This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available [60,61,62,63,106].
Pacific madrone is a broadleaved, sclerophyllous, evergreen tree [1,29,40,88]. Heights range from 16 to 130 feet (5 to 40 m) [13,62,101,138], with diameters up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6-1 m) [7,63]. Single or multiple curved trunks support a broad, spreading crown composed of heavy, irregularly-shaped limbs [13]. The bark is freely exfoliating, peeling off in large, thin scales. Once the outer bark is shed, the remaining bark has a smooth, polished appearance and a distinctive reddish color [13,101,111,138]. Color of young bark varies widely but darkens to a deep red with age; younger stems may range from green to chartreuse, while young trunks are frequently orange. Older portions of the bark become dark, brownish-red in color and are fissured [13,62,101]. The glossy, leathery leaves are arranged alternately on the stem [63,106].
The urn-shaped flowers are borne in showy, terminal clusters [63,91,106]. The fruit is a pea-sized berry consisting of mealy pulp and numerous seeds [13]. At the base of its stem, Pacific madrone has a woody, globe-shaped, underground regenerative organ known as a burl [65,131]. The massive, wide-spreading root system is associated with ericoid mycorrhizae [97,105]. Once established, Pacific madrone is windfirm, drought enduring, and somewhat tolerant of wet, freezing conditions [40,89].
Fire adaptations: Pacific madrone has low resistance to fire because of its thin bark [11,94]. Pacific madrone depends, however, on periodic fire to eliminate or greatly reduce the conifer overstory [14,141].
Postfire regenerative adaptations include establishment from prolific sprouts and from seed [14]. Following fires that kill aerial stems, Pacific madrone sprouts from dormant buds on the burl [40,59,94,140]. The burl also serves as a source of stored carbohydrates for the sprouts, which rapidly occupy the initial postfire environment [65,86]. Repeated top-kill by fire encourages burl development, enhancing Pacific madrone survival [14,70].
Exposed mineral soil seedbeds and light canopy densities associated with recent burns are conducive to Pacific madrone seedling establishment [14,105,132].
Fire regime: Forests where Pacific madrone occurs were historically characterized by both understory and mixed-severity fires prior to fire exclusion. Oak-Pacific madrone-Douglas-fir and redwood forests, where Pacific madrone occurs, historically experienced understory fires at intervals between 5 and 25 years. Historic fires on some sites were caused mainly by Native American burning [11,12,78]. Remote, steep areas of the redwood type were also likely associated with a mixed fire regime [11]. A redwood-Douglas-fir stand in northern coastal California had fires approximately every 50 years over the past 250 years [142]. Fire typically burned through Douglas-fir-tanoak forests in northern California at 5- to 50-year intervals, killing small saplings and occasional canopy trees. These forests now have very infrequent fires [64]. Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone and Douglas-fir-hardwood cover types were characterized by a mixed-severity fire regime, with the former having less than 35-year fire-return intervals [11]. In Douglas-fir/hardwood forests of the Pacific Northwest, the severity of fires varied widely, with many burning at low to moderate severity prior to settlement [5].
Stuart and Stephens [130] review fire regime characteristics for Douglas-fir-tanoak forests that Pacific madrone commonly occurs in. Presettlement fire-return intervals averaged from 10 to 16 years due to the warm, dry climate of inland locations and increased lightning activity at high elevations. In the North Coast Ranges, the primary ignition source was Native Americans. There is little information available on the size and severity of fires in Douglas-fir-tanoak prior to settlement. Areas subject to Native American burning experienced low fire severity. In other areas, fire severity varied spatially and temporally across the landscape, resulting in a complex mosaic of mostly multiaged stands of varying sizes. Fires in interior sites spread more extensively than those closer to redwood forests. Surface fires were common and were intermixed with areas that supported passive and/or active crown fires. In the Six Rivers National Forest, California, surface fires are a normal occurrence in all-aged, all-sized old-growth Douglas-fir-tanoak forests. In old-growth Douglas-fir-tanoak forests, the density of understory trees and shrubs has increased since presettlement times, creating greater vertical fuel continuity and increasing the likelihood that a surface fire could burn into the crowns. In young stands that have been logged or experienced stand-altering wildfire, fire-return intervals are now longer, and greater fire severity is possible because of increased fuel loading [130].
Pacific madrone is common in redwood forests. Fire in redwood forests typically burned in the summer and early fall with variable fire-return intervals. Wetter sites in the northern portion of redwood's range had longer fire-return intervals, ranging from 125 to 500 years. Drier sites in southern locales experienced shorter fire-return intervals, between 6 and 44 years. Some stands had intervals of 1 to 2 years due to regular burning by Native Americans. From 1950 to 2003, fire-return intervals for the northern, central, and southern redwood forests for fires larger than 330 acres (134 ha) were 1,083, 717, and 551 years, respectively. On average, redwood forests experienced moderate-severity surface fires that consumed irregular patches of surface fuel and understory vegetation. Occasional passive crown fires occurred at the southern and eastern edges of its range. Throughout the north-south range of redwood forests, mean fire severities were lowest in the coolest, wettest regions and highest in the warmer, drier areas. The current increase of available fuel and increasing horizontal and vertical fuel continuity may increase the chances for higher severity fires (review by Stuart and Stephens [130]).
White fir (Abies concolor) forests in the Coast Ranges of northwestern California, in which Pacific madrone can occur, had a presettlement average fire-return interval of 27 years, with a range of 12 to 161 years. The average fire-return interval has increased to 74 years since the exclusion of fire [129].
Fire scar, tree age, and basal area distributions were used to assess fire history in 3 Douglas-fir/hardwood stands in the Klamath National Forest, California (see table below). Fire-return intervals changed little from the presettlement era to the settlement era but increased in the fire exclusion era. The upper canopy of was dominated by Douglas-fir with scattered stems of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana). The lower canopy was dominated by tanoak, Pacific madrone, and canyon live oak [147].
Means and ranges (in years) of fire intervals for 3 Douglas-fir/hardwood sites in the Klamath National Forest, California, for 4 different time periods [147] Site Interval Mean Range Site 1 (n = 11) Complete chronology 1745-1987 22.0 5-50 Presettlement 1745-1849 17.3 5-41 Settlement 1849-1894 15.0 8-26 Exclusion 1894-1987 46.5 43-50 Site 2 (n = 19) Complete chronology 1742-1987 12.9 5-45 Presettlement 1742-1855 10.3 5-18 Settlement 1855-1901 9.2 7-12 Exclusion 1901-1987 28.7 18-45 Site 3 (n = 13) Complete chronology 1752-1987 18.1 3-71 Presettlement 1752-1849 13.9 7-25 Settlement 1849-1913 16.0 5-25 Exclusion 1913-1987 37.0 3-71The following table provides fire regime information on vegetation communities in which Pacific madrone may occur. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Fire regime information on vegetation communities in which Pacific madrone may occur. For each community, fire regime characteristics are taken from the LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment Vegetation Models [77]. These vegetation models were developed by local experts using available literature, local data, and/or expert opinion as documented in the PDF file linked from each Potential Natural Vegetation Group listed below. Cells are blank where information is not available in the Rapid Assessment Vegetation Model. Pacific Northwest California Pacific Northwest Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean intervalThe exclusion of fire from some forests may lead to a decline in Pacific madrone populations. The importance of Pacific madrone in both the understory and in the canopy in 2 old-growth Douglas-fir-tanoak forests studied in Mendocino County, California, has been declining in the absence of fire. These forests were subject to frequent fires in the past, and the exclusion of fire has allowed tanoak to become dominant and shade out Pacific madrone. In the absence of major disturbance, there is probably little recruitment of Pacific madrone in most Douglas-fir-tanoak forests [64].
Prescribed burning: Pacific madrone seedlings establish readily following logging and burning of conifer-hardwood stands [132]. Low-severity underburning may minimize Pacific madrone seedling establishment, thereby reducing the density of Pacific madrones capable of sprouting after future disturbances.
Control: McDonald and others [89] suggest that burning should not be used as a method of slash disposal in partially cut hardwood stands where Pacific madrone is managed for timber production. Instead, they recommend that logging debris be either lopped and scattered or piled [89].
Wildlife management: Burning initially increases the palatability of Pacific madrone browse; sprouts are utilized for up to 2 growing seasons after fire [33,140].In its southern range in southwestern Oregon and California, Pacific madrone is often associated with dry foothills, wooded slopes and canyons [101,122]. In California, elevations range from 300 to 4,000 feet (91-1,220 m) [122]. Pacific madrone is common above 3,900 feet (1,200 m) in the San Lucia Range of central California [49]. A common component of coastal redwood and mixed-evergreen forests, Pacific madrone reaches greatest stature and abundance on dry sites at low to moderate elevations along the east slope of the Coast Ranges and in the Siskiyou Mountains [48,108,124]. At the southernmost end of its range in the Transverse and Peninsular ranges, Pacific madrone is found from 2,000 to 3,500 feet (610-1,100 m) elevation [92].
In its northern range, Pacific madrone grows at or near sea level and inhabits mountain slopes up to 3,000 feet (915 m) [92]. Increased regional rainfall apparently allows Pacific madrone to occupy drier habitats than in mixed-evergreen forests [144]. Greatest abundance is usually attained on sites unfavorable to conifer growth [13,42]. Pacific madrone is widespread west of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington and is associated with relatively hot, dry lowland sites within coast Douglas-fir and western hemlock forests [43,148]. Pacific madrone communities on Sucia Island, Washington, are located on south-facing ridges where winds are moderate, temperatures somewhat high, and soil moisture low. These sites are protected from extreme wind by windward ridges, but abundant solar radiation strikes the slopes [39]. On the Willamette, Mt Hood, and Siuslaw National Forests of western Oregon, Pacific madrone inhabits dry sites on ridgetops and south-facing slopes up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation [138]. Towards the northern edge of its distribution in southern British Columbia and northwestern Washington, Pacific madrone is generally restricted to areas along the immediate coast [43]. The only broadleaved evergreen tree native to Canada [63,74], Pacific madrone rarely extends inland more than 5 miles (8 km) in southern British Columbia [43,63,74]. Sites consist of rocky bluffs along the seacoast; elevations do not exceed 1,000 feet (300 m) [54,63].
Soils: Pacific madrone grows on a variety of soil types, and tree health varies with soil type [2]. Pacific madrone is most abundant on rocky sites, such as bluffs, that are "somewhat excessively" drained [2,13]. Soils supporting Pacific madrone usually exhibit low moisture content throughout most of the summer. Pacific madrone grows on glacial tills or shallow rocky soils in the northern portion of its range. Soils may also be fine textured, ranging from loam to clay loam. Towards the southern end of its distribution, soils are often derived from granite, quartz diorite, sandstone, or shale [40].
Climate: Pacific madrone is restricted to areas having mild oceanic winters; however, temperature and moisture regimes vary considerably throughout its range. Annual precipitation may range from 15 to 166 inches (380-4,220 mm), mostly as rain. Temperature extremes are from -6 to 115 °F (-21 to 46 °>C) [13,40,92,135].
Pacific madrone is drought tolerant [99] and has low tolerance to frost. It can be damaged or even killed if it endures long periods of frost or severe frost (<14 °F (-10 °C)) [74].
Pacific madrone is an important component of cavity-nesting bird habitat in Douglas-fir forests of northwestern California [108,109]. Large Pacific madrone trees are susceptible to heart rot, making them desirable for cavity-nesting birds [36].
Pacific madrone typically grows with mixtures of evergreen and deciduous hardwood species. Mixed stands are highly diverse in structure and composition and provide habitat for numerous wildlife species [89,108].
Palatability/nutritional value: Palatability of Pacific madrone foliage ranks from low to moderately high, depending on conditions. The mature leaves are almost always neglected by browsing animals, whereas the young leafy sprouts are eaten by big game, domestic sheep and goats, deer, and occasionally cattle, when there is a shortage of more palatable vegetation [33,53,113,122]. Pacific madrone leaves provide forage for the dusky-footed woodrat [24]. Cattle and deer browse the seedlings [145]. In California, the Columbian black-tailed and California mule deer browse twigs and foliage [81,116]. Pacific madrone is given a browse rating of fair to useless for mule deer, poor to useless for cattle, domestic sheep and goats, and useless to horses in California [122].
In British Columbia, Pacific madrone is a high-importance winter forage plant for Sitka black-tailed deer, of moderate importance for Roosevelt elk, and of low importance for white-tailed deer, mountain goats, bighorn sheep, Rocky Mountain elk, moose, and caribou [17]. Leaves are eaten by Columbian black-tailed deer on Vancouver Island, British Columbia; on rock-bluff communities where Pacific madrone is abundant, it is a major food species during the winter [30].
Pacific madrone berries are an important food for deer, birds, and other small mammals because they are produced in large quantities and may persist on the tree in winter, when alternative food sources are limited [33,58,122]. The berries are an important food for the dark-eyed junco, fox sparrow, varied thrush, band-tailed pigeon, quail, and long-tailed chat [13,52,81,125].
Cover value: Mixed stands of hardwoods and conifers in which Pacific madrone occurs provide thermal, hiding, and escape cover for big game and small mammals, and perching sites for a variety of bird species [24,89,118]. Both open-nesting and cavity-nesting birds utilize Pacific madrone. Preliminary research on cavity-nesting species within mixed-evergreen forests in northwestern California indicates that Pacific madrone is selected as a nest tree at a higher rate than its availability would suggest. Trees greater than 12 inches (30 cm) in DBH are an important habitat component for primary cavity-nesting species such as the red-breasted sapsucker and hairy woodpecker [108]. Secondary cavity nesters such as the acorn woodpecker, downy woodpecker, mountain chickadee, house wren, and western bluebird also use Pacific madrone.
A review indicates that Pacific madrone is a major component of Douglas-fir-tanoak
(Pseudotsuga menziesii-Lithocarpus densiflorus)-Pacific madrone forests.
These forests are characterized by an
overstory of Douglas-fir with tanoak and Pacific madrone sharing the secondary
canopy in varying proportions. Pacific madrone is a minor component in a variety
of cover types, commonly intermingling with redwood (Sequoia sempervirens),
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), Oregon white oak (Quercus
garryana var. garryana), and Pacific ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa var. ponderosa) throughout its distribution [92].
In British Columbia, Pacific madrone grows with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) [73].
The open woodlands of the San Juan Islands are characterized by Douglas-fir and
Pacific madrone in a fescue (Festuca spp.) matrix. Other tree species that may be found on such
sites include Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), lodgepole pine, and
Oregon white oak [43].
Pacific madrone is a dominant species in the following vegetation types.
coast live oak (Q. agrifolia)-Pacific madrone/California
hazelnut-blackberry (Corylus cornuta var. californica-Rubus spp.)
interior live oak (Q. wislizenii)-Pacific madrone/poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum)
California black oak (Q. kelloggii)-Pacific madrone-coast live oak [8]
Pacific madrone-Oregon white oak
Pacific madrone-tanoak [104]
Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone Society of American Foresters cover type [123]
western hemlock-Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone [137]
Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone/pink honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula) [25]
Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone/American vetch (Vicia americana)
Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone/salal (Gaultheria shallon)
Pacific madrone-lodgepole pine/salal[39]
Pacific madrone can reduce conifer growth on previously logged or burned sites and is often
considered an undesired competitor [47,48,70,95,107]. The sprouts can reach up to
12 feet (3.7 m) in 3 growing seasons and are capable of creating dense brushfields,
hindering conifer establishment [47,48,70]. Control of Pacific madrone is often
needed to promote growth of more
"valuable" trees such as Douglas-fir [70]. Herbicide
applications are a commonly used method to set back Pacific madrone sprouting.
Young sprouts are susceptible 2,4-D [28,47,48,70]. Cut-surface applications
of herbicides gave acceptable control for 10 years following
application. Ten years after treatment, the
Douglas-fir site not receiving herbicide control had a mean basal area of 7.2 cm². Basal growth
of Douglas-fir receiving the benefit of overstory control increased between 260% and 451%,
depending on the herbicide used [107]. The number of postharvest sprouts
of Pacific madrone can be reduced by choosing what season cutting
is done. More sprouts appeared after April cutting than
February or July cutting. At times, Pacific madrone control may be needed to increase forage production [70].
In the past, leaching from Pacific madrone litter was thought to be allelopathic.
In a study by Rose and others [117], root growth of Douglas-fir seedlings was
not inhibited by Pacific madrone litter [117]. Excellent natural regeneration of
Douglas-fir often occurs under Pacific madrone canopies, as noted by Minore [98],
but the effects of Pacific madrone duff on Douglas-fir regeneration
are not clear. There were no significant differences in conifer regeneration, growth, or cover
of associated species among seedbeds of Pacific madrone duff, conifer
duff, or mineral soil during 10 growing seasons. If Pacific madrone litter does affect Douglas-fir regeneration, it
is because of other influences [98], possibly the reduction in mycorrhizal tips on
Douglas-fir seedling roots [117].
Disease:
Pacific madrone has low resistance to disease and is
host to many pathogens that may lead to tree mortality. Pacific madrone can suffer from
foliar diseases caused by a variety of fungal species
and is susceptible to heart rot, butt rot, and stem cankers [3]. A fungal leaf blister disease caused by
Exobasidium vacinii occurs on
Pacific madrone leaves. This disease is not thought to significantly reduce tree growth, but
it does reduce the aesthetic value of the tree. Phytophthora cactorum is a lethal
canker disease of Pacific madrone that results in root and butt rots [23,136].
All ages and sizes of Pacific madrone are susceptible to dieback and mortality from
Arbutus canker, a disease caused by the fungus Nattrassia mangiferae. The fungus infects the phloem and
vascular cambium and causes shoot blight. Greater
weakening of the trees through defoliation is caused by a secondary opportunistic
pathogen, Fusicoccum aesculi, which
causes dieback and gives the limbs and twigs a burned appearance. The branches and
terminal buds that are killed by fungi are unable to produce more foliage.
The tree does sprout from dormant buds on the burl and grows new shoots,
which are often killed by N. mangiferae [36].
Pacific madrone is affected by Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum). Sudden Oak
Death causes a variety of foliar and branch symptoms,
significant dieback, and mortality [41,45,46,102,114,115].
The madrone canker (Botryosphaeria dothidea) greatly reduces seed
production and causes dieback and death of Pacific madrone [91,92].
Annosus root rot can cause mortality to Pacific madrone [22].
For an extensive list on the fungal pathogens that effect Pacific madrone, see
Elliott [35].
Many Pacific madrones were sampled
around the Seattle/Puget Sound area to gauge the effect of urban development and disturbance
and whether they facilitated disease transmission and tree demise. Thinning stands, soil loss
and compaction, and a host of urban impacts increased susceptibility to disease.
Dense stands of Pacific madrone were less infected, and it was predicted that an
increase in the proportion of seriously diseased trees would occur if forest stands
were broken up [3].
Other Threats:
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and gorse (Ulex europaeus) are invasive, nonnative plant
species that compete with native forest vegetation
for space, nutrients, and water. They are a threat to the sustainability of
Canada's rarest forest ecosystem, the Oregon white oak-Pacific madrone ecosystem on southeastern
Vancouver Island and the southern Gulf Islands [75].
Despite its regular shedding of both bark and leaves, Pacific madrone is a highly ornamental species, prized for its crooked beauty, colorful bark, showy flowers, and brightly colored fruits [33,40]. Trees are cultivated for landscaping in both the United States and Europe [91,140]. Pacific madrone is a well-known bee plant [13,33]. Past commercial uses of Pacific madrone included utilization of the bark for tanning leathers and the wood for making charcoal for gunpowder [91,140].
Historically, West Coast tribes ate Pacific madrone berries and fashioned eating utensils from the bulbous roots [13,56]. The leaves have been reported to possess medicinal properties [33]. Fruit of Pacific madrone can be eaten raw, boiled, or steamed. Berries can be stored for a long time if boiled and dried [53].
Sprout growth from top-killed trees is the primary mode of reproduction following fire [90]. Following fires that kill aerial stems, Pacific madrone initiates rapid postfire recovery by sprouting from adventitious buds located on the burl [1,10,21,25,44,65,90,131]. Seedlings on the forest floor are either killed or put forth a few sprouts from a rudimentary burl. Many seedlings die because the growth rate of sprouts from top-killed trees is much greater, and the sprouts overtop the seedlings.
Fire favors Pacific madrone seedling establishment. Mineral soil provides a favorable seedbed, and lower canopy densities of the initial postfire environment are conducive to the successful establishment and growth of seedlings [105,132]. Availability of seed from crowns depends on fire severity [40]. Any seeds stored in the soil seed bank are likely killed due to their sensitivity to heat [1]. Off-site seed is also dispersed into burns by mammals and birds [40].
Pacific madrone regenerates sexually and asexually [37,69]; however, it primarily reproduces vegetatively by sprouting, not by seed [82].
McDonald and Tappeiner [90] describe 3 reproductive modes relative to Pacific madrone: seedlings, seedling-sprouts, and root-crown sprouts. Seedlings originate from seed and their tops have never died back to the ground. Seedling-sprouts also originate from seed, but their tops are less than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter at the ground line, and they have died back and sprouted at least once. The chances of Pacific madrone becoming a seedling-sprout are low, and seedling-sprouts rarely occur in shade environments. Root-crown sprouts originate from burls on top-killed trees more than 2 inches (5.1 cm) in diameter at ground line [90].
Pollination: Pacific madrone is pollinated by bees [13,18,51]. Hummingbirds have been observed feeding on Pacific madrone blossoms and may also pollinate the flowers [51].
Breeding system: Pacific madrone has low genetic diversity in British Columbia and is known for multilocus outcrossing [18].
Seed production: The age at which Pacific madrone seedlings first produce fruit is not recorded in the literature. The minimum seed-bearing age for root crown sprouts is 4 years, but seed production occurs more commonly at 8 years [91]. On the Challenge Experimental Forest, California, initial flower production occurred at age 4 on a "vigorous sprout", resulting in 62 berries. On another sprout clump, the tallest and most vigorous sprout produced 11 flower clusters at age 8 but produced few berries. Seed count ranged from 2 to 37 seeds/berry, with an average of 20 seeds/berry [82].
A 24-year study estimating seed crops of conifer and hardwood species on a Pacific ponderosa pine site on the Challenge Experimental Forest estimated that the average number of berries on 3 Pacific madrone trees was 49,000/tree, with a range of 13,000 to 108,000/tree during a "very light" seed year. The average number of seeds/berry was 20. Over the 24-year period, Pacific madrone produced 12 seed crops. Two were categorized as "medium-heavy", and 10 were categorized as "very light" [87].
Seed dispersal: Pacific madrone seeds are dispersed largely by birds, but also by mule deer, rodents, and gravity [13,18,71,82,87].
On the Challenge Experimental Forest, berries are disseminated by a host of consumers, particularly the mourning dove and band-tailed pigeon [87].
Seed banking: McDonald [82] states that Pacific madrone has long-term seed dormancy and viability and stays viable for "scores" of years in the soil. When conditions are right (i.e., cool temperatures and adequate moisture), after-ripening is induced and dormancy is broken [82].
Germination: A cold stratification period is critical for germination of Pacific madrone seeds [58,82,91], because the seeds have strong embryo dormancy [91]. McDonald [82] identified optimal stratification requirements for Pacific madrone seeds through a series of tests including cold, light, heat, acid, and stratification. Seeds failed to germinate after stratification at freezing temperatures for 24 days, while a 24-day stratification at above-freezing temperatures (36 ± 2 °F (2.2 ± 1.1 °C)) yielded 43% germination. Light was apparently unnecessary for germination of Pacific madrone seeds. Percent sound Pacific madrone seeds that germinated after heat, acid (sulphuric acid), and stratification treatments is provided in the table below. Stratification alone and acid and stratification significantly enhanced germination over those treatments using heat (P=0.05). No stratification caused poor germination. Mold was a constant problem in all treatments and in most cases became worse with longer stratification and germination periods [82].
Percent of sound Pacific madrone seeds that germinated after 4 stratification treatments and 5 time periods [82]Stratification period (days)
Treatment Stratification Acid & stratification Heat & stratification Heat, acid, & stratification 0 not applicable 1 1 0 30 85 77 19 24 60 94 96 65 64 90 94 94 62 60 120 96 96 2 67In a laboratory study on germination, 2 Pacific madrone populations showed only slight differences in length of time required for stratification. Maleike and Hummel [79] collected seeds from a high-elevation and a sea-level source. The seeds were stratified at 39 °F (4 °C) for 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 days. Percent germination increased with increasing time in cold stratification up to 60 days. After 60 days there was a decline in percent germination with both seed sources. Maximum germination for the sea-level seeds was reached at both 40 and 60 days. The seeds from the high-elevation seed source reached highest germination at 60 days [79].
Germination of seeds not separated from the berry was found, in a laboratory study, to be poor and intermittent. Berries were stratified in a refrigerator for 45 days and underwent subsequent germination tests. Seedlings did not readily disengage from the berry and seed coat, and there was heavy mortality from fungi. In field trials on the Challenge Experimental Forest, if the berries and seed survived long enough to germinate (i.e., not eaten by birds, rodents, etc.), many seedlings were killed by damping-off and root-rotting fungi [82]. Fungi appear to be a major problem in natural and artificial regeneration of Pacific madrone.
Seed germination is discouraged by low light intensities under a closed canopy; therefore, Pacific madrone may not reproduce satisfactorily under dense forest conditions [26].
Seedling establishment/growth: Disturbance favors seedling establishment of Pacific madrone [82,92,132]. Survival rates of artificial Pacific madrone regeneration were observed on 3 types of Douglas-fir-ponderosa pine stands in the Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon. The 3 stands were differentiated as: clearcut, 5 to 14 years old; a young conifer-hardwood stand, 50 to 80 years old; and an old conifer-hardwood stand, 150 to 220+ years old. Seeds were sown in December at each location. One lot was sown on bare mineral soil protected by a cage, and 1 lot each on unprotected plots on undisturbed forest floor and bare mineral soil. Germinants began to emerge in early March, with more than 90% of the seedlings appearing within 1 month. Fewer seedlings emerged on unprotected plots than on protected plots due to predation of seed. Seedlings began to die immediately after emergence. Average survival at the end of the 1st summer was significantly lower (P=0.05) in old stands (5%-14%) and young stands (8%-12%) than in clearcuts (32%-34%). On most plots all seedlings had died within 1 year, with 1st-year mortality ranging between 90% and 100%. Causes of seedling mortality, in order of importance, were drought, litterfall covering small seedlings during fall months, damping-off fungi, invertebrate browsers (mainly slugs) in both young and old stands, and spring and fall frost, common in the clearcuts. At the end of the 2nd year, survival ranged from less than 1% to 3% in the young and old stands and after 2 and 3 years in the clearcuts, survival ranged from 5% to 12%. In this study, success of seedlings was dependent on disturbance to the forest floor and reduced litterfall, as indicated by the higher survival in clearcut stands [132]. McDonald [82] stated that the bare mineral soil created by some silvicultural methods is conducive to seedling survival and noted little natural regeneration of Pacific madrone in an undisturbed pure hardwood stand.
Most Pacific madrone seedlings are found in partial shade on bare mineral soil [133]. On recently logged redwood stands in northern California, Pacific madrone established in open environments on relatively hot, dry sites with thin, rocky soil [142]. Seedling establishment is minor in stands with low light, heavy litterfall, damping-off fungi, and browsing invertebrates on the forest floor, all of which kill new seedlings [82,92,105,133,142]. High soil and air temperatures and frost heaving also kill Pacific madrone germinants on exposed microsites in clearcuts. Many Pacific madrone seedlings begin development in heavy organic litter in shade. The heavy organic layer inhibits the moisture-seeking root from penetrating to mineral soil, causing high mortality from fungi and drought [82].
Early growth of Pacific madrone seedlings is slow. In the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, length of 6-month-old seedlings growing in the sun was 1.6 inches (4 cm) for shoots and 4 inches (10 cm) for roots. Seedlings growing in a shady environment had shoots that were 1 inch (3 cm) and roots measuring 1.6 inches (4 cm). Two-year-old seedlings in the Sierra Nevada averaged 3.5 inches (9 cm) tall [82,92].
Vegetative regeneration: Pacific madrone sprouts from the burl after damage by cutting, fire, or disease [36,59,66,89,131]. It is unknown how early the burl develops on seedlings [90].
Pacific madrone has moderate to low shade tolerance [13,16,64,74] and is considered an early-successional hardwood after timber harvest, fire [9,19,55], and other disturbances. Pacific madrone does not generally establish in shade and is usually absent from the understory of mixed-evergreen forests. A study of a Douglas-fir-tanoak forest in Mendocino County, California, revealed no Pacific madrone recruitment in the understory. Most shaded Pacific madrone died [64].
The level of shade tolerance can vary depending on Pacific madrone's north-south range. In the southern portion of its range, Pacific madrone seedlings need partial shade for establishment. As Pacific madrone trees age, the need for light increases, and older trees require top light for survival. In British Columbia Pacific madrone has low shade tolerance [74,92], so Douglas-fir dominates over Pacific madrone in climax stages [74].
Pacific madrone is likely more often subclimax than climax in successional status [92]. Pacific madrone can be eliminated during the stem exclusion stage of succession, but it is possible for it to survive stem exclusion and persist into the old-growth stage [133]. Pacific madrone has been documented in climax forests [15,121] and is classified as a "major climax species" in the western hemlock-Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone association on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Washington [137].
Pacific madrone is considered a fire-dependent, seral species in redwood stands of northern coastal California [142].
Arbutus menziesii, ye una especie perteneciente a la familia de les ericácees. Alcuéntrase na mariña oeste d'América del Norte, dende la Columbia Británica (en particular, la Islla de Vancouver) hasta California. Crez tamién, de forma esvalixada, na aguada oeste de Sierra Nevada. Aislladamente llega al condáu de San Diego y el norte de Baxa California, Méxicu.
Arbutus menziesii ye un árbol de fueya persistente y de fueya ancha, la corteza ye de color coloráu-naranxa y forma tires na madera maduro. Floria en primavera con flores acampanaes y na seronda los frutos maurecen y son de color coloráu. Ye común ver yérbaos del Pacíficu de 10 a 25 m d'altu pero puede llegar a 30 m. Les fueyes son ovales de 7-15 cm de llargu y de 4-8 cm d'anchu y dispónense espiralaes, el marxe ye enteru.
Los nativos americanos comíense les bayes pero éstes tienen munchos taníns y son astrinxentes y más de cutiu mazcar o la convertíen en bébora alcohólico. Munchos mamíferos y páxaros alimentar de les sos bagues. La so madera utilizar pa la fabricación de pisos tillaos.
Anque ye tolerante a la seca y relativamente de crecedera rápida, Arbutus menziesii anguaño ta en cayente. Depende de forma natural de quemes periódiques p'amenorgar la competencia que-y faen les coníferes. Los yérbaos maduros sobreviven dempués de la quema y refáense más apriesa que l'abetu de Douglas, amás tienen munches granes que granen dempués del fueu. El control humanu de les quemes, pos, perxudícalu. Otres causes del so cayente son les enfermedaes fitopatológicas.
Arbutus menziesii describióse por Frederick Traugott Pursh y espublizóse en Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, . . . 1: 282. 1814[1813].[2]
Arbutus: nome antiguu del "yérbadu".
El epítetu específicu menziesii recibe'l nome n'honor d'Archibald Menzies que la atopó mientres la espedición de George Vancouver.
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Arbutus menziesii, ye una especie perteneciente a la familia de les ericácees. Alcuéntrase na mariña oeste d'América del Norte, dende la Columbia Británica (en particular, la Islla de Vancouver) hasta California. Crez tamién, de forma esvalixada, na aguada oeste de Sierra Nevada. Aislladamente llega al condáu de San Diego y el norte de Baxa California, Méxicu.
Arbutus menziesii és una espècie d'arbre del gènere Arbutus que es troba a la costa oest d'Amèrica del Nord, des de la Colúmbia Britànica (especialment a l'illa Vancouveri les illes del Golf) fins a Califòrnia (especialment a la regió de Puget Sound, les serralades d'Oregon i de Califòrnia però també de forma dispersa en el vessant oest de Sierra Nevada). Aïlladament arriba al comtat de San Diego i el nord de Baixa Califòrnia, Mèxic. L'epítet específic rep el nom en honor d'Archibald Menzies que el va trobar durant l'expedició de George Vancouver.
Arbutus menziesii és un arbre de fulla persistent i de fulla ampla, l'escorça és de color vermell-taronja i forma tires en la fusta madura. Floreix a la primavera amb flors acampanades i a la tardor els fruits maduren i són de color vermell. És comú veure arboços del Pacífic de 10 a 25 m d'alt però pot arribar a 30 m. Les fulles són ovals de 7–15 cm de llarg i de 4–8 cm d'ample i es disposen espiralades, el marge és enter.
Els natius americans es menjaven les baies però aquestes tenen molt tanins i són astringents i més sovint les mastegaven o la convertien en beguda alcohòlica. Molts mamífers i ocells es mengen les seves baies. Recentment de la seva fusta se'n fan parquets que duren molt i tenen un color atractiu.
Encara que és tolerant a la secada i relativament de creixement ràpid, Arbutus menziesiiactualment està en declivi. Depèn de forma natural d'incendis periòdics per reduir la competència que li fan les coníferes. Els arboços madurs sobreviuen després de l'incendi i es regeneren més de pressa que l'avet de Douglas, a més fa moltes llavors que germinen després del foc. El control humà dels incendis, doncs, el perjudica. Altres causes del seu declivi són les malalties fitopatològiques.
Arbutus menziesii és una espècie d'arbre del gènere Arbutus que es troba a la costa oest d'Amèrica del Nord, des de la Colúmbia Britànica (especialment a l'illa Vancouveri les illes del Golf) fins a Califòrnia (especialment a la regió de Puget Sound, les serralades d'Oregon i de Califòrnia però també de forma dispersa en el vessant oest de Sierra Nevada). Aïlladament arriba al comtat de San Diego i el nord de Baixa Califòrnia, Mèxic. L'epítet específic rep el nom en honor d'Archibald Menzies que el va trobar durant l'expedició de George Vancouver.
Planika Menziesova (Arbutus menziesii) je listnatý stálezelený strom z čeledi vřesovcovité.
Běžně se nachází na západním pobřeží Severní Ameriky, od Britské Kolumbie (především na ostrově Vancouver) po Kalifornii. V Kalifornii roste na svazích pohoří Kalifornského Pobřežního pásma, lze ho najít i na západních svazích pohoří Sierra Nevada. Na jih od okresu Santa Barbara County se vyskytuje zřídka. Izolované shluky arbutusů se nachází jižně od pohoří Palomar v okrese San Diego a na severu mexického federálního státu Baja California.
Arbutus menziesii běžně dosahuje výšky 10 metrů, při ideálních podmínkách může dorůstat i do výšky 30 metrů, průměr kmene je až 1,8 metru. Má bílé květy, květenstvím je lata.
Je pojmenovaný podle skotského přírodovědce Archibalda Menziese, který strom pro Evropany objevil během výpravy kapitána George Vancouvera.
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Arbutus menziesov na slovenské Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu planika Menziesova ve Wikimedia Commons
Planika Menziesova (Arbutus menziesii) je listnatý stálezelený strom z čeledi vřesovcovité.
Der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum (Arbutus menziesii) ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung der Erdbeerbäume und einer der wenigen Laubbäume des amerikanischen Nordwestens. Kennzeichnend sind die leuchtend rotbraune, abblätternde Rinde und die ledrigen, glänzend grünen Blätter, die sich im Frühsommer purpurrot verfärben.[1] Ein Höchstalter zwischen 200 und 250 Jahre ist mehrfach nachgewiesen worden, besonders starke Bäume schätzt man als doppelt so alt ein.[2]
Es handelt sich um einen immergrünen Baum, der eine Höhe von 7 bis 40 Meter und Stammdurchmesser von 15 bis 150 Zentimeter (BHD) erreicht, unter ungünstigen Bedingungen aber strauchförmig bleibt. Der Stamm wächst meist nicht gerade, kreisrunde Stammquerschnitte sind selten. Oft entspringen der Stammbasis zahlreiche Schösslinge.[1] Junge Bäume haben gleichmäßig geformte, ovale Kronen, kennzeichnend für die Art sind jedoch die unregelmäßig geformten, weit ausladenden Kronen der Altbäume.[3]
Ein Kennzeichen der Art ist die Ausbildung eines Herzwurzelsystems, ältere Bäume besitzen Wurzelstöcke von bis zu 1,5 Meter Durchmesser. Die Seitenwurzeln sind kräftig und breiten sich stark vertikal und horizontal aus. Wie andere Erdbeerbäume bildet der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum Ektomykorrhizen mit kennzeichnendem Hartig'schen Netz.[4]
Die Rinde ist zu Beginn glatt und tiefrot und beginnt sich im Herbst des ersten Jahres in dünnen Schichten abzulösen. Die darunterliegende Rindenschicht ist anfangs blassgrün und verfärbt sich später dunkelbraun, löst sich jedoch nicht ab, sondern bildet annähernd quadratische Schuppen. Das Holz ist schwer und hart mit hellbraunen bis rötlichem Kern und einem schmalen, hell gefärbten Splint. Die Rohdichte beträgt etwa 0,8 g/cm3.[5]
Die hellbraunen Winterknospen sind etwa 8 Millimeter lang, hellbraun und zeigen zahlreiche eiförmige, etwas bewimperte Knospenschuppen, dabei können einige mit bis zu 37 Millimeter deutlich länger werden. Die jungen Triebe sind kahl und von einer glatten, orangefarbenen Rinde bedeckt, die sich später schuppig ablöst. Die Blätter sind ledrig, meist ganzrandig und länglich-eiförmig. Blätter an kräftigen Trieben oder an Stockausschlägen können auch gesägt sein. Die Oberseite ist glänzend dunkelgrün, die Unterseite blassgrün. Ausgewachsene Blätter sind 7,5 bis 12,5 Zentimeter lang und 3 bis 7 Zentimeter breit. Sie haben eine starke, blassgrüne Mittelrippe, die Spreite ist an der Basis leicht herzförmig, keilförmig oder abgerundet, die Spreitenspitze ist abgerundet oder zugespitzt. Der Blattstiel ist 12 bis 25 Millimeter lang und rinnig vertieft. Junge Blätter sind hellgrün, die Blattunterseite oft auch rosa gefärbt.[3] Die Blätter bleiben bis zum Frühsommer des zweiten Jahres am Baum, färben sich dann orange bis leuchtend rot und fallen im Juni und Juli ab.[5]
Der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum blüht abhängig von den Umweltbedingungen von Mitte März bis Mitte Mai. Er bildet 12,5 Zentimeter lange und etwa gleich breite, ährenförmige, behaarte Blütenstände aus kleinen, weißen, zwittrigen Blüten. Die Einzelblüte ist 8 Millimeter lang und kurz gestielt. Sie entspringt der Achsel eines bewimperten Tragblatts. Der kleine Kelch ist tief fünfzähnig, die fünflappige Blütenkrone ist glockenförmig verwachsen. Der Fruchtknoten ist kahl, die Narbe ist fünflappig, die zehn freien Staubblätter sind kürzer als die Kronblätter. Die Früchte werden zwischen Mitte September und Mitte Oktober reif und können bis zum Dezember am Baum bleiben. Sie sind runde bis birnenförmige Beeren mit Durchmesser von 8 bis 12 Millimeter. Reife Beeren sind rosafarben bis orangerot. Das dünne Exokarp ist drüsenreich und warzig. Sie enthalten 2 bis 37 mit Mittel 20 dunkelbraune Samen in fünf Fruchtfächern. Pro Baum werden bis zu 100.000 Beeren gebildet, 5.000 getrocknete Früchte wiegen etwa 1 Kilogramm, die Tausendkornmasse der Samen liegt zwischen 1,5 und 2,5 Gramm. Der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum trägt etwa nach drei bis fünf Jahren zum ersten Mal Früchte, Jahre mit wenigen oder keinen Früchten wiederholen sich etwa alle zehn Jahre.[5] Die Früchte werden von Vögeln, Nagern und Maultierhirschen[6] verbreitet, besonders wichtig für die Verbreitung sind Wildtauben. Die Samen keimen epigäisch.[4]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 26.[7]
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich etwa 1900 Kilometer entlang der Pazifikküste der Vereinigten Staaten und des südlichen Kanadas von 32 bis 50° nördlicher geographischer Breite. Die nördliche Grenze verläuft durch Vancouver Island und das benachbarte Festland, die südliche Grenze bei San Diego in Kalifornien. Ostwärts dringt die Art bis zu den Westhängen der Sierra Nevada bis auf Höhen von 800 bis 1300 Meter vor.[1] Die Obergrenze erreicht sie in den Klamath Mountains bei 1435 Metern Seehöhe.[2]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Amerikanischen Erdbeerbaums ist gekennzeichnet durch ein mildes, wolkenreiches Küstenklima mit mittleren Januar-Temperaturen zwischen 2 und 8 °C und mittleren Juli-Temperaturen zwischen 10 und 20 °C. Im Verbreitungsgebiet treten Temperaturen zwischen etwa −20 °C und 45 °C auf, durch strenge Fröste wird die Art geschädigt. Die Jahresniederschläge schwanken zwischen etwa 800 und 3000 Millimeter, etwa drei Viertel davon fallen von Oktober bis März meist als Regen. Die Art ist widerstandsfähig gegen Trockenheit. Sie besiedelt meist schwach saure Böden unterschiedlicher Herkunft, so vulkanische Tuffe, Sedimentgesteine und diluviale Sande. Besiedelt werden Lehme, Tone, grobe und kiesige Sande und flachgründige Böden.[2]
Die Bestäubung erfolgt durch Bienen. Kolibris nehmen auch an den Blüten Nahrung auf und könnten ebenfalls zur Bestäubung beitragen.[6]
Die Art tritt meist in küstennahen Wäldern einzeln oder gruppenweise auf, Reinbestände sind selten.[2] Im Norden kommt sie gemeinsam mit der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii), der Westamerikanischen Hemlocktanne (Tsuga heterophylla), der Rot-Erle (Alnus rubra), dem Oregon-Ahorn (Acer macrophyllum) und der Kalifornischen Schwarzeiche (Quercus kelloggii) vor. Im Süden gedeiht sie zusammen mit Douglasie, der Gelb-Kiefer (Pinus ponderosa), der Zucker-Kiefer (Pinus lambertiana), Pinus attenuata, der Kalifornischen Schwarzeiche (Quercus kelloggii) und Lithocarpus densiflorus.[8]
Der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum geht eine Mykorrhiza-Symbiose mit einer großen Zahl von Pilzarten ein. Unter Laborbedingungen mit dem Fliegenpilz (Amanita muscaria), mit dem Kahlen Krempling (Paxillus involutus), dem Gemeinen Erbsenstreuling (Pisolithus arhizus), dem Hohlfußröhrling (Suillus cavipes) und dem Röhrenpilz Rhizopogon vinicolor. In Nordkalifornien fand man Symbiosen mit Lyophyllum-Arten und Cenococcum geophilum.[4]
Der Gattungsname Arbutus stammt aus dem Lateinischen und wird unter anderen von Varro in seinem Werk Rerum Rusticarum de Agri Cultura, von Lukrez im De rerum natura , in Vergils Georgica und in den Carmina von Horaz erwähnt.[9] Das Artepitheton menziesii verweist auf den schottischen Gärtner und Pflanzensammler Archibald Menzies (1754–1842), der George Vancouver auf seinen Reisen in den Nordwesten Amerikas begleitete. Nach ihm ist auch die Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) benannt.[10]
Der englische Name Madrone geht auf den Botaniker und spanischen Missionar Juan Crespe zurück, der 1769 an einer spanischen Expedition teilnahm. Er erkannte die enge Verwandtschaft der Art mit dem mediterranen Westlichen Erdbeerbaum (Arbutus unedo), der auf Spanisch Madroño heißt.[1]
Der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum wird forstwirtschaftlich kaum genutzt. Lange gerade Stämme werden zu Furnieren (Madrona) für Möbel verarbeitet, sie werden zur Dielung oder als Paneele verwendet. Krumme Stämme dienen als Brennholz. Das Holz eignet sich zum Drechseln, und da es geruchsfrei ist als Material für Gefäße zum Aufbewahren von Lebensmitteln. Früher lieferte das Holz eine hochwertige Holzkohle zur Herstellung von Schießpulver, und die an Tanninen reiche Rinde diente zum Gerben von Leder. Die Früchte wurden von kalifornischen Indianern roh und gekocht verzehrt.[8]
Der Amerikanische Erdbeerbaum (Arbutus menziesii) ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung der Erdbeerbäume und einer der wenigen Laubbäume des amerikanischen Nordwestens. Kennzeichnend sind die leuchtend rotbraune, abblätternde Rinde und die ledrigen, glänzend grünen Blätter, die sich im Frühsommer purpurrot verfärben. Ein Höchstalter zwischen 200 und 250 Jahre ist mehrfach nachgewiesen worden, besonders starke Bäume schätzt man als doppelt so alt ein.
Arbutus menziesii or Pacific madrone (commonly madrone or madrona in the United States and arbutus in Canada), is a species of broadleaf evergreen tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the western coastal areas of North America, from British Columbia to California. It is nicknamed the "Refrigerator Tree" due to the fact that its bark contains water, and it stays cool in the summer.
Its waxy evergreen foliage, contorted growth habit, and distinctive flaky bark make it a striking sight in the coastal cliffs and hills where it is abundant.
Arbutus menziesii is an evergreen tree about 10 to 25 metres (33 to 82 feet) in height, but in the right conditions up to 30 m (98 ft). The trunk is usually about 60 centimetres (24 inches) thick.[4] The thin bark is a rich orange-red, and when mature naturally peels away in thin sheets, leaving a greenish, silvery appearance that has a smooth satin sheen.[5] Older trunks are gray-brown near the base.[4] The leaves are thick with a waxy texture, elliptical, 7 to 15 cm (2+3⁄4 to 6 in) long and 4 to 8 cm (1+1⁄2 to 3+1⁄4 in) broad, arranged spirally; they are glossy dark green above and a lighter, more grayish green beneath, with an entire margin. The leaves are evergreen, lasting a few years before detaching. Some second-year leaves turn orange to red and detach in the autumn.[4] In the north of its range, wet winters often promote a brown to black leaf discoloration due to fungal infections;[6][7] the stain lasts until the leaves naturally detach at the end of their lifespan. In spring, the tree bears sprays of small white to pink bell-like flowers,[4] and in autumn, red berries.[5] The berries dry up and have hooked barbs that latch onto larger animals for migration.
Individual specimens can live for over 300 years.[4]
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Tree
Leaves
The peeling red papery bark is distinctive
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In spring, it bears sprays of small, white, bell-shaped flowers.
Flower Buds
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Fruit of Arbutus menziesii
In Canada, it is simply referred to as arbutus. It is known in the United States as the madrona,[8] madrone, madroño, madroña, or bearberry. The name strawberry tree (A. unedo) may also be found in relation to A. menziesii (though it has no relation to the strawberry fruit). According to the Sunset Western Garden Book, in the United States, the name "madrone" is more common south of the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and Northern California and the name "madrona" is more common north of the Siskiyous. The Concow tribe calls the tree dis-tā'-tsi (Konkow language) or kou-wät′-chu.[9] Its species name was given it in honor of the Scottish naturalist Archibald Menzies, who noted it during George Vancouver's voyage of exploration.[10][11]
Madrones are native to the western coast of North America, from British Columbia (chiefly Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands) to California. They are mainly found in Puget Sound, the Oregon Coast Range, and California Coast Ranges, but are also scattered on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges. They are rare south of Santa Barbara County, with isolated stands south to Palomar Mountain in California.[5] One author lists their southern range as extending as far as Baja California in Mexico,[12] but others point out that there are no recorded specimens collected that far south,[5] and the trees are absent from modern surveys of native trees there.[13] However, other Arbutus species are endemic to the area.
It fares well in dry and rocky sites, is tolerant of salt water, but fairly intolerant of shade.[4]
Arbutus menziesii lignotuber near ground level provides fire-resistant storage of energy and sprouting buds if fire damage requires replacement of the trunk or limbs.
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Tree growing in snow at Gowlland Tod Provincial Park, British Columbia
Trees growing with Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii in Anacortes, Washington
Mature Trees at Deception Pass State Park
Mature tree at Big Basin Redwoods State Park, California
The tree can be found growing along with Douglas-fir.[4] The thin bark is susceptible to fire, but new saplings readily sprout after such disturbances.[4] Mature trees survive fire, and can regenerate more rapidly after fire than Douglas-firs. Pacific madrone also produce very large numbers of seeds, which sprout following fire.[5] The tree also sprouts from cut stems.[4]
Many mammal and bird species feed off the berries,[14] including juncos, American robins, cedar waxwings, band-tailed pigeons, varied thrushes, quail, mule deer, raccoons, ring-tailed cats, and bears. As the fruit are produced in great quantity and may persist on the tree into winter, their value as a food source is great. Mule deer will also eat the young shoots when the trees are regenerating after fire.[5][15] The flowers also produce nectar which can be made into honey.[16] Mature leaves are almost always ignored by browsing animals, but young leafy sprouts are eaten by ungulates and the dusky-footed woodrat. It is considered a high-importance winter forage species for many ungulates.[17]
It is important as a nest site for many birds,[15] and in mixed woodland it seems to be chosen for nestbuilding disproportionately to its numbers. This may be due to the susceptibility of the tree to heart rot, which makes it desirable for cavity-nesting birds. Pacific Madrona also provides cover for big game and small mammals, and perching sites for a variety of bird species. They are important habitat for woodpecker and sapsucker species.[17]
Arbutus menziesii has low disease resistance and hosts many pathogens such as heart rot, butt rot, and stem cankers. It is afflicted by a fungal leaf blister disease caused by Exobasidium vaccinii which causes mostly aesthetic damage.[17] The species is also lethally affected by fungi of the genus Phytophthora, including the sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) which damages branches and foliage,[5] and a canker disease caused by Phytophthora cactorum which leads to root and butt rot.[17] Other pathogens include Arbutus canker (Nattrassia mangiferae), which causes shoot blight; Fusicoccum aesculi which causes dieback and creates a burned appearance; and Neofusicoccum arbuti, madrone canker, which cause dead or dying branches, crown dieback, cankers, and sometimes death.[18] Thinning stands, soil loss and compaction, and a host of other impacts increase susceptibility to disease, especially on less dense stands.[17]
Although drought tolerant and relatively fast growing, Arbutus menziesii is currently declining throughout most of its range. One likely cause is fire control; under natural conditions, the madrona depends on intermittent naturally occurring fires to reduce the conifer overstory.[10][5][15]
Increasing development pressures in its native habitat have also contributed to a decline in the number of mature specimens. This tree is extremely sensitive to alteration of the grade or drainage near the root crown. Until about 1970, this phenomenon was not widely recognized on the west coast; thereafter, many local governments have addressed this issue by stringent restrictions on grading and drainage alterations when Arbutus menziesii trees are present.
Invasive species such as Scotch broom and gorse are a threat to the Pacific madrona as they can invade natural areas and outcompete young saplings for space, light, nutrients, and water.[17]
During the Soberanes Fire in the summer of 2016, the largest known specimen of madrone was burned and possibly killed. The tree, 38 m (125 ft) tall and more than 7.6 m (25 ft) in circumference, was listed on the American Forests National Big Tree list, a register of the biggest trees by species in the United States. The tree was located within the Joshua Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve on the Big Sur Coast of California.[19] The fire was caused by an illegal campfire.[20]
The trees are difficult to transplant and a seedling should be set in its permanent spot while still small.[7] Transplant mortality becomes significant once a madrone is more than 1 foot (30 cm) tall. The site should be sunny (south- or west-facing slopes are best), well drained, and lime-free (although occasionally a seedling will establish itself on a shell midden). In its native range, a tree needs no extra water or food once it has become established. Water and nitrogen fertilizer will boost its growth, but at the cost of making it more susceptible to disease.
This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[21]
Native Americans ate the berries raw and cooked, but because the berries have a high tannin content and are thus astringent, they more often chewed them or made them into a cider. Overeating causes cramps.[16] Native Americans also use the berries to make necklaces and other decorations, and as bait for fishing (as did the Karuk people to catch steelhead).[4] Bark and leaves were used to treat stomach aches, cramps, skin ailments, and sore throats. The bark was often made into a tea to be drunk for these medicinal purposes.[15][22]
Early Californian settlers may have used charcoal from the species to make gunpowder.[4]
The wood is durable and has a warm color after finishing, so it has become more popular as a flooring material, especially in the Pacific Northwest.[23] An attractive veneer can also be made from the wood.[24] However, because large pieces of madrona lumber warp severely and unpredictably during the drying process, they are not used much.[11] Madrone is burned for firewood, though,[15][25] since it is a very hard and dense wood that burns long and hot, surpassing even oak in this regard. The Saanich people of British Columbia have a prohibition against burning arbutus due to its salvific role in their creation myths.[26]
Arbutus menziesii or Pacific madrone (commonly madrone or madrona in the United States and arbutus in Canada), is a species of broadleaf evergreen tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the western coastal areas of North America, from British Columbia to California. It is nicknamed the "Refrigerator Tree" due to the fact that its bark contains water, and it stays cool in the summer.
Its waxy evergreen foliage, contorted growth habit, and distinctive flaky bark make it a striking sight in the coastal cliffs and hills where it is abundant.
La Menzies-arbuto (Arbutus menziesii), estas specio de arbuto trovita ĉe la okcidenta marbordo de Nordameriko, ekde Brita Kolumbio (precipe Vankuvera Insulo kaj Golf-Insularo) al Kalifornio (precipe en Puĝetio, Oregona Marborda Montaro kaj Kaliforniaj Marbordaj Montaroj sed ankaŭ dissemite je la okcidenta deklivo de Sierra Nevada ). Ĝi malofte vegetas sude de Kantono Santa Barbara, kun izolaj arbareroj sude de Monto Palomar, Kantono San Diego kaj norda Malsupra Kalifornio, Meksiko. Loke ĝi ankaŭ estas konata kiel madroño, madroña, bearberry, refrigerator tree aŭ strawberry tree. En Usono la nomo madrone estas uzita sude de Siskiju-Montaro de suda Oregono/norda Kalifornio kaj madrona norde de Siskiju-Montaro [2]. En Brita Kolumbio ĝi estas simple menciita kiel arbutus. Per la scienca kaj la Esperanta nomo oni honoras la skotan naturaliston Archibald Menzies kiu registris la arbon dum la esplorvojaĝo de George Vancouver.
Tiu nearktisa ĉiamverda foliarbo havas riĉ-oranĝ-ruĝan ŝelon kiu, kiam ĝi maturiĝas, nature senŝeliĝas en maldikajn ŝiraĵojn, postlasante verdetan, arĝente brilan aspekton kun satena brilo kaj glateco. La elmetita ligno foje sentas freŝa al la tuŝo. Printempe, Menzies-arbuto produktas nubojn de malgrandaj sonoril-similaj floroj, kaj aŭtune, ruĝajn berojn. La beroj sekiĝas kaj havas hokojn kiuj kroĉiĝas sur pli grandaj bestoj por migrado. Estas kutime vidi Menzies-arbutojn kiuj altas 10-25 metrojn, sed favor-cirkonstance la arboj atingas ĝis 30 metrojn. En plej bonaj kondiĉoj Menzies-arbutoj povas ankaŭ atingi trunkodiametron de 1,50 metroj, multe kiel kverko. La folioj estas dikaj, vaksaj, ovalaj, longas 7-15 cm, larĝas 4-8 cm kaj estas spirale aranĝitaj; ili estas brila malhelverdaj supre kaj plihele griz-verdaj malsupre, kun glata rando. La folioj estas ĉiamverdaj, restantaj dum kelkaj jaroj antaŭ malfiksiĝo, sed en la nordo de la Menzies-arbuta arealo, humidaj vintroj ofte stimulas brunigadon aŭ nigrigadon kaŭze de fungaj infektoj. La makuloj postrestas ĝis la natura vivofino de la folioj.
La arboj estas malfacile transplanteblaj kaj plantido estas metenda en sia daŭra loko dum ĝi estas malgranda. Transplantada mortoŝanco iĝas signifa post kiam la plantido altas pli ol 30 cm. La kreskejo devus esti suna ( suden aŭ okcidenten fruntantaj deklivoj estas plej bonaj ), bone drenita, kaj senkalka (kvankam foje plantido establos sin sur tereno de konkoj). En ĝia indiĝena arealo, arbo ne bezonas ekstran akvon aŭ nutraĵon post kiam ĝi fariĝas establita. Akvo kaj nitrogenosterko akcelos ĝian kreskon, sed malprofite al plia sentemo al malsanoj.
La indianoj manĝis la berojn, sed ĉar la beroj havas altan tanino-enhavon kaj estas tiel adstringaj, ili plejofte maĉis ilin aŭ transformis ilin en cidron. Multaj mamulo- kaj birdospecoj manĝas berojn, inkluzive de migra turdo, amerika bombicilo, strivosta kolombo, nigroranĝa turdo, koturno, hemiona cervo, lav-urso, ringovosta basarisko, kaj ursoj. Hemiona cervo ankaŭ manĝos la junajn ŝosojn kiam la arboj regeneriĝas post fajro. Menzies-arbuto ankaŭ estas grava kiel nestejo por multaj birdoj, kaj en miksaj duonarbaroj ĝi ŝajnas esti elektita por nestkonstruado misproporcie al sia nombro. La ligno estas longdaŭra kaj havas varman koloron post glatigado, do ĝi estiĝis pli populara por plankomaterialo, speciale en la pacific-nordokcidenta regiono. Alloga fornirligno [3] estas farebla el la ligno. Tamen, ĉar grandaj pecoj de Menzies-arbuta konstruligno severe kaj neatendite tordiĝas dum la sekiĝada procezo, ĝi ne multe estas uzita. Ĝia plej ofta uzo estas tiu de brulligno, ĉar ĝi estas tre malmola kaj densa ligno kiu brulas tre longe kaj varme, superante eĉ kverkon tiurilate.
Kvankam trosekeco-rezistema kaj relative rapid-kreskema, Menzies-arbuto nuntempe ĝenerale malprogresas en la plej granda parto de sia arealo. Verŝajna kialo estas kontrolo de arbaraj incendioj : sub naturaj cirkonstancoj, Menzies-arbuto dependas de alterne okazantaj incendioj por redukti la koniferan kanopeon. Maturaj arboj postvivas fajron, kaj povas regeneriĝi pli rapide post fajro ol la Menzies-pseŭdocugoj kun kiuj ili ofte estas asociataj. Ili ankaŭ produktas nombregojn da semoj, kiuj ĝermas post fajro.
Kreskantaj evoluopremoj en ĝia indiĝena vivejo ankaŭ kontribuis al malprogreso de la nombro da maturaj specimenoj. Tiu arbo estas ekstreme sentema al ŝanĝo de grundo aŭ drenado proksime de la radikosistemo. Ĝis proksimume 1970, tiu fenomeno ne estis vaste rekonita sur la okcidenta marbordo; poste, multaj lokaj administracioj traktis tiun temon de rigoraj restriktoj sur grundoprilaboroj kaj drenadoŝanĝoj kiam ĉeestas Menzies-arbutoj. La specio ankaŭ estas malaltgrade afekciita de "subita kverkomorto", malsano kaŭzita de ŝosoformorto (Phytophthora ramorum).
La Menzies-arbuto (Arbutus menziesii), estas specio de arbuto trovita ĉe la okcidenta marbordo de Nordameriko, ekde Brita Kolumbio (precipe Vankuvera Insulo kaj Golf-Insularo) al Kalifornio (precipe en Puĝetio, Oregona Marborda Montaro kaj Kaliforniaj Marbordaj Montaroj sed ankaŭ dissemite je la okcidenta deklivo de Sierra Nevada ). Ĝi malofte vegetas sude de Kantono Santa Barbara, kun izolaj arbareroj sude de Monto Palomar, Kantono San Diego kaj norda Malsupra Kalifornio, Meksiko. Loke ĝi ankaŭ estas konata kiel madroño, madroña, bearberry, refrigerator tree aŭ strawberry tree. En Usono la nomo madrone estas uzita sude de Siskiju-Montaro de suda Oregono/norda Kalifornio kaj madrona norde de Siskiju-Montaro . En Brita Kolumbio ĝi estas simple menciita kiel arbutus. Per la scienca kaj la Esperanta nomo oni honoras la skotan naturaliston Archibald Menzies kiu registris la arbon dum la esplorvojaĝo de George Vancouver.
Arbutus menziesii, es una especie perteneciente a la familia de las ericáceas. Se encuentra en la costa oeste de América del Norte, desde la Columbia Británica (en particular, la Isla de Vancouver) hasta California. Crece también, de forma dispersa, en la vertiente oeste de Sierra Nevada. Aisladamente llega al condado de San Diego y el norte de Baja California, México.
Arbutus menziesii es un árbol de hoja persistente y de hoja ancha, la corteza es de color rojo-naranja y forma tiras en la madera madura. Florece en primavera con flores acampanadas y en otoño los frutos maduran y son de color rojo. Es común ver madroños del Pacífico de 10 a 25 m de alto pero puede llegar a 30 m. Las hojas son ovales de 7-15 cm de largo y de 4-8 cm de ancho y se disponen espiraladas, el margen es entero.
Los nativos americanos se comían las bayas pero éstas tienen muchos taninos y son astringentes y más a menudo las masticaban o la convertían en bebida alcohólica. Muchos mamíferos y pájaros se alimentan de sus bayas. Su madera se utiliza para la fabricación de pisos parqués.
Aunque es tolerante a la sequía y relativamente de crecimiento rápido, Arbutus menziesii actualmente está en declive. Depende de forma natural de incendios periódicos para reducir la competencia que le hacen las coníferas. Los madroños maduros sobreviven después del incendio y se regeneran más deprisa que el abeto de Douglas, además tienen muchas semillas que germinan después del fuego. El control humano de los incendios, pues, le perjudica. Otras causas de su declive son las enfermedades fitopatológicas.
Arbutus menziesii fue descrita por Frederick Traugott Pursh y publicado en Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, . . . 1: 282. 1814[1813].[2]
Arbutus: nombre antiguo del "madroño".
El epíteto específico menziesii recibe el nombre en honor de Archibald Menzies que la encontró durante la expedición de George Vancouver.
Arbutus menziesii, es una especie perteneciente a la familia de las ericáceas. Se encuentra en la costa oeste de América del Norte, desde la Columbia Británica (en particular, la Isla de Vancouver) hasta California. Crece también, de forma dispersa, en la vertiente oeste de Sierra Nevada. Aisladamente llega al condado de San Diego y el norte de Baja California, México.
Kalifornianmansikkapuu (Arbutus menziesii)[2] on puulaji mansikkapuiden suvussa ja kanervakasvien (Ericaceae) heimossa. Se kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla Yhdysvaltain luoteisosissa ja Kanadan lounaisosissa. Se on ainoa Kanadassa luonnonvaraisena kasvava ainavihanta puumainen kukkiva kasvi.[3]
Kalifornianmansikkapuu on pieni tai keskikokoinen puu. Se kasvaa yleensä 4–10 metriä korkeaksi, mutta voi kasvaa huomattavasti korkeammaksikin suotuisalla paikalla. Karummilla kasvupaikoilla se jää usein pensasmaiseksi.[1][4][5]
Kaarna on sileää, pinnalta oranssinpunaista ja hilseilee paperimaisina kaistaleina paljastaen vaaleampia alempia kerroksia.[1][5] Alemmat kerrokset tummuvat punaisiksi pian altistuttuaan valolle. Vanhemmilla puilla rungon kaarna on tumman harmahtavaa.[1]
Lehdet ovat yksinkertaisia, pyöristyneen soikeita, 6,5–13 senttimetriä pitkiä ja 3,5–6 senttimetriä leveitä. Lehdet ovat yleensä pyöristyneitä tyvestään ja kärjestään, mutta voivat olla myös hieman hertta- tai kiilatyvisiä sekä suippokärkisiä. Lehtilapa on yleensä karvaton, nahkeapintainen ja tummanvihreä yläpinnaltaan sekä vahapintaisen harmahtavanvihreä alapinnaltaan.[1] Lehtiruoti on 2–4,5 senttimetriä pitkä. Se on tavallisesti kalju, mutta joskus alapinnaltaan karvainen ja tyvestään johteinen.[1] Kalifornianmansikkapuu on ainavihanta ja talvehtii lehtineen. Yksittäiset lehdet pysyvät puussa hieman yli vuoden ja putoavat kesällä uusien lehtien puhjettua. Lehtien väritys muuttuu keltaiseksi tai punertavaksi ennen niiden putoamista.[1]
Kaksineuvoiset kukat kasvavat usein kerrannaisissa tertuissa.[1][4] Kukintovarret ovat karvaisia. Kukat ovat nuokkuvia ja yleisväriltään valkoisia. Kukkaperä on 3–5 millimetriä pitkä ja kalju tai harvan nystykarvainen.[1] Suojuslehdet ovat suomumaisia, ruskeita ja 2–3,5 mm pitkiä. Verholehdet ovat 1–2,1 millimetriä pitkiä. Teriö on 4,9–5,8 mm pitkä, muodoltaan kellomainen ja suureksi osaksi yhteenkasvanut.[1][4] Sikiäimessä on yleensä viisi lokeroa, joissa on 2–5 siemenaihetta.[1][6] Kukinta tapahtuu alueesta riippuen huhti-kesäkuussa.[1] Kukat ovat hyönteispölytteisiä ja niiden yleisimpinä pölyttäjinä toimivat mehiläiset.[4]
Hedelmä on tyypiltään marja. Pyöreät punaiset marjat ovat 0,8–2 senttimetriä halkaisijaltaan.[6] Ne kypsyvät yleensä heinä-syyskuussa, mutta saattavat pysyä puussa seuraavaan vuoteen asti.[1] Siemenet ovat 2–2,5 millimetriä pitkiä.[1] Monet eläimet, varsinkin linnut syövät hedelmiä ja levittävät siemeniä. Kalifornianmansikkapuu alkaa tavallisesti tuottaa marjoja 3–5-vuotiaana. Puu lisääntyy myös kasvullisesti juuriversoilla.[6]
Kalifornianmansikkapuu kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla Yhdysvalloista keskisestä Kaliforniasta Oregonin ja Washingtonin kautta Kanadan Brittiläisen Kolumbian eteläosiin. Se kasvaa avoimissa metsissä, rinteillä, rotkoissa ja rannoilla. Lajia esiintyy merenpinnantasosta 1 800 metrin korkeuteen.[1]
Kalifornianmansikkapuu on mereisen lauhkean vyöhykkeen ilmaston puu, joka viihtyy alueilla, joilla on leudot talvet ja viileät kesät. Sen elinalueiden vuosittainen keskimääräinen sadanta on yleensä 790–3 000 millimetriä, talvien kylmimpien kuukausien keskilämpötila on 2–8 celsiusastetta ja lämpimimpien kesäkuukausien keskilämpötila on 15–25 °C[6]
Laji kasvaa yleensä hiekkaisilla ja savipitoisilla hyvin vettä läpäisevillä mailla. Sitä esiintyy kuitenkin hyvin monenlaisilla maannostyypeillä.[6][7]
Kalifornianmansikkapuu kasvaa usein metsissä suurempien puiden muodostaman latvuskerroksen alla. Yleisiä valtapuulajeja näissä metsissä ovat douglaskuusi (Pseudotsuga menziesii), lännenhemlokki (Tsuga heterophylla), lawsoninsypressi (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), punapuu (Sequoia sempervirens) ja keltamänty (Pinus ponderosa). Kalifornianmansikkapuu viihtyy paremmin varjossa tai puolivarjossa kuin auringossa nuorena, mutta vanhemmiten tarvitsee enemmän valoa.[6]
Puun kaarna ei suojaa sitä tulelta ja metsäpalot tuhoavat usein kalifornianmansikkapuun maanpäälliset osat lähes kokonaan, mutta puu pystyy palon jälkeen versomaan tyven pahkoistaan tai juuristostaan nopeasti.[4][6] Useat sienitaudit vaurioittavat puuta, varsinkin sen lehtiä.[6]
Puuaines on kovaa ja suhteellisen kestävää. Sitä käytetään rakentamiseen, sisustukseen ja huonekalujen valmistukseen. Puuta on historiallisesti käytetty paljon enemmän kuin nykyisin. Kalifornianmansikkapuuta arvostetaan myös koristepuuna näyttävän kaarnansa, kiiltävien ainavihantien lehtiensä ja värikkäiden marjojensa vuoksi.[6] Marjat ovat syötäviä, mutta niitä ei käytetä laajalti.[7]
Kalifornianmansikkapuu (Arbutus menziesii) on puulaji mansikkapuiden suvussa ja kanervakasvien (Ericaceae) heimossa. Se kasvaa luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla Yhdysvaltain luoteisosissa ja Kanadan lounaisosissa. Se on ainoa Kanadassa luonnonvaraisena kasvava ainavihanta puumainen kukkiva kasvi.
Arbutus menziesii ou arbousier d'Amérique[1] est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Ericaceae, originaire d’Amérique du Nord.
Il peut être utilisé comme arbre ornemental et peut atteindre 25 mètres de haut[réf. nécessaire].
Arbutus menziesii est un arbre dont la fine écorce rouge orangé s'exfolie. Il mesure généralement 10 à 25 m en hauteur, mais dans de bonnes conditions il peut mesurer plus de 30 m[réf. nécessaire]. La hauteur moyenne est de 20 m pour 60 cm de diamètre, et il peut atteindre un âge avancé, soit environ 200 ans[1]. La disposition irrégulière des branches lui confère une silhouette tordue, souvent inclinée, et une cime de forme irrégulière.
Les bourgeons sont verts, et couverts de nombreuses écailles imbriquées. Le bourgeon terminal est plus grand que les bourgeons axillaires et mesure 8 mm en moyenne[1]. Les rameaux, vert pâle lorsqu'ils sont jeunes, sont robustes, non velus et deviennent brun rougeâtre avec l'âge. Le bois brun rougeâtre est lourd, dur, à grain fin, mais a tendance à se déformer et se fendre au séchage[1].
Les feuilles persistantes ont une disposition alterne et une forme simple. Elles sont portées par un pétiole ne présentant pas de stipule à la base[1]. Elles sont ovales, assez coriaces, et mesurent de 7 à 12 cm de longueur[1] pour 4 à 8 cm en largeur[réf. nécessaire]. De couleur vert sombre luisant sur le dessus, elles sont plus pâles et grisâtres sur le dessous, mais ne sont pas velues ; elles ont tendance à devenir rougeâtres avec l'âge. La large nervure principale, pâle, donne naissance à 20 à 30 nervures secondaires par côté de la feuille[1]. La bordure est entière, le plus souvent lisse, mais pouvant présenter de petites dents chez les individus jeunes. Les feuilles tombent généralement lors de leur 2e saison de croissance[1].
Au printemps, il porte des fleurs en forme de clochettes, et en automne, des baies rouges.
Les fleurs blanches, à odeur de miel, apparaissent en même temps que les jeunes feuilles. Situées en position terminale, elles sont disposées en grappes tombantes. Chaque fleur mesure environ 1 cm[1].
Les baies rouge-orangé ont une surface granuleuse. Elles mesurent généralement moins de 1 cm de diamètre[1]. Elles sèchent et possèdent des barbules qui s'accrochent sur le pelage ou le plumage de plus gros animaux lors des migrations[réf. nécessaire].
Il est originaire de la côte Pacifique du continent nord-américain. On le trouve du Canada (Colombie-Britannique) aux États-Unis (Oregon, Washington et Californie), sur une bande étroite bordant l'océan Pacifique.
Cette espèce aime la lumière et pousse souvent sur les rivages rocailleux du Pacifique ou en bordure de forêts, bien qu'on puisse aussi le rencontrer dans le sous-bois. Dans son aire de répartition, il a tendance à envahir les zones récemment déboisées[1].
Arbutus menziesii est décrit scientifiquement pour la première fois en 1813-1814 par le botaniste germano-américain Frederick Traugott Pursh dans l'ouvrage Flora Americae Septentrionalis[2]. Le nom d’espèce est un hommage au médecin, botaniste et artiste britannique Archibald Menzies, qui avait récolté le spécimen type au cours d’un de ses voyages sur la côte pacifique de l'Amérique du Nord à la fin du XVIIIe siècle[3].
Fleurs
Feuille et fruits mûrs
Écorce
Arbutus menziesii ou arbousier d'Amérique est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Ericaceae, originaire d’Amérique du Nord.
Il peut être utilisé comme arbre ornemental et peut atteindre 25 mètres de haut[réf. nécessaire].
Arbutus menziesii of madrona[1] is een soort uit de Heidefamilie (Ericaceae) die van nature voorkomt langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika, van Brits-Columbia tot Zuid-Californië. In het Engels wordt de boom Pacific madrona of madrone genoemd. Ten noorden van de Siskiyou Mountains spreekt men van madrona terwijl men ten zuiden ervan madrone verkiest. Andere namen zijn madroño, madroña en bearberry. In Canada noemt men de soort kortweg Arbutus.
Arbutus menziesii is een groenblijvende boom of struik met een felgekleurde oranjerode bast. Bij een volgroeide boom pelt die van nature af in dunne velletjes, waardoor de stam een zilvergroene, satijnige uitstraling krijgt. Bomen worden doorgaans 4 à 10 meter groot. De bomen kunnen in optimale omstandigheden tot 30 meter hoog worden. De stam kan tot 2,5 meter dik worden.
De bladeren zijn dik en glanzend. Ze zijn ovaal en worden 7 à 15 centimeter lang en 4 à 8 centimeter breed. De bovenzijde is glossy donkergroen terwijl de onderzijde grijzer en lichter is. De bladeren blijven enkele jaren aan de takken hangen zonder hun groene kleur te verliezen.
In de lente draagt Arbutus menziesii kleine klokvormige bloemen en in de herfst rode bessen. De bessen beschikken over stekeltjes waardoor ze aan de pels van grote dieren blijven haken, en zo verspreid worden.
Vervellende bast
Loof en bloemen
Madrona's zijn inheems langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika van Brits-Columbia tot Californië. Ze komen vooral voor rond de Puget Sound en in de Pacific Coast Ranges van Oregon en Californië, maar ook op de westelijke flanken van de Sierra Nevada en Cascade Range komen ze in minder mate voor. Ten zuiden van Santa Barbara County is de soort een zeldzame verschijning. Palomar Mountain in San Diego County is de meest zuidelijke locatie waar de soort van nature voorkomt.
In Europa komt Arbutus menziesii slechts zeldzaam voor als aangeplante boom in oude en grote tuinen.[1] De planten zijn moeilijk te verplaatsen.
Arbutus menziesii of madrona is een soort uit de Heidefamilie (Ericaceae) die van nature voorkomt langs de westkust van Noord-Amerika, van Brits-Columbia tot Zuid-Californië. In het Engels wordt de boom Pacific madrona of madrone genoemd. Ten noorden van de Siskiyou Mountains spreekt men van madrona terwijl men ten zuiden ervan madrone verkiest. Andere namen zijn madroño, madroña en bearberry. In Canada noemt men de soort kortweg Arbutus.
Madrona (Arbutus menziesii) er en plante i lyngfamilien.
Den er et eviggrønt tre som blir 6–30 m høyt og som ofte har flere stammer. Barken er purpurfarget og faller av i store flak, som etterlater store gulrosa flekker. Bladene er spredte, læraktige og helrandete. Blomstene er hvite og sitter i opprette, endestilte klaser. Bærene er små, én cm i diameter, og dekket av små vorter.
Arten er utbredt langs den nordamerikanske stillehavskysten over en strekning på 1880 km fra nord til sør. Nordgrensen er på østkysten av Vancouver Island og fastlandet innenfor i den kanadiske provinsen Britisk Columbia, og sørgrensen er Palomar Mountain i San Diego County. Den er ganske sjelden i California sør for San Luis Obispo County og Calaveras County.
I vestlige Britisk Columbia, Washington og Oregon vokser madrona sammen med douglasgran, vestamerikansk hemlokk, oregoneik, rødor, oregonlønn og Cornus nuttallii. Lenger sør kommer flere arter inn som gullfuru, Notholithocarpus densiflorus, sukkerfuru, coloradogran, lawsonsypress, redwood, californialaurbær, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus kelloggii og andre løvfellende og eviggrønne eikearter.
Bladverk
Bark
Blomster
Frukt
Madrona (Arbutus menziesii) er en plante i lyngfamilien.
Den er et eviggrønt tre som blir 6–30 m høyt og som ofte har flere stammer. Barken er purpurfarget og faller av i store flak, som etterlater store gulrosa flekker. Bladene er spredte, læraktige og helrandete. Blomstene er hvite og sitter i opprette, endestilte klaser. Bærene er små, én cm i diameter, og dekket av små vorter.
Arten er utbredt langs den nordamerikanske stillehavskysten over en strekning på 1880 km fra nord til sør. Nordgrensen er på østkysten av Vancouver Island og fastlandet innenfor i den kanadiske provinsen Britisk Columbia, og sørgrensen er Palomar Mountain i San Diego County. Den er ganske sjelden i California sør for San Luis Obispo County og Calaveras County.
I vestlige Britisk Columbia, Washington og Oregon vokser madrona sammen med douglasgran, vestamerikansk hemlokk, oregoneik, rødor, oregonlønn og Cornus nuttallii. Lenger sør kommer flere arter inn som gullfuru, Notholithocarpus densiflorus, sukkerfuru, coloradogran, lawsonsypress, redwood, californialaurbær, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus kelloggii og andre løvfellende og eviggrønne eikearter.
Arbutus menziesii je listnatý vždyzelený strom, ktorý je druhom arbutusu a bežne sa nachádza na západnom pobreží Severnej Ameriky, od Britskej Kolumbie (najmä Vancouverovom ostrove) po Kaliforniu. V Kalifornii sa vyskytuje na svahoch pohoria Pacific Coast Range, no dá sa nájsť aj na západných svahoch pohoria Sierra Nevada. Na juh od okresu Santa Barbara sa vyskytuje zriedkavo, izolované zhluky arbutusov sa nachádzajú južne od pohoria Palomar v okrese San Diego a na severe Kalifornského polostrova v Mexiku.
Arbutus menziesii dosahuje bežne výšku 10 metrov, no pri správnych podmienkach môže dorásť aj do výšky 30 metrov. Je pomenovaný podľa škótskeho prírodovedca Archibalda Menziesa, ktorý strom pre európanov objavil počas výpravy kapitána Georgea Vancouvera.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Arbutus menziesii
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Arbutus menziesii
Tento článok týkajúci sa botaniky je zatiaľ „výhonok“. Pomôž Wikipédii tým, že ho doplníš a rozšíriš. Arbutus menziesii je listnatý vždyzelený strom, ktorý je druhom arbutusu a bežne sa nachádza na západnom pobreží Severnej Ameriky, od Britskej Kolumbie (najmä Vancouverovom ostrove) po Kaliforniu. V Kalifornii sa vyskytuje na svahoch pohoria Pacific Coast Range, no dá sa nájsť aj na západných svahoch pohoria Sierra Nevada. Na juh od okresu Santa Barbara sa vyskytuje zriedkavo, izolované zhluky arbutusov sa nachádzajú južne od pohoria Palomar v okrese San Diego a na severe Kalifornského polostrova v Mexiku.
Arbutus menziesii dosahuje bežne výšku 10 metrov, no pri správnych podmienkach môže dorásť aj do výšky 30 metrov. Je pomenovaný podľa škótskeho prírodovedca Archibalda Menziesa, ktorý strom pre európanov objavil počas výpravy kapitána Georgea Vancouvera.
Назву суничник дерево отримало ще від іспанських поселенців, що помітили його схожість з суничником звичайним (Arbutus unedo).
Вічнозелена листяна рослина до 30 м висотою. Дуже міцне дерево, що здатне витримувати сильні вітри, брак поживних речовин у ґрунті, лісові пожежі. Має помітну гладеньку кору, що впродовж більшої частини року має насичений коричнево-оранжевий колір, а влітку блякне і починає відшаровуватися, оголяючи молоду зеленовато-кремову кору, прохолодну і клейку на дотик. Суничник має білі дзвоникоподібні квіти у великих суцвіттях та тверді кулясті плоди зі зморшкуватою шкіркою та кислуватим смаком.
Росте на західному узбережжі Північної Америки: від Південно-західної частини Британської Колумбії (Канада) до північної частини півострова Каліфорнія (Мексика), де трапляється найчастіше між узбережжям Тихого океану до гір Сьєрра-Невада. Зустрічається на кам'янистих ґрунтах у хвойних лісах разом з Pinus ponderosa та у вічнозелених рідколіссях.
Корінне населення Америки вживало плоди суничника в їжу, переважно у вигляді сидру, оскільки вони містять високу концентрацію таніну. З кори робили лікувальний чай.
Доросле дерево
Квіти у китицях
Листя
Нестиглі плоди
Стиглі плоди
Стара і молода кора
Це незавершена стаття про Вересові.Arbutus menziesii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được Pursh mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1813.[2]
Bài viết Họ Thạch nam (Ericaceae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Arbutus menziesii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được Pursh mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1813.
Земляничное дерево Менциса[2], или Земляничник Менциса (лат. Arbutus menziesii) — вечнозелёные деревья, вид рода Земляничное дерево (Arbutus) семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae).
Вид назван в честь шотландского хирурга и натуралиста Арчибальда Менциса.
На гербе столицы испанского государства - Мадрида изображено земляничное дерево (мадрона), плоды которого поедает медведь. Узнаваемый символ можно увидеть на многих объектах легендарного города[3].
В природе ареал вида охватывает запад Северной Америки, от Британской Колумбии до Калифорнии.
Введено в культуру в 1827 году. В России встречается редко, только на Чёрноморском побережье Кавказа, в Адлере.
Дерево высотой до 25 м, с красновато-бурой корой.
Листья эллиптические или обратнояйцевидные, длиной 5—15 см, шириной до 7 см, на верхушке тупые или заострённые, с широко клиновидным, закруглённым или слегка сердцевидным основанием, цельнокрайние или мелко и неясно пильчатые, голые или в молодости слегка опушённые, сверху зелёные, с нижней стороны сизые, на черешках 1—3 см.
Соцветия пирамидальные, стоячие, кистевидные, длиной 6—15 см. Венчик длиной 7—8 мм, белый.
Плоды широко эллипсоидальные или обратнояйцевидные, длиной 1—1,3 см, оранжево-красные, густо-бугорчатые, слегка тупо-ребристые.
Цветёт в мае — июне. Плодоносит в сентябре — ноябре.
Вид Земляничное дерево Менциса входит в род Земляничное дерево (Arbutus) подсемейства Arbutoideae семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae) порядка Верескоцветные (Ericales).
Земляничное дерево Менциса, или Земляничник Менциса (лат. Arbutus menziesii) — вечнозелёные деревья, вид рода Земляничное дерево (Arbutus) семейства Вересковые (Ericaceae).
Вид назван в честь шотландского хирурга и натуралиста Арчибальда Менциса.
На гербе столицы испанского государства - Мадрида изображено земляничное дерево (мадрона), плоды которого поедает медведь. Узнаваемый символ можно увидеть на многих объектах легендарного города.
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