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Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca

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Abstract:

Klebsiella are opportunistic pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of severe diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca with respect to antibiogram pattern along with biochemical study and biotype number. Clinical lab isolate of K. oxytoca was divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. Control group remain untreated and treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield. The analysis was done on day 10 after biofield treatment and compared with control group. Control and treated groups were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® automated system. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca and found alteration in both antimicrobial sensitivity and MIC values as compared with untreated group. Antimicrobial sensitivity of about 26.67% tested antimicrobials out of thirty was altered with respect to control. MIC results showed about 12.50% alterations in tested antimicrobials as compared to control. Biochemical study showed 24.24% alteration in tested biochemical reactions after biofield treatment. A significant change in biotype number (7713 5272) was identified after biofield treatment as compared to control (7775 4332). In treated group, a new species was identified as Kluyvera ascorbata, as compared to control, K. oxytoca. Study findings suggest that biofield treatment has a significant effect in altering the antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca. Biofield treatment could be applied to alter the antibiogram-resistogram pattern of antimicrobials.

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Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2016) Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca . Appli Micro Open Access 1: 1000101. doi:10.4172/2471-9315.1000101
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Mahendra Trivedi (MahendraTrivedi)
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca

provided by EOL authors
Klebsiella are opportunistic pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of severe diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca with respect to antibiogram pattern along with biochemical study and biotype number. Clinical lab isolate of K. oxytoca was divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. Control group remain untreated and treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield. The analysis was done on day 10 after biofield treatment and compared with control group. Control and treated groups were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® automated system. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca and found alteration in both antimicrobial sensitivity and MIC values as compared with untreated group. Antimicrobial sensitivity of about 26.67% tested antimicrobials out of thirty was altered with respect to control. MIC results showed about 12.50% alterations in tested antimicrobials as compared to control. Biochemical study showed 24.24% alteration in tested biochemical reactions after biofield treatment. A significant change in biotype number (7713 5272) was identified after biofield treatment as compared to control (7775 4332). In treated group, a new species was identified as Kluyvera ascorbata, as compared to control, K. oxytoca. Study findings suggest that biofield treatment has a significant effect in altering the antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca. Biofield treatment could be applied to alter the antibiogram-resistogram pattern of antimicrobials.
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Trivedi Global Inc.
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Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2016) Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca . Appli Micro Open Access 1: 1000101. doi:10.4172/2471-9315.1000101
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Alice Branton (AliceBranton)
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca

provided by EOL authors
Klebsiella are opportunistic pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of severe diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca with respect to antibiogram pattern along with biochemical study and biotype number. Clinical lab isolate of K. oxytoca was divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. Control group remain untreated and treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield. The analysis was done on day 10 after biofield treatment and compared with control group. Control and treated groups were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® automated system. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca and found alteration in both antimicrobial sensitivity and MIC values as compared with untreated group. Antimicrobial sensitivity of about 26.67% tested antimicrobials out of thirty was altered with respect to control. MIC results showed about 12.50% alterations in tested antimicrobials as compared to control. Biochemical study showed 24.24% alteration in tested biochemical reactions after biofield treatment. A significant change in biotype number (7713 5272) was identified after biofield treatment as compared to control (7775 4332). In treated group, a new species was identified as Kluyvera ascorbata, as compared to control, K. oxytoca. Study findings suggest that biofield treatment has a significant effect in altering the antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca. Biofield treatment could be applied to alter the antibiogram-resistogram pattern of antimicrobials.
license
cc-by-4.0
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Trivedi Global Inc.
bibliographic citation
Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2016) Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca . Appli Micro Open Access 1: 1000101. doi:10.4172/2471-9315.1000101
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Dahryn Trivedi (DahrynTrivedi)
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca

provided by EOL authors
Klebsiella are opportunistic pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of severe diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of biofield treatment on multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca with respect to antibiogram pattern along with biochemical study and biotype number. Clinical lab isolate of K. oxytoca was divided into two groups i.e. control and treated. Control group remain untreated and treated group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi’s biofield. The analysis was done on day 10 after biofield treatment and compared with control group. Control and treated groups were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical reactions and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® automated system. Experimental results showed the impact of biofield treatment on K. oxytoca and found alteration in both antimicrobial sensitivity and MIC values as compared with untreated group. Antimicrobial sensitivity of about 26.67% tested antimicrobials out of thirty was altered with respect to control. MIC results showed about 12.50% alterations in tested antimicrobials as compared to control. Biochemical study showed 24.24% alteration in tested biochemical reactions after biofield treatment. A significant change in biotype number (7713 5272) was identified after biofield treatment as compared to control (7775 4332). In treated group, a new species was identified as Kluyvera ascorbata, as compared to control, K. oxytoca. Study findings suggest that biofield treatment has a significant effect in altering the antimicrobial sensitivity, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number of multidrug resistant strain of K. oxytoca. Biofield treatment could be applied to alter the antibiogram-resistogram pattern of antimicrobials.
license
cc-by-4.0
copyright
Trivedi Global Inc.
bibliographic citation
Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2016) Characterization of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Biofield Treated Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca . Appli Micro Open Access 1: 1000101. doi:10.4172/2471-9315.1000101
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Gopal Nayak (GopalNayak)
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Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

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Abstract:

Klebsiella oxytoca (K. oxytoca) is a Gram-negative microbe generally associated with community and hospitalacquired infections. Due to its clinical significance, we evaluated the effect of biofield treatment on phenotype and biotype characteristics of K. oxytoca (ATCC 43165). The study was performed into three groups i.e. C (control), T1 (treatment, revived); and T2 (treatment, lyophilized). Subsequently, groups T1 and T2 were received biofield treatment and control group was remained as untreated. The antimicrobial sensitivity results showed 3.33% and 6.67% alteration in antimicrobials susceptibility in group T1 cells on day 5 and 10, respectively, and 3.33% alteration in antimicrobials susceptibility was observed in group T2 cells on day 10 as compared to control. The sensitivity patterns of cefazolin were changed from resistant (R) to intermediate (I) on day 5, and resistance (R) to susceptible (S) on day 10, in T1 cells of K. oxytoca. The MIC value of cefazolin was decreased by 2-fold in group T1 on day 10 as compared to control. The biofield treated K. oxytoca exhibited the changes in biochemical reactions about 3.03% and 15.15% of total tested biochemicals in group T1 cells on day 5 and 10, respectively as compared to control. The biotype number of K. oxytoca was altered in biofield treated group and organism identified as Raoultella ornithinolytica in T1 on day 10 as compared to control, which is the prominent finding of this study. These changes were found in treated bacteria that might be due to some alteration happened in metabolic/enzymatic pathway and/ or at genetic level of K. oxytoca. Based on these data, it is speculated that biofiled treatment could be an alternative approach that can improve the effectiveness of the existing antimicrobials against the resistant pathogens.

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Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and Biotypic Characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An Impact of Biofield Treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:4 202-205. doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000205
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Mahendra Trivedi (MahendraTrivedi)
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Klebsiella oxytoca ( German )

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Klebsiella oxytoca ist ein gram-negatives, stäbchenförmiges Bakterium.

Etymologie

Diese Bakterien gehören zur Familie der Enterobacteriaceae. Benannt wurden sie nach dem ostpreußischen Bakteriologen Edwin Klebs. Das feminine Adjektiv oxytoka bedeutet analog zum Geburtshormon Oxytocin (von altgriechisch ὠκύς ōkys, deutsch ‚schnell‘, und altgriechisch τόκος tokos, deutsch ‚Geburt‘) wie okytokos „schnell gebärend“ oder „schnelle Geburt“. Infektionen der Mutter führen zur Geburtsbeschleunigung oder auch zu Frühgeburten. Infizierte frühgeborene Säuglinge weisen eine erhöhte Sterblichkeit auf.[1]

Erscheinungsbild

Die Bakterien zeigen keine aktive Bewegung und sind von einer Polysaccharidkapsel (Glykokalyx) umgeben. Die Kolonien von K. oxytoca sind gewölbt und bilden nach einer Inkubation über Nacht bei 30 oder 37 °C einen Durchmesser von 3–4 mm.

Wachstum und Stoffwechsel

Der Stoffwechsel unter Sauerstoffausschluss, also unter anoxischen Bedingungen, beruht auf der 2,3-Butandiol-Gärung. Der Voges-Proskauer-Test verläuft also positiv. Wachstum zeigt die Art, je nach untersuchten Stamm, bis 41,5 oder 44,5 °C. Bei 5 °C findet kein Wachstum statt. Klebsiella oxytoca kann man durch den Indol-Test von einigen anderen Klebsiella-Arten unterscheiden. So fällt der Test bei Klebsiella oxytoca positiv aus, bei z. B. Klebsiella pneumoniae hingegen negativ.[2]

Hospitalismuskeim

Antibiotika-resistente Klebsiellae oxytocae können über Waschmaschinen verbreitet werden. Das haben Hygieniker der Universität Bonn für ein Kinderkrankenhaus nachgewiesen, in dem mehrfach ein Klebsiella-oxytoca-Typ auf Neugeborene übertragen wurde.[3] Infektionsquelle war eine handelsübliche Waschmaschine, in der Kleidungsstücke der Neugeborenen gewaschen wurden. Auf der Neugeborenen-Station eines Kinderkrankenhauses in Deutschland wurden bei routinemäßigen Hygiene-Screenings vermehrt antibiotikaresistente Klebsiellae oxytocae festgestellt, berichtet die Universität Bonn. Das Bakterium kann bekanntlich zu Magen-Darm- und zu Atemwegsinfektionen sowie im schlimmsten Fall zur Sepsis führen.[4]

Klebsiella oxytoca ist seit 2006 als Auslöser der Antibiotika-assoziierten hämorrhagischen Kolitis bekannt. Neben seinem Vorkommen im Darm von Gesunden ist das fakultativ gramnegative Stäbchen auch Erreger nosokomialer Infektionen. In über 95 % besitzt der Keim eine Betalaktamaseaktivität. Im Gegensatz zur Clostridien-Enteritis, die insbesondere das linksseitige Kolon betrifft, besteht hier eine hämorrhagische Entzündung vorwiegend des rechtsseitigen Kolons. Eine Sepsis durch K. oxytoca nach interventioneller ERCP bei Patienten mit einem Malignom der Gallenwege wurde im Rahmen einer österreichischen Fallstudie als Einzelfall beschrieben.[5]

Ökologie

Klebsiella oxytoca ist im Verdauungstrakt von Menschen und Tieren vorhanden. Es wurde auch in Pflanzen und in aquatischen Umgebungen isoliert. Klebsiella oxytoca bilden eine mutualistische Beziehung mit der Stubenfliege (Musca domestica).[6] Das Bakterium lebt auf dem Eigelege der Fliege und hat eine mykotoxische Wirkung, was den Fliegenlarven zugutekommt, die mit den Pilzen um Nährstoffe konkurrieren. Das Bakterium wurde hinsichtlich seines Nutzens bei der industriellen Produktion von Ethanol untersucht.

Krankheitserreger

Infektionen mit Klebsiella oxytoca können zu einer Colitis und zur Sepsis führen.

Literatur

  • George M. Garrity (Hrsg.): Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2. Auflage, Band 2: The Proteobacteria. Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-95040-0

Einzelnachweise

  1. Ärzte-Zeitung: Marburger Frühchen stirbt nach Sepsis („In Marburg ist ein extrem kleines Frühchen nach einer Keiminfektion gestorben. Auch der Zwilling ist erkrankt.“). Meldung vom 8. April 2014.
  2. George M. Garrity (Hrsg.): Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2. Auflage, Band 2: The Proteobacteria. Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-95040-0.
  3. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2019; online 27. September 2019.
  4. Ärzte-Zeitung, Online-Meldung vom 2. Oktober 2019.
  5. T. Pirker, Z. Messner, S. Oswald, D. Hoffmann, H. Resch, G. Bodlaj: Klebsiella oxytoca Sepsis nach ERCP mit Coledochusstent-Implantation bei einer 83-jährigen Frau mit Klatskin Tumor – ein Fallbericht, in: Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie, Georg Thieme Verlag, Jahrgang 2013, 51 - A35, DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1347410.
  6. Kevin Lam, Kelsie Thu, Michelle Tsang, Margo Moore und Gerhard Gries: Bacteria on housefly eggs, Musca domestica, suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites In: Naturwissenschaften (2000) Band 96, Seite 1127–1132.
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Klebsiella oxytoca: Brief Summary ( German )

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Klebsiella oxytoca ist ein gram-negatives, stäbchenförmiges Bakterium.

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Klebsiella oxytoca

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Klebsiella oxytoca on agar plate

Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is closely related to K. pneumoniae, from which it is distinguished by being indole-positive; it also has slightly different growth characteristics in that it is able to grow on melezitose, but not 3-hydroxybutyrate. It was first described in 1886 when it was isolated from sour milk and named Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus (from Greek oxus 'sour' + -tokos 'producing').[1]

Klebsiella oxytoca is characterized by negative methyl red, positive VP, positive citrate, urea and TSI gas production, is AA, and negative for TSI sulfide, DNAse, growth on sulfide-indole motility medium and the phenylalanine deaminase test.

It is a diazotroph, able to colonise plant hosts and fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form which the plant can use. Association of K. oxytoca with the barley rhizosphere during an entire vegetative period has been demonstrated. The bacteria adhere strongly to root hairs, and less strongly to the surface of the zone of elongation and root cap mucilage.[2]

Like other enterobacteria, it is capable of acquiring antibiotic resistance, and isolates have been shown to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases as well as carbapenemases.[3]

Industrial uses

Klebsiella oxytoca has shown promise in industrial ethanol fuel production,[4] and is referenced as being used to produce hydrogen in patents filed by Nanologix, Inc.

Clinical significance and epidemiology.

Infections can result in colitis and sepsis.[5]

Outbreaks of antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella oxytoca have occurred in multiple hospitals and ICUs throughout the world, and handwashing stations have been identified as a potentially important environmental reservoir.[6]

Ecology

Houseflies (Musca domestica) have a mutualistic relationship with the bacterium K. oxytoca. This bacterium can live on the surface of the housefly eggs and has a deterrent effect on the fungi growing in manure, thus benefiting the fly larvae which are competing with the fungi for nutrients.[7]

References

  1. ^ Flügge, Carl (1886). Die Mikroorganismen. Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel.
  2. ^ Brisse S, Grimont F, Grimont PA (2006). Prokaryotes. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 159–196. ISBN 9783540325246.
  3. ^ Hoenigl, Martin; Valentin, Thomas; Zarfel, Gernot; Wuerstl, Benjamin; Leitner, Eva; Salzer, Helmut J. F.; Posch, Josefa; Krause, Robert; Grisold, Andrea J. (2012-04-01). "Nosocomial Outbreak of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca in Austria". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 56 (4): 2158–2161. doi:10.1128/AAC.05440-11. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 3318378. PMID 22290949.
  4. ^ Dien B, Cotta M, Jeffries T (2003). "Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: current status". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 63 (3): 258–66. doi:10.1007/s00253-003-1444-y. PMID 13680206. S2CID 10340191.
  5. ^ Högenauer C, Langner C, Beubler E, et al. (December 2006). "Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (23): 2418–26. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa054765. PMID 17151365.
  6. ^ Leitner, Eva; Zarfel, Gernot; Luxner, Josefa; Herzog, Kathrin; Pekard-Amenitsch, Shiva; Hoenigl, Martin; Valentin, Thomas; Feierl, Gebhard; Grisold, Andrea J. (2015-01-01). "Contaminated Handwashing Sinks as the Source of a Clonal Outbreak of KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella oxytoca on a Hematology Ward". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 59 (1): 714–716. doi:10.1128/AAC.04306-14. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 4291428. PMID 25348541.
  7. ^ Lam, Kevin; Thu, Kelsie; Tsang, Michelle; Moore, Margo; Gries, Gerhard (2009). "Bacteria on housefly eggs, Musca domestica, suppress fungal growth in chicken manure through nutrient depletion or antifungal metabolites". Naturwissenschaften. 96 (9): 1127–1132. Bibcode:2009NW.....96.1127L. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0574-1. PMID 19636523. S2CID 187752.

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Klebsiella oxytoca: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Klebsiella oxytoca on agar plate

Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is closely related to K. pneumoniae, from which it is distinguished by being indole-positive; it also has slightly different growth characteristics in that it is able to grow on melezitose, but not 3-hydroxybutyrate. It was first described in 1886 when it was isolated from sour milk and named Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus (from Greek oxus 'sour' + -tokos 'producing').

Klebsiella oxytoca is characterized by negative methyl red, positive VP, positive citrate, urea and TSI gas production, is AA, and negative for TSI sulfide, DNAse, growth on sulfide-indole motility medium and the phenylalanine deaminase test.

It is a diazotroph, able to colonise plant hosts and fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form which the plant can use. Association of K. oxytoca with the barley rhizosphere during an entire vegetative period has been demonstrated. The bacteria adhere strongly to root hairs, and less strongly to the surface of the zone of elongation and root cap mucilage.

Like other enterobacteria, it is capable of acquiring antibiotic resistance, and isolates have been shown to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases as well as carbapenemases.

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Klebsiella oxytoca ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Klebsiella oxytoca es una especie Gram-negativa de bacteria, redondeadas, estrechamente relacionadas con K. pneumoniae, de la que se distingue por ser indol positiva; y por tener ligeras diferencias en relación a los medios en que puede crecer, siendo capaz de multiplicarse en melecitosa, y no en 3-hidroxibutirato. Es una bacteria patógena que puede ocasionar infección y enfermedad en humanos.

Enfermedad en humanos

La Klebsiella oxytoca, es un germen que se aísla en raras ocasiones en casos de bacteriemia, a diferencia de su pariente Klebsiella pneumoniae que es causa frecuente de enfermedad en humanos. La mayor parte de las infecciones por Klebsiella oxytoca son infecciones urinarias o de vías biliares, en muchas ocasiones son infecciones polimicrobianas o adquiridas en el hospital, especialmente en pacientes diabéticos, tratados con antibióticos anteriormente o que presentan alguna enfermedad previa de gravedad.[1]

Usos industriales

K. oxytoca ha mostrado promisoria producción industrial de combustible etanol.[2]

Referencias

  1. Bacteremia Due to Klebsiella oxytoca: Clinical Features of Patients and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of the Isolates.
  2. Dien B, Cotta M, Jeffries T (2003). «Bacteria engineered for fuel ethanol production: current status». Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 63 (3): 258-66. PMID 13680206.
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Klebsiella oxytoca: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Klebsiella oxytoca es una especie Gram-negativa de bacteria, redondeadas, estrechamente relacionadas con K. pneumoniae, de la que se distingue por ser indol positiva; y por tener ligeras diferencias en relación a los medios en que puede crecer, siendo capaz de multiplicarse en melecitosa, y no en 3-hidroxibutirato. Es una bacteria patógena que puede ocasionar infección y enfermedad en humanos.

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Klebsiella oxytoca ( French )

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Klebsiella oxytoca.jpg

Klebsiella oxytoca est une bactérie gram négatif anaérobie fastidieux[1].

Elle produit du carburant éthanol industriel[2]. Elle est aussi référencée comme étant utilisée pour fabriquer de l'hydrogène dans les brevets déposés par Nanologix, Inc.

Infections

Elle provoque la colite et la septicémie[3].

Résistance aux antibiotiques

Klebsiella oxytoca produit des beta-lactamases à spectre étendu ainsi que carbapénèmases.

Notes et références

  1. A. B. Makar, K. E. McMartin, M. Palese et T. R. Tephly, « Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning », Biochemical Medicine, vol. 13, no 2,‎ juin 1975, p. 117–126 (ISSN , PMID , lire en ligne, consulté le 27 avril 2018)
  2. A. Schmoldt, H. F. Benthe et G. Haberland, « Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes », Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 24, no 17,‎ 1er septembre 1975, p. 1639–1641 (ISSN , PMID , lire en ligne, consulté le 27 avril 2018)
  3. W. A. Hendrickson et K. B. Ward, « Atomic models for the polypeptide backbones of myohemerythrin and hemerythrin », Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 66, no 4,‎ 27 octobre 1975, p. 1349–1356 (ISSN , PMID , lire en ligne, consulté le 27 avril 2018)

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Klebsiella oxytoca: Brief Summary ( French )

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Klebsiella oxytoca.jpg

Klebsiella oxytoca est une bactérie gram négatif anaérobie fastidieux.

Elle produit du carburant éthanol industriel. Elle est aussi référencée comme étant utilisée pour fabriquer de l'hydrogène dans les brevets déposés par Nanologix, Inc.

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