.

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Pinus torreyana ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Pinus torreyana er sjaldgæf furutegund sem er einlend í Bandaríkjunum. Þetta er tegund í útrýmingarhættu sem vex aðeins í Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, strandsvæðum í norður San Diego county, og á Santa Rosa eyju í Kaliforníu.[2][3][4]

Lýsing

Pinus torreyana er breiðvaxið tré með opna krónu, og verður 8 til 17 m hátt villt, með 25 til 30 sm langar barrnálar, fimm saman í búnti. Könglarnir eru breiðir og þungir, vanalega 8 til 15 sm langir og breiðir, og eru með stór æt fræ með harðri skel.[3] Fræðiheitið torreyana er til heiðurs John Torrey, bandarískum grasafræðingi, sem ættkvíslin Torreya er einnig nefnd eftir.[5]

Útbreiðsla

"Villtir" lundir af Pinus torreyana eru á mjóu belti meðfram strönd SuðurKaliforníu í San Diego.[6] Það er einnig stofn af afbrigðinu Pinus torreyana var. insularis í tvemur lundum á Santa Rosa eyju, Kaliforníu.[7][8] Vera tegundarinnar á þurri strönd San Diego og Santa Rosa eyju (úrkoma undir 350 mm á ári) eru líklega leifar af miklu meiri útbreiðslu á ísöld. Strandþoka á vorin og sumrin gefur rétt næga úrkomu til að bæta upp litla vetrarúrkomu.[9]

Búsvæði

Í náttúrulegu búsvæði Pinus torreyana, vex hún hægt í þurrum sendnum jarðvegi. Rótarkerfið er umtalsvert. Fræplanta myndar fljótt stólparót sem getur náð 60 sm niður í leit að næringu og raka. Fullvaxið tré getur verið með 75 m langar rætur. Tré sem verða fyrir saltroki eru oft með bonsai líkan vöxt, og verða sjaldan yfir 12 m há.

Verndun

Pinus torreyana var áður talin sjaldgæfasta furutegundin, með aðeins um 100 tré á lífi. En Pinus squamata, sem er tegund í útrýmingarhættu í suðvestur Kína, er nú talin sú sjaldgæfasta, með aðeins 20 hálfvaxin tré.

Nytjar

Matur

Furuhneturnar voru mikilvæg fæða Kumeyaay og Chumash ættflokkanna.

Ræktun

Þrátt fyrir að hún er í mikilli útrýmingarhættu í náttúrunni, er henni nokkuð plantað sem skrauttré.[10] Í ræktun, í næringaríkari jarðvegi með meiri úrkomu eða vökvun, sýnir hún hraðan vöxt, með beinan og háan stofn (33[10] til 45m há).[11][12]

Skógrækt

Pinus torreyana hefur komið til greina sem skógræktartré í Ástralíu, Nýja-Sjálandi og Kenya.[13]

Myndir

Tilvísanir

  1. {{{assessors}}} (1998). Pinus torreyana var. torreyana. 2006 Rauði listi IUCN yfir tegundir í hættu. IUCN 2006. Sótt May 11, 2006. Listed as Endangered (EN C2b)
  2. „Santa Rosa Island“. Channel Islands. National Park Service. Sótt 30. janúar 2018.
  3. 3,0 3,1 „Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière“. Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Sótt August 9, 2013.
  4. C. Michael Hogan (September 11, 2008). „Torrey Pine (Pinus torreyana)“. GlobalTwitcher.com. Afrit af upprunalegu geymt þann May 25, 2012. Sótt August 9, 2013.
  5. Lisa (September 22, 2010). „Tree Identification: Pinus torreyana - Torrey Pine“. Lh2treeid.blogspot.com. Sótt August 9, 2013.
  6. Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Craig Tufts; Daniel Mathews; Gil Nelson; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Terry Purinton; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. bls. 84. ISBN 1-4027-3875-7.
  7. „Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière subsp. insularis J. R. Haller“. Ucjeps.berkeley.edu. Sótt August 9, 2013.
  8. Snið:Gymnosperm Database
  9. Williams, A. Park, Christopher J. Still, Douglas T. Fischer, and Steven W. Leavitt. "The influence of summertime fog and overcast clouds on the growth of a coastal Californian pine: a tree-ring study." Oecologia 156, no. 3 (2008): 601-611.
  10. 10,0 10,1 Anne Krueger February 6, 2007, „Residents say tree too big, too old for neighborhood". . (Union-Tribune Publishing Co). Geymt frá upphaflegu greininni January 31, 2017. Skoðað January 31, 2016. „Houses replaced avocado groves on the East County land that surrounds the Torrey pine. The tree, now 60 or 70 years old, towers 108 feet over Queen Avenue.
    ...
    Torrey pines are widely planted as an ornamental species, and can grow in temperate climates around the world."
  11. „TORREY PINE HABITAT“. Shipley Nature Center. Sótt May 31, 2014. In cultivation, it is capable of growth up to 148 feet
  12. „Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana“. redOrbit. Conifers Reference Library. Sótt May 31, 2014. The Torrey pine is planted as ornamental trees, with better soil and with controlled watering, it lends to being a fast growing tree to heights of 148 feet. This pine is drought tolerant as the tap roots can go as deep as 200 feet to find moisture. The tree is also shade tolerant.
  13. McMaster, Gregory Scott 1980, „Patterns of reproduction in Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana)". San Diego, California: San Diego State University.

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Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Pinus torreyana er sjaldgæf furutegund sem er einlend í Bandaríkjunum. Þetta er tegund í útrýmingarhættu sem vex aðeins í Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve, strandsvæðum í norður San Diego county, og á Santa Rosa eyju í Kaliforníu.

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Pinus torreyana ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae Lindl.).

Morfologia

Pokrój
Korona drzewa zaokrąglona, do płaskiej lub nieregularnej.
Pień
Osiąga 15 m wysokości, rzadko dorasta do 23 m. Przeważnie skręcony i pochyły.
Liście
Igły zebrane przeważnie po 5 na krótkopędzie i długości 15–30 cm. Proste lub skrzywione, delikatnie skręcone.
Szyszki
Szyszki męskie długości 20–30 mm, owalne, żółte. Szyszki żeńskie są długości 10–15 cm.

Systematyka i zmienność

Pozycja gatunku w obrębie rodzaju Pinus[3]:

  • podrodzaj Pinus
    • sekcja Trifoliae
      • podsekcja Ponderosae
        • gatunek P. torreyana

Wyróżnia się dwie odmiany (traktowane czasem jako podgatunki):

  • Pinus torreyana var. torreyana – odmiana typowa
  • Pinus torreyana var. insularis

Zagrożenia

Roślina umieszczona w Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych w grupie gatunków zagrożonych (kategoria zagrożenia; VU)[2].

Przypisy

  1. P. F. Stevens: PINACEAE. W: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website [on-line]. 2001–.
  2. a b Conifer Specialist Group (1998): Pinus torreyana (ang.). W: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1 [on-line]. [dostęp 2010-03-20].
  3. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2010-03-20].

Bibliografia

  1. R. Kral. Pinus. „Flora of North America North of Mexico”. Vol. 2, 1993. Flora of North America Editorial Committee (red.). Oxford University Press (ang.). [dostęp 2010-03-20].
  2. Christopher J. Earle: Pinus torreyana (ang.). W: Gymnosperm Database [on-line]. [dostęp 2010-03-20].
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Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière – gatunek drzewa iglastego z rodziny sosnowatych (Pinaceae Lindl.).

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Pinus torreyana ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Pinus torreyana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).

Ver também

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wikipedia PT

Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Pinus torreyana é uma espécie de pinheiro originária do Novo Mundo. Faz parte do grupo de espécies de pinheiros com área de distribuição no Canadá e Estados Unidos da América (com excepção das àreas adjacentes à fronteira com o México).

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Pinus torreyana ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Етимологія

Сосна названа на честь відомого американського ботаніка Джона Торрі, на честь якого також названий рід хвойних «Торрея».[2]..

Морфологічна характеристика

 src=
Гілка Сосни Торрея, з хвоєю та шишками

Pinus torreyana являє собою широку, відкриту, увінчану сосну яка росте до 8-15 метрів (26-49 футів), з 25-30 сантиметрів (9.8-12) довжиною хвої в групі по п'ять в пучку. Шишки товсті і важкі, як правило, 8-15 см (3.1-5.9) в довжину, і містять великі, твердою оболонкою, але їстівні, кедрові горіхи.[3]

Поширення

Країни зростання: США (Каліфорнія)

Середовище існування

У своїй рідній середовищі існування Pinus torreyana знаходиться в прибережній спільноті чагарників рослини шавлія, росте повільно, в сухому піщаному ґрунті. Коренева система, досить великий. Крихітна розсада може швидко відправити стрижневий корінь знизившись на 60 сантиметрів (24 дюймів) шукає вологу і поживні речовини. Доросле дерево може мати коріння розширення до 75 метрів (246 футів). Відкриті дерева страждають від прибережних вітрів.

Використання

Харчування

Кедрові горіхи є важливою їжею для Kumeyaay племені американських індіанців.

Лісове господарство

Pinus torreyana в даний час перевіряється в посадці дерев для використання в лісовому господарстві в Австралії, Новій Зеландії та Кенії.

Див. також

Примітки

  1. www.conifers.org
  2. [1] доступ 24/3/2011
  3. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?38315 П. Торрей. доступ 9/9/2010

Джерела

 src= Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Pinus torreyana


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Pinus torreyana ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Pinus torreyana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Parry ex Carrière miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1855.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Pinus torreyana. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pinus torreyana: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

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Pinus torreyana là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được Parry ex Carrière miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1855.

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Сосна Торри ( 俄語 )

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Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Сосновые
Род: Сосна
Вид: Сосна Торри
Международное научное название

Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière, 1855

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ITIS 183391NCBI 268870EOL 1059927GRIN t:28565IPNI 282913-2TPL kew-2562222

Сосна Торри (лат. Pinus torreyana) — североамериканский вид растений рода Сосна (Pinus) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).

Ботаническое описание

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Женские шишки

Сосна Торри — дерево до 23 м в высоту, ствол которого достигает 1 м в диаметре, с округлой или неправильной кроной. Кора красно- или фиолетово-коричневая, чешуйчато-бороздчатая. Молодые ветки зелёные, затем темнеющие до тёмно-коричневых и почти чёрных.

Почки светло-коричневые, покрытые смолой, тупоконические или обратнояйцевидные, до 2,5 см.

Хвоя сохраняющаяся на протяжении 3—4 лет. Хвоинки собранные в пучки обычно по 5, до 30 см длиной, прямые или изогнутые, различных оттенков серо-зелёного цвета; края хвоинок зазубренные.

Мужские стробилы яйцевидной формы, около 2,5 см длиной, жёлтого цвета. Женские стробилы трёхлетние, симметричные, незрелые — узкояйцевидные, затем раскрывающиеся и становящиеся широкояйцевидными, жёлто- или красно-коричневого цвета, 10—15 см длиной. Чешуйки жёсткие, с заострённой верхушкой.

Семена обратнояйцевидной формы, около 2 см, коричневые, с крылом до 1,5 см.

Ареал

Сосна Торри встречается только в Калифорнии в виде двух изолированных популяций, каждая из которых представляет собой отдельно классифицируемый подвид. Подвид torreyana произрастает на территории округа Сан-Диего, а insularis известен только на острове Санта-Роса, одном из островов Чаннел.

Таксономия

Синонимы

  • Pinus lophosperma Lindl., 1860

Подвиды

  • Pinus torreyana subsp. insularis J.R.Haller, 1986
  • Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière subsp. torreyana

Примечания

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Сосна Торри: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Сосна Торри (лат. Pinus torreyana) — североамериканский вид растений рода Сосна (Pinus) семейства Сосновые (Pinaceae).

許可
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии