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Comments ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
This species has dense fascicles of racemes similar to those of Themeda triandra, but with smaller spikelet parts and conspicuously setose homogamous spikelets with long, patent bristles from very large tubercles. It can also generally be separated by its annual habit.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of China Vol. 22: 633, 634 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
Annual. Culms moderately robust, erect or geniculate at base, ca. 1 m tall. Leaf sheaths glabrous or with tubercle-based bristles at mouth; leaf blades flat or folded, up to 30 × 0.3–0.9 cm, glabrous, abruptly acute to acuminate; ligule ca. 3 mm. Compound panicle large, dense; spathes and spatheoles lanceolate-caudate, glabrous, innermost 1.3–1.7 cm. Raceme composed of a triad of 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled spikelets above the involucre of 2 homogamous pairs. Homogamous spikelets all sessile, arising at same level, barren, both glumes present, 4.5–6 mm, lanceolate, stiffly setose in upper half with 3–4 mm, tubercle-based bristles. Sessile spikelet 4–4.5 mm; callus 0.8–1 mm, subacute, brown bearded; lower glume dorsally rounded, dark brown at maturity, pubescent, often thinly or glabrous on lower back; awn 3.5–4 cm. Pedicelled spikelet 4–6 mm, barren. Fl. and fr. Jun–Dec.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of China Vol. 22: 633, 634 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
proje
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Distribution ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
Nepal, India.
lisans
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
yazar
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
proje
eFloras.org
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Distribution ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of China Vol. 22: 633, 634 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
proje
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Elevation Range ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
600-3000 m
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
yazar
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
proje
eFloras.org
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
Dry hill slopes; 400–2000 m.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of China Vol. 22: 633, 634 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
proje
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Synonym ( İngilizce )

eFloras tarafından sağlandı
Andropogon quadrivalvis Linnaeus in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 13, 758. 1774; Themeda chinensis (A. Camus) S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang; T. ciliata (Linnaeus f.) Hackel subsp. chinensis A. Camus; T. echinata Keng; T. yuanmounensis S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang.
lisans
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliyografik atıf
Flora of China Vol. 22: 633, 634 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
kaynak
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
düzenleyici
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
proje
eFloras.org
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kaynağı ziyaret et
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eFloras

Comprehensive Description ( İngilizce )

North American Flora tarafından sağlandı
Themeda quadrivalvis (I^.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 794. 1891
Andropogon nutans L. Mant. 303. 1771. Not ^. nutans 1,, 1753. Andropogon quadrivalvis ,. Syst. Veg. ed. 13. 758. 1774. Anthisiiria ciliata I^. f. Suppl. 113. 1781. Themeda ciliata Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 : 664. 1889.
Annual. Stems up to 1 m. or more tall; leaf-sheaths glabrous; blades up to 3 dm. long, flat, linear, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle usually composing more than one half of the stem ; spathes long-attenuate at the apex from a lanceolate base ; involucral spikelets 5-7 mm. long, the first scale papillose-ciliate on the keels with long stiff hairs; pedicellate spikelets lanceolate; sessile spikelets 5-6 mm. long, including the obtuse callus which is about 1 mm. long and densely barbed with brown hairs, the first scale hispid at the summit, the fourth scale with an awn 3-5 cm. long.
Type locality : India.
Distribution : Introduced into Martinique and Barbados ; native of the Hast Indies.
bibliyografik atıf
George Valentine Nash. 1912. (POALES); POACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 17(2). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY

Physical Description ( İngilizce )

USDA PLANTS text tarafından sağlandı
Annuals, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes solid or spongy, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaf tips flexuous, drooping, blades thin, lax, soft, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath or blade keeled, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf sheath enlarged, inflated or distended, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence lateral or axillary, Inflorescence racemose, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence with 2 or more spikes, fascicles, glomerules, heads, or clusters per culm, Inflorescence lax, widely spreading, branches dr ooping, pendulous, Inflorescence a panicle with narrowly racemose or spicate branches, Inflorescence single raceme, fascicle or spike, Inflorescence with 2-10 branches, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets pedicellate, Spikelets dorsally compressed or terete, Inflorescence or spikelets partially hidden in leaf sheaths, subtended by spatheole, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets with 3-7 florets, Spikelets 3 per node, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating below the glumes, Spikelets falling with parts of disarticulating rachis or pedicel, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glume surface hairy, villous or pilose, Glumes 3 nerved, Glumes 4-7 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 1 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemm a distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn 2-4 cm long or longer, Lemma awned from tip, Lemma awn twisted, spirally coiled at base, like a corkscrew, Lemma awn once geniculate, bent once, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Callus or base of lemma evidently hairy, Callus hairs shorter than lemma, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear.
derleyici
Dr. David Bogler
kaynak
Missouri Botanical Garden
kaynak
USDA NRCS NPDC

Themeda quadrivalvis ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass,[1] habana grass, and kangaroo grass,[2] not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India,[3][4] Nepal,[4] and Malaysia.[5] It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius,[4] Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America.[3] It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions.[4][6] It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne.[4][7]

Description

This species is an annual grass growing up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall. The usually folded leaves are up to 60 centimetres (24 in) long.[5] The seed heads are rounded or fan-shaped and are accompanied by leaflike bracts. The grass becomes orange, red,[6] or golden brown at maturity.[4] The clustered spikelets in the seed heads have some tubercle-based hairs and twisted awns,[4] which can be up to 5 centimeters long.[7] The awn is hygroscopic, twisting when moist and drilling the seed into the soil. This species is similar to Themeda triandra, a native species which tends to be smaller and more brown in color.[3] Grader grass is a prolific producer of seed; there can be up to 1000 seeds in a single seed head.[8] The seed is dispersed by graders, on fur and clothing, and as a contaminant of pasture seed supplies.[7] The seed is sometimes found as a contaminant of bird seed, as well.[5]

Invasiveness

This grass is a major noxious weed in parts of Australia, where it was introduced in the 1930s. It may have arrived in supplies of straw packing. The plant was first recorded in Australia in September 1935 near Habana in the Mackay Region of Queensland. It then spread as a contaminant of seed. The weed easily invades ecosystems, displacing native vegetation. It grows quickly, producing flowers within 5 to 6 weeks after germination, and seed within 10 weeks. Flowering generally occurs in February to June in Australia. Germination can occur throughout the year, however, given adequate moisture. The grass easily colonizes disturbed areas such as roadsides. While the grass is cultivated for animal fodder in India, it is unpalatable throughout most of the year in Australia, forming wide monotypic stands that displace palatable grasses. It also forms a heavy fuel load, increasing the likelihood of fire.[3]

The species is also invasive in New Caledonia.[9]

References

  1. ^ "Plant species and sites" (PDF). Government of Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Themeda quadrivalvis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d Keir, A. F. and W. D. Vogler. (2006). "A review of current knowledge of the weedy species Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass)" (PDF). Tropical Grasslands. 40: 193–201.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Themeda quadrivalvis. Weeds Australia Weed Identification. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  5. ^ a b c Themeda quadrivalvis. Grass Manual Treatment. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  6. ^ a b Themeda quadrivalvis. Northern Territory Government NRETAS. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Themeda quadrivalvis. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  8. ^ Grader Grass management guide. NQ Dry Tropics, Northern Gulf Resource Management Group and Southern Gulf Catchments. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  9. ^ Hequet, Vanessa (2009). Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie (PDF) (in French). p. 17.
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Themeda quadrivalvis: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Themeda quadrivalvis is a species of grass known by the common names grader grass, habana grass, and kangaroo grass, not to be confused with Themeda triandra, which is also known as kangaroo grass. It is native to India, Nepal, and Malaysia. It can also be found in many other places as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. It occurs in the United States, New Caledonia, Fiji, Mauritius, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, China, the Middle East and tropical America. It is a troublesome exotic weed in Australia, especially in northern regions. It is also an agricultural weed in crops such as sugar cane and lucerne.

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Themeda quadrivalvis ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı
Themeda quadrivalvis.jpg

Themeda quadrivalvis est une Poaceae (Graminée) connue sous les noms communs d'herbe niveleuse, herbe d’habana et herbe de kangourou. On la nomme aussi piquant rouge, herbe de Saint-Paul, herbe Labourdonnais, à La Réunion.

Répartition

Elle est originaire d'Inde[1],[2], du Népal[2] et de la Malaisie[3]. On peut également la trouver dans de nombreux autres endroits en tant qu'espèce introduite et souvent en tant que mauvaise herbe nuisible. Elle est présente aux États-Unis, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, aux Fidji, à La Réunion, à l'île Maurice[4], en Thaïlande, en Indonésie, en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, en Chine, au Moyen-Orient et en Amérique tropicale[1]. C'est une mauvaise herbe exotique gênante en Australie, en particulier dans les régions du nord[2],[5].

Elle ne doit pas être confondue avec Themeda triandra, appelée également herbe de kangourou.

Invasivité

Cette herbe est une mauvaise herbe nuisible majeure dans certaines régions d’Australie, où elle a été introduite dans les années 1930 près de Habana, dans la région de Mackay, dans le Queensland. Elle est peut-être arrivée dans les fournitures de paille d'emballage.

Elle envahit facilement les écosystèmes, car elle pousse rapidement et produit des fleurs dans les 5 à 6 semaines suivant la germination et des graines dans les 10 semaines. L'herbe colonise facilement les zones perturbées telles que les bords de route. Bien que l'herbe soit cultivée pour le fourrage des animaux en Inde, elle est difficile à manger pendant la majeure partie de l'année en Australie, formant de vastes peuplements monotypiques qui remplacent les herbes attrayantes. Elle forme également une lourde charge de carburant, augmentant les risques d’incendie[1].

C'est également une adventice dans des cultures telles que la canne à sucre et la luzerne[2],[6].

L'espèce est également envahissante en Nouvelle-Calédonie[7]. On la trouve dans la savane de l'ouest de La Réunion.

Description

Cette espèce est une graminée annuelle atteignant 2 m de hauteur. Les feuilles généralement pliées mesurent jusqu'à 60 cm[3]. Les têtes de la graine sont arrondies ou en éventail et sont accompagnées de bractées en forme de feuille. L'herbe devient orange, rouge[5], ou dorée à maturité[2]. Les épillets en grappe dans les têtes de graine ont des poils à base de tubercule et des arêtes torsadées[2] qui peuvent atteindre 5 cm de long[6]. L'awn est hygroscopique, se tournant lorsqu'il est humide et semant la graine dans le sol. Cette espèce est semblable à Themeda triandra, une espèce indigène qui a tendance à être plus petite et de couleur plus brune[1]. Grader grass est un producteur prolifique de graines ; il peut y avoir jusqu'à 1000 graines dans une seule tête de semis[8]. Les semences sont dispersées par les niveleuses, sur le pelage des animaux et les vêtements et en tant que contaminant des semences fourragères[6]. La graine est parfois également trouvée dans les graines pour oiseaux[3].

Utilisation

 src=
Vannerie traditionnelle avec l'herbe de Saint-Paul

À La Réunion, cueillie dans la savane de Saint-Paul, l'herbe est traditionnellement utilisée en vannerie, pour le tressage de chapeaux et de corbeilles.

Références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a b c et d Keir, A. F. and W. D. Vogler., « A review of current knowledge of the weedy species Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass) », Tropical Grasslands, vol. 40,‎ 2006, p. 193–201 (lire en ligne)
  2. a b c d e et f Themeda quadrivalvis. Weeds Australia Weed Identification. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  3. a b et c Themeda quadrivalvis. Grass Manual Treatment. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
  4. « Index de la flore », sur mascarine.cbnm.org (consulté le 6 juillet 2019)
  5. a et b Themeda quadrivalvis. Northern Territory Government NRETAS. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  6. a b et c Themeda quadrivalvis. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  7. Vanessa Hequet, Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, 2009, 17 p. (lire en ligne)
  8. Grader Grass management guide. NQ Dry Tropics, Northern Gulf Resource Management Group and Southern Gulf Catchments. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
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Themeda quadrivalvis: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı
Themeda quadrivalvis.jpg

Themeda quadrivalvis est une Poaceae (Graminée) connue sous les noms communs d'herbe niveleuse, herbe d’habana et herbe de kangourou. On la nomme aussi piquant rouge, herbe de Saint-Paul, herbe Labourdonnais, à La Réunion.

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Themeda quadrivalvis ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Themeda quadrivalvis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (L.) Kuntze miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1891.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Themeda quadrivalvis. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết chủ đề tông thực vật Andropogoneae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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wikipedia VI

Themeda quadrivalvis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Themeda quadrivalvis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được (L.) Kuntze miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1891.

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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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wikipedia VI