Eucalyptus robusta (lat. Eucalyptus robusta) — mərsinkimilər fəsiləsinin evkalipt cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Eucalyptus robusta (lat. Eucalyptus robusta) — mərsinkimilər fəsiləsinin evkalipt cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Eucalyptus robusta ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie ist an der Ostküste von New South Wales und des südlichen Queensland beheimatet[1] und wird im englischen Sprachraum „Swamp Mahagony“ oder „Swamp Messmate“ genannt.
Eucalyptus robusta wächst als Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 25 Meter erreicht. Die Borke verbleibt am gesamten Baum, ist rotbraun, kurzfaserig, dick und schwammig.[2]
Bei Eucalyptus robusta liegt Heterophyllie vor. Die Laubblätter an jungen Exemplaren sind eiförmig und glänzend grün. Die glänzend dunkelgrünen Laubblätter an erwachsenen Exemplaren mit verschiedenfarbigen Ober- und Unterseiten sind bei einer Länge von 10 bis 17 cm und einer Breite von 2,0 bis 4,5 cm breit-lanzettlich und fiedernervig.[2]
An einem im Querschnitt breiten und flachen, 13 bis 30 mm langen Blütenstandsschaft stehen in zusammengesetzten Gesamtblütenständen[2] etwa neun- bis fünfzehnblütige Teilblütenstände.[3] Der stielrunde Blütenstiel ist 1 bis 9 mm lang. Die spindelförmigen Blütenknospen sind 16 bis 24 mm lang und besitzen einen Durchmesser von 6 bis 8 mm. Die Calyptra ist länglich-gespitzt oder schnabelförmig, ebenso lang und so breit wie der Blütenbecher (Hypanthium).[2] Die Blüten sind cremeweiß.
Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis Juli.[3]
Die Frucht ist bei einer Länge von 10 bis 18 mm und einem Durchmesser von 6 bis 11 mm zylindrisch. Der Diskus ist eingedrückt, die Fruchtfächer stehen auf Höhe des Randes oder leicht hervor und sind üblicherweise an den Spitzen verbunden.[2] Die Frucht reift von Mai bis Oktober.[4]
Der Samen ist pyramidenförmig und braun. Das Hilum ist gipfelständig.[3]
Eucalyptus robusta kann mindestens 200 Jahre alt werden. Nach Waldbränden regeneriert sie sich aus „schlafenden Knospen“ im Stamm. Der Graukopf-Flughund ernährt sich von ihren Blüten und der Koala von ihren Blättern.[4] Eucalyptus robusta erscheint als eine der wichtigsten Eukalyptusarten für die Koalas im Noosa Shire in Queensland.[5] Auch die Laubblätter der Hybride Eucalyptus robusta x Eucalyptus tereticornis dienen dem Koala als Futter.[2] Der Moschuslori ernährt sich vom Blütennektar.[6]
Eucalyptus robusta ist eine der wichtigsten Eukalyptusarten im mittleren Küstenabschnitt von New South Wales und in der Illawarra-Region, wo sie eine der wenigen, zuverlässig im Winter blühenden Arten ist. Die Zahl ihrer Standorte wurde durch Rodung stark reduziert.[4] Einige einzeln stehende Exemplare in Robson Park in Haberfield, einem Vorort von Sydney, sind die letzten Überbleibsel des „Sydney Coastal Estuary Swamp Forest Complex“ in den westlichen Vororten der Stadt.[7]
Eucalyptus robusta wächst in Sümpfen oder am Ufer von Ästuaren in einem schmalen Streifen entlang der australischen Ostküste zwischen Rockhampton in Queensland und Jervis Bay in New South Wales, seltener an den unteren Hängen von Flusstälern. Man findet die Art auch auf vor der Küste liegenden Inseln, wie Great Keppel Island, Moreton Island, North Stradbroke Island und South Stradbroke Island. Häufig wachsen die Bäume auf schweren Lehmböden, aber – besonders auf den Inseln – auch auf sandigen Lehmböden oder sandigen Böden.[3]
Eucalyptus robusta wächst in lichten Wäldern, oft in Monokultur. Manchmal findet sie sich auch zusammen mit Eucalyptus resinifera, Corymbia gummifera, Corymbia intermedia und Casuarina glauca, seltener auch mit Eucalyptus tereticornis. In seiner Nähe gibt es häufig auch Melaleuca ericifolia.[3]
Die ersten Herbarbelege von Eucalyptus robusta wurden von John White, Expeditionsarzt der First Fleet und Naturforscher, gesammelt. James Edward Smith führte 1793 die Erstveröffentlichung in seinem zusammen mit George Shaw erstellten Werk Zoology and Botany of New Holland durch. 1795 wurde das Werk unter dem Titel A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland neu herausgegeben, darin steht Eucalyptus robusta in Volume 4 auf Seite 39.[8] Das Artepitheton robusta ist aus den Lateinischen übernommen und weist auf die robuste Struktur des erwachsenen Baumes hin.
Synonyme für Eucalyptus robusta Sm. sind Eucalyptus robusta var. bivalva Blakely, Eucalyptus robusta var. bivalvis (Blakely) Blakely, Eucalyptus robusta Sm. var. robusta, Eucalyptus multiflora Poir., Eucalyptus multiflora Poir. var. multiflora, Eucalyptus multiflora var. bivalva Blakely und Eucalyptus multiflora var. bivalvis Blakely.[8]
Eucalyptus robusta bildet dort, wo sie mit Eucalyptus tereticornis vergesellschaftet ist, häufig eine Hybride, die den Namen Eucalyptus patentinervis R.T.Baker erhielt.[2] Weitere, seltener auftretende Hybriden sind bekannt.
Eucalyptus robusta lässt sich leicht kultivieren, wird aber für Privatgärten oft zu groß. Sie wurde häufig als Straßenbaum gepflanzt und leistet insbesondere auf öffentlichen Flächen mit feuchten Böden gute Dienste. Der Baum kann sehr rasch wachsen und blüht überreich.[9] Bei optimalen Bedingungen kann Eucalyptus robusta bereits im dritten Jahr nach der Pflanzung blühen.[10] Ihre Blüten locken Vögel an. In einigen Jahren werden ihre Laubblätter von Gespinsten befallen und sehen dann nicht schön aus.[9] Eine Reihe von Eucalyptus robusta wurde 1813 in den Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney gepflanzt und sind heute noch bei guter Gesundheit.[4]
2005 wurde in Australien eine kultivierte Form namens Eucalyptus robusta 'Green and Gold' angeboten. Sie ist kleiner als die Naturform und erreicht nur eine Wuchshöhe von 5 bis 8 Metern.[11]
Eucalyptus robusta wurde in Plantagen in vielen Teilen Der Welt angepflanzt, beispielsweise in Äthiopien, Argentinien, Brasilien, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Demokratische Republik Kongo, Fidschi, Honduras, Hongkong, Indien, Kamerun, Kenia, Kolumbien, Madagaskar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexiko, Mosambik, Papua-Neuguinea, Paraguay, Philippinen, Puerto Rico, Sansibar, Sri Lanka, Südafrika, Taiwan, Tansania, Uganda und den USA. In Florida wurde der Baum erstmals um 1880 gepflanzt, in Hawaii um 1885 und in Puerto Rico 1929.[10]
In vielen Ländern wird das Holz von Eucalyptus robusta als Feuerholz oder zur Herstellung von Holzkohle genutzt. Eucalyptus robusta dient vielfach zur Begrenzung der Bodenerosion, auch auf Sanddünen, und als Schattenspender an Straßen. In Uganda wird er auch zur Entwässerung von Sümpfen eingesetzt. Eucalyptus robusta gedeiht in Höhenlagen von bis zu 1.600 Meter und in Klimata mit Jahresmitteltemperaturen von 3 bis 35 °C.[10] Das Kernholz ist extrem beständig. Es wird zum Bau von Kaianlagen und Zäunen eingesetzt. Das Holz ist leicht rotbraun und grob gemasert. Sein spezifisches Gewicht variiert zwischen 655 und 925 kg/m³.[3]
Eucalyptus robusta ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Myrtengewächse (Myrtaceae). Sie ist an der Ostküste von New South Wales und des südlichen Queensland beheimatet und wird im englischen Sprachraum „Swamp Mahagony“ oder „Swamp Messmate“ genannt.
Eucalyptus robusta, commonly known as swamp mahogany or swamp messmate, is a tree native to eastern Australia. Growing in swampy or waterlogged soils, it is up to 30 m (100 ft) high with thick spongy reddish brown bark and dark green broad leaves, which help form a dense canopy. The white to cream flowers appear in autumn and winter. The leaves are commonly eaten by insects, and are a food item for the koala. It is an important autumn-winter flowering species in eastern Australia, and has been planted extensively in many countries around the world. Its timber is used for firewood and in general construction.
Eucalyptus robusta grows commonly as a straight, upright tree to around 20–30 metres (70–100 ft) tall, with a trunk up to 1 metre (3.3 feet) in diameter at breast height (dbh). The trunk and branches are covered with thick red-brown bark, which has a spongy feel and is stringy—peeling in longitudinal strips. The long irregular branches spread laterally, and form a dense canopy with the broad green leaves. Arranged alternately along the stems, these measure 10–16 centimetres (3.9–6.3 inches) long by 2.7 to 4.5 cm (1.1 to 1.8 in) wide. Adult leaves are broadly lanceolate to ovate, green and glossy, and with closely spaced "feather-like" side veins running at greater than 45° angle to the main midrib.[3]
The white or cream flowers are clustered in inflorescences of from 7 to 13 flowers.[4] The flowers appear anywhere from March to September, and peak over May and June.[5] The buds measure 2 by 0.8 cm (0.79 by 0.31 in) wide and are distinctive in that the operculum has a prominent long beak,[6] making them fusiform (spindle-shaped).[7] The woody fruits are cylindrical-shaped, 1 to 1.6 cm long by 0.7 to 1.1 cm wide, pedicellate with descending disc and 3 to 4 valves at rim level or slightly exserted. Seeds are light-brown to yellow to 1.8mm long, pyramidal or obliquely pyramidal in shape.[5][3]
The bangalay (E. botryoides) is similar in appearance, but its flower buds are smaller with a conical operculum and only grow in groups of seven. The fruits are smaller and sessile, rather than on stalks.[6]
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Specimens of E. robusta were first collected by First Fleet surgeon and naturalist John White, and the species description was published by James Edward Smith in his 1793 collaboration with George Shaw, Zoology and Botany of New Holland. Shortly afterwards, the description was reprinted verbatim in Smith's A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland, and it is this publication that is usually credited. Smith gave it the specific epithet robusta ("robust") in reference to the size and strength of the full-grown tree.[8] The common name of swamp mahogany comes from its preferred habitat of swamps, and its timber's likeness to that of West Indies mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). Eucalyptus robusta is known as the swamp messmate in Queensland.[4] Swamp stringybark is another common name,[9] and Gulgong and Gnorpin are old names recorded.[10] It is called robusta eucalyptus in the United States, beakpod eucalyptus in Puerto Rico,[11] and mkaratusi in Swahili.[12]
Eucalyptus robusta belongs to a group of eight species of spongy red-barked gum trees known as red mahoganies in the section Annulares, and is closely related to the bangalay and red mahogany (E. resinifera). It is distinguished from them by its larger flowers and fruit. The latter species grows in drier habitats.[4]
Eucalyptus robusta often hybridises with forest red gum (E. tereticornis), the resulting plants having been given the name E. patentinervis.[7] Hybrids reported with other species include bangalay, flooded gum (E. grandis), Tasmanian blue gum (E. globulus), woollybutt (E. longifolia) and Bancroft's red gum (E. bancroftii).[10]
This species occurs in swamps and alongside estuaries in a narrow coastal strip, usually within a few kilometres of the ocean, from Rockhampton, Queensland south to Jervis Bay, New South Wales. It is also found offshore on Great Keppel, Moreton, Fraser and North and South Stradbroke Islands.[4] It is widely planted as a timber tree, and is considered to be invasive in Hawaiʻi and Réunion,[13] and has become naturalised in Florida.[11] It generally grows on heavy clay soils, but is also found on sandy clay[4] and alluvial sand soils.[5] It grows on sand on offshore islands.[4] Found from sea level to altitudes of 50 m (160 ft) above sea level, it grows in swamps or areas where the water table is high, generally fresh or brackish in nature.[4][5] Older plants are able to tolerate salt but seedlings cannot. Eucalyptus robusta can also grow in highly acidic sulphate estuarine soils with a pH as low as 2.5.[5] It is a dominant tree in swamp forests, often growing in pure stands or with other trees such as red mahogany (E. resinifera), red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera), pink bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), swamp sheoak (Casuarina glauca),[4] snow-in-summer (Melaleuca linariifolia), swamp paperbark (M. ericifolia)[5] and, less commonly, forest red gum (E. tereticornis).[4]
The species has been formally assessed for the IUCN Red List as "Near Threatened (NT)" as its population is thought to have declined by 25.7% over the previous three generations. The species has lost much of its habitat to urbanisation and landclearing for agriculture and much of what is left is highly fragmented.[1]
A long-lived tree, Eucalyptus robusta can live for at least two hundred years. Trees regenerate by regrowing from epicormic buds on the trunk after bushfire. The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) eats the flowers, and the koala (Phascalarctos cinereus) eats the leaves.[5] Eucalyptus robusta appears to be one of several key species of eucalypt for the koala in the Shire of Noosa in Queensland.[14] The musk lorikeet feeds on the nectar of the blossoms.[15] It is a favoured tree species of the critically endangered swift parrot on the mainland.[16] It is a keystone species on the New South Wales Central Coast and Illawarra regions, where it is one of few reliable winter-flowering plants. Stands of E. robusta have been drastically reduced by land clearance.[5] Some remnant trees in Robson Park in the Sydney suburb of Haberfield are the last vestiges of the Sydney Coastal Estuary Swamp Forest Complex community in Sydney's inner western suburbs.[17]
Insects, such as psyllids and Christmas beetles from the genus Anoplognathus and the eucalyptus chafer (Xylonychus eucalypti) commonly eat the leaves. The rectangular-lerp forming psyllid Glycaspis siliciflava eats only this species. The scale insects Brachyscelis munita and Opisthoscelis pisiformis form galls. The adult double drummer cicada (Thopha saccata) lives in the tree, while larvae of the small staghorn beetle species Ceratognathus froggattii and another beetle Moechidius rugosus live and pupate within the thick bark. The wood-moth (Aenetus splendens) makes a thick bag-like structure around a branch where it breeds.[5] The beetle species Maecolaspis favosa attacks the leaves in Florida.[12]
Eucalyptus robusta plantations in Madagascar are host to prolific numbers of mushrooms, some of which are edible and widely consumed. Two species of the genus Russula – Russula prolifica and R. madecassense – and several as yet undescribed species of chanterelle of the genus Cantharellus are sold in markets and eaten. The appearance of R. prolifica is enigmatic, as it has only become abundant in the past seventy years, and is unknown in Australia.[18] Introduced Eucalyptus robusta trees developed ectomycorrhizal associations in the Seychelles, with a high correlation with local tree species Vateriopsis seychellarum and ipil (Intsia bijuga), seemingly gaining these relationships from those species.[19]
Eucalyptus robusta adapts well to cultivation, though it often grows too large for home gardens. It has been used as a street tree, and is useful in public areas with wet soils. It can grow very quickly in cultivation and flower profusely.[20] It can flower in its third year of growth in cultivation in optimal conditions,[12] and its timing makes it an important source of food during autumn and winter.[21] Birds are attracted to its flower heads. However, in some years its leaves are infested with lerps and detract from its appearance.[20] A row of E. robusta was planted at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney in 1813, and the trees are still healthy.[5]
A cultivar with variegated leaves, E. robusta "Green and Gold" was commercially available in 2005 in Australia. It is smaller than the wild form, reaching 5–8 metres (16–26 ft) in height.[22]
Eucalyptus robusta is widely grown from equatorial to temperate regions, tolerating a wide range of climates and conditions. Its fast early growth and tolerance for waterlogging have rendered it a useful tree to grow.[23] It has been widely grown in plantations outside Australia, including Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Fiji, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan—Republic of China, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar, and the United States of America,[12] where it has been grown in Hawaii, southern Florida, southern California and Puerto Rico.[11] Introduction to Florida took place around 1880, Hawaii around 1885, and Puerto Rico in 1929.[12] The tree is used for firewood and as charcoal in many countries, in erosion control, on sand dunes and as a roadside shade tree in many places, and in Uganda is used to drain swamps.[12] Plantation crops are harvested after 4–5 years for fuel wood, 8–10 years for pulp wood, 15–20 years for poles and 30–60 years for logs for sawing.[23]
In cultivation, E. robusta grows to altitudes of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), withstanding average minimum temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and maxima of 35 °C (95 °F).[12] The heartwood is extremely durable and resists marine borers. It is used as a round timber for construction of wharves and fencing.[4] The wood is light reddish brown in colour and coarse-textured. The weight can vary widely between individuals and stands, averaging 38 pounds per cubic foot.[24]
Adult leaves
Buds
Buds
Inflorescence
Flowers
Fruit
Trunk bark
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Eucalyptus robusta, commonly known as swamp mahogany or swamp messmate, is a tree native to eastern Australia. Growing in swampy or waterlogged soils, it is up to 30 m (100 ft) high with thick spongy reddish brown bark and dark green broad leaves, which help form a dense canopy. The white to cream flowers appear in autumn and winter. The leaves are commonly eaten by insects, and are a food item for the koala. It is an important autumn-winter flowering species in eastern Australia, and has been planted extensively in many countries around the world. Its timber is used for firewood and in general construction.
Eucalyptus robusta (eucalipto robusto) es una especie de árbol australiano de madera dura; endémico de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland. Es común su plantación para madera en Australia, Sudáfrica y Sudamérica.
Su fuste alcanza los 30 m; madera pesada (cerca de 850 kg/m³), muy dura, texturada, razonablemente apta para trabajar. Para construcción (tablas, vigas), paneles, botes. Bien cotizada para pisos y muebles debido a su rico color miel oscuro.
Se adapta a muchos tipos de climas y fue introducida en muchos climas tropicales, subtropicales y templados cálidos: Puerto Rico, sur de Florida, costas de California, Hawái; estando completamente naturalizada. Conocido comúnmente como «caoba de los pantanos» en Australia, en Estados Unidos se la llama «robusta eucalyptus» y como robusta, eucalipto o «beakpod eucalyptus» en Puerto Rico.[1]
Sus plantaciones sometidas a heladas de -9 °C, produce un daño muy severo al follaje (con muerte del 90 % del follaje total), pero se recupera en no más de 4 meses. Aunque se recupera de daño severo por heladas, su distribución natural es la baja temperatura de -9 °C anualmente, así jamás tiene éxito.
Eucalyptus robusta fue descrita por James Edward Smith y publicado en A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland (Pt. 4): 39, pl. 13. 1795.[1]
Eucalyptus: nombre genérico que proviene del griego antiguo: eû = "bien, justamente" y kalyptós = "cubierto, que recubre". En Eucalyptus L'Hér., los pétalos, soldados entre sí y a veces también con los sépalos, forman parte del opérculo, perfectamente ajustado al hipanto, que se desprende a la hora de la floración.[2]
robusta: epíteto latíno que significa "robusta".[3]
Eucalyptus robusta (eucalipto robusto) es una especie de árbol australiano de madera dura; endémico de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland. Es común su plantación para madera en Australia, Sudáfrica y Sudamérica.
Eucalyptus robusta Sm. é uma espécie arbórea do género Eucalyptus, nativa do leste da Austrália, frequentemente utilizada em silvicultura.[1]
Mesofanerófito com 20–30 metros de altura, com troco aprumado que pode atingir 1 m de diâmetro. Tem uma copa densa e irregular, composta por ramos longos e desiguais. O ritidoma é castanho avermelhado, rugoso; as folhas são alongadas, verde escuro, com 10–17 cm de comprimento; as flores são de cor branca ou creme, agrupadas em inflorescências de 7-13 flores.[2]
Os primeiros espécimes de E. robusta foram colectadas por John White, cirurgião e naturalista da Royal Navy. A descrição original foi publicada por James Edward Smith na sua obra Zoology and Botany of New Holland (1793), escrita em colaboração com George Shaw. Pouco depois a descrição foi republicada, verbatim, na obra A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland, também da autoria de James Edward Smith, sendo esta a publicação que em geral é creditada como descrevendo o taxon. Smith deu à nova espécie o epíteto específico robusta devido ao tamanho e resistência da árvore.[3]
Sinónimos taxonómicas da espécie incluem:[4]
Estão identificados vários híbridos entre E. robusta e outras espécies do género Eucalyptus.[4]
A espécie ocorre em áreas pantanosas e nas margens de estuários, numa estreita faixa costeira, geralmente de poucos quilómetros de largura, desde Rockhampton, Queensland para sul até Jervis Bay, New South Wales.[2] è frequentemente plantada como árvore para madeira, sendo considerada invasora no Brasil, no Hawaiʻi e na Réunion.[5]
O cerne da sua madeira, de cor castanho claro e avermelhada e com textura grosseira, é muito duradouro e resistente ao ataque de organismo marinhos perfuradores. É utilizado para a construção de pilares em pontões, cais e outras estruturas marítimas e portuárias e para postes de vedações.[2] A densidade da sua madeira é de aproximadamente 769 kg/m³ (48 lbs/ft³)
Eucalyptus robusta Sm. é uma espécie arbórea do género Eucalyptus, nativa do leste da Austrália, frequentemente utilizada em silvicultura.
Eucalyptus robusta là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được Sm. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1795.[2]
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Bài viết tông thực vật Eucalypteae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Eucalyptus robusta là một loài thực vật có hoa trong Họ Đào kim nương. Loài này được Sm. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1795.
桉（学名：Eucalyptus robusta），为桃金娘科桉属下的一个植物种。[1]
这是一篇桃金孃科小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
