dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

AnAge articles tarafından sağlandı
Maximum longevity: 50 years Observations: Even though the purple sea urchin has been an important model for biomedical research, its ageing process has not been studied in detail. Based on growth rates, it has been estimated that these animals can live over 50 years (Ebert 1967). Since evidence suggests that the red sea urchin (*Strongylocentrotus franciscanus*) is extremely long-lived with no detectable signs of ageing, the purple sea urchin may also be extremely long-lived and its maximum longevity may be considerably underestimated.
lisans
cc-by-3.0
telif hakkı
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
düzenleyici
de Magalhaes, J. P.
ortak site
AnAge articles

Başlıksız ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has adapted the ability to burrow itself into the substrate. In many cases this substrate is rock. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus uses its five bony teeth in concert with its spines to slowly gauge and scrape away at the substrate. The result is a depression in the substrate into which the test of the urchin can settle with a firm hold. The hard surface of the rock or substrate S. purpuratus is scraping does wear out the spines. This does not create a problem since the spines are continually being renewed by growth. This is a unique feature that can sometimes prove deadly. When S. purpuratus is young, it may begin to scrape into the substrate. As it grows, the urchin may find that it has trapped itself for life. As the urchin grew, it gouged out a big enough cavity for its body. However, the initial entrance hole was made when the urchin was much smaller and once grown, it may not be able to retreat from its self-made depression. (Calvin et al., 1985; Olhausen and Russo, 1981; Abbott et al., 1980)

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Morphology ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus has a round body that consists of a radially symmetrical test, or shell, covered with large spines. The test itself ranges from 50mm in diameter to an occasional 100mm in diameter. This test is covered with spines that are generally bright purple for adults. Younger urchins have purple tinged spines that are mostly pale green in color. Also covering the test or shell, are tube feet and pedicellariae. The oral side of the urchin, on which the mouth is located, is usually the side facing the substrate (down). The aboral side of the urchin is usually the side of the urchin facing the observer (up). The body of S. purpuratus is radially semetrical. Male and female urchins are monomorphic; they are not physically distinguishable from one another. (Abbott et al., 1980; Olhausen and Russo, 1981; Ebert and Russell, 1988)

Other Physical Features: ectothermic

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
20 years.

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Habitat ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is primarily found in the low intertidal zone. The purple sea urchin thrives amid strong wave action and areas with churning aerated water. The giant kelp forests provide a feast for S. purpuratus. Many sea urchins can be found on the ocean floor near the holdfast of the kelp. (Calvin et al., 1985; Olhausen and Russo, 1981)

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Distribution ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Purple sea urchins are found on the pacific coastline from Alaska to Cedros Island, Mexico. (Olhausen and Russo, 1981)

Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

As a sedentary invertebrate, S. purpuratus primarily feeds on algae. Bits of algae are a common food that urchins snag out of the water. The tube feet, spines, and pedicellariae that cover S. purpuratus are used to grab the food and aid it into the mouth. In addition to grabbing food out of the water, S. purpuratus scrapes algae off the rocks or substrate. It's mouth consists of a strong jaw piece called Aristotle's lantern. The mouthpiece itself has five bony teeth that are instrumental in scraping the algae off the substrate. While any algae will satisfy the appetite of the purple sea urchin, this species prefers the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. (Calvin et al., 1985)

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Benefits ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is actually used in many seafood recipes. Sea urchin is common in sushi. It is also considered a delicacy in some countries, especially Japan. The primary urchin harvesting company in California sends 75% of the harvest to Japan.The market value for urchins in Japan ranges from $2.20 per tray to $43.00 per tray. In 1994, Japan imported 6, 130 metric tons of sea urchins at a total value of 251 million dollars. Sea urchin harvesting has become one of the highest valued fisheries in California, bringing 80 million dollars in export value per year. (Calvin et al., 1985; Sea Urchin Harvesters Association, 2000)

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Benefits ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

A negative effect directly on humans is not evident with S. purpuratus. It does, however, have an adverse effect in an indirect way. Purple sea urchins feed on the giant kelp, as mentioned previously. In their feeding, they can destroy entire forests of kelp. These kelp forests are commercially important for fisheries. They are even more important in that the blades of the kelp can be harvested for algin. Algin is a product that is used in the manufacturing of plastics and paints. It is also used as a thickening agent in foods such as gravy and pudding. Another use for algin is in making fibers that are instrumental in the manufacturing of fire resistant clothes. Without the kelp, algin could not be harvested. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus aides in the demise of the kelp forests that provide us with so many different products. (Readdie, 1998)

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

There is no special status listed for Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. However, the harvest of sea urchins poses some concern for the wellfare of the sea urchin population. As mentioned previously, sea urchins are being exported to Japan and other countries in astounding numbers. This leads some to believe that the populations of sea urchins are drastically declining. The California Department of Fish and Game is trying to control the harvesting of the sea urchin now, to insure that urchin populations do not become endangered. For now, they are simply limiting the number of permits available to fisheries. They are discussing other conservation techniques as well, that have not yet been implimented. (Sea Urchin Harvesters Association, 2000)

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Reproduction ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

January, February, and March are the primary reproductive months of S. purpuratus. It has been noted, however, that ripe individuals can be found even into the month of July. Purple sea urchins reach sexual maturity at the age of two years. At this time they are about 25mm in diameter or greater. Once sexually mature, females and males release their gametes into the ocean where fertilization occurs. The fertilized egg then settles and begins to grow into an adult. After the egg is fertilized and settles onto a substrate, the urchin begins to develop. The test develops quickly to protect the young urchin. The plates of the test begin to form individually and grow tighter together to form the test. As with most echinoderms, the sexes are usually separate. There is however an occasional hermaphrodite. (Abbott et al., 1980; Calvin et al., 1985; Mead and Denny, 1995)

Breeding interval: Sea urchins breed yearly.

Breeding season: January, February, and March are the primary reproductive months of S. purpuratus.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); oviparous

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
730 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
730 days.

lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Worley, A. 2001. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus.html
yazar
Alisa Worley, Western Oregon University
düzenleyici
Karen Haberman, Western Oregon University

Look Alikes ( İngilizce )

Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
How to Distinguish from Similar Species: Small S. franciscanus can sometimes be purplish, but usually with a tinge of red, and grows much larger than this species.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa
telif hakkı
Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory

Distribution ( İngilizce )

Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Geographical Range: Cook Inlet, Alaska to Isla Cedros, Baja California. More abundant in the southern part of its range.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa
telif hakkı
Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory

Habitat ( İngilizce )

Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Depth Range: Lower intertidal to 160 m depth
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa
telif hakkı
Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory

Comprehensive Description ( İngilizce )

Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
This urchin is a strong purple color. It may be found intertidally or subtidally, but mainly on the open coast. Diameter of test not over 10 cm and spines rarely over 2.5 cm long. Ambulacral pore pairs arranged in curving arcs of eight on upper side of test.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa
telif hakkı
Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory

Comprehensive Description ( İngilizce )

Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Biology/Natural History: Like all our local urchins, this species eats algae. The teeth grow fast enough in the laboratory to be completely replaced in about 75 days. The species frequently holds rocks, shells, algae, or other debris over itself by its tube feet, or is found in holes eroded into the bedrock, which they apparently dig with their spines and teeth. In areas where the giant brown kelp Macrocystis grows, that species is the preferred food. They sometimes eat chitons such as Katharina tunicata. In great numbers the urchin can have serious effects on the survival and regrowth of kelp beds after a storm destroys the full-grown kelp. Predators include otters, the seastar Pycnopodia helianthoides, and occasionally the seastars Pisaster ochraceous and Dermasterias imbricata; some crabs, the anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica, and sheephead fish. The urchin defends itself against seastars by lowering its spines, retracting its tube feet, raising its pedicellariae, and moving to another spot. Sea otter bones are stained purple from the pigment in this urchin's spines. The species tolerates a wide range of temperatures and salinities, from 5 to 23.5C and 80-110% seawater in the lab. Mass mortality occurs if temperatures exceed 26 C. The species requires well-oxygenated water, and obtains oxygen mainly through the tube feet, which are usually extended at least partway when under water. Symbionts include ciliated protozoans and the flatworm Syndisyrinx franciscanus in the gut, and externally the purple polychaete Flabelligera commensalis and the isopod Colidotea rostrata which live among the spines. Most spawning occurs in Jan-March, though some reproductive individuals can be found in other seasons. Sexes are usually separate, though some hermaphrodites are found. They are easily induced to shed gametes, which are extensively used to study fertilization and early embryonic development. Urchin eggs fertilized with sand dollar sperm begin development but die as embryos. Off San Diego the gonadal index indicates reproductive activity in spring to summer, with much decreased gonadal index in late fall and early winter. The species grows slowly, with large size reached in about 10 years. Recent scientific developments: This species' DNA sequence was reported in 2006. It appears to have about 23,500 genes, similar to the number humans have. Although the larva of this species, which forms by about 2 days after fertilization, has only about 1500 cells of about 12 types, it takes a great deal of gene transcription to get it to that stage. About 11,500 protein-encoding genes and another 51,000 RNA's with some other function had been transcribed by that time. During this time period about 80% of the species' 283 transcription factor genes had already been used at least once. Others were used during development of the egg inside the mother. Together, the use of such a large proportion of the transcription factors so early in development implies that such regulatory genes may be used repeatedly and for different purposes at different stages of life. Other genes heavily involved during development include genes coding for general cytoskeletal and metabolic proteins, while fewer of the genes coding for immunity or sensory functions were transcribed during this period. Even though the urchin has no known organs specialized for light or chemoreception and does not even have a centralized brain, the species has 979 genes associated with sensing light or odors. This includes 6 genes for opsins, which are receptors for sensing light. In the adult at least some of these opsins seem to be concentrated in the pedicellariae and on the tips of the tube feet, while the pluteus has light-sensitive spots on the arms. The urchin has a remarkably well-developed immune system. In its innate immune system, which is shared by both vertebrates and invertebrates, it has 218, or more than 10 times as many SRCR genes as do vertebrates and has 222 toll-like receptors compared with 10 for humans. It also has genes which have been associated exclusively with the vertebrate adaptive immune system, such as Rag genes which are involved in producing antibodies in vertebrates. It also has genes associated with interleukins and tumor necrosis factors, which normally act as signals for vertebrate immune cells which the urchin lacks. A MRI scan of the internal anatomy of this species, performed by Ziegler et al.,, is publically available.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa
telif hakkı
Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory

Habitat ( İngilizce )

Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
_Lower intertidal and subtidal, on pilings. Usually in areas of at least moderate wave action.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa
telif hakkı
Rosario Beach Marine Laboratory

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Oral surface of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus showing teeth of Aristotle's Lantern, spines and tube feet.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the purple sea urchin, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico, to British Columbia, Canada.[1] This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. Its eggs are orange when secreted in water.[2] January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years.[3] It normally grows to a diameter of about 10 cm (4 inches) and may live as long as 70 years.[4]

S. purpuratus is used as a model organism and its genome was the first echinoderm genome to be sequenced.[5]

Role in biomedical research

The initial discovery of three distinct eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases was made using S. purpuratus as a model organism.[6] While embryonic development is still a major part of the utilization of the sea urchin, studies on urchin's position as an evolutionary marvel have become increasingly frequent. Orthologs to human diseases have led scientists to investigate potential therapeutic uses for the sequences found in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. For instance, in 2012, scientists at the University of St Andrews began investigating the "2A" viral region in the S. purpuratus genome[7][8] which may be useful for Alzheimer's disease and cancer research. The study identified a sequence that can return cells to a 'stem-cell' like state, allowing for better treatment options.[7] The species has also been a candidate in longevity studies, particularly because of its ability to regenerate damaged or aging tissue. Another study comparing 'young' vs. 'old' suggested that even in species with varying lifespans, the 'regenerative potential' was upheld in older specimens as they suffered no significant disadvantages compared to younger ones.[9]

Genome

The genome of the purple sea urchin was completely sequenced and annotated in 2006 by teams of scientists from over 70 institutions including the Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology as well as the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.[10] A new improved version of the purple sea urchin genome, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus v5.0, is now available on Echinobase. S. purpuratus is one of several biomedical research model organisms in cell and developmental biology.[11] The sea urchin is the first animal with a sequenced genome that (1) is a free-living, motile marine invertebrate; (2) has a bilaterally organized embryo but a radial adult body plan; (3) has the endoskeleton and water vascular system found only in echinoderms; and (4) has a nonadaptive immune system that is unique in the enormous complexity of its receptor repertoire.[12]

The sea urchin genome is estimated to encode about 23,500 genes. The S. purpuratus has 353 protein kinases, containing members of 97% of human kinase subfamilies.[13] Many of these genes were previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or were only known from groups outside the deuterostomes. The team sequencing the species concluded that some genes are not vertebrate specific as thought previously, while other genes still were found in the urchin but not the chordate.

The genome is largely non-redundant, making it very comparable to vertebrates, but without the complexity. For example, 200 to 700 chemosensory genes were found that lacked introns, a feature typical of vertebrates.[13] Thus the sea urchin genome provides a comparison to our own and those of other deuterostomes, the larger group to which both echinoderms and humans belong.[12] Sea urchins are also the closest living relative to chordates.[13] Using the strictest measure, the purple sea urchin and humans share 7,700 genes.[14] Many of these genes are involved in sensing the environment,[15] a fact surprising for an animal lacking a head structure.

The sea urchin also has a chemical 'defensome' that reacts when stress is sensed to eliminate potentially toxic chemicals.[13] S. purpuratus's immune systems contains innate pathogen receptors like Toll-like receptors and genes that encode for LRR . There were genes identified for Biomineralization that were not counterparts of the typical human vertebrate variety SCCPs, and encode for transmembrane proteins like P16. Many orthologs exist for genes associated with human diseases, such as Reelin (from Norman-Roberts lissencephaly syndrome) and many cytoskeletal proteins of the Usher syndrome network like usherin and VLGR1.[13]

Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations affect the epigenome, gene expression, and phenotype of the purple sea urchin. Carbon dioxide concentration also reduces the size of its larvae, which indicates that fitness of the larvae could be negatively impacted.[16][17]

Ecology

The purple sea urchin, along with sea otters and abalones, is a prominent member of the kelp forest community.[18] The purple sea urchin also plays a key role in the disappearance of kelp forests that is currently occurring due to climate change.[19]

Use as food

Sea urchins like the purple sea urchin have been used for food by the indigenous peoples of California, who ate the yellow egg mass raw.[20][21]

In California, the peak gonad growth season (and therefore peak of edibility) is September–October.[22] Early in the season, the gonads are still growing and the yield will be smaller. From November onwards the gonads are developed, however harvesting stress can induce spawning, decreasing quality.

Close up of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus clearly showing tube feet.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ricketts EF, Calvin J. Between Pacific Tides. 3rd Rev. edn. 1962 by J.W. Hedgpeth. XII 516. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1939
  2. ^ "Sea Urchin Research | ASU - Ask A Biologist". askabiologist.asu.edu. 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  3. ^ "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  4. ^ T.A. Ebert, J. R. Southon, 2003. Fish. Bull. 101, 915
  5. ^ Arshinoff, Bradley I; Cary, Gregory A; Karimi, Kamran; Foley, Saoirse; Agalakov, Sergei; Delgado, Francisco; Lotay, Vaneet S; Ku, Carolyn J; Pells, Troy J; Beatman, Thomas R; Kim, Eugene; Cameron, R Andrew; Vize, Peter D; Telmer, Cheryl A; Croce, Jenifer C; Ettensohn, Charles A; Hinman, Veronica F (7 January 2022). "Echinobase: leveraging an extant model organism database to build a knowledgebase supporting research on the genomics and biology of echinoderms". Nucleic Acids Research. 50 (D1): D970–D979. doi:10.1093/nar/gkab1005. PMC 8728261. PMID 34791383.
  6. ^ Roeder, R. G.; Rutter, W. J. (1969). "Multiple Forms of DNA-dependent in Eukaryotic Organisms" (PDF). Nature. 224: 234–237. doi:10.1038/224234a0. PMID 5344598. S2CID 4283528.
  7. ^ a b "Sea urchins could contain the genetic key to curing some diseases". Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  8. ^ Ryan, Dr Martin. "M. Ryan". www.st-andrews.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
  9. ^ Bodnar, Andrea G.; Coffman, James A. (2016-08-01). "Maintenance of somatic tissue regeneration with age in short- and long-lived species of sea urchins". Aging Cell. 15 (4): 778–787. doi:10.1111/acel.12487. ISSN 1474-9726. PMC 4933669. PMID 27095483.
  10. ^ "California Purple Sea-Urchin Genome Sequenced by International Team | Caltech". The California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  11. ^ "SU White Paper" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  12. ^ a b Sodergren, E.; Sodergren, G. M.; Weinstock, E. H.; Davidson, R. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Gibbs, R. C.; Angerer, L. M.; Angerer, M. I.; Arnone, D. R.; Burgess, R. D.; Burke, J. A.; Coffman, M.; Dean, M. R.; Elphick, C. A.; Ettensohn, K. R.; Foltz, A.; Hamdoun, R. O.; Hynes, W. H.; Klein, W.; Marzluff, D. R.; McClay, R. L.; Morris, A.; Mushegian, J. P.; Rast, L. C.; Smith, M. C.; Thorndyke, V. D.; Vacquier, G. M.; Wessel, G.; Wray, L.; et al. (2006). "The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Science. 314 (5801): 941–952. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..941S. doi:10.1126/science.1133609. PMC 3159423. PMID 17095691.
  13. ^ a b c d e Sodergren, E; Weinstock, GM; Davidson, EH; et al. (2006-11-10). "The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Science. 314 (5801): 941–952. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..941S. doi:10.1126/science.1133609. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3159423. PMID 17095691.
  14. ^ Materna, S.C., K. Berney, and R.A. Cameron. 2006a. The S. purpuratus genome: A comparative perspective" Dev. Biol. 300: 485-495.
  15. ^ Burke, R.D.; Angerer, L.M.; Elphick, M.R.; Humphrey, G.W.; Yaguchi, S.; Kiyama, T.; Liang, S.; Mu, X.; Agca, C.; Klein, W.H.; Brandhorst, B.P.; Rowe, M.; Wilson, K.; Churcher, A.M.; Taylor, J.S.; Chen, N.; Murray, G.; Wang, D.; Mellott, D.; Olinski, R.; Hallböök, F.; Thorndyke, M.C. (2006). "A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system". Dev. Biol. 300 (1): 434–460. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.007. PMC 1950334. PMID 16965768.
  16. ^ Doney, Scott C.; Busch, D. Shallin; Cooley, Sarah R.; Kroeker, Kristy J. (2020-10-17). "The Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Ecosystems and Reliant Human Communities". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45 (1): 83–112. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083019. ISSN 1543-5938.
  17. ^ Kelly, Morgan W.; Padilla-Gamiño, Jacqueline L.; Hofmann, Gretchen E. (August 2013). "Natural variation and the capacity to adapt to ocean acidification in the keystone sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Global Change Biology. 19 (8): 2536–2546. doi:10.1111/gcb.12251. PMID 23661315. S2CID 27096322.
  18. ^ Pearse, J. S. (2006). "The ecological role of purple sea urchins". Science. 314 (5801): 940–941. Bibcode:2006Sci...314..940P. doi:10.1126/science.1131888. PMID 17095690.
  19. ^ Provost, Euan J.; Kelaher, Brendan P. (2017). "Climate‐driven disparities among ecological interactions threaten kelp forest persistence". Global Change Biology. 23 (1): 353–361. Bibcode:2017GCBio..23..353P. doi:10.1111/gcb.13414. PMID 27392308. S2CID 205143756.
  20. ^ D. Sweetnam et al., Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 10 (2005).
  21. ^ Heizer, Robert Fleming; Elsasser, Albert B. (1980-01-01). The Natural World of the California Indians. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520038967.
  22. ^ "Purple Sea Urchin | California Sea Grant". caseagrant.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2020-12-14.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia authors and editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia EN

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı
Oral surface of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus showing teeth of Aristotle's Lantern, spines and tube feet. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, the purple sea urchin, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico, to British Columbia, Canada. This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. Its eggs are orange when secreted in water. January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years. It normally grows to a diameter of about 10 cm (4 inches) and may live as long as 70 years.

S. purpuratus is used as a model organism and its genome was the first echinoderm genome to be sequenced.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia authors and editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia EN

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Oursin pourpre

L’oursin pourpre (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) est une espèce d'oursin de la famille des Strongylocentrotidae, qui vit sur la côte Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.

Description

C'est un oursin régulier de forme globulaire et de couleur sombre (généralement violet, mais pouvant tirer sur le rose). Sa coquille (« test ») est légèrement aplatie dorsalement. Ses piquants (« radioles ») sont généralement violets ou pourpres, avec souvent des reflets verts à la base et la pointe plus claire. Il mesure jusqu'à 10 cm de diamètre radioles comprises, et pourrait vivre près de 70 ans. Il est l'un des oursins les plus communs des côtes ouest-américaines.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Là où la roche est tendre, les oursins pourpres se creusent des logettes comme les oursins perforants.

Il se rencontre sur les côtes nord-est du Pacifique, de la Californie au Canada, où il se trouve dans une grande diversités de milieux, tant qu'il peut se ménager des cachettes (il n'aime donc pas le sable ni les milieux trop ouverts). C'est notamment un habitant des forêts sous-marines de kelp, où son principal prédateur est la loutre de mer.

Écologie et comportement

Cet oursin est un brouteur herbivore, qui se nourrit d'algues et de plantes aquatiques, avec une préférence pour le kelp. Il ne dédaigne cependant pas d'autres opportunités alimentaires : charognes, animaux sessiles, spongiaires... Ils broutent la nourriture située en dessous d'eux au moyen de leur appareil masticateur très puissant, appelé « lanterne d'Aristote ».

Ces oursins sont de mœurs principalement nocturnes, et préfèrent passer la journée dissimulés (surtout les jeunes, plus vulnérables). Comme les oursins perforants, ils sont capables de se creuser des logettes dans les roches tendres au moyen de leur radioles et de leurs dents ; ils y passent ainsi la journée à l'abri des prédateurs. Une étude de 2018 a démontré que leur capacité de forage était impressionnante, et concernait aussi bien les roches tendres comme le grès que des roches dures comme le granit[1].

Cet oursin très abondant sur les côtes californiennes joue un rôle capital dans l'équilibre des écosystèmes : là où les loutres de mer ont disparu, ils tendent à devenir invasifs, entraînant un surpâturage du kelp et une érosion des substrats. Inversement, dans les endroits où il se fait plus rare (chalutage, ramassage, pollution, perturbations), les algues tendent à proliférer.

L'oursin pourpre et l'Homme

Piqure

Comme la plupart les oursins, l'oursin pourpre est souvent responsables de vives douleurs quand un baigneur marche dessus par inadvertance : ses épines ont tendance à se casser dans la plaie, ce qui les rend presque impossibles à enlever entièrement. Heureusement, il n'est pas venimeux, et ne présente pas de grand danger si la plaie est correctement désinfectée : le corps dissoudra les morceaux de silice en quelques semaines.

Consommation

Cet oursin était traditionnellement consommé par certaines tribus d'Indiens d'Amérique vivant sur les côtes californiennes[2]. Aujourd'hui, cette espèce est peu exploitée, devancée par d'autres plus productives comme son proche cousin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus.

L'oursin pourpre et la science

L'oursin pourpre, très commun sur les côtes de Californie, est un animal modèle très utilisé par la recherche scientifique, et sans doute l'échinoderme dont la biologie nous est la mieux connue[3]. Il fut ainsi le premier échinoderme à voir son génome entièrement séquencé, en 2006[4].

Taxinomie

La taxinomie des Strongylocentrotidae n'est pas encore très bien établie. Des études génétiques récentes suggèrent que les espèces Allocentrotus fragilis, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Strongylocentrotus intermedius, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus pallidus et Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis feraient toutes partie d'un même clade monophylétique, redistribuant ainsi les cartes de ces espèces dans de nouveaux genres[5].

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références

  1. (en) Michael P. Russell, Victoria K. Gibbs et Emily Duwan, « Bioerosion by pit-forming, temperate-reef sea urchins: History, rates and broader implications », Plos One, vol. 13, no 2,‎ 2018 (DOI , lire en ligne).
  2. (en) Robert Fleming Heizer et Albert B. Elasser, The Natural World of the California Indians, University of California Press, 1980, 274 p. (lire en ligne), p. 91
  3. (en) Christopher Mah, « Echinoderms. So What Good Are They? », sur Echinoblog, 21 juin 2008 (consulté le 27 octobre 2013)
  4. (en) Erica Sodergren et al., « The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus », Science, vol. 314, no 5801,‎ 2006, p. 941-952 (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) Christiane H. Biermann, Bailey D. Kessing et Stephen R. Palumbi, « Phylogeny and development of marine model species: strongylocentrotid sea urchins », Evolution & Development, vol. 5, no 4,‎ 2003, p. 360–371 (lire en ligne).
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia FR

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Oursin pourpre

L’oursin pourpre (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) est une espèce d'oursin de la famille des Strongylocentrotidae, qui vit sur la côte Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia FR

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( Galiçyaca )

wikipedia gl Galician tarafından sağlandı

 src=
Superficie oral de Strongylocentrotus purpuratus mostrando os dentes da súa lanterna de Aristóteles, espiñas e pés ambulacrais tubulares.
 src=
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus é unha especie de ourizo de mar que vive na costa do Pacífico de Norteamérica desde Ensenada en México ata a Columbia Británica, en Canadá.[1] Este ourizo de mar é dunha cor púrpura intensa, pon ovos de cor laranxa cando se liberan na auga,[2] e vive en comunidades intermareais baixas e submareais preto da costa. Os meses de xaneiro, febreiro e marzo son os de maior actividade reprodutora desta especie. Chegan á madureza sexual en dous anos.[3] Normalmente medran ata un diámetro duns 12 cm e poden vivir uns 70 anos.[4]

Papel na investigación médica

Aínda que as investigacións relacionadas co desenvolvemento embrionario constitúen aínda a maior parte dos estudos realizados con este ourizo de mar, os estudos sobre a posición do ourizo como marabilla evolutiva son cada vez máis frecuentes. Os xenes ortólogos de enfermidades humanas deste ourizo levaron aos científicos a investigar os usos terapéuticos potenciais das secuencias atopadas no xenoma de Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Por exemplo, en 2012, científicos da Universidade de St Andrews empezaron a investigar a rexión viral "2A" do xenoma de S. purpuratus,[5][6] que pode ser útil para a investigación da enfermidade de Alzheimer e o cancro. O estudo identificou unha secuencia que pode devolver as células a un estado similar ao de 'célula nai', o que permite mellores opcións de tratamentos.[5] A especie foi tamén unha candidata en estudos de lonxevidade, especialmente debido á súa capacidade de rexenerar tecidos danados ou envellecidos. Outro estudo que comparou espécimes 'xoves' con 'vellos' indicou que mesmo entre especies con duracións da vida moi variadas, o 'potencial rexenerativo' era mantido en espécimes máis vellos de forma xeral, contrariamente ao que se esperaba, que era que as especies con duración da vida máis curta investisen menos enerxía en manterse e repararse.[7]

Xenoma

O seu xenoma foi totalmente secuenciado e anotado en 2006 por equipos de científicos dunhas 70 institucións incluíndo o Laboratorio Mariño Kerckhoff do Instituto de Tecnoloxía de California e o Centro de Secuenciación do Xenoma Humano no Colexio Baylor de Medicina.[8] Strongylocentrotus purpuratus é un dos varios modelos de investigación biomédica e de bioloxía do desenvolvemento.[9] O ourizo de mar é o primeiro animal con xenoma secuenciado que: (1) é un invertebrado mariño móbil de vida libre; (2) ten un embrión organizado bilateralmente pero cun plan corporal radial de adulto; (3) ten un endoesqueleto e un sistema vascular acuoso (ambulacral) que se encontra só nos equinodermos; e (4) ten un sistema inmunitario non adaptativo que é único pola enorme complexidade do seu repertorio de receptores.[10]

O xenoma do ourizo de mar estímase que codifica uns 23 500 xenes. O S. purpuratus ten 353 proteína quinases, que conteñen membros do 97% das subfamilias de quinases humanas.[11] Moitos destes xenes pensábase previamente que eran innovacións dos vertebrados ou só se coñecían en grupos distintos dos deuteróstomos. O equipo que secuenciou esta especie concluíu que algúns xenes non son específicos de vertebrados como se coidaba anteriormente, mentres que outros xenes foron atopados no ourizo pero non en cordados.

O xenoma é en gran medida non redundante, o que o fai comparable co dos vertebrados, pero sen a súa complexidade. Por exemplo, encontráronse de 200 a 700 xenes quimiosensores que carecen de intróns, unha característica típica de vertebrados.[11] Así o xenoma do ourizo de mar proporciona unha comparación co noso e co doutros deuteróstomos, o gran grupo ao que pertencen os equinodermos e os humanos.[10] Os ourizos de mar son tamén os parentes vivos máis próximos dos cordados.[11] Usando as medicións máis estritas, comprobouse que o ourizo de mar e os humanos compartimos 7 700 xenes.[12] Moitos destes xenes están implicados en percibir o ambiente que os rodea,[13] un feito sorprendente para un animal que carece de estrutura cefálica.

O ourizo de mar ten un 'defensoma' químico que reacciona cando perciben estreses para eliminar compostos químicos potencialmente tóxicos.[11] O sistema inmunitario de S. purpuratuses contén receptores de patóxenos innatos similares aos receptores de tipo Toll e xenes que codifican LRR. Identificáronse xenes para a biomineralización que non eran similares á variedade típica nos vertebrados humanos SCCPs, e codifican proteínas transmembrana como P16. Existen moitos ortólogos de xenes asociados con enfermidades humanas, como a reelina (da síndrome lisencefálica de Norman-Roberts) e moitas proteínas citoesqueléticas da rede da síndrome de Usher como a usherina e a VLGR1.[11]

Ecoloxía e economía

Este ourizo de mar, xunto coas londras mariñas e as peneiras, é un membro prominente da comunidade dos bosques de kelp.[14] Os ourizos de mar foron utilizados como alimento desde antigo polos indíxenas de California, que comían crúa a súa masa de ovos.[15][16]

 src=
Primeiro plano de Strongylocentrotus purpuratus mostrando claramente os seus pés tubulares.

Notas

  1. Ricketts EF, Calvin J. Between Pacific Tides. 3rd Rev. edn. 1962 by J.W. Hedgpeth. XII 516. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1939
  2. "Sea Urchin Research | ASU - Ask A Biologist". askabiologist.asu.edu. 2010-04-16. Consultado o 2016-12-05.
  3. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Animal Diversity Web. Consultado o 2016-12-05.
  4. T.A. Ebert, J. R. Southon, 2003. Fish. Bull. 101, 915
  5. 5,0 5,1 "Sea urchins could contain the genetic key to curing some diseases". Consultado o 2016-12-05.
  6. Ryan, Dr Martin. "M. Ryan". www.st-andrews.ac.uk. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 30 de decembro de 2016. Consultado o 2016-12-12.
  7. Bodnar, Andrea G.; Coffman, James A. (2016-08-01). "Maintenance of somatic tissue regeneration with age in short- and long-lived species of sea urchins". Aging Cell 15 (4): 778–787. ISSN 1474-9726. PMC 4933669. PMID 27095483. doi:10.1111/acel.12487.
  8. "California Purple Sea-Urchin Genome Sequenced by International Team | Caltech". The California Institute of Technology. Consultado o 2016-12-05.
  9. "SU White Paper" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 03 de marzo de 2016. Consultado o 18 de marzo de 2018.
  10. 10,0 10,1 Sodergren, E.; Sodergren, G. M.; Weinstock, E. H.; Davidson, R. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Gibbs, R. C.; Angerer, L. M.; Angerer, M. I.; Arnone, D. R.; Burgess, R. D.; Burke, J. A.; Coffman, M.; Dean, M. R.; Elphick, C. A.; Ettensohn, K. R.; Foltz, A.; Hamdoun, R. O.; Hynes, W. H.; Klein, W.; Marzluff, D. R.; McClay, R. L.; Morris, A.; Mushegian, J. P.; Rast, L. C.; Smith, M. C.; Thorndyke, V. D.; Vacquier, G. M.; Wessel, G.; Wray, L.; Zhang, C. G. (2006). "The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Science 314 (5801): 941–952. PMC 3159423. PMID 17095691. doi:10.1126/science.1133609.
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Sodergren, E; Weinstock, GM; Davidson, EH; et al. (2006-11-10). "The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". Science 314 (5801): 941–952. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 3159423. PMID 17095691. doi:10.1126/science.1133609.
  12. Materna, S.C., K. Berney, and R.A. Cameron. 2006a. The S. purpuratus genome: A comparative perspective" Dev. Biol. 300: 485-495.
  13. Burke, R.D.; Angerer, L.M.; Elphick, M.R.; Humphrey, G.W.; Yaguchi, S.; Kiyama, T.; Liang, S.; Mu, X.; Agca, C.; Klein, W.H.; Brandhorst, B.P.; Rowe, M.; Wilson, K.; Churcher, A.M.; Taylor, J.S.; Chen, N.; Murray, G.; Wang, D.; Mellott, D.; Olinski, R.; Hallböök, F.; Thorndyke, M.C. (2006). "A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system". Dev. Biol. 300: 434–460. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.007.
  14. Pearse, J. S. (2006). "The ecological role of purple sea urchins". Science 314: 940–941. doi:10.1126/science.1131888.
  15. D. Sweetnam et al., Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 10 (2005).
  16. Heizer, Robert Fleming; Elsasser, Albert B. (1980-01-01). The Natural World of the California Indians (en inglés). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520038967.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autores e editores de Wikipedia

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Brief Summary ( Galiçyaca )

wikipedia gl Galician tarafından sağlandı
 src= Superficie oral de Strongylocentrotus purpuratus mostrando os dentes da súa lanterna de Aristóteles, espiñas e pés ambulacrais tubulares.  src= Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus é unha especie de ourizo de mar que vive na costa do Pacífico de Norteamérica desde Ensenada en México ata a Columbia Británica, en Canadá. Este ourizo de mar é dunha cor púrpura intensa, pon ovos de cor laranxa cando se liberan na auga, e vive en comunidades intermareais baixas e submareais preto da costa. Os meses de xaneiro, febreiro e marzo son os de maior actividade reprodutora desta especie. Chegan á madureza sexual en dous anos. Normalmente medran ata un diámetro duns 12 cm e poden vivir uns 70 anos.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autores e editores de Wikipedia

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is een zee-egel uit de familie Strongylocentrotidae, die voorkomt langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika.

Het dier heeft een paarse kleur, en wordt, exclusief stekels, tot ongeveer 10 centimeter groot. Het leeft in lage delen van het littoraal en on het sublittoraal en voedt zich met algen.

Het genoom van S. purpuratus is ongeveer 814.000.000 baseparen lang, en telt 23.300 genen, hetgeen opvallend veel is. Het genoom is bovendien opvallend gelijkend aan dat van de mens.[1]

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus kan licht waarnemen middels lichtgevoelige cellen, met een resolutie van ongeveer 10 graden. Het dier wordt daarbij geholpen door de vele stekels, die van de zijkant invallend licht tegenhouden. Verondersteld wordt dat de resolutie beter wordt bij meer stekels.[2]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Remy van den Brand, Even voorstellen: de zee-egel - Genoom van eerste mariene ongewervelde ontcijferd. VPRO (10 november 2006). Geraadpleegd op 9 januari 2010.
  2. D. Yerramilli & S. Johnsen (2010). Spatial vision in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinoidea). Journal of Experimental Biology 213: 249-255. Samenvatting (en)
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia NL

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus é uma espécie de ouriço-do-mar da família Strongylocentrotidae.

Genoma

O seu genoma foi totalmente sequenciado e anotado em 2006 por equipas de cientistas de cerca de 70 instituções incluíndo o Laboratório Marinho Kerckhoff do Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia e o Centro de Sequenciação do Genoma Humano no Colégio Baylor de Medicina.[2]

  1. Kroh, Andreas (2010). «Strongylocentrotus Brandt, 1835». World Register of Marine Species. Consultado em 13 de fevereiro de 2012
  2. «California Purple Sea-Urchin Genome Sequenced by International Team | Caltech». The California Institute of Technology. Consultado em 5 de dezembro de 2016
 title=
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia PT

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus é uma espécie de ouriço-do-mar da família Strongylocentrotidae.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia PT

Nhím biển tía ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Nhím biển tía, tên khoa học Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, là một loài cầu gai sinh sống ở rìa đông của Thái Bình Dương kéo dài đến Ensenada, México đến British Columbia, Canada.[1] Loài nhím biển này có màu tím đậm và sống ở bãi triều thấp và cộng đồng bán thủy triều gần bờ. Cùng với rái cá biểnbào ngư, nó là một thành viên nổi bật của những khu vực cộng đồng rừng tảo bẹ.[2] Nó thường có đường kính khoảng 4 inch và có thể sống thọ 70 năm.[3]

 src=
Strongylocentrotus purpuratusCalifornia Academy of Sciences

Nhím biển tía có nhiều vai trò.[4] Bên cạnh tầm quan trọng sinh thái của nó, nó cũng là một hải sản quan trọng dọc theo bờ biển phía tây của Mỹ[5] và nó là một trong một số mô hình nghiên cứu y sinh học tế bào và sinh học phát triển.[6]

Do tầm quan trọng của nó để nghiên cứu y sinh, bộ gen của nhím biển được hoàn toàn được sắp xếp theo trình tự và chú thích trong năm 2006.[7] Bộ gen nhím biển được ước tính để mã hóa khoảng 23.300 gen.[7] Sử dụng hệ thống đo lường chặt chẽ nhất, nhím biển tía và con người có chung 7.700 loại gen.[8] Nhiều trong số các gene này liên quan đến cảm giác môi trường,[9] một thực tế gây ngạc nhiên cho một loài động vật thiếu một cấu trúc đầu.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Ricketts EF, Calvin J. Between Pacific Tides. 3rd Rev. edn. 1962 by J.W. Hedgpeth. XII 516. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1939
  2. ^ Pearse, J. S. 2006. The ecological role of purple sea urchins. Science 314: 940-941.
  3. ^ T.A. Ebert, J. R. Southon, 2003. Fish. Bull. 101, 915
  4. ^ L. Rogers-Bennett, in ```Edible Sea Urchins: Biology and Ecology```, J.M. Lawrence, Ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2007), pp. 393-425
  5. ^ D. Sweetnam et al., Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 10 (2005).
  6. ^ SU White Paper
  7. ^ a ă Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium. 2006. The genome of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Science 314: 941-952
  8. ^ Materna, S.C., K. Berney, and R.A. Cameron. 2006a. The S. purpuratus genome: A comparative perspective. Dev. Biol. 300: 485-495.
  9. ^ Burke, R.D., L.M. Angerer, M.R. Elphick, G.W. Humphrey, S. Yaguchi, T. Kiyama, S. Liang, X. Mu, C. Agca, W.H. Klein, B.P. Brandhorst, M. Rowe, K. Wilson, A.M. Churcher, J.S. Taylor, N. Chen, G. Murray, D. Wang, D. Mellott, R. Olinski, F. Hallböök, M.C. Thorndyke. 2006. A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system. Dev. Biol. 300: 434-460.

Tham khảo

 src=
Chụp gần Strongylocentrotus purpuratus với chân ống.
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia VI

Nhím biển tía: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Nhím biển tía, tên khoa học Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, là một loài cầu gai sinh sống ở rìa đông của Thái Bình Dương kéo dài đến Ensenada, México đến British Columbia, Canada. Loài nhím biển này có màu tím đậm và sống ở bãi triều thấp và cộng đồng bán thủy triều gần bờ. Cùng với rái cá biểnbào ngư, nó là một thành viên nổi bật của những khu vực cộng đồng rừng tảo bẹ. Nó thường có đường kính khoảng 4 inch và có thể sống thọ 70 năm.

 src= Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ở California Academy of Sciences

Nhím biển tía có nhiều vai trò. Bên cạnh tầm quan trọng sinh thái của nó, nó cũng là một hải sản quan trọng dọc theo bờ biển phía tây của Mỹ và nó là một trong một số mô hình nghiên cứu y sinh học tế bào và sinh học phát triển.

Do tầm quan trọng của nó để nghiên cứu y sinh, bộ gen của nhím biển được hoàn toàn được sắp xếp theo trình tự và chú thích trong năm 2006. Bộ gen nhím biển được ước tính để mã hóa khoảng 23.300 gen. Sử dụng hệ thống đo lường chặt chẽ nhất, nhím biển tía và con người có chung 7.700 loại gen. Nhiều trong số các gene này liên quan đến cảm giác môi trường, một thực tế gây ngạc nhiên cho một loài động vật thiếu một cấu trúc đầu.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
orijinal
kaynağı ziyaret et
ortak site
wikipedia VI

Пурпурный стронгилоцентротус ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Надкласс: Cryptosyringida
Класс: Морские ежи
Инфракласс: Carinacea
Надотряд: Echinacea
Инфраотряд: Echinidea
Надсемейство: Odontophora
Вид: Пурпурный стронгилоцентротус
Международное научное название

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857)

Синонимы
  • Echinus purpuratus Stimpson, 1857
  • Loxechinus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857)
  • Toxocidaris purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857)[1]
Ареал

изображение

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 157975NCBI 7668EOL 598175

Пурпурный стронгилоцентротус[2] (лат. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) — вид морских ежей, обитающий вдоль тихоокеанского побережья Северной Америки от Аляски до острова Цедрос (Мексика). Название получил за фиолетовый оттенок в окраске тела. Размер взрослой особи варьирует от 5 до 10 см.

Среда обитания

Основное место обитания Strongylocentrotus purpuratusсублитораль. Постоянное перемешивание воды в зоне прибоя обеспечивает хорошую аэрацию. Заросли бурых водорослей являются источником пищи.

Морфология

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus имеет шаровидное тело, состоящее из радиально симметричного панциря, покрытого многочисленными подвижными светло-фиолетовыми иглами. У молодых ежей в окраске игл преобладает зеленоватый оттенок. Среди игл находятся амбулакральные ножки и педицеллярии. Оральная сторона тела, на которой располагается рот, обращена к субстрату. Во рту морских ежей находится сложно устроенный пищедобывательный аппарат — «аристотелев фонарь». Пять костных зубов, входящих в его состав, позволяют откусывать или соскребать пищу. На противоположной (аборальной) стороне открывается анальным отверстием задняя кишка. Самцы и самки пурпурного морского ежа морфологически не различаются.

Поведение

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus малоподвижны. Они медленно перемещаются по дну в поисках пищи. Пурпурные морские ежи не являются социальными животными, однако обычно встречаются группами вокруг зарослей бурых водорослей. Передвижение осуществляется с помощью подвижных игл, работающих как ходули, и амбулакральных ножек, которые могут сильно вытягиваться. На конце каждой амбулакральной ножки имеется присоска, благодаря чему ежи способны передвигаться даже по вертикальным поверхностям.

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus питаются главным образом водорослями, предпочитая гигантскую бурую водоросль Macrocystis pyrifera. С помощью игл, педицеллярий и амбулакральных ножек ёж хватает пищу и перемещает её ко рту. Кроме того, пурпурные стронгилоцентротусы соскребают с камней наросты микроскопических водорослей.

Главными врагами пурпурных Strongylocentrotus purpuratus являются питающиеся ими морские звёзды (Solaster stimpsoni, Pycnopodia helianthoides, Astrometis sertulifera) и морские выдры. Для защиты от хищников морские ежи используют свои острые иглы, а также педицеллярии, которые могут больно ущипнуть нападающего. Кроме того, педицеллярии используются морским ежом для удаления с поверхности тела сидячих рачков, губок, других животных и мусора.

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus могут зарываться в субстрат. С помощью игл и зубов ёж способен выгрызть углубление в скале. При этом иглы стираются, но потом они регенерируют.

Размножение

Морские ежи раздельнополы, половой диморфизм отсутствует. Strongylocentrotus purpuratusобычно размножаются с января по март, однако зрелых особей можно найти даже в июле. Они достигают половой зрелости в возрасте двух лет, к этому времени их размер достигает более 25 мм. Половые продукты вымётываются в воду, где происходит наружное оплодотворение.

Оплодотворённые яйца оседают на дно и начинают развитие. Из зиготы развивается планктонная личинкаэхиноплутеус. Особые образования (длинные выросты — руки, скелет в виде известковых игл, ресничный шнур) способствуют парению и перемещению личинки в толще воды. Плутеус питается микропланктоном, растёт, со временем на его левой стороне появляется зачаток будущего морского ежа — так называемый зародышевый диск. Во время метаморфоза из зародышевого диска формируется тело морского ежа, а личиночные ткани дегенерируют. Молодой стронгилоцентротус опускается на дно и приступает к самостоятельной жизни.

Значение для человека

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus является ценным морепродуктом, использующемся в японской кухне. В Калифорнии ведётся промышленная добыча морского ежа, что ведёт к сокращению его численности.

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus косвенно приносит урон человеку, уничтожая заросли бурых водорослей, из которых получают различные вещества, в том числе альгинаты, использующиеся в производстве пластика, красок, термоустойчивого волокна и в пищевой промышленности.

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus является интересным объектом современной биологии. Его геном содержит 23,3 тыс. генов, из которых более 7 тыс. общие с человеком.

Примечания

  1. WoRMS — World Register of Marine Species: Kroh, A. (2015). Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857). In: Kroh, A. & Mooi, R. (2015) World Echinoidea Database.
  2. Жизнь животных. Том 2. Моллюски. Иглокожие. Погонофоры. Щетинкочелюстные. Полухордовые. Хордовые. Членистоногие. Ракообразные / под ред. Р. К. Пастернак, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1988. — С. 196. — 447 с. — ISBN 5-09-000445-5
lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Пурпурный стронгилоцентротус: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı

Пурпурный стронгилоцентротус (лат. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) — вид морских ежей, обитающий вдоль тихоокеанского побережья Северной Америки от Аляски до острова Цедрос (Мексика). Название получил за фиолетовый оттенок в окраске тела. Размер взрослой особи варьирует от 5 до 10 см.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Авторы и редакторы Википедии