Aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis) have been known to prey on adult tropical kingbirds, while eggs and young have been attacked by swallow-tailed kites (Elanoides forficatus) and chestnut-mandibled toucans (Ramphastos swainsonii). Tyrannus melancholicus will aggressively harass a flying predator by dipping and dodging toward it from behind. It will also mob perched predators, attacking either individually, in pairs or in small groups.
Known Predators:
Tyrannus melancholicus has a long, dark forked tail and a fairly large bill. It weighs 32 to 43 g, is 18 to 23 cm long and has a wingspan of about 12 cm. Its head is a pale gray with contrasting darker cheeks and a patch of reddish orange on its crown. It has grayish-olive upperparts, a pale throat, a darker upper breast and a bright yellow lower breast. The plumage is not greatly affected by seasonal change. The sexes are similar except for the size of the reddish-orange crown-patch and the difference in shape of the outer primaries (males' primaries are more distinctly notched). Females tend to weigh slightly more than males. Although juvenile tropical kingbirds are physically similar to adults, they have browner upperparts and pale edges to their wings.
Tropical kingbirds are most similar to Couch's kingbirds (Tyrannus couchii) but can be distinguished by their call. Additionally, tropical kingbirds, although slightly smaller, have a longer bill than Couch's kingbirds.
The subspecies Tyrannus melancholicus satrapa is paler in color and smaller than T. melancholicus.
Range mass: 32 to 43 g.
Range length: 18 to 23 cm.
Average wingspan: 12 cm.
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; sexes colored or patterned differently
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Predators are the main cause of mortality among T. melancholicus. Nest failure, which may occur from overheating, strong winds, and precipitation, is also a threat to T. melancholicus.
Tropical kingbirds are found in open woodlands, (particularly cottonwoods) that are near ponds or flowing streams. They can be found up to 2000 m in elevation. They inhabit open or semi-open country, avoiding densely forested areas, and can be found in temperate and tropical climates. Tropical kingbirds may also live in parks and suburbs.
Range elevation: 2000 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; riparian
Tyrannus melancholicus breeds from southeastern Arizona (Nearctic Region) to South America (Neotropical Region). Its winters are spent in Mexico (Nearctic Region) to South America (Neotropical Region).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Tyrannus melancholicus is primarily an insectivore; it also occasionally feeds on fruit. It feeds mostly on flying insects, including Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (particularly bees and wasps), Isoptera (termites), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Odonata (dragonflies), and Orthoptera (grasshoppers). Its fruit diet consists of seeded fruits and berries.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: fruit
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Tyrannus melancholicus acts as a host for various species of cowbirds. This means that the cowbirds will lay their eggs in a tropical kingbird's nest, and the tropical kingbird will raise the cowbird young as if it were its own. It is also host to many species of parasites. These include parasites that live in the bird's blood, body cavity, and on its skin. Nasal mites have also been found living in T. melancholicus.
Tyrannus melancholicus also plays an important role in seed dispersal, and as an insectivore it serves as an important predator for insects.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Tyrannus melancholicus is beneficial in agricultural areas because it feeds on insects that may be crop pests (for example, grasshoppers).
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
There are no known adverse affects of Tyrannus melancholicus on humans.
Tropical kingbirds are protected under the US Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
As a songbird, Tyrannus melancholicus communicates primarily through vocalizations. It will call when greeting another tropical kingbird and when chasing a predator. A male will also call when it is courting and following its mate.
The common call, which varies depending on the context, sounds like a "tere-ee-ee, tril-il-il-iil-l," or "tre-e-e-e-eip."
Tropical kingbird's songs are given throughout the day, even in the middle of the day when most other birds are silent. They also sing a song known as the Dawn Song, which they begin before sunrise, before most of the other birds begin to sing. Tyrannus melancholicus will stop singing the Dawn Song by sunrise and will not repeat it until the dawn of the next morning.
When courting, a perched male will flap its wings, sometimes lifting off from its perched position.
Tyrannus melancholicus may show aggressive behavior when defending its territory; chases often occur during the breeding season. Such aggressive behavior may include ruffling of crown feathers and a harsh series of vocalized twitters.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Western kingbirds (Tyrannus verticalis), a species very similar in appearance and behavior to T. melancholicus, have been discovered to reuse their nests after one breeding season is over. This is very helpful to a bird, since nest-building requires a great deal of energy; as many as 2500 trips may be required to make an adequate nest. These trips to and from the nest also expose the birds to increased chances of predation. However, there are drawbacks to nest reuse, the old nests may carry diseases or parasites, and they may not last the entire season due to various problems, including previous structural damage.
Tyrannus melancholicus is monogamous. The male will advertise his potential nesting site by calling. Calling is an important aspect of pair-bond formation; the pair bonds can last throughout the year or for just one mating season.
When courting, a perched male will flap its wings, sometimes lifting off from its perched position.
Tyrannus melancholicus may show aggressive behavior when defending its territory; chases often occur during the breeding season. Such aggressive behavior may include ruffling of crown feathers and a harsh series of vocalized twitters.
Mating System: monogamous
Because tropical kingbirds have a broad breeding range, the timing of breeding varies from place to place. They have one brood per season, with a clutch of 2 to 4 eggs. The egg-laying interval is between 1 and 2 days, and incubation lasts 15 to 16 days. Like many other birds, the nest is an open-cup that is usually located mid-story or in the canopy. The chicks fledge in 18 to 19 days and are independent in 32 to 33 days.
Breeding interval: Tropical kingbirds have one brood per season.
Breeding season: Breeding season varies throughout the range.
Range eggs per season: 2 to 4.
Range time to hatching: 15 to 16 days.
Range fledging age: 18 to 19 days.
Range time to independence: 32 to 33 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Both the incubating and the brooding is done by the female only; nestlings are brooded until they are 10 days old. During this time, the female may leave the nest to forage for food, but she makes sure to forage near the nest. The male remains close to the nest to defend it, sometimes moving even closer if the female leaves the nest to forage for food. Both the female and male, however, take on the responsibility of feeding the nestlings insects and berries. It takes the nestlings approximately 18 to 19 days to fledge, and after fledging they are fed by their parents for at least another 2 weeks.
Parental Investment: no parental involvement; altricial ; pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female)
Persiguen y abaten a grandes aves depredadoras.
Fuera de la época de reproducción se juntan en grandes grupos comunales con los "tijerillas" (Tyrannus forficatus, T. savana).
No defienden territorios de alimentación.
Persiste en áreas urbanas apreovechando los cables eléctricos y las antenas como perchas para cazar insectos en salidas al vuelo.
Distribucion General: Se encuentran desde el sureste de Arizona hasta la parte central de Argentina y las Guyanas.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
'''Tyrannus melancholicus ye una especie d'ave de la familia Tyrannidae.
Mide aprosimao 20 cm y pesa alredor de 40 g. El machu nun s'estrema de la fema con al respective de la so plumaxe, tien l'abdome d'un color mariellu, el pechu d'un color olivaceu el pescuezu ye d'un color gris claro, la cabeza ye de color gris y l'envés verde grisoso.
Habita en sabanes, cerca de ríos, montes, carbes y árees urbanes. N'América distribúise dende Estaos Xuníos hasta Arxentina.
Aliméntase especialmente d'inseutos que caza xeneralmente en vuelu anque dacuando incorpora pequeños frutos a la so dieta.
Constrúin un nial con forma de taza fabricáu con camperes, raigaños y tarmos, que lo asitien a medianu altor o a gran altor, la fema asitia tres güevos abuxaos con llurdios acolorataos o café los pichones nacen alredor de los 15 díes y abandonen el nial al poco tiempu de la so nacencia.
Esta especie defende con agresividá'l so territoriu frente a intrusos, inclusive si tratar d'aves muncho más grandes cómo los tucanes y caracara.
Debíu al comportamientu agresivu d'esta especie, en Colombia utiliza la espresión popular "Tou gavilán tien el so sirirí" indicando qu'hasta'l más fuerte tien daquién que puede fadialo. De la mesma, "sirirí" conózse-y a una persona cansona ya insoportable.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. '''Tyrannus melancholicus ye una especie d'ave de la familia Tyrannidae.
El tirà malencoliós (Tyrannus melancholicus) és una espècie d'ocell de la família Tyrannidae.
Mesura aproximadament 20 cm i pesa al voltant de 40 g. El mascle no es diferencia de la femella pel que fa al seu plomatge, té l'abdomen d'un color groc, el pit d'un color olivàcia el coll és d'un color gris clar i el cap és de color gris.
Habita en sabanes, prop de rius, muntanyes, matolls i àrees urbanes. Es distribueix des dels Estats Units fins a l'Argentina.
El tirà malencoliós (Tyrannus melancholicus) és una espècie d'ocell de la família Tyrannidae.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Teyrnaderyn trofannol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: teyrnadar trofannol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Tyrannus melancholicus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Tropical kingbird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Teyrn-wybedogion (Lladin: Tyrannidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. melancholicus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Mae'r teyrnaderyn trofannol yn perthyn i deulu'r Teyrn-wybedogion (Lladin: Tyrannidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Elaenia bach Elaenia chiriquensis Elaenia llwyd mawr Elaenia strepera Elaenia torfelyn Elaenia flavogaster.jpg)
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Teyrnaderyn trofannol (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: teyrnadar trofannol) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Tyrannus melancholicus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Tropical kingbird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Teyrn-wybedogion (Lladin: Tyrannidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. melancholicus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Der Trauertyrann (Tyrannus melancholicus) ist eine Art der Tyrannen. Trauertyrannen kommen in fast ganz Süd- und Mittelamerika vor und sind mit einem geschätzten Bestand von 200 Millionen Individuen die häufigste Art der Königstyrannen.
Der Trauertyrann erreicht ausgewachsen eine Körperlänge von 18 bis 24 Zentimetern. Er wiegt durchschnittlich 35 Gramm.[1]
Der Scheitel und der Nacken sind grau. Davon hebt sich deutlich der schwarze Zügel ab, der von der Schnabelbasis bis zum Auge verläuft. Die Kehle ist weiß. Der Mantel und die Flügel sind graugrün. Die Unterseite ist leuchtend gelb. Der Schwanz ist leicht gegabelt und braun.
Das Brutareal des Trauertyrannen erstreckt sich vom Süden Arizonas und dem Rio Grande-Tal in Texas über Mittelamerika bis in das Zentralgebiet von Argentinien und den Westen von Peru. Trauertyrannen kommen auch auf Trinidad und Tobago vor. Die Brutvögel im extremen Norden und Süden des Verbreitungsgebietes sind Zugvögel. Ansonsten handelt es sich um einen Standvogel.
Der Lebensraum der Trauertyrannen sind halboffene Landschaften, die locker mit Bäumen und Sträuchern bestanden sind. Sie haben sich auch menschlichen Siedlungsraum erschlossen und kommen in Gärten sowie entlang von Straßen vor.
Trauertyrannen sind reine Insektenfresser, die häufig auf sehr hohen Ansitzwarten nach Beute Ausschau halten. Die Insekten werden gewöhnlich in der Luft gefangen. Sie verteidigen ihre Reviere sehr aggressiv auch gegenüber Vögeln, die deutlich größer sind als sie. Das Nest wird in Bäumen errichtet und ist eine lose zusammengefügte Halbkugel. Das Gelege besteht aus zwei bis drei Eiern. Die Schalenfarbe der Eier ist creme mit rötlich brauner Sprenkelung. Es brütet allein das Weibchen. Die Jungvögel verlassen 18 bis 19 Tage nach dem Schlüpfen das Nest.
Der Trauertyrann (Tyrannus melancholicus) ist eine Art der Tyrannen. Trauertyrannen kommen in fast ganz Süd- und Mittelamerika vor und sind mit einem geschätzten Bestand von 200 Millionen Individuen die häufigste Art der Königstyrannen.
The tropical kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States through Central America, South America as far as south as central Argentina and eastern Peru, and on Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding.
The tropical kingbird was formally described in 1819 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Tyrannus melancholicus.[2] Vieillot based his description on the Suirirí-Guazú that had been described by the Spanish naturalist Félix de Azara in 1805 in his book Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata.[3][4] The specific epithet is Latin meaning "melancholic" (that is "bad-tempered").[5]
Three subspecies are recognised:[6]
An adult tropical kingbird is 22 cm (8.7 in) long, weighs 39 g (1.4 oz) and has a wingspan range of 38–41 cm.[7] The head is pale gray, with a darker eye mask, an orange crown stripe, and a heavy gray bill. The back is grayish-green, and the wing and forked tail are brown. The throat is pale gray, becoming olive on the breast, with the rest of the underparts being yellow. The sexes are similar, but young birds have pale buff edges on the wing coverts.
Tropical kingbirds appear to be monogamous. In most parts of the species' range, they are permanent residents and remain together in pairs year-round.(Sibley 2014) The call is a high-pitched twittering trill, tree-e-e-e-e-e-e, with a more complex version sung by the male at dawn.
Their breeding habitat is semi-open areas with trees and shrubs, including gardens and roadsides. Tropical kingbirds like to observe their surroundings from a prominent open perch, usually high in a tree, undertaking long flights to acrobatically catch insects in mid-air (hawking), sometimes hovering to pick food off vegetation (gleaning).[8][9] The insects preyed upon include beetles, bees, wasps, termites, butterflies, moths, dragonflies and grasshoppers.[10][11] They also eat some berries and fruit from such diverse species as tamanqueiro (Alchornea glandulosa), common guava (Psidium guajava), the Annonaceae, Cymbopetalum mayanum and gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba);[9][10][12] foraging for these even in disturbed habitat. As they keep mainly to the upper levels of trees, they find little profit in following mixed-species feeding flocks in the understory.[13]
Aplomado falcons have been known to prey on adult tropical kingbirds, while eggs and young have been attacked by swallow-tailed kites and chestnut-mandibled toucans.[11][10] These birds aggressively defend their territory against intruders, even much larger birds such as magnificent frigatebirds, toucans, caracaras or hawks. In a study in Parque Nacional de La Macarena of Colombia, parasitism by microfilariae and trypanosomas (presumably T. everetti) was infrequently recorded in tropical kingbirds.[14]
The male and female inspect potential sites together before selecting a site, typically a fork or crotch high in a tree (up to 20 m (66 ft) high) but sometimes just a few metres above water.(Sibley 2014) The female builds a bulky, sloppy-looking, shallow nest of vines, rootlets, twigs, weeds, and grasses; it is unlined or lined with hair. Nests average about 13.2 cm (5.2 in) across and 7.6 cm (3.0 in) tall, with interior cup about 7.6 cm (3.0 in) across and 4.1 cm (1.6 in) deep.[15]
The female incubates the typical clutch of two to four eggs for approximately 16 days, and the nestlings fledge in another 18 or 19 days. The eggs are whitish or pale pink with variable amounts of dark blotching.[15]
The tropical kingbird is one of the most widespread and conspicuous inhabitants of open forest, forest edge, scrub and agricultural land from the southwestern United States south to Argentina (Jahn, Stouffer, & Chesser, 2013). As a result, the bird is considered as being of Least Concern and their population is increasing, according to the IUCN.[1] According to Partners in Flight, global estimates of tropical kingbird breeding population is around 200 million. They rate the species as 4 out of 20 on the continental concern scale, indicating that this species is of low conservation concern.[16]
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The tropical kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) is a large tyrant flycatcher. This bird breeds from southern Arizona and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas in the United States through Central America, South America as far as south as central Argentina and eastern Peru, and on Trinidad and Tobago. Birds from the northernmost and southern breeding areas migrate to warmer parts of the range after breeding.
El tirano melancólico[2] (Tyrannus melancholicus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae perteneciente al género Tyrannus. Es nativo del Neotrópico y se distribuye desde el sur de Estados Unidos, por América Central y del Sur hasta el centro de Argentina.[3]
Se le denomina también tirano tropical (en Costa Rica, México, Nicaragua y Perú), benteveo real (en Chile y Uruguay), suirirí grande (en Argentina y Bolivia), suirirí real (en Argentina y Paraguay), sirirí común (en Colombia), juan caballero (en Paraguay), chilero tropical (en Honduras), pitirre chicharrero (en Venezuela),[4] o chiyo (en El Salvador).[cita requerida]
Mide aproximadamente 20 cm y pesa alrededor de 40 g. El macho no se diferencia de la hembra con respecto a su plumaje, tiene el abdomen de un color amarillo, el pecho de un color oliváceo el cuello es de un color gris claro, la cabeza es de color gris y el dorso verde grisoso.
Se encuentra en Estados Unidos, México, Guatemala, Belice, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panamá, Grenada, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad y Tobago, Guyana, Guayana francesa, Surinam, Brasil, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina y Chile. Es considerado vagante en Canadá y Cuba.[1]
Es común, conspícuo y casi omnipresente en áreas abiertas, rurales y urbanas, menos numeroso en regiones más boscosas. Abandona las regiones sureñas durante el invierno austral. Habita principalmente abajo de los 1800 msnm de altitud, algunas veces más alto, hasta los 2200 m en regiones áridas.[5]
Esta especie defiende con agresividad su territorio frente a intrusos, inclusive si se trata de aves mucho más grandes cómo los tucanes y caracaras.
Se alimenta especialmente de insectos que caza generalmente en vuelo aunque a veces incorpora pequeños frutos a su dieta.
Construyen un nido con forma de taza fabricado con pastos, raíces y tallos, que lo colocan a mediana altura o a gran altura, la hembra coloca tres huevos grisáceos con manchas rojizas o café; los pichones nacen alrededor de los 15 días y abandonan el nido al poco tiempo de su nacimiento.
Debido al comportamiento agresivo de esta especie, en Colombia se utiliza la expresión popular "Todo gavilán tiene su sirirí" indicando que hasta el más fuerte tiene alguien que puede molestarlo. A su vez, "sirirí" se le conoce a una persona molesta e insoportable.
También en Colombia se utiliza el calificativo de "estás muy sirirí" para describir a alguien ruidoso, que no deja de acosar hasta que logra su objetivo.
El tirano melancólico (Tyrannus melancholicus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Tyrannidae perteneciente al género Tyrannus. Es nativo del Neotrópico y se distribuye desde el sur de Estados Unidos, por América Central y del Sur hasta el centro de Argentina.
Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Tyrannidae familian sailkatua dago.
Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Tyrannidae familian sailkatua dago.
Livertäjätyranni (Tyrannus melancholicus) on tyrannien heimoon kuuluva amerikkalainen varpuslintu. Sen esiintymisalue ulottuu Yhdysvaltain lounaiskolkasta Meksikoon, Keski-Amerikkaan, Grenadaan, Trinidad ja Tobagoon, Hollannin Antilleille, sekä pääosaan trooppista Etelä-Amerikkaa Argentiinan keskiosiin saakka. Lajista tunnetaan kolme alalajia. Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot kuvaili lajin holotyypin Paraguaysta vuonna 1819.[2]
Livertäjätyranni (Tyrannus melancholicus) on tyrannien heimoon kuuluva amerikkalainen varpuslintu. Sen esiintymisalue ulottuu Yhdysvaltain lounaiskolkasta Meksikoon, Keski-Amerikkaan, Grenadaan, Trinidad ja Tobagoon, Hollannin Antilleille, sekä pääosaan trooppista Etelä-Amerikkaa Argentiinan keskiosiin saakka. Lajista tunnetaan kolme alalajia. Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot kuvaili lajin holotyypin Paraguaysta vuonna 1819.
Tyrannus melancholicus
Le Tyran mélancolique (Tyrannus melancholicus) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Tyrannidae.
Le tyran mélancolique est reconnaissable à l'extrémité incisée de 5 de ses primaires et celle un peu rétrécie de sa 6ème. Le dos, les scapulaires et le croupion sont vert-olive grisâtre. La calotte et la nuque sont plutôt gris clair avec une large tache orange-rougeâtre dissimulée au centre de la calotte. Les lores sont gris passant au foncé sur l'œil, la région auriculaire traversée d'une bande foncée mate. Le haut de la queue est olive sombre habituellement marquée dans la partie postérieure de vert-olive grisâtre, le reste de la queue est foncé taché et terminé de blanc terne. Les ailes sont brun grisâtre foncé, les petite et moyenne couvertures conclues de gris, la grande couverture et les secondaires achevées de blanc grisâtre. Le menton et la gorge varient de blanc à blanc grisâtre, le haut de la poitrine est olive jaunâtre clair tandis que le bas et l'abdomen sont jaune. Les flancs et le dessous de la queue sont jaune pâle, le dessous des ailes est blanc jaunâtre avec l'intérieur blanc grisâtre[1].
Il vit dans le sud de l'Arizona et la basse vallée du Rio Grande au Texas aux États-Unis, en Amérique centrale (Costa Rica...) et en Amérique du Sud jusqu'au centre de l'Argentine et l'ouest du Pérou ainsi que sur Trinité-et-Tobago.
Les oiseaux des zones les plus froides au nord et au sud migrent vers les régions plus chaudes après la période de reproduction.
Cette espèce fréquente les territoires aux arbres éparpillés, la savane, les forêts ouvertes, les lisières de bois, les plantations, les terres agricoles et les zones résidentielles [2].
Le tyran mélancolique se reproduit au sud-est de l'Arizona, au Mexique (états de Sonora, à l'est du San Luis Potosi et au sud du Tamaulipas), sur les côtes est et ouest de l'Amérique centrale (inclus les îles Marias, la péninsule du Yucatan) et en Amérique du sud, de la Colombie à l'Argentine.
Il hiverne de Sonora au nord-est du Mexique et à travers l'ensemble de l'Amérique centrale jusqu'en Amérique du Sud. Occasionnellement, on le trouve le long de la côte Pacifique, du sud de la Colombie-Britannique (inclus l'île de Vancouver) au sud de la Californie, au sud du Texas et à Cuba[2].
D'après la classification de référence (version 7.2, 2017) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des trois sous-espèces suivantes (ordre phylogénique) :
Tyrannus melancholicus
Le Tyran mélancolique (Tyrannus melancholicus) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Tyrannidae.
Tyrannus melancholicus é unha especie de paxaro paseriforme pertencente ó xénero Tyrannus, integrado na familia Tyrannidae. É nativo do Neotrópico e distribúese dende o sur dos Estados Unidos, por América Central e do Sur até o centro da Arxentina.[2]
Tyrannus melancholicus é unha especie de paxaro paseriforme pertencente ó xénero Tyrannus, integrado na familia Tyrannidae. É nativo do Neotrópico e distribúese dende o sur dos Estados Unidos, por América Central e do Sur até o centro da Arxentina.
De tropische koningstiran (Tyrannus melancholicus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Tyrannidae (Tirannen).
Deze soort komt voor van de zuidwestelijke Verenigde Staten tot centraal Argentinië en telt 3 ondersoorten:
De tropische koningstiran (Tyrannus melancholicus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Tyrannidae (Tirannen).
Tyrannus melancholicus, conhecido popularmente como suiriri, é uma ave da família Tyrannidae. A espécie se reproduz desde o sul do Arizona e o baixo Vale do Rio Grande do Texas nos Estados Unidos, através da América Central e da América do Sul até o centro da Argentina e leste do Peru, além de Trinidad e Tobago. As aves das áreas de reprodução mais ao sul ou mais ao norte migram para lugares mais quentes após a reprodução.
O suiriri foi descrito formalmente em 1819 pelo ornitólogo francês Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot sob o nome binomial Tyrannus melancholicus.[2] Vieillot baseou sua descrição no Suirirí-Guazú, que havia sido descrito pelo naturalista espanhol Félix de Azara em 1805 em seu livro Apuntamientos para la historia natural de los páxaros del Paragüay y Rio de la Plata.[3][4] O epíteto específico tem origem no latimsignificando "melancólico" (que é "mal-humorado").[5]
São reconhecidas três subespécies:[6]
Um suiriri adulto mede 22 cm de comprimento, pesa 39 g e tem uma envergadura de asas de 38–41 cm.[7] A cabeça tem coloração cinza-pálido, com uma máscara escura na altura dos olhos, coroa laranja e um pesado bico cinza. As costas são verde-acinzentadas, e a asa e a cauda são marrons. A garganta é mais clara, tornando-se oliva no peito, com a área da barriga para baixo sendo amarela. Os sexos são similares, mas os pássaros jovens têm bordas amarelas claras nas coberteiras das asas.
Os suiriris aparentam ser monogâmicos. Na maior parte da distribuição da espécie, são residentes permanentes e ficam juntos em pares o ano inteiro.(Sibley 2014)
O habitat de reprodução da espécie é de áreas semiabertas com árvores e arbustos, incluindo jardins e acostamentos. O suiriri gosta de observar as suas redondezas a partir de um poleiro aberto proeminente, geralmente no alto de uma árvore, fazendo voos longos para acrobaticamente pegar insetos no ar, às vezes pairando para pegar comida na vegetação.[8][9] Eles também comem frutos de diversas espécies, como de tamanqueiro (Alchornea glandulosa), Annonaceae, Cymbopetalum mayanum e gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba);[9][10] forrageando por estes mesmo em habitat degradado. Como eles se mantêm principalmente nos níveis superiores das árvores, eles têm pouco benefício em seguir bandos mistos no sub-bosque.[11]
Essas aves defendem agressivamente o seu território contra intrusos, incluindo de espécies muito maiores como tesourões, tucanos, carcarás ou gaviões. Em um estudo realizado no Parque Nacional de La Macarena da Colômbia, o parasitismo por microfilárias e tripanossomas foi raramente registrado em suiriris.[12]
O macho e a fêmea inspecionam juntos potenciais locais de nidificação antes de selecionar o lugar, normalmente uma forquilha no alto de uma árvore (até 20 metros de altura), mas às vezes apenas alguns metros acima da água.(Sibley 2014) A fêmea constrói um ninho raso e volumoso de aparência desleixada feito de vinhas, radículas, galhos, ervas daninhas e gramíneas; é sem revestimento ou revestido com pelos. Os ninhos medem cerca de 13 cm de largura e 7,5 cm de altura, com o buraco interno de aproximadamente 7,5 cm de largura e 4 cm de profundidade.[13]
A fêmea incuba de dois a quatro ovos por aproximadamente 16 dias, e os filhotes ganham penas em 18 ou 19 dias. Os ovos são esbranquiçados ou rosa pálido com quantidades variáveis de manchas escuras.[13]
O suiriri é um dos habitantes mais difundidos e visíveis de floresta aberta, bordas de mata, e terras agrícolas do sudoeste dos Estados Unidos ao centro da Argentina (Jahn, Stouffer, & Chesser, 2013). Como resultado, essa espécie é considerada pouco preocupante e sua população está aumentando, de acordo com a IUCN.[1] De acordo com a Partners in Flight, as estimativas globais da população reprodutora do suiriri é de cerca de 200 milhões. Eles classificam a espécie como 4 de 20 na escala de preocupação continental, indicando que esta espécie é de baixa preocupação para a conservação.[14]
Tyrannus melancholicus, conhecido popularmente como suiriri, é uma ave da família Tyrannidae. A espécie se reproduz desde o sul do Arizona e o baixo Vale do Rio Grande do Texas nos Estados Unidos, através da América Central e da América do Sul até o centro da Argentina e leste do Peru, além de Trinidad e Tobago. As aves das áreas de reprodução mais ao sul ou mais ao norte migram para lugares mais quentes após a reprodução.
Tropikkungstyrann[2] (Tyrannus melancholicus) är en fågelart i familjen tyranner (Tyrannidae) i ordningen tättingar.[3]
Tropisk kungstyrann är en 20 centimeter lång fågel med grått huvud, vit hals, bruna vingar, gul undersida och en kraftfull näbb. Den har en orange fläck på huvudet som ofta inte syns.
Tropikkungstyrann är en vanlig fågel som man påträffar i öppen terräng. Den har också anpassat sig till livet i staden. Den häckar i Centralamerika till centrala Argentina, men saknas från södra Peru och Chile.
Arten delas in i tre underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
Den är aggressiv mot inkräktare och jagar ofta bort betydligt större fåglar.
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, och tros öka i antal.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]
Fågeln kallades på svenska tidigare tropisk kungstyrann.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör tropikkungstyrann.
Tropikkungstyrann (Tyrannus melancholicus) är en fågelart i familjen tyranner (Tyrannidae) i ordningen tättingar.
Tyrannus melancholicus là một loài chim trong họ Tyrannidae.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ chim Đớp ruồi bạo chúa này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Tyrannus melancholicus là một loài chim trong họ Tyrannidae.
Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819
Охранный статус
Траурный королевский тиранн[1] (лат. Tyrannus melancholicus) — певчая птица из семейства тиранновые. Вид широко распространён почти во всей Южной и Центральной Америке и является самым многочисленным видом королевских тиранов. Численность популяции оценивается в 200 млн птиц.
Длина тела взрослых птиц 18—24 см, масса в среднем 35 граммов[2].
Верх головы и шея серые. От основания клюва до глаз проходит чёрная уздечка. Горло белое. Спина и крылья серо-зелёные. Брюхо ярко-жёлтое. Хвост слегка раздвоенный и коричневый.
Гнездовой ареал простирается от юга Аризоны и долины Рио-Гранде в Техасе через Центральную Америку до центрального региона Аргентины и запада Перу. Вид встречается также на Тринидаде и Тобаго. Гнездящиеся на крайнем севере и юге ареала птицы являются перелётными. Остальная часть ведёт оседлый образ жизни.
Средой обитания вида являются полуоткрытые ландшафты с отдельно стоящими деревьями и кустарниками. Встречается также в населённых пунктах, в садах и вдоль дорог.
Насекомоядные птицы, поджидают свою добычу, сидя высоко на насестах. Насекомых, как правило, ловят в воздухе. Тиранны агрессивно защищают свою территорию даже от птиц, намного крупнее их самих.
Чашеобразное гнездо строят на деревьях. В кладке 2—3 яйца кремового цвета с красновато-коричневыми крапинками. Насиживает только самка. Молодые птицы покидают гнездо через 18—19 дней после вылупления.
Траурный королевский тиранн (лат. Tyrannus melancholicus) — певчая птица из семейства тиранновые. Вид широко распространён почти во всей Южной и Центральной Америке и является самым многочисленным видом королевских тиранов. Численность популяции оценивается в 200 млн птиц.
Длина тела взрослых птиц 18—24 см, масса в среднем 35 граммов.
Верх головы и шея серые. От основания клюва до глаз проходит чёрная уздечка. Горло белое. Спина и крылья серо-зелёные. Брюхо ярко-жёлтое. Хвост слегка раздвоенный и коричневый.
Гнездовой ареал простирается от юга Аризоны и долины Рио-Гранде в Техасе через Центральную Америку до центрального региона Аргентины и запада Перу. Вид встречается также на Тринидаде и Тобаго. Гнездящиеся на крайнем севере и юге ареала птицы являются перелётными. Остальная часть ведёт оседлый образ жизни.
Средой обитания вида являются полуоткрытые ландшафты с отдельно стоящими деревьями и кустарниками. Встречается также в населённых пунктах, в садах и вдоль дорог.
Насекомоядные птицы, поджидают свою добычу, сидя высоко на насестах. Насекомых, как правило, ловят в воздухе. Тиранны агрессивно защищают свою территорию даже от птиц, намного крупнее их самих.
Чашеобразное гнездо строят на деревьях. В кладке 2—3 яйца кремового цвета с красновато-коричневыми крапинками. Насиживает только самка. Молодые птицы покидают гнездо через 18—19 дней после вылупления.
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